Articoli di riviste: "Legal expert systems"

1

Leith, Philip. "Legal expertise and legal expert systems". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 2, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1986.9966227.

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MacCormick, Neil. "Legal deduction, legal predicates and expert systems". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 5, n. 2 (giugno 1992): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01101868.

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Bequai, August. "Legal status of expert systems". Computer Law & Security Review 8, n. 3 (maggio 1992): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(92)90061-d.

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Yoshino, Hajime. ""Legal Expert" Project". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 1, n. 2 (20 dicembre 1997): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1997.p0083.

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Since 1992, about 30 Japanese lawyers and computer scientists have been intensively engaged in a project of systematizing and computerizing legal reasoning. This project is the Study of Development of a Legal Expert System - Exploration of Legal Knowledge Structure and Implementation of Legal Reasoning or, in short, the "Legal Expert" Project. In this paper, I would like to introduce the Legal Expert project, explaining the goals, study organizations and their tasks in constructing legal expert systems in Japan.

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Zeide, Janet S., e Jay Liebowitz. "Using Expert Systems: The Legal Perspective". IEEE Expert 2, n. 1 (marzo 1987): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mex.1987.4307032.

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6

Greenleaf, Graham, Andrew Mowbray e Alan Tyree. "Legal expert systems: Words, words words … ?" International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 3, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1987.9966258.

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WATERMAN, DONALD A., JODY PAUL e MARK PETERSON. "Expert systems for legal decision making". Expert Systems 3, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1986.tb00203.x.

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Gemignani, Michael C. "Some legal aspects of expert systems". Expert Systems with Applications 2, n. 4 (gennaio 1991): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4174(91)90035-d.

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Raghupathi, Wullianallur, e Lawrence L. Schkade. "Legal Expert Systems Design: The Blackboard Model". Human Systems Management 12, n. 2 (1993): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1993-12207.

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Oskamp, Anja. "Model for knowledge and legal expert systems". Artificial Intelligence and Law 1, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00186723.

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Zeide, Janet S., e Jay Liebowitz. "Institutionalizing expert systems: Guidelines and legal concerns". AI & Society 6, n. 3 (luglio 1992): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02472801.

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12

STAMPER, RONALD K. "The Role of Semantics in Legal Expert Systems and Legal Reasoning". Ratio Juris 4, n. 2 (luglio 1991): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1991.tb00094.x.

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Cornelia, Ana-Maria, Cristinel Ioan Murzea, Bogdan Alexandrescu e Angela Repanovici. "Expert Systems with Applications in the Legal Domain". Procedia Technology 19 (2015): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.160.

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Raho, Louis E., James A. Belohlav e David R. Drehmer. "Expert systems in organizations: Legal and ethical considerations". Information & Communications Technology Law 3, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1994.9965691.

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Dimyadi, Johannes, Sam Bookman, David Harvey e Robert Amor. "Maintainable process model driven online legal expert systems". Artificial Intelligence and Law 27, n. 1 (5 ottobre 2018): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10506-018-9231-3.

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Lucash, Richard M. "Legal liability for malfunction and misuse of expert systems". ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 18, n. 1 (luglio 1986): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/15698.15700.

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Hyman, William A., Waymon L. Johnston e Steven Spar. "Legal liability and system safety applied to expert systems". Computers & Industrial Engineering 16, n. 3 (gennaio 1989): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(89)90155-1.

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NITTA, Katsumi, e Ken SATOH. "AI Applications to the Law Domain in Japan". Asian Journal of Law and Society 7, n. 3 (ottobre 2020): 471–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.35.

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AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) and law is an AI research area that has a history spanning more than 50 years. In the early stages, several legal-expert systems were developed. Legal-expert systems are tools designed to realize fair judgments in court. In addition to this research, as information and communication technologies and AI technologies have progressed, AI and law has broadened its view from legal-expert systems to legal analytics and, recently, a lot of machine-learning and text-processing techniques have been employed to analyze legal information. The research trends are the same in Japan as well and not only people involved with legal-expert systems, but also those involved with natural language processing as well as lawyers have become interested in AI and law. This report introduces the history of and the research activities on applying AI to the legal domain in Japan.

