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1
Oliver, Dominique Shane. "Transforming Lebanon". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26661/.
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Garrick, Ronald A. "Modeling stakeholder decision logic a case study of Lebanese Hezbollah /". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FGarrick.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Szechtman, Roberto ; Atkinson, Michael P. ; Second Reader: Kress, Moshe. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Decision analysis, systems analysis, influence diagram, multi agent, MAID, Hezbollah, Hizbullah, Lebanese, Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Syria, Genie, Imad Mughniyah, nuclear, Iran, Middle East, temporal, dynamic programming, backward induction, political stakeholders, political actors, decision support, decision logic, decision forecast. Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-151). Also available in print.
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Ghattas, Micheline Germanos. "The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1415.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described by Arend Lijphart as a "consociational democracy". The research question and sub-question posed are:
1- How consolidated is democracy in Lebanon?
2- What are the challenges facing the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon?
The preamble of the 1926 Lebanese Constitution declares the country to be a parliamentary democratic republic. The political regime is a democracy, but one that is not built on the rule of the majority in numbers, since the numbers do not reflect the history of the country and its distinguishing characteristics. The division of power is built on religion, which defies the concept prevailing in western democracies of the separation between church and state. As the internal and the external conditions change, sometimes in a violent manner, the democracy in the country still survives. Today, after the war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990, the Syrian occupation that lasted until 2005, the Israeli war in the summer of 2006, and the roadblocks in the face of the overdue presidential election in 2008, democracy is still struggling to stay alive in the country. There is no denying or ignoring the challenges and the attempts against democracy in Lebanon from 1975 to the present. Even with these challenges, there are some strong elements that let democracy survive all these predicaments. The reasons and events of the 1975-1995 war are still being sorted out and only history will clear that up. Can we say today that the Consociational democracy in Lebanon is consolidated? To answer this question Linz & Stepan's three elements of a consolidated democracy are used as the criteria: the constitution of the land, people's attitude towards democracy and their behavior. The analysis examines the Lebanese Constitution, surveys about people's attitude towards democracy, and reported events about their behavior, such as political demonstrations and political violence narrated in the media. The findings of this study show that although the Lebanese find democracy as being the only game in town, the consolidation of democracy in the country still faces some challenges, both internal and external. The study also shows that the criteria used for western democracies need to be adjusted to apply to a society such as the one in Lebanon: plural, religious and traditional.
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Majdalani, Fadi Michel. "Financing the reconstruction of Lebanon". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14671.
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Matta, Charles. "Embassy of Lebanon, Washington, D.C". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An Edifice that establishes Identity through spatial Experience. An Environment traditional in its Values, modern in its Language, yet capturing a Mood inherent to Lebanon.
An Architecture that Reveals a sense of Unity around a Central Court. A Design that reflects an Attitude toward the Totality of Space through Structure, Circulation, and Materials.
A Place where Order prevails, where Sequence emphasizes Hierarchy, and Procession seeks a Rhythmic Stimulus of Higher Aspirations.Master of Architecture
6
Zaatari, Zeina Mohamad Bassam. "Women activists of South Lebanon /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Elias, Joseph. "Lebanon: The Cycle of Death". Thesis, Department of Government and International Relations, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8276.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This essay addresses the fact that as most countries in the Middle East have managed to protect themselves from external interference, why does Lebanon continue to be a target for intervention. Since the regional elements is the same for all the states in the Middle East, the paper focuses on internal factors within the Lebanese state that allow for foreign influence to prosper. Based on the evidence from crises that took place in 1958, 1975, and 2008; the paper argues that the political system and foreign policy of the Lebanese state are responsible for exposing Lebanon to foreign intervention. In response, proposals are put forward to resolve this inherent weakness of the Lebanese state. They include introducing a decentralised political system and introducing constant status of neutrality to Lebanese foreign policy.
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Caldwell, Donald K. "The hegemony of sectarianism in Lebanon". Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com.ps2.villanova.edu/pqdweb?did=1948681681&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Chadwick, Robert B. "Lebanon : the uncertain road to reconstruction". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA333434.
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Hares, Abdullatif K. "Education and national integration in Lebanon /". Access Digital Full Text version, 1985. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10600139.
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Preston, Matthew. "Rhodesia, Lebanon and civil war termination". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368655.
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Solh, R. "Lebanon and Arab nationalism : 1936-1945". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376027.
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Tlaiss, Hayfaa. "Managerial advancement: The case of Lebanon". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489517.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Despite the increase of the systematic investigations and scientific research regarding the career progress of women managers in the Industrial countries, knowledge about the special challenges that women managers in the Middle East and the less developed countries face is deficient.
14
Al, Khatib Ali Mohamad. "Biodiversity of Cedrus spp in lebanon". Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413493.
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Samaha, Melhem 1977. "Privatization of power supply in Lebanon". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47912.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002."February 2002."
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 108).
Plagued by corruption, illegal connections, mismanagement, and more than $300 million in annual deficit, Electricite du Liban (EDL), the vertically integrated government owned Power Company, has become a financial burden on the Lebanese public sector. The following paper proposes a strategy for its privatization. We first start by exposing the relevant characteristics of the country, the current socio-economic situation and the factors that have led to the recent calls for privatization. We then focus our discussion on the power sector and on EDL, identifying the problems that have undermined its operations. The second part of the paper tries, based on an overview of three case studies, to define the different market models available and the requirements, strengths and weaknesses of each model. Finally, based on the country's and sector's specificities, we recommend a two-phase privatization strategy that calls for a corporatization and restructuring transitional phase preceding a limited form of wholesale competition.
by Melhem Samaha.
