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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Legal expert systems"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Leith, Philip. "Legal expertise and legal expert systems". International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 2, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1986.9966227.

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2

MacCormick, Neil. "Legal deduction, legal predicates and expert systems". International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 5, n. 2 (giugno 1992): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01101868.

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3

Bequai, August. "Legal status of expert systems". Computer Law & Security Review 8, n. 3 (maggio 1992): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(92)90061-d.

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4

Yoshino, Hajime. ""Legal Expert" Project". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 1, n. 2 (20 dicembre 1997): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.1997.p0083.

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Since 1992, about 30 Japanese lawyers and computer scientists have been intensively engaged in a project of systematizing and computerizing legal reasoning. This project is the Study of Development of a Legal Expert System - Exploration of Legal Knowledge Structure and Implementation of Legal Reasoning or, in short, the "Legal Expert" Project. In this paper, I would like to introduce the Legal Expert project, explaining the goals, study organizations and their tasks in constructing legal expert systems in Japan.

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Zeide, Janet S., e Jay Liebowitz. "Using Expert Systems: The Legal Perspective". IEEE Expert 2, n. 1 (marzo 1987): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mex.1987.4307032.

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Greenleaf, Graham, Andrew Mowbray e Alan Tyree. "Legal expert systems: Words, words words … ?" International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 3, n. 1 (gennaio 1987): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.1987.9966258.

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7

WATERMAN, DONALD A., JODY PAUL e MARK PETERSON. "Expert systems for legal decision making". Expert Systems 3, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 212–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.1986.tb00203.x.

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Gemignani, Michael C. "Some legal aspects of expert systems". Expert Systems with Applications 2, n. 4 (gennaio 1991): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4174(91)90035-d.

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9

Raghupathi, Wullianallur, e Lawrence L. Schkade. "Legal Expert Systems Design: The Blackboard Model". Human Systems Management 12, n. 2 (1993): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1993-12207.

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Oskamp, Anja. "Model for knowledge and legal expert systems". Artificial Intelligence and Law 1, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00186723.

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Tesi sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Susskind, Richard Eric. "Expert systems in law : a jurisprudential enquiry". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328926.

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Kowalski, Andrzej. "Beyond rule-based legal expert systems : using frames and case-based reasoning to analyze the tort of malicious prosecution". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42045.

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Most legal expert systems to date have been purely rule-based. Case-based reasoning is a methodology for building legal expert systems whereby profiles of cases contained in a database, rather than specific legal rules, direct the outcomes of the system. Frame-based knowledge representation in legal expert systems involves the use of frames to represent legal knowledge. Case-based reasoning and frame-based knowledge representation offer significant advantages over purely rule-based legal expert systems in case-based law. These advantages are realizable by using the deep structure approach to knowledge representation. This involves searching beneath law at the doctrinal level for underlying fact patterns and structures which explain decisions in cases. This is demonstrated by the Malicious Prosecution Consultant, a legal expert system which operates in the domain of the tort of malicious prosecution. The Malicious Prosecution Consultant confirms the results of earlier research at The University of British Columbia, Faculty of Law that it is possible to build legal expert systems in unstructured areas of case-based law with relatively cheap commercially available expert system shells by using the deep structure approach to knowledge representation.
Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate

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Popple, James David, e james@popple net. "SHYSTER: A Pragmatic Legal Expert System". The Australian National University. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, 1993. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020609.233848.