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Vredenburgh, Alison, Jason Young, David Liske e Stephen Young. "Cross-Border Testifying Tips: U.S. Experts in Canada and Canadian Experts in the U.S." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, n. 1 (settembre 2017): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601601.

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Professionals who are allowed by a court to serve as expert witnesses are granted the special legal status of offering opinion and theoretical evidence based on human factors research and provided facts that the expert did not witness themselves. The role of the Human Factors forensic expert in U.S. and Canadian court cases has become more common over the past two decades as lawyers become increasingly aware of the specialized nature of this field of study. U.S. and Canadian Human Factors experts sometimes find themselves being retained by firms on the other side of the border due to their specialized experience and training in a particular area relevant to the case at hand. In such situations, the expert will need to deal with differences in legal systems and differences in client expectations between the U.S. and Canada. The goal of this panel discussion session is to share the combined experience and knowledge of the panelists with the audience regarding the most significant differences between U.S. and Canadian clients, courtrooms, and procedures in forensic testimony, so that the expert knows what to expect when accepting a cross-border retention.

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20

Wigan, M. R. "Legal and ethical issues in expert systems used in planning". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 14, n. 3 (1987): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b140305.

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MACKAAY, EJAN, DANIEL POULIN, JACQUES FRÉMONT, PAUL BRATLEY e CONSTANT DÉNIGER. "The Logic of Time in Law and Legal Expert Systems". Ratio Juris 3, n. 2 (luglio 1990): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1990.tb00062.x.

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22

Ashley, Kevin D. "Case-based reasoning and its implications for legal expert systems". Artificial Intelligence and Law 1, n. 2-3 (1992): 113–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00114920.

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Cannataci, Joseph A. "Liability for medical expert systems: An introduction to the legal implications". Medical Informatics 14, n. 3 (gennaio 1989): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14639238908994999.

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HYMAN, WILLIAM A. "Legal Liability in the Development and Use of Medical Expert Systems". Journal of Clinical Engineering 14, n. 2 (marzo 1989): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004669-198903000-00010.

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ALLEN, LAYMAN E., SALLYANNE PAYTON e CHARLES S. SAXON. "Synthesizing Related Rules from Statutes and Cases for Legal Expert Systems". Ratio Juris 3, n. 2 (luglio 1990): 272–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1990.tb00063.x.

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Downs, Willard, e Kelley Ann Newton. "Legal implications in development and use of Expert Systems in agriculture". Journal of Agricultural Ethics 2, n. 1 (marzo 1989): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01831548.

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Sutton, Steve G., Ronald Young e Phyllis McKenzie. "An Analysis of Potential Legal Liability Incurred Through Audit Expert Systems". Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management 4, n. 3 (settembre 1995): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1099-1174.1995.tb00091.x.

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Abbas, Dr Aamir, e Dr Atika Lohani. "Features of Objective and Independent Nature of Expert Evidence: Prospective Joint Venture for Scientific and Legal Actors in Pakistan". Journal of Law & Social Studies 3, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2021): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.03.02.214227.

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The academic approach towards relevancy, reliability, validity and admissibility of scientific expert evidence, is important to the literature on scientific evidence. This article, however, underpins the fact that the reliability test of scientific expert evidence is baseline test and suggests the importance of admissibility test and the assessment of probative value on the objective standards of scientific expert evidence. Nevertheless, the test concerns with features of objective and independent nature of expert evidence. This is real challenge for adversarial systems and depends on how the systems deal with adversarial expert evidence. This article presents an overview of suggested models, established systems in USA, and UK, to secure the objective, impartial, and non-biased expert evidence. In doing so the article highlights the need to introduce code of duties, obligations, and responsibilities of expert witnesses in Pakistan, and the need for capacity building of legal actors in this regard.

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Gasparian, S. "LOCATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL RULES IN LEGAL REGULATION OF HUMAN PROVISION OF COURT AND EXPERT OFFICES OF UKRAINE". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 20, n. 2 (4 dicembre 2019): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2019.13.