S.M.
16
Jarboe, Laura E. "Reagan's Antiterrorism: The Role of Lebanon". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1345646529.
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ʻAwn, Fuʼād. "Qūwāt al-radʻ al-ʻArabīyah fī Lubnān al-waḍʻ al-qānūnī wa-al-siyāsī wa-al-ʻaskarī /". Bayrūt : F. ʻAwn, 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=cKELAAAAIAAJ.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (duktūrāh dawlah)--al-Jāmiʻah al-Lubnānīyah, Beirut, 1986.Title on added t.p.: La force de dissuasion arabe au Liban. Maps on lining papers. Includes bibliographical references (p. 413-419).
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Majed, Rima. "The shifting salience of sectarianism in Lebanon, 2000-2010". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8ce8330-d51b-4c3a-8675-efd45374cdc8.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis addresses the question of the shift in the sectarian framing of political conflict and violence in Lebanon by focusing on the period between 2000 and 2010. Lebanon represents an interesting case where the saliencies of sectarian dichotomies have been drastically remodelled in only a few years following the Hariri assassination in 2005. Whereas most studies focus on long-term ethnic and sectarian conflicts, few have addressed the issue of fast remodelling of sectarian divisions in times of political turmoil. How do sectarian schisms shift in a short period of time? Why do some political changes affect sectarian dichotomies and not others? What factors can push some people to take part in clashes framed as sectarian violence? In short, how does political closure happen along sectarian lines? In order to answer these questions, this thesis uses a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods to disentangle the relationship between political change and sectarianism. Building on the social movement literature, it argues that street mobilisations, understood as peaceful or violent collective action, are important mechanisms through which political conflict can assume sectarian overtones. It relies on a compiled dataset of protest events that occurred in Beirut between 2000 and 2010, and applies network analysis techniques in order to study coalition formations and shifts in alliances. This analysis is combined with semi-structured interviews with a sample of 29 residents of Beirut neighbourhoods that witnessed violent clashes in 2007/8. The analysis of my data suggests that the Hariri assassination marked a turning point in the dynamics of contentious politics in Lebanon, and acted as a catalyst for the emergence and consolidation of new coalitions and sectarian dichotomies. The study argues that sectarian political parties are the main channels through which political and sectarian depictions become interchangeable. It suggests that in order for a political shift to be understood in sectarian terms, two main factors need to be taken into account: (i) the competing political parties should represent sectarian communities that are able to compete demographically (in terms of size), and (ii) the competing parties should be able to represent the majority of their sectarian communities (intra-sectarian homogeneity). The analysis of my qualitative data explores the mechanisms at work during periods of collective violence, and shows that drivers such as peer pressure, neighbourhood-level networks, material grievances, pleasure in agency, ideology and previous fighting experience seem to explain individual decisions to participate in collective violence more than sectarian hatred. In fact, rather than being the primary cause of the violence, sectarian cleavages seem to have been crystallised by the 2007/8 episodes of violence. Consequently, this thesis concludes that whereas the conflict in Lebanon today is often understood and framed in sectarian terms, a closer analysis suggests that the conflict at a macro level is essentially political and its implications at the micro level can best be understood beyond the notion of sectarianism.
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Kharābshah, Sulaymān ʻAbd al-ʻAbd Allāh. "Niyābat Ṭarābulus fī al-ʻAṣr al-Mamlūkī". [Amman] : Lajnat Tārīkh Bilād al-Shām, 1993. http://books.google.com/books?id=Wm9tAAAAMAAJ.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Originally presented as the author's thesis (master's)--al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, 1985.At head of cover title: al-Jāmiʻah al-Urdunīyah, Jāmiʻat al-Yarmūk. Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-250).
20
Bahou, Lena. "Student (dis)-engagement in post-war Lebanon : barriers and pathways in school learning". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708584.
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Nasser-Eddine, Minerva. "A transcendent Lebanese identity: more than a mirage? /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn267.pdf.
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Nassif, Nadim. "Sport policy in Lebanon, 1975 to 2004". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/2412.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lebanon is a unique country. Its small size, numerous communities, geographical context, history of conflicts and foreign invasions contributes in making this research a unique study in the field of humanities and social sciences. The study of such a case gets even more complex when it comes to the evaluation of the position of sport in this society; especially since the Lebanese Government has never considered sport and the betterment of sport among its priorities. Lebanese sport reflects all the different parameters of the Lebanese scene: economic difficulties, administrative problems, religious and political tension. The situation of sport in this country is rendered even more complicated by the fact that the budget granted to sport is relatively very small; a fact that is not only detailed but is proven to have direct effects on the low position that Lebanon has in the different international sport rankings. Academically, research on this field is also still very limited and the very few works done in this domain are more descriptive than analytic. The aims of this thesis, new in its kind, is, first, to do an analysis on the sport policy administered in Lebanon from 1975 to 2004, and, then, after defining its different characteristics, propose a plan for development.
23
Haddad, Karine [Verfasser]. "HACCP in Germany and Lebanon / Karine Haddad". Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170364233/34.
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Moukadem, Imad. "Virtual support for lifelong learning in Lebanon". Thesis, Teesside University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426003.