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Most legal expert systems attempt to implement complex models of legal reasoning. Yet the utility of a legal expert system lies not in the extent to which it simulates a lawyer's approach to a legal problem, but in the quality of its predictions and of its arguments. A complex model of legal reasoning is not necessary: a successful legal expert system can be based upon a simplified model of legal reasoning. ¶ Some researchers have based their systems upon a jurisprudential approach to the law, yet lawyers are patently able to operate without any jurisprudential insight. A useful legal expert system should be capable of producing advice similar to that which one might get from a lawyer, so it should operate at the same pragmatic level of abstraction as does a lawyer - not at the more philosophical level of jurisprudence. ¶ A legal expert system called SHYSTER has been developed to demonstrate that a useful legal expert system can be based upon a pragmatic approach to the law. SHYSTER has a simple representation structure which simplifies the problem of knowledge acquisition. Yet this structure is complex enough for SHYSTER to produce useful advice. ¶ SHYSTER is a case-based legal expert system (although it has been designed so that it can be linked with a rule-based system to form a hybrid legal expert system). Its advice is based upon an examination of, and an argument about, the similarities and differences between cases. SHYSTER attempts to model the way in which lawyers argue with cases, but it does not attempt to model the way in which lawyers decide which cases to use in those arguments. Instead, it employs statistical techniques to quantify the similarity between cases. It decides which cases to use in argument, and what prediction it will make, on the basis of that similarity measure. ¶ SHYSTER is of a general design: it provides advice in areas of case law that have been specified by a legal expert using a specification language. Four different, and disparate, areas of law have been specified for SHYSTER, and its operation has been tested in each of those legal domains. ¶ Testing of SHYSTER in these four domains indicates that it is exceptionally good at predicting results, and fairly good at choosing cases with which to construct its arguments. SHYSTER demonstrates the viability of a pragmatic approach to legal expert system design.

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Shiravi-Khozani, Abdolhossein. "The legal aspect of international countertrade, with reference to the Australian Legal System". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs5577.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 462-479. "... to provide a basis for understanding countertrade practices. In particular, however, it aims to provide assistance to trading parties to identify the problems associated with various forms of countertrade and to give them guidance in drafting countertrade contracts in the light of Australian law.".

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Massey, Philip. "An expert system for a legal office". Thesis, 1995. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/18190/.

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The subject of this thesis is the use of Information Technology (IT) to assist in the resolution of cases that appear before the Family Law Court in Australia. IT is used to assist in two processes. The first process is the intelligent gathering and preparation of information for Family Law cases. The second process is the modeling of case-decisions by the Family Law Court. The first process is covered in this thesis and the second process is part of the Andrew Stranieri's doctorate research at La Trobe University. Legal Interaction Charts (LIC) are developed to model procedures a Family Law solicitor carries out when gathering information and preparing a case. Sequenced Event Charts (SEC) are developed to implement LICs on a computer.

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Gray, Pamela N., University of Western Sydney, College of Business e School of Law. "Legal knowledge engineering methodology for large-scale expert systems". 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20012.

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Legal knowledge engineering methodology for epistemologically sound, large scale legal expert systems is developed in this dissertation. A specific meta-epistemological method is posed for the transformation of legal domain epistemology to large scale legal expert systems; the method has five stages: 1. domain epistemology; 2. computational domain epistemology; 3. shell epistemology; 4. programming epistemology; and 5. application epistemology and ontology. The nature of legal epistemology is defined in terms of a deep model that divides the information of the ontology of legal possibilities into the three sorts of logic premises, namely, (1) rules of law for extended deduction, (2) material facts of cases for induction that establishes rule antecedents, and (3) reasons for rules, including justifications, explanations or criticisms of rules, for abduction. Extended deduction is distinguished for automation, and provides a map for locating, relatively, associated induction and abduction. Added to this is a communication system that involves issues of cognition and justice in the legal system. The Appendix sets out a sample of draft rule maps of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, known as the Vienna Convention, to illustrate that the substantive epistemology of the international law can be mapped to the generic epistemology of the shell. This thesis deflects the ontological solution back to the earlier rule-based, case-based and logic advances, with a definition of artificial legal intelligence that rests on legal epistemology; added to the definition is a transparent communication system of a user interface, including an interactive visualisation of rule maps, and the heuristics that process input and produce output to give effect to the legal intelligence of an application. The additions include an epistemological use of the ontology of legal possibilities to complete legal logic, for the purposes of processing specific legal applications. While the specific meta-epistemological methodology distinguishes domain epistemology from the epistemologies of artificial legal intelligence, namely computational domain epistemology, program design epistemology, programming epistemology and application epistemology, the prototypes illustrate the use of those distinctions, and the synthesis effected by that use. The thesis develops the Jurisprudence of Legal Knowledge Engineering by an artificial metaphysics.
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)

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Gray, Pamela N. "Legal knowledge engineering methodology for large-scale expert systems". Thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20012.