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Proper selection and placement directly affect the effectiveness of forensic activities and are impossible without taking into account all factors related to their staffing, in particular, the administrative and legal framework of staffing. The key role in the process of forensics is played by state specialized institutions and expert services, which are required by law to carry out forensic activities. Legal regulation of staffing of judicial and expert institutions is carried out in accordance with the norms of international and European law, the Constitution of Ukraine, the codes of Ukraine, laws and by-laws. The administrative and legal principles of training of qualified personnel for carrying out forensic expert activity are analysed. It is noted that the Law of Ukraine «On Forensic Expertise» regulates the training of specialists for state specialized institutions conducting judicial examinations, is carried out by higher education institutions; specialization and advanced training are conducted at courses and special institutions of relevant ministries and other central executive bodies. The peculiarities of the training of forensic experts in the systems of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine are considered. Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. In addition to those conducted exclusively by state specialized institutions (namely, forensic, forensic and forensic psychiatrists), forensic examinations may also be involved in the forensic examinations, which are not employees of these institutions, and the conditions under which they may exercise such activity The place of administrative and legal norms in the legal regulation of CSCE staffing is characterized and it is noted that not only the progress but also the results of the reforms taking place in Ukraine depend on the proper selection and placement of the CSCE professional staff. It is stated that it is expedient to divide the above normative legal acts, which comprehensively regulate the staffing of judicial and expert institutions of Ukraine, by the scope of action (general, special).

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Filipenko, N. Ye. "INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY". Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 18 (26 dicembre 2018): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2018.31.

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This article is devoted to the consideration of theoretical problems of using information systems in forensic science research. Main features of forensic science research at the present stage are carried out that can be attributed to their high research intensity, use of cybernetics achievements which integrating into criminalistics and forensic science act as a catalyst for further development of its traditional means and methods based on achievements of natural, technical and human sciences. The great influence of informatics on forensic expert practice is due to optimization of cognitive processes; further expert activity automation; rationalization of decisions made using information systems, etc. Despite the extensive practice of applying information flows in the intellectual activity of the modern human and broad theoretical development of this scientific category; today there is no constant definition of the "information" concept. This is explained by a variety of the application of information areas, multidirectional nature of information flows, there are a large number of operators exchanging information, rapid development of modern communication connections and technologies. Information in the field of forensic expert activity is derived from legal information but has a number of individual features. Proceeding from this, the information in the field of forensic expert activity is understood as a information collection about material objects, facts, phenomena and processes containing data about criminal activity circumstances and are investigated by an forensic expert using special knowledge. On the basis of the analysis of scientific opinions the definition about information activity of forensic expert is formulated, which is understood a complex of acts based on laws and regulations, aimed at obtaining information about objects of expert research by implementing a set of information-research, informational-communicative and informational-analytical activities with the purpose of compiling a competent conclusion.

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Svensson, Jörgen S. "Legal expert systems in social administration: From fearing computers to fearing accountants". Information Polity 7, n. 2,3 (20 marzo 2003): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ip-2002-0010.

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Chaplow, David G., Janet L. Peters e Rob R. Kydd. "The Expert Witness in Forensic Psychiatry". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072098.

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Forensic psychiatry operates at the interface of the Justice and Health systems and has been defined as: “That branch of psychiatry which requires special knowledge and training in the law as it relates to the mental state of the offender, or alleged offender” [1]. As a consequence of working in this area, psychiatrists are often called into court to give evidence as “expert witnesses”. This article examines some of the professional and legal issues involved in providing expert testimony. Secondly, it aims to outline some practical guidelines for giving evidence in the court-room. The predominant focus is on criminal, rather than civil, proceedings in which the forensic psychiatrist gives expert testimony; however much of the information is also relevant to other psychiatrists and psychologists undertaking this role in the legal arena.

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Yoshino, Hajime, e Katsumi Nitta. "Special Issue on AI and Law". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 1, n. 2 (20 dicembre 1997): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1997.p0081.