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Siklawi, Rami Youssef. "Shi'a-Palestinian relations in Lebanon (1967-1990)". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479285.
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Bakri, Bakri Ahmed. "Capital investment appraisal : the case of Lebanon". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2019. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5a2ff0a3-8cbc-46b7-96cd-423ccc2969b6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The goal of this thesis is to investigate the capital budgeting practices of Lebanese companies. In particular, this thesis examines four main research questions: (1) How are capital investment projects appraised in Lebanon?; (2) Is risk incorporated into this process by Lebanese firms?; (3) Do Lebanese companies experience capital rationing and, if so, is it imposed internally or externally?; (4) How important is the impact of political risk on the capital budgeting process? The thesis employs an interpretive approach to investigate these issues, and the results are obtained using the qualitative methods of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. In particular, a total of 151 questionnaires were completed by firms from across three industrial sectors - 51 firms participated in the first questionnaire and 100 firms took part in the second questionnaire; 12 semi-structured interviews were also conducted with two groups of individuals who were thought to be knowledgeable about the capital budgeting process: 'insiders', who work in Lebanese firms, and 'outsiders', such as bankers and chartered accountants, who are involved in an advisory capacity with the capital budgeting processes of Lebanese firms. The results of this research indicate that Lebanese firms place more emphasis on non-financial factors, such as political priorities and personal experience, than financial factors when analysing potential projects. The study also finds that Lebanese companies tend to employ more than one method of investment appraisal to evaluate projects and that, increasingly, these firms are using more sophisticated discounted cash flow (DCF) techniques. However, the payback method is the most popular method of investment appraisal. In addition, although the use of DCF methods is increasing, they are not used as frequently relative to companies in developed countries. The study also finds that appraisal processes are impacted by the source of funding used, as well as the size and nature of the project being undertaken. In terms of risk evaluation, the most widely using methods include scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis; very few companies use Monte Carlo simulation. Most of the companies surveyed use the weighted average cost of capital as the discount rate in capital budgeting, although a sizeable number use the interest rate. Another key finding to emerge from the study relates to capital rationing. Specifically, a majority of the companies surveyed indicated that they had experienced capital rationing and that this rationing tended to be imposed externally, typically as a result of external constraints in the equity and debt markets. A sizeable number of the companies surveyed indicated that the stock market was currently not a feasible source of firm or project funding due to its small size. A key finding that emerged from the study is that political risk plays a very important role in the capital budgeting processes of Lebanese companies. Most of the participants in the study highlighted the high level of political risk in Lebanon, and indicated that it plays a major role in determining which method should be used to evaluate a project.
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Hayek, Kamal F. (Kamal Fouad). "Infrastructure development in Lebanon : public/private partnerships". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10851.
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El, Chammay Rabih. "Draft for a Mental Health strategy Lebanon". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
RESUMO: O Líbano é um pequeno país na costa leste do Mar Mediterrâneo, com uma população de aproximadamente 4.350.000 pessoas, incluindo 1,5 milhões de refugiados, 400 mil dos quais são palestinos atendidos pela UNRWA (Agência das Nações Unidas de Socorro aos Refugiados da Palestina) (UNHCR, 2013; OMS, 2010a). Desde 2012, um excedente de 1.000.000 refugiados sírios cruzaram a fronteira com o Líbano, representando um aumento populacional de aproximadamente 25%. Além disso, entre 1975 e 1990, a violenta guerra civil pela qual o Líbano passou, destruiu grande parte da infra-estrutura do país, incluindo os serviços de saúde.
O sector da saúde, mais especificamente os serviços de saúde mental, é majoritariamente privado. Serviços especializados em Saúde Mental estão disponíveis em três hospitais psiquiátricos privados, e em 4 unidades psiquiátricas de hospitais gerais, que estão localizados centralmente em torno da capital, Beirute.
O Líbano é um dos dois únicos países da região que não tem uma Política de Saúde Mental e um dos seis países que não têm uma Legislação em Saúde Mental. Nos últimos anos, a Saúde Mental está sendo colocada no topo da agenda nacional, apesar das contínuas questões políticas e de segurança.
Baseando-se nas informações acima, um projecto de estratégia em Saúde Mental, conduzido pelo Ministério da Saúde e apoiado pela OMS, foi escrito para servir como um guia para trabalhar em diferentes aspectos relacionados tanto em saúde mental quanto em organização dos serviços, revisão de legislação, financiamento e proteção dos direitos humanos básicos dos usuários do serviço.
Esta tese descreve o processo pelo qual o projecto de estratégia nacional de Saúde Mental foi desenvolvido, seus principais componentes, os próximos passos a serem tomados para a sua implementação, os desafios e as oportunidades para implementá-lo e propõe alguns passos iniciais a serem tomados em primeiro lugar.----------ABSTRACT: Lebanon is a small country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea with a population of approximately 4,350,000 including 1,500,000 refugees, 400,000 of whom are Palestinians served by UNRWA (the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees) (UNHCR, 2013; WHO, 2010a). Since 2012 an excess of 1,000,000 Syrian refugees have crossed the border into Lebanon accounting for approximately 25% increase in the population. In addition, from 1975 to 1990 Lebanon underwent a violent civil war that had also destroyed much of the country infrastructure including health services.
The health sector, more so the mental health services, is mostly private. Specialized Mental Health services are available at three private mental hospitals, and 4 psychiatric units within general hospitals, which are located centrally around the capital, Beirut.