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Legal knowledge engineering methodology for epistemologically sound, large scale legal expert systems is developed in this dissertation. A specific meta-epistemological method is posed for the transformation of legal domain epistemology to large scale legal expert systems; the method has five stages: 1. domain epistemology; 2. computational domain epistemology; 3. shell epistemology; 4. programming epistemology; and 5. application epistemology and ontology. The nature of legal epistemology is defined in terms of a deep model that divides the information of the ontology of legal possibilities into the three sorts of logic premises, namely, (1) rules of law for extended deduction, (2) material facts of cases for induction that establishes rule antecedents, and (3) reasons for rules, including justifications, explanations or criticisms of rules, for abduction. Extended deduction is distinguished for automation, and provides a map for locating, relatively, associated induction and abduction. Added to this is a communication system that involves issues of cognition and justice in the legal system. The Appendix sets out a sample of draft rule maps of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, known as the Vienna Convention, to illustrate that the substantive epistemology of the international law can be mapped to the generic epistemology of the shell. This thesis deflects the ontological solution back to the earlier rule-based, case-based and logic advances, with a definition of artificial legal intelligence that rests on legal epistemology; added to the definition is a transparent communication system of a user interface, including an interactive visualisation of rule maps, and the heuristics that process input and produce output to give effect to the legal intelligence of an application. The additions include an epistemological use of the ontology of legal possibilities to complete legal logic, for the purposes of processing specific legal applications. While the specific meta-epistemological methodology distinguishes domain epistemology from the epistemologies of artificial legal intelligence, namely computational domain epistemology, program design epistemology, programming epistemology and application epistemology, the prototypes illustrate the use of those distinctions, and the synthesis effected by that use. The thesis develops the Jurisprudence of Legal Knowledge Engineering by an artificial metaphysics.

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Engle, Eric. "Artificial Intelligence and Law Using Rule Based Expert Systems". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71606.

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Deedman, Galvin Charles. "Developing conceptual frameworks for structuring legal knowledge to build knowledge-based systems". Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6998.

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This dissertation adopts an interdisciplinary approach to the field of law and artificial intelligence. It argues that the conceptual structuring of legal knowledge within an appropriate theoretical framework is of primary importance when building knowledge-based systems. While technical considerations also play a role, they must take second place to an in-depth understanding of the law. Two alternative methods of structuring legal knowledge in very different domains are used to explore the thesis. A deep-structure approach is used on nervous shock, a rather obscure area of the law of negligence. A script-based method is applied to impaired driving, a well-known part of the criminal law. A knowledge-based system is implemented in each area. The two systems, Nervous Shock Advisor (NSA) and Impaired Driving Advisor (IDA), and the methodologies they embody, are described and contrasted. In light of the work undertaken, consideration is given to the feasibility of lawyers without much technical knowledge using general-purpose tools to build knowledge-based systems for themselves.

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Venter, Casper Henderik. "A critical review of the current state of forensic science knowledge and its integration in legal systems". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26684.

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Forensic science has a significant historical and contemporary relationship with the criminal justice system. It is a relationship between two disciplines whose origins stem from different backgrounds. It is trite that effective communication assist in resolving underlying problems in any given context. However, a lack of communication continues to characterise the intersection between law and science. As recently as 2019, a six-part symposium on the use of forensic science in the criminal justice system again posed the question on how the justice system could ensure the reliability of forensic science evidence presented during trials. As the law demands finality, science is always evolving and can never be considered finite or final. Legal systems do not always adapt to the nature of scientific knowledge, and are not willing to abandon finality when that scientific knowledge shifts. Advocacy plays an important role in the promotion of forensic science, particularly advocacy to the broader scientific community for financial support, much needed research and more testing. However, despite its important function, advocacy should not be conflated with science. The foundation of advocacy is a cause; whereas the foundation of science is fact. The objective of this research was to conduct a qualitative literature review of the field of forensic science; to identify gaps in the knowledge of forensic science and its integration in the criminal justice system. The literature review will provide researchers within the field of forensic science with suggested research topics requiring further examination and research. To achieve its objective, the study critically analysed the historical development of, and evaluated the use of forensic science evidence in legal systems generally, including its role regarding the admissibility or inadmissibility of the evidence in the courtroom. In conclusion, it was determined that the breadth of forensic scientific knowledge is comprehensive but scattered. The foundational underpinning of the four disciplines, discussed in this dissertation, has been put to the legal test on countless occasions. Some gaps still remain that require further research in order to strengthen the foundation of the disciplines. Human influence will always be present in examinations and interpretations and will lean towards subjective decision making.
Jurisprudence
D. Phil.