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Lawyers use a reasoning process known as legal reasoning to solve legal problems. Legal expert systems could potentially help lawyers solve legal problems more quick and adequately, enable students to study law at school or at home more easily, and help legal scholars and professionals analyze the law and legal systems more clearly and precisely.In 1992, Hajime Yoshino of Meiji Gakuin University started a “Legal Expert Systems” project. This “Legal Expert” project is funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and is scheduled to run from May 1992 to March 1998. Yoshino organized over 30 lawyers and computer scientists to clarify legal knowledge and develop legal expert systems.This project covers a wide range of technologies such as the analysis of legal knowledge, the analysis of legal rules on international trade (United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG)), legal knowledge representation, legal inference models, utility programs to develop legal knowledge bases, and user interfaces. This project, which ends in March 1998, will focus on developing comprehensive legal expert systems as the final product. In this issue, we present 12 papers written by “Legal Expert” project members.In this number, Hajime Yoshino gives are overview of the legal expert systems project, explaining its aims, objectives, and organization. Six papers that follow his introduction include three on case-based reasoning. Legal rules are given by ambiguous predicates, making it difficult sometimes to determine whether conditions for rules are satisfied by the facts given of an event. In such cases, lawyers often refer to old cases and generate hypotheses through analogical reasoning.Kaoru Hirota, Hajime Yoshino and Ming Qiang Xu apply fuzzy theory to case-based reasoning. A number of related systems have been developed, but most focus on qualitative similarities between old cases and the current case, and cannot measure quantitative similarities. Hirota et al. treat quantitative similarity by applying fuzzy theory, explaining their method using CISG examples.Ken Satoh developed a way to compute an interpretation of undefined propositions in a legal rule using adversarial case-based reasoning. He translated old cases giving possible interpretations for a proposition into clauses in abductive logic programming and introduced abducibles to reason dynamically about important factors in an old case to the interpretation suiting the user’s purpose.Yoshiaki Okubo and Makoto Haraguchi formalized a way of attacking legal argument. Assume that an opponent has constructed a legal argument by applying a statute with an analogical interpretation. From the viewpoint of legal stability, the same statue for similar cases should be applied with the same interpretation. We thereby create a hypothetical case similar to the case in question and examine whether the statue can be interpreted analogically. Such a hypothetically similar case is created with the help of a goal-dependent abstraction framework. If a precedent in which a statue has been applied to a case with a different interpretation – particularly complete interpretation – can be found, the opponent’s argument is attacked by pointing out the incoherence of its interpretation of the statue.Takashi Kanai and Susumu Kunifuji proposed a legal reasoning system using abductive logic programming that deals with ambiguities in described facts and exceptions not described in articles. They examined the problems to be solved to develop legal knowledge bases through abductive logic programming, e.g., how to select ambiguities to be treated in abductive reasoning, how to describe time relationships, and how to describe an exception in terms of the application of abductive logic programming to legal reasoning.Toshiko Wakaki, Ken Satoh, and Katsumi Nitta presented an approach of reasoning about dynamic preferences in the framework of circumscription based on logic programming. To treat dynamic preferences correctly is required in legal reasoning to handle metarules such as lex posterior. This has become a hotly discussed topic in legal reasoning and more general nonmonotic reasoning. Comparisons of their method, Brewka’s approach, and Prakken and Sartor’s approach are discussed.Hiroyuki Matsumoto proposed a general legal reasoning model and a way of describing legal knowledge systematically. He applied his method to Japanese Maritime Traffic Law.Six more papers are to be presented in the next number

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Clarke, Roger. "Legal Aspects of Knowledge-Based Technology". Journal of Information Technology 3, n. 1 (marzo 1988): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839628800300103.

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A definition of knowledge-based technology (KBT) is provided which is more operational than conventional definitions of the term ‘expert systems’. Ownership rights in products developed using KBT are considered and difficulties discussed. Legal liabilities which may arise from such products are considered and issues identified. It is concluded that commercial exploitation of KBT may be hindered by these legal difficulties. Some policy implications are identified.

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Taylor, Jason. "Linking psychiatric registers to decision support systems". Psychiatric Bulletin 16, n. 5 (maggio 1992): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.5.275.

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This paper discusses the concept of Psychiatric Register Integrated Support Modules (PRISM). It addresses issues around the linkage of longitudinal data held on individual patients in case register systems to expert and other decision support systems. The paper describes two developed systems which link to the SafetyNet case register system, an inexpensive and comprehensive Mental Health Information System which runs on single or networked computers and which was previously described in detail (Taylor & Bhumgara, 1989). The merits of the two approaches in aiding clinical decision making on anti-psychotic medication are discussed as are the medico-legal implications of using expert systems.