Lebanon is one of only two countries of the region that does not have a Mental Health policy and one out of the six countries that does not have a Mental Health legislation. In recent years, Mental Health is getting placed higher on the national agenda despite the ever continuing political and security issues.
Based on the above, A Mental Health strategy draft, lead by the Ministry of Health and supported by WHO, was written to serve as a guide to work on different aspects related to Mental Health from service organization, to the revision of legislation, financing and the protection of the basic human rights of service users.
This thesis describes the process through which the national Mental Health draft strategy was developed, its main components, the next steps to be taken for its implementation, the challenges and the opportunities to implementing it and proposes a few initial steps to be taken first.
29
Akik, C. "Breastfeeding in Lebanon : barriers and policy dynamics". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2014. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2019574/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Breastfeeding practices in Lebanon fall short of international recommendations: despite high breastfeeding initiation, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates are almost nil at 4-5 months. In the Lebanese context, health services are expected to have a large contributing role on early breastfeeding practices. This research aimed at identifying Lebanese stakeholders’ perceptions of barriers to recommended early breastfeeding initiation and EBF till 6 months in the context of health services as well as the political dynamics around existing policies that if implemented would address these health system barriers. A review of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of health services interventions to promote and support breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity revealed that a package of complementary interventions would be most effective. It would include applying maternity ward changes according to the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, facilitating the formation of lay support groups, and tailoring education and support to the setting and needs of the population. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 59 Lebanese stakeholders in early breastfeeding. The framework approach was used for analysing data. Health services barriers included suboptimal antenatal preparedness to breastfeeding, detrimental hospital practices, medicalisation of childbirth, health professionals’ knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding and aggressive marketing by breast milk substitutes companies. The socio-cultural context was depreciative of breastfeeding. Using the principles of stakeholder analysis, implementation of key policies endorsed by the Lebanese government was found to be hindered by the Ministry of Public Health’s weak governance and commitment, the weak engagement of key international organisations and professional associations compounded by the financial interests of strong stakeholders in the health care system offered by breast milk substitute companies. Key recommendations include the need for further commitment from government, grassroots advocacy to shift the culture towards demanding appropriate early breastfeeding practices, and implementation of several health services related programmes.
30
Melki, Jad P. "Television news and the state in Lebanon". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Philip Merrill College of Journalism. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
31
Zakhia, Renée. "Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Lebanon". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066466/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le Virus du Nil Occidental (VNO) et le Virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) sont deux arbovirus transmis par le moustique Culex pipiens comprenant deux biotypes: pipiens et molestus. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons évalué la circulation du VNO au Liban dans des populations de moustiques, des humains, des chevaux et des poulets. Nous avons aussi évalué la compétence vectorielle des populations locales de Cx. pipiens à transmettre le VNO et le VFVR.Des moustiques ont été récoltés et testés pour la présence d’un gène spécifique du VNO. En plus, des sérums humains, de chevaux et de poulets ont été analysés pour rechercher des anticorps spécifiques par ELISA puis confirmés par neutralisation. En outre, des spécimens de Cx. pipiens ont été infectés avec la lignée 1 du VNO ou la souche de VFVR Clone 13. Ensuite, les taux d’infection, de dissémination et de transmission ont été déterminés à différents jours après infection des moustiques. La compétence vectorielle a été comparée entre les différents biotypes.Les résultats entomologiques ont révélé que Cx. pipiens est dominant (87.2%). Tous les moustiques analysés étaient négatifs pour le VNO. Les taux de séroprévalence étaient de 1.01% et 1.98% parmi les humains et les chevaux respectivement. De plus, Cx. pipiens s’est révélé bien plus compétent pour transmettre le VNO que le VFVR. Le biotype molestus est capable de transmettre le VNO plus tôt que celui de pipiens. Cette étude présente des preuves sur une faible circulation du VNO au Liban. Cx. pipiens s’est révélé compétent pour assurer cette transmission. Ainsi, il est essentiel d'établir des programmes de surveillance pour prévenir les éventuelles épidémiesWest Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) are two emerging arboviruses that have never been reported in Lebanon. They can be transmitted by Culex pipiens mosquito species including two biotypes: pipiens and molestus. During this project, we assessed the circulation of WNV among mosquitoes, human, horse and chicken populations in Lebanon. Moreover, we evaluated, under experimental conditions, the capacity of local Cx. pipiens biotypes to transmit both viruses.Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified and tested to detect WNV RNA. Besides, human, horse and chicken blood samples were collected and screened for WNV antibodies using an in-house ELISA and then confirmed by neutralization assay. Moreover, local Cx. pipiens specimens were experimentally infected with WNV lineage 1 or RVFV Clone 13 strain. The viral infection, dissemination and transmission were then estimated at different days post infection.The vector competence was compared between Cx. pipiens biotypes.Entomological results revealed that 87.2% of collected adult mosquitoes were Cx. pipiens. Screened mosquitoes were negative for WNV. Seroprevalence rates were 1.01% and 1.98% among humans and horses respectively. Besides, local Cx. pipiens were highly competent for WNV transmission and to a lesser extent to RVFV. The molestus biotype was able to transmit WNV earlier than pipiens biotype.The present study provides new evidence of a low circulation of WNV among human and horses in Lebanon. Cx. pipiens is the suspected vector and is experimentally competent to ensure transmission. Therefore, there is a need to establish surveillance program to predict and prevent potential outbreaks