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Libri sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Tyree, Alan. Expert systems in law: An introduction to expert systems with legal examples. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.

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James, Popple. A pragmatic legal expert system. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996.

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Visser, Pepijn R. S. Knowledge specification for multiple legal tasks: A case studyof the interaction problem in the legal domain. The Hague: Kluwer, 1995.

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Zeleznikow, J. Building intelligent legal information systems: Representation and reasoning in law. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1994.

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Expert systems in law: A jurisprudential inquiry. Oxford: Clarendon, 1987.

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Visser, Pepijn R. S. Knowledge specification for multiple legal tasks: A case study of the interaction problem in the legal domain. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1995.

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Transforming the law: Essays on technology, justice, and the legal marketplace. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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Poland) JURIX (Conference) (27th 2014 Kraków. Legal knowledge and information systems: JURIX 2014, the twenty-seventh annual conference. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press, 2014.

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Symposium on Legal Data Processing in Europe (9th 1989 Bonn, Germany). Systems based on artificial intelligence in the legal field: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Legal Data Processing in Europe, Bonn, 10-12 October 1989. Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1991.

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Wilds, Leah J. The legal-institutional analysis model (LIAM): A validation study. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Research Center, 1988.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Leith, Philip. "Legal Expert Systems". In The Computerised Lawyer, 181–99. London: Springer London, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3351-3_9.

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Deedman, Cal, Daphne Gelbart e Morris Coleman. "Slate: Specialized Legal Automated Term Extraction". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 133–37. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7557-6_23.

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Gelbart, Daphne, e J. C. Smith. "Toward a Comprehensive Legal Information Retrieval System". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 121–25. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_20.

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Bratley, Paul, Daniel Poulin e Jacques Savoy. "The effect of change on legal applications". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 436–41. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7555-2_73.

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Basu, Amit, L. Ramkumar e Fredric D. Abramson. "An Expert System for Legal Case Research Support". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 116–20. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_19.

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Mariani, Paola, e Daniela Tiscornia. "A Historical Data Bank of Italian Legal Language". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 394–98. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_64.

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Bench-Capon, T. J. M., e P. E. S. Dunne. "An Approach to the Integration of Legal Support Systems". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 105–11. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_17.

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Thomasset, Claude, François Blanchard e Louis-Claude Paquin. "Legal knowledge elicitation: from textual databases to expert systems". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 167–72. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_27.

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Di Giorgi, Rosa M., Elio Fameli e Roberta Nannucci. "Expert System and Database Interaction in the Legal Domain". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 281–84. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_45.

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Cammelli, Antonio, e Fiorenza Socci. "Lexis: A Legal Expert System for Improving Legislative Drafting". In Database and Expert Systems Applications, 405–9. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7553-8_66.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Poulin, Daniel, Paul Bratley, Jacques Frémont e Ejan Mackaay. "Legal interpretation in expert systems". In the fourth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/158976.158988.

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Futo, Ivan, e Jozsef Varkonyi. "Legal expert systems as simulation tools". In the 25th conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/256563.257023.

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Bench-Capon, T. J. M. "Deep models, normative reasoning and legal expert systems". In the second international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/74014.74020.

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Bench-Capon, T. J. M. "Categorising justifications in legal argument". In Proceedings. Tenth International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. DEXA 99. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.1999.795282.

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Haeusler, Edward Hermann, Valeria de Paiva e Alexandre Rademaker. "Intuitionistic Description Logic and Legal Reasoning". In 2011 22nd International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2011.46.

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Layman, E. A., e C. S. Saxon. "Some problems in designing expert systems to aid legal reasoning". In the first international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/41735.41747.

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Forhecz, Andras, e Gyorgy Strausz. "An ontology-based rule chaining algorithm for legal expert systems". In 2011 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cinti.2011.6108546.

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Lehmann, J. "Towards the formalization of legal causal reasoning". In Proceedings. Tenth International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. DEXA 99. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.1999.795283.