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Tan, Yao-Hua, e Walter Thoen. "INCAS: a legal expert system for contract terms in electronic commerce". Decision Support Systems 29, n. 4 (dicembre 2000): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9236(00)00085-3.

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Krämer, K., V. Wienert e M. Marshall. "Expert appraisal of venous diseases". Phlebologie 44, n. 04 (luglio 2015): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12687/phleb2266-4-2015.

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SummaryUnusual features and problems at the expert assessment of vein damages and venous diseases are described, including indications for rational and evidence based diagnostics adapted to the needs. Besides it was an essential concern to point out important actual conceptual changes for the expert assessment in the legal scheme by the German social civil code (Sozialgesetzbuch VI). So the concepts of occupational disability (Berufsunfähigkeit) and of lost of earning capacity (Erwerbsunfähigkeit) don‘t exist in the legal pension scheme since 01st 01st 2001 any more. The idea of the “reduction in earning capacity” (Erwerbsminderung) has been introduced instead. There is still the concept of occupational disability (Berufsunfähigkeit) for the professional supply systems (berufsständige Versorgungswerke) and the private occupational disability insurances – but with different definitions and performances, which have to be taken into account if need be. Since the old definitions still frequently appear at the expert’s activcity, they are represented in these explanations briefly.In general, the scope and contents of expert appraisal records for venous diseases often constitute a sorry example of the general ignorance pertaining to the pathophysiology, clinical medicine, modern diagnostics and the significance of venous diseases, in both the sociomedical context and in occupational health.

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Mital, Vijay, e Les Johnson. "Professional negligence and financial‐legal expert systems: Architectures to enable the reasonableness defence". Information & Communications Technology Law 1, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1992.9965642.

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Gordon, Thomas F. "Some problems with prolog as a knowledge representation language for legal expert systems". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 3, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1987.9966253.

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Susskind, Richard E. "EXPERT SYSTEMS IN LAW: A JURISPRUDENTIAL APPROACH TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEGAL REASONING". Modern Law Review 49, n. 2 (marzo 1986): 168–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1986.tb01683.x.

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Yuslan, Siti Nursyakirah, e Sera Rosanto. "Reconstruction of Expert Testimony For Determining The Judge Considering iIn The Corruption Case Based On Justice". Law Development Journal 1, n. 1 (30 giugno 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.1.1.18-24.

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Calculation of state losses can only be done by an expert. Experts here are not only experts in the field of financial audit but also engineers who will calculate the feasibility of construction of a building in case of corruption was related to the construction field. Expert who has the competence do calculating the quantity of a building and the price of a building is a person who has a construction management certification. Judge in assessing the truth of the testimony / evidence, in the RIB in the know with 3 systems of evidence include; free system (Vrij Bewijk); positive system (wettellijk) and negative cystine (wettellijk). In the formulation of Article 184 paragraph (1) Criminal Procedure Code, which specified that legal evidence is: witness testimony; expert testimony; letter; pointing and testimony of the defendant. Each handling of corruption cases, the process of calculating the amount of state losses in practice are still causing differences of interpretation either by the Prosecutor, state audit agency (BPK), the financial supervision and development (BPK), as well as the court. Description Construction Experts who have no competence in the matter of corruption, the statement becomes invalid.Keywords: Reconstruction; Expert; Testimony; Corruption and Justice.

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Keith, Lawrence, John Leeder, Rean Monfils e Bill Stavropoulos. "THE OIL SPILL SAMPLING ADVISOR (OSSA): EXPERT SYSTEM". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, n. 1 (1 maggio 2005): 1077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1077.