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Zakhia, Renée. "Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Lebanon". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066466.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le Virus du Nil Occidental (VNO) et le Virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift (VFVR) sont deux arbovirus transmis par le moustique Culex pipiens comprenant deux biotypes: pipiens et molestus. Au cours de ce projet, nous avons évalué la circulation du VNO au Liban dans des populations de moustiques, des humains, des chevaux et des poulets. Nous avons aussi évalué la compétence vectorielle des populations locales de Cx. pipiens à transmettre le VNO et le VFVR.Des moustiques ont été récoltés et testés pour la présence d’un gène spécifique du VNO. En plus, des sérums humains, de chevaux et de poulets ont été analysés pour rechercher des anticorps spécifiques par ELISA puis confirmés par neutralisation. En outre, des spécimens de Cx. pipiens ont été infectés avec la lignée 1 du VNO ou la souche de VFVR Clone 13. Ensuite, les taux d’infection, de dissémination et de transmission ont été déterminés à différents jours après infection des moustiques. La compétence vectorielle a été comparée entre les différents biotypes.Les résultats entomologiques ont révélé que Cx. pipiens est dominant (87.2%). Tous les moustiques analysés étaient négatifs pour le VNO. Les taux de séroprévalence étaient de 1.01% et 1.98% parmi les humains et les chevaux respectivement. De plus, Cx. pipiens s’est révélé bien plus compétent pour transmettre le VNO que le VFVR. Le biotype molestus est capable de transmettre le VNO plus tôt que celui de pipiens. Cette étude présente des preuves sur une faible circulation du VNO au Liban. Cx. pipiens s’est révélé compétent pour assurer cette transmission. Ainsi, il est essentiel d'établir des programmes de surveillance pour prévenir les éventuelles épidémiesWest Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) are two emerging arboviruses that have never been reported in Lebanon. They can be transmitted by Culex pipiens mosquito species including two biotypes: pipiens and molestus. During this project, we assessed the circulation of WNV among mosquitoes, human, horse and chicken populations in Lebanon. Moreover, we evaluated, under experimental conditions, the capacity of local Cx. pipiens biotypes to transmit both viruses.Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified and tested to detect WNV RNA. Besides, human, horse and chicken blood samples were collected and screened for WNV antibodies using an in-house ELISA and then confirmed by neutralization assay. Moreover, local Cx. pipiens specimens were experimentally infected with WNV lineage 1 or RVFV Clone 13 strain. The viral infection, dissemination and transmission were then estimated at different days post infection.The vector competence was compared between Cx. pipiens biotypes.Entomological results revealed that 87.2% of collected adult mosquitoes were Cx. pipiens. Screened mosquitoes were negative for WNV. Seroprevalence rates were 1.01% and 1.98% among humans and horses respectively. Besides, local Cx. pipiens were highly competent for WNV transmission and to a lesser extent to RVFV. The molestus biotype was able to transmit WNV earlier than pipiens biotype.The present study provides new evidence of a low circulation of WNV among human and horses in Lebanon. Cx. pipiens is the suspected vector and is experimentally competent to ensure transmission. Therefore, there is a need to establish surveillance program to predict and prevent potential outbreaks
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Khalaf, Tania Levin C. Melinda. "Born in Beirut". [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3954.
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Raffoul, Pierre Georges. "Buṭrus al-Bustānī 1819-1883) : a study of his life, achievements and ideas". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1948.
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Reyes, Raymond L. "Path dependence and foreign policy : a case study of United States policy toward Lebanon /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FReyes.pdf.
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Wehbi, Samantha. "Rape perceptions and the impact of social relations : insights from women in Beirut". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36856.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Conducted within a feminist framework and guided by the principles of grounded theory methodology, this dissertation reports on the findings of a study of women's rape perceptions, undertaken in Beirut, Lebanon. The study relied on 38 interviews, participant observation, and a review of newspaper articles (1996--1999) and organizational documents.In this dissertation, I argue that perceptions of rape reflect, reinforce, and are supported by dominant social relations based on elements of social location such as gender, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, ethnicity and race. More specifically, I maintain that the relationship between perceptions of rape on one hand, and social relations on the other, is mediated by the centrality of marriage. This mediation is reflected in two processes. First, social relations lead to differential constructions of womanhood and perceived marriageability, which in turn play a large role in shaping perceptions of what counts as rape. Concretely, this impacts on which women are perceived to be consenting to sex and those perceived to be rape victims.
Second, social relations construct a marriage that adheres to specific conditions as the only acceptable union between a man and a woman in Beiruti society. In consequence, these constructions of acceptability shape what counts as "real" rape versus consensual sex. Concretely, this means that relationships that fall outside this construction of acceptability are more readily labeled as rape.
In the first four chapters of the dissertation, I provide background information about the study's theoretical framework, location within the broader empirical scholarship on rape perceptions, and methodology. I also provide detailed information about the Beiruti/Lebanese context. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 are empirical chapters relating some of the findings of the study as they relate to the centrality of marriage and perceptions of rape and consent. Chapter 8 concludes the dissertation with a discussion of the themes of women's agency, the line between sex and rape, and the impact of social relations. Through this discussion, I offer concrete insights for the further development of theory, research and practice with the issue of rape.