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Hedin, Bruce, e Douglas W. Oard. "Replication and automation of expert judgments: Information engineering in legal e-discovery". In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5346118.

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Elhadi, M. T., e T. Vamos. "An IR-CBR approach to legal indexing and retrieval in bankruptcy law". In Proceedings. Tenth International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications. DEXA 99. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.1999.795281.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Legal expert systems"

1

Almeida, Fernanda. Legislative Pathways for Securing Community-based Property Rights. Rights and Resources Initiative, maggio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/xmhg7144.

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Governments are increasingly recognizing Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights to land and resources. Despite increased recognition, there are several shortcomings in the legal frameworks through which governments formally recognize community-based property rights. Building on consultations with legal experts on community rights, recent literature, and a review of over 200 national legal instruments, this paper proposes a framework of analysis to systematically classify and evaluate legal pathways to secure recognition of community-based property rights. The framework considers five key elements common to laws recognizing community-based rights, and helps determine how these rights can be exercised and implemented in practice as well as three common legislative entry points through which legal recognition can take place. Furthermore, to illustrate the variety of legal pathways (and potential advantages and limitations of each) that have been used by national legislators to recognize community tenure rights, the paper also applies this framework to the legal frameworks (or tenure “regimes”) included in the Rights and Resources Initiative’s legal tenure rights database. It concludes that although legal recognition in national systems has advanced in the past decades, it is far from ideal, even in the best cases.

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Bolton, Laura. Criminal Activity and Deforestation in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.003.

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This review examines evidence on criminal deforestation activity in Latin America (particularly, but not exclusively the Amazon) and draws from the literature on the lessons learned in combatting criminal deforestation activity. This review focuses on Brazil as representative of the overwhelming majority of literature on criminal activity in relation to deforestation in the Amazon. The literature notes that Illegal deforestation occurs largely through criminal networks as they have the capacity for coordination, processing, selling, and the deployment of armed men to protect operations. Bribery, corruption, and fraud are deeply ingrained in deforestation. Networks may bribe geoprocessing experts, police, and public officials. Members of the criminal groups may become council members, mayors, and state representatives. Land titles are fabricated and trading documentation fraudulent. The literature also notes some interventions to combat this criminal deforestation activity: monitoring and law enforcement; national systems for registry and monitoring; legal enforcement for compliance of environmental law; International agreements and action; and Involving indigenous communities in combatting deforestation.

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Winkler-Portmann, Simon. Umsetzung einer wirksamen Compliance in globalen Lieferketten am Beispiel der Anforderungen aus der europäischen Chemikalien-Regulierung an die Automobilindustrie. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, agosto 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627796.

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This publication based on a master thesis explores the challenges of the automotive industry regarding the European chemical regulations REACH and CLP, as well as potential improvements of the current compliance activities and the related incentives and barriers. It answers the research question: "To what extent should the compliance activities of actors in the automotive supply chain be extended in order to meet the requirements of European chemicals regulation; and where would it help to strengthen incentives in enforcement and the legal framework?“. The study’s structure is based on the transdisciplinary delta analysis of the Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the legal requirements and the requirements for corresponding compliance with the actual state of the actual compliance measures of the automotive players and attempts to identify their weak points (the delta). The main sources for the analysis are the legal texts and relevant court decisions as well as guideline-based expert interviews with automotive players based on Gläser & Laudel. As objects of the analysis, there are in addition answers to random enquiries according to Article 33 (2) REACH as well as the recommendations and guidelines of the industry associations. The analysis identifies the transmission of material information in the supply chain as a key problem. The global database system used for this purpose, the IMDS, shows gaps in the framework conditions. This results in compliance risk due to the dynamically developing regulation. In addition, the study identifies an incompliance of the investigated automobile manufacturers with regard to Art. 33 REACH. In answering the research question, the study recommends solutions to the automotive players that extend the current compliance activities. In addition, it offers tables and process flow diagrams, which structure the duties and required compliance measures and may serve as basic audit criteria. The analysis is carried out from an external perspective and looks at the entire industry. It therefore cannot cover all the individual peculiarities of each automotive player. As a result, the identified gaps serve only as indications for possible further compliance risks.

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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.

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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor

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