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ABSTRACT Expert systems are computer programs that emulate a human expert's decision-making process in a particular domain of knowledge. Over 15,000 expert systems have been developed around the world for assistance over a wide range of topics and subjects. Expert systems are seen as having a dual use as they assist in the training of individuals in a particular subject, and they also offer fast, effective on-the-spot advice in the form of easy to answer questions. Oil spill response requires highly technical training and specialized knowledge. Several expert systems have been created to assist responders in the event of an oil spill and subjects have included beach cleanup, in situ burning of oil, protecting sensitive shorelines and the use of dispersants among others. However, none of the published oil spill response expert systems to date have incorporated how to effectively sample an oil spill, and yet the sampling of an oil spill needs to adhere to strict legal, International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) protocols in order to produce accurate and defensible data. The correct assimilation of data from oil spill response ensures that the responsible party/parties can be identified and are held accountable for any environmental damage that the spill has caused. The authors have recognized the gap in sampling guidance within all the available Oil Spill Response expert systems worldwide and therefore have created the Oil Spill Sampling Advisor or (OSSA) expert system through Leeder Consulting in Australia. The OSSA expert system is the first of its kind; a unique system to train and assist responders and pollution investigators with how to successfully take samples that will produce legally defensible data before, during and after an oil spill. For many small or developing countries (or ships at sea), it is not only highly impractical but also too costly to bring in sampling experts every time a spill occurs. As a result, if the responsible party has not been identified, the costs of cleanup and the environmental burden are frequently left for governments to bear. However, the new OSSA expert system provides a cost-effective means to help find oil spill polluters so that they can be responsible for paying the costs of cleanup. The OSSA expert system assists with training people to collect defensible forensic evidence, and it also provides on-the-spot information and advice to anyone having to collect an urgent spill sample. This includes all the necessary forms to be printed and filled out in order to ensure legal defensibility of the samples and resulting analytical data. Operating from a CD-ROM or an onboard ship laptop computer, OSSA is completely portable and accessible anywhere in the world at any time. This paper covers the advantages, disadvantages and common misconceptions of expert systems in the field of oil spill response. It also addresses how expert systems can be used as teaching tools and the unique framework utilized by Leeder Consulting in the creation of the OSSA expert system.

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Fejes, Erzsébet, e Iván Futó. "Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration – Supporting Administrative Decisions". Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 66, Special edition 2021/1 (2021): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2021_s_1_2.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is an increasingly popular concept, although it is often used only as a marketing tool to label activities that are very far from AI. The purpose of this article is to show what artificial intelligence (AI) tools - expert systems - can actually be used for administrative decision in public administration. The end of the administrative decision must be justified in detail according to the legal regulations. Expert systems do this. The other large group of AI tools, solutions based on machine learning, act as black boxes, mapping input data to output data, so the reason for the solution is unknown. Therefore, these tools are not suitable for direct, administrative decision, but can support office work with expert systems. In this article, we present the operation of expert systems through examples.

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Komissarova, Ya V., e N. K. Danilevich. "Peculiarities of a Polygraph Examiner’s Report in a Criminal Case in Russia and the United States". Kutafin Law Review 9, n. 3 (5 ottobre 2022): 544–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2713-0525.2022.3.21.544-563.

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From a legal standpoint, the pr ocess of investigating crimes and the order of proceedings in a criminal case differ in different countries. However, there are points of convergence where the differences in legal systems are not so important. In the modern world, Latin proverb Jura novit curia postulates that judges cannot and should not have knowledge from other sciences. Therefore, lawyers of all countries use the help of persons with special (non-legal) knowledge. In Russia, only an investigator or a judge can appoint an expert examination to obtain an expert opinion. An accused and defense attorneys (mostly professional lawyers) can get an expert opinion. The procedural statuses of a specialist and an expert under the Russian procedural law do not coincide. However, the reports they provide are formally equivalent and they both can be used as evidence in a legal case. Having no special knowledge, the judge evaluates the conclusions made by the specialist and the expert. The judge can regard one conclusion as a proof, can accept or reject them. The specialist and the expert are obliged to make conclusions based on the results of the study within their competence. Polygraph examiners in the United States and Russia address this issue in different ways due to different approaches to the development of theoretical and applied areas of scientific research.

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Shmelev, A. D. "COMMON SENSE AND LINGUISTIC EXAMINATION IN DIFFERENT LEGAL SYSTEMS". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, n. 3 (28 luglio 2016): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-3-214-219.

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The paper discusses the role of linguistic examination in civil law and common law legal systems. It argues that while it is forensic linguistic expertise that often plays an important role in civil law systems, the lay people’s opinion is crucial in common law systems. It suggests that the best way to obtain adequate results for civil law systems (including the Russian legal system) is to combine the two approaches, that is, to make use of an expert linguistic analysis of the linguistic competence of lay speakers of the language in question. Various examples illustrate the point (among them the problems arising in civil suits of honor protection and business reputation defense as well as the famous “tomato case”, in which the United States Supreme Court addressed whether a tomato was classified as a fruit or a vegetable). In addition, the paper discusses vague wording and consequent difficulty of implementation of the “Federal Law on the National Language of the Russian Federation.”