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Nasser, Zeina. "Outdoor air pollutants and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221755.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Outdoor air pollution is increasingly considered as a serious risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). High levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) constitute the greatest international air pollution threat. The purpose of this thesis is to broaden our knowledge regarding the relationship between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in the Middle Eastern countries, specifically in Lebanon. Moreover, we aimed to develop a scale as CVD screening tool among the Lebanese population. To achieve these goals, we conducted three studies. The first was a systematic review of the literature aiming to assess levels and sources of PM across the Middle East area and to search for an evidence of relationship between PM exposure and CVD (Paper I).The second manuscript was a multicenter case-control study investigating the association between outdoor pollutants and cardiovascular diseases among Lebanese adults (Paper II) while the third study was conducted to develop a score that can be used as a screening tool in clinical and epidemiological settings among the Lebanese adults (Paper III).The annual average values of PM pollutants in the Middle East region are considered to be much higher than the WHO 2006 tolerated levels (PM2.5 = 10 µg/m3, PM10 = 20 µg/m3). We uncovered evidence of an association between PM and CVD in 4 Middle East countries: Iran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Ambient PM pollution is considered a potential risk factor for platelet activation and atherosclerosis. Moreover, it was associated with CVD and found to be linked with an increased risk for mortality and hospital admissions (Paper I). Increased risk of CVD with an odds ratio OR of 5.04, 95% CI (4.44-12.85) for living near busy highway and 4.76, 95% CI (2.07-10.91) for living close to local diesel generator was noticed among population exposed to outdoor air pollution (Paper II). In addition, our results highlight the importance of scale generation, which includes air pollution as predictive factor, as screening tool for patients at risk of CVD. This scale can foresee the cardiovascular disease outcomes better than the established score which use the traditional CVD risk factors (Paper III).In conclusion this study brings new evidence regarding the effects of particulate matter on cardiac diseases, points out the harmful role of diesel exhaust on health and suggest a an important role of traffic exhaust particles in exacerbating heart diseases in the Middle East Region. The developed scale could detect persons at high risk for CVD in the clinical and epidemiological settings. In addition, it serves as an essential public health screening tool for the primary prevention of CVD.Doctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Usher, Grady Edward. "Discovering spiritual gifts at Lebanon United Methodist Church". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Saleh, Ali Salman. "Public sector deficits and macroeconomic performance in Lebanon". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050214.145943/index.html.
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Abou-Jaoude, Jaoudat Edward. "Sustainable development of ecotourism with emphasis on Lebanon". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/729.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the major causes of out-migration from rural areas in developing countries. In addressing ways of eliminating its harmful impacts on both natural and cultural resources, the research considers some of the key concepts that might be applied in finding more sustainable and longer-term solutions to reduce the volume and impact of the rural exodus in developing countries such as Lebanon. At the present time, rural regions in these countries rely heavily on agriculture for their continued existence, but this does not generate sufficient employment or income to encourage the indigenous population to remain. Thus, poverty and lack of opportunity are seen as the major reasons for the rural exodus. However, in many such countries, rural regions are rich in natural and cultural resources, offering alternative or additional opportunities for improving the social and economic condition for local people. But in seeking to capitalise on these, it is important to avoid inappropriate development which ignores or impairs the cultural and natural resource heritage. So, in looking forward, this research explores the potential of ecotourism as a means of reducing out-migration by improving social and economic conditions for the rural population in a sustainable manner. In seeking to provide a firm basis on which to propose overall policy shifts in developing countries together with the consequent regional and local strategies, this research explores the concepts of sustainable development, rural livelihood and ecotourism. In doing this it draws on earlier and on-going experiences of natural resource management policies in North America and Europe, where there has been considerable experience in protecting the overall resource base with a view to creating sustainable futures for rural areas with a particular importance for natural and cultural heritage. The problems of rural out-migration and possible solutions to reduce its negative effect on the area are explored in detail through a case study of the "Qadisha-Cedars" rural region in Lebanon. This is an area that has experienced major problems of rural depopulation and is currently under threat through locally-driven economic activities which are characterised by short-term economic gain that pose a major threat to the longer-term survival of the natural and cultural heritage of the locality. The impacts of a long-standing lack of understanding and interest on the part of government are explored together with new and more enlightened approaches being developed since the early 201h centuries by countries like the USA, Canada and France. This helps highlight the need for greater levels of co-ordination and integration of national, regional and local policies, based firstly on a greater understanding of the principles on which sustainable futures might be achieved, and secondly on the need to listen to, and understand the concerns of local people and the basis on which they would feel able to embrace the principles of sustainable development. There needs to be a meeting of the "top-down" view of government and the bottom-up view of local communities. Having advocated the need to reduce rural poverty through the introduction of sustainable ecotourism based on a rural livelihood management framework, the results are justified by proposing a scenario followed by a model to undertake its implementation and finalised with a set of recommendations.
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Rossis, Nicholas Michael. "The informal economy in Lebanon : dangers and benefits". Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/733/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates through situational and empirical analysis the beneficial and detrimental characteristics of the informal economy in Lebanon and its impact on the public and state interest through its socio-economic associations. The informal economy is a polymorphous entity, and in order to determine its versatile contribution, has been separated into four different variables or key drivers. The four key drivers constitute the determinant variables of the informal economy. The main method used to explore the four determinant variables is the Force Field analysis. The first key driver is informal remittances as they represent a significant fraction of the informal economic activity in Lebanon and make a major contribution to Gross Domestic Product. The second driver is corruption, as this involves massive economic transactions on a daily basis, with an enormous impact at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The third key driver is the informal employment and commerce sector, as the unpaid VAT and corporate and income tax evasion results in a huge annual loss of government revenue in Lebanon. The fourth and last key driver is the illegal networks, as Lebanon represents an international hub for smuggling, drug and people trafficking and money-laundering, with strong links with, and implication for, its sectarian constituents. The current situation in Lebanon fuels the creation of a chaotic socio-economic environment where it is impossible to estimate accurately the significance of the informal economy, or indeed the size of the overall economy. As far as possible in this research all the key drivers have been independently and collectively evaluated through the data collected from the primary sources (users/public opinion, government officials and academics) and secondary material in order to assess each key driver’s input to the informal economy. Subsequently the thesis provides an estimation of the beneficial and detrimental contribution of the informal economy in Lebanon, as well as the overall perceptions of each of the respondent groups. Lastly, the primary and secondary materials are collectively assessed from a single perspective to build, using an inductive approach, a theoretical model of the factors which fuel and perpetuate the informal economy in the country. The present thesis may constitute the foundation for future analysis of the informal economy in Lebanon by providing unconventional recommendations. It is an attempt to present the possibility of an alternative approach to the informal economy, by stressing its merits and advantages, while also recognising the dangers and challenges it poses for both the state and the society.
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King, Ryan K. "Lebanon A Convergence of Political Islam and Criminality". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedKamal Salibi, a recognized Lebanese historian, described Lebanese society as liberal and tolerant, traditional rather than zealous or fanatical in its attitude towards religion and political ideology. Unfortunately, the openness that defined Lebanons success also led to its failures. Confessionalism, a fragile political environment resulting in a perpetually weak central government, and internal meddling by Lebanons neighbors and imperial powers have framed its fractured history. The country of Lebanon is a sum of its parts (i.e., religion, politics, economy), parts that can be examined individually but are never defined one hundred percent independent of each other. A part of Lebanon that is often underestimated and overlooked is the drug trade, its influence on Lebanese politics and the consequences of such a relationship. In other words, control of narcotics trafficking through the Lebanese state has disproportionately influenced the political landscape of Lebanon, contributed to the disenfranchisement of many confessional groups the Shia in particular, and as a result contributed to the rise of Hezbollah.
43
Knio, Mona. "Towards a national puppet centre for the Lebanon". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/521/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The impression that Arabs did not attempt to express themselves through the medium of dramatic arts till recently echoes a simultaneous conviction which prevailed concerning visual arts expression. Early in the second half of this century, researchers started questioning whether Arabs could have expressed themselves in visual or dramatic representations under the auspices of Islam. Meanwhile, we have been rediscovering our visual, oral and dramatic art heritage through a Western cultural perspective. The aim of this research is to examine the sources of inspiration which have been shaping the visual and dramatic art traditions in the Arab Middle East region over the past five thousand years. Little attention has been given to the interplay between the various forms of artistic expression in the Middle East. Besides, much less concern has been articulated about the performance arts interpretation of the notion of abstraction which characterises the artistic expressions of the region. One performance art form that has gone a long way in the direction towards abstraction is puppetry. From the times of the Pharaohs and Mesopotamians, puppets and masked actors communicated myths and legends in religious rituals and festivals. Later, puppets continued under Islam to communicate secular themes and narratives. Puppets, by their nature, involve the concept of alienation and enable the modern Arab to present ideas in a manner consistent with his intellectual, cultural and aesthetic predilections. In its search for forms of dramatic expression the Lebanese theatre might profitably look into its own cultural heritage, try to learn from and experiment with the various types of oral and performance traditions especially puppetry which has been long forgotten.
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Saouma, Sophie M. "Lebanon and Hizbullah: Investigating the Failed State Model". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/504.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the failed state label on Lebanon. The thesis explores how Lebanon falls under the paradigm and how Lebanon contradicts, at times, the failed state model with the inclusion of Hizbullah.
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Leenders, Reinoldus Edgarus Caecilius. "The politics of corruption in post-war Lebanon". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407160.
Testo completo
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Faour, Basma. "Early childhood teachers in Lebanon : beliefs and practices". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/4508.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the beliefs and practices of Lebanese early childhood teachers and whether they differ in relation to school’s socioeconomic status, class size, grade level, extent of teachers’ educational background, their teaching experience or other situational factors. The study is comprised of 135 preschool and kindergarten teachers who responded to a questionnaire that is based on the Teachers Questionnaire devised by Charlesworth et al. (1991; 1993). Twenty – one schools representing part of the private schools in Lebanon were purposively selected based on their socioeconomic status and their regional diversity. Six participants were interviewed using semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Eighteen teachers were observed using the CPI inventory (Hyson et al, 1991) to compare self-reported classroom practices with actual observed practices. Factor analysis revealed seven factors related to appropriate and inappropriate self-reported beliefs and eight factors related to appropriate and inappropriate selfreported practices. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed a moderate association between Lebanese early childhood teachers’ developmentally appropriate beliefs and practices (r= 0.47, p=0.001). A stronger correlation was found between teachers’ self-reported inappropriate beliefs and practices (r=0.62, p=0.001). The findings were consistent with previous studies done in the United States. When observed, teachers’ beliefs appeared more developmentally appropriate, but they follow a more developmentally inappropriate practice. Appropriate and inappropriate beliefs and practices can be predicted by certain teacher characteristics and school characteristics. Multivariate Analysis (MANOVA) revealed that teachers’ level of general education, training, age, salary, and parent’s and principal’s support were related to beliefs and practices of teachers. In addition, teachers’ beliefs and practices significantly differ depending on school’s socioeconomic status, class size, and grade level they teach in. Table summaries, interview data and classroom observation supported much of the information gathered through the questionnaire.