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Rylski, Piotr. "System biegłych sądowych w sprawach cywilnych we Francji". Prawo w Działaniu 50 (2022): 90–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32041/pwd.5004.

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The aim of the study is to present the principles of the functioning of the system of court experts in France in relation to civil proceedings. The article discusses the systemic status of experts, the mechanism of appointing experts in civil proceedings and the role of the parties at this stage. The procedural possibilities of the parties’ participation in the preparation of the expert opinion as well as the possibilities of its assessment and questioning were also presented. The method of financing expert opinions and awarding remuneration to experts was indicated. The rules for entering experts on the list of experts in France and the importance of this list for the system of appointing experts in this country were discussed in detail. The issue of advance payments by the parties for the remuneration of experts and the final method of their settlement was also presented. Attention was also drawn to the method of supervision over experts and the possibilities of disciplinary actions against them. The conclusions indicated those French regulations that could be used in other legal systems, including the one in Poland.

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Galindo, Fernando. "Expert systems as tools for the explanation of the legal domain: The ARPO experiences". Expert Systems with Applications 4, n. 4 (gennaio 1992): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4174(92)90129-g.

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Lipova, A. Yu. "Man against machine: Debates in the expert community on the lethal autonomous systems". Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 13, n. 4 (13 gennaio 2022): 182–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2021-13-4-182-204.

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In the recent years debates surrounding the autonomous weapons systems development and regulation have gained a new momentum. Despite the fact that the development of such type of weapons continues since the twentieth century, recent technological advances open up new possibilities for development of completely autonomous combat systems that will operate without human in-tervention. In this context, international community faces a number of ethical, legal, and regulatory issues. This paper examines the ongoing debates in both the Western and the Russian expert community on the challenges and prospects for using lethal autonomous systems. The author notes that Russian and Western discourses on most of the issues have very much in common and diﬀ erences are found mainly in the intensity of debates — in the West they are much more ac-tive. In both cases the most active debates focus around two issues: the potential implications of fully autonomous weapons systems including the unclear line of accountability, and the prospects for international legal regulation of the use of lethal autonomous weapons. Both the Russian and the Western experts agree that the contemporary international humanitarian law is unable to handle the challenges posed by aggressive development of the lethal autonomous weapons. All this points to the need to adapt the international humanitarian law to the new realities, which, in turn, requires concerted actions from leading states and international organizations.

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Almășan, Adriana. "Expresii juridice fără nicio noimă". Analele Universitării din București Drept 2019 (26 marzo 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/aubd.2019.11.

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Lawyers should be expert communicators, most of their drafting requiring preciseness and efficient phrasing. However, in practice, legal writing is rarely conveying the information effectively, regardless its importance: from contracts to legislation, from legal literature to documents submitted in courts one may find imprecise, pompous, leaden legal language. Oddly enough, the inadequacies traverse legal systems, languages and cultures, the critique being uniformly applicable around the world. This study follows the legal writing tradition and advocates the simplification and accessibility of this language.

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Steffany, Steffany. "Comparison of Civil Law and Common Law in Australia and Surrounding Countries". Jurnal Daulat Hukum 5, n. 3 (30 settembre 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v5i3.24389.

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This study aims to determine the legal system can be interpreted in two ways. First, the legal system is defined as a unit of components or elements (sub-systems) as follows: material law-formal law and civil law-public law. Included in this view are those who see the legal system as a unity between various laws and regulations with legal principles. Second, the legal system is defined as a unity of components: legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture. Eric L Richard, an expert in global business law, divides the main legal systems into six legal families: Civil law, Common law, Islamic law, Socialist law, Sub Sahara Africa, and Far east. This research is a qualitative research with a historical juridical approach that describes the legal history of how civil law and common law apply in various countries. By collecting data in the library supported by primary and secondary data according to the chosen topic. In general, based on how law is produced and implemented, there are two legal systems known in the world, namely, civil law and common law. The two legal systems have their own history and differences.

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