47
Tucker, Jason. "Challenging the tyranny of citizenship : statelessness in Lebanon". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636520.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There are seventeen million people in the world who are stateless, not considered as citizens by any state. They suffer due to the current function of citizenship in the nation-state system, occupying a legal space outside of the system, yet, their lives are very much blighted by the system itself. This research examines the possibility that global citizenship could be a means to address statelessness. Global citizenship, unlike (national) citizenship, is, in theory, inclusive, and membership is based on our shared humanity. However, when approaching the global citizenship literature, two concerns became apparent. First, there is a significant lack of theorisation on the stateless in the discourse, and second, some scholars make the assumption that a global citizen has citizenship of a state – which the stateless do not. To begin to overcome these concerns, this research develops and implements a stateless centric perspective on global citizenship, using it to analyse the situation of the stateless in the case of Lebanon. The stateless centric approach developed here, views global citizenship through the actions and perspectives of those addressing statelessness. With four large and protracted stateless populations, Lebanon provides an empirically rich context, within which to undertake this research. The findings of the stateless centric perspective problematise the received wisdom of citizenship, the nation-state and allows for the exploration of the expressions and tensions in the practices of global citizenship. Drawing on a contextualised understanding of these practices, a ‘patchwork’ approach to global citizenship is proposed. This sees the creation of a public political space as an act of global citizenship, when it draws on universal principles. These universal principles are used to justify this space, taking on an instrumental role. It is a patchwork as these spaces can be seen in the wider global context, as either directly or indirectly connected, through their shared use of universal principles. By centralising the stateless in our conceptualisations of the nation-state, citizenship and global citizenship, the value of taking a stateless centric perspective, and its ability to draw out further nuances in the debate, is shown.
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Najjar, Dora. "Effectiveness of management in private schools in Lebanon". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/324/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study concerns the effectiveness of management in private and public schools in Lebanon. An interest was why parents choose to pay for education when free public schools are available. In order to explain this, a case study model was chosen in order to compare private and public schools in Lebanon. Using a qualitative approach, the study comprised four schools, two private and two public, in the same region of Lebanon. Structured interviews were conducted, together with documentary analysis and some observation work. The investigation tackled the following aspects: the structure of the schools, decision-making, financial resources, relations at schools (administration-teachers, teachers-students), the culture, parents and their relation to the school, and private-public ideology. It was found that there were some major differences between the private and public schools which did not just relate to their student intake or resources. This related to the external control of the school and the internal authority patterns and relationships. Teacher security was linked to their job performance and sense of belonging to the school. In the private schools, greater freedom in decision-making by both the principal and staff meant a more efficient operation; greater accountability to parents meant a more conducive and less punitive culture for learning. A model of the ‘school order’ was proposed to provide a conceptual framework to understand these features. This comprised the elements of: authority, autonomy accountability, democracy and discipline. These aspects were the direct or indirect reasons for the parents’ choice of the schools for their children. The study makes recommendations for greater autonomy for public schools, but not for privatization as such. It also recommends greater democracy for all schools.
49
Fitzpatrick, Aimee 1978. "Groundwater model of the Nahr Ibrahim Valley, Lebanon". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84281.
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Abdallah, Suzanne. "Intellectual property laws in Lebanon : legitimacy and implementation". Thesis, University of East London, 2008. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3396/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lebanon, in keeping with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) accession requirements, has committed itself to enforcing intellectual property laws (IPL) domestically in relation to patent, trademark and copyright. At the level of formal law, there have recently been a spate of legislation in Lebanon but, in practice, IPR (intellectual property rights) remain difficult to enforce. This thesis explores the dual obstacles to effective IPR protection in Lebanon, which are rooted in its legal cultures (LC) and economic nationalism (EN). This dissertation argues that the basic universalist assumptions and rationalizations governing enforcement of IPL in Lebanon have to be revisited and interrogated. In order to better enforce IPR, their legitimacy through Lebanese traditional values, their pragmatism through political validation of establishing economic national self interest or economic nationalism (EN) and their transformability into enforceable strategies through Lebanese legal cultures (LC) will have to be negotiated. To test and sustain the hypothesis, this dissertation will employ legal, historical and socioeconomic forms of analyses. It will explore why the challenges facing Lebanon in the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR) domestically cannot be adequately explained as merely a lack of political will, resources, capacity or the ignorance or contempt of law by the Lebanese people. Though the reasons behind Lebanese reluctance to enforce IPR have not been fully aired publicly, it is manifest that the enforcement of IPR raise several questions that go to the root of Lebanese identities and attitudes. This thesis moots a larger conundrum - Can Lebanon fully realise IPR even if it fully committed to it, given the multiple fault lines of culture, identity and law underlining the debate. In offering a critique of the modern formal IPL in Lebanon, the drivers of LC and EN, which correspond to the following questions arising out of the hypothesis. First, are the IPL in Lebanon considered legitimate and culturally valid? Second, in the context of LC, what are the impediments for enforcement of IPL including the ethical arguments and the practical incentives impacting on the receptivity of Lebanese people in accepting IPL? Third, in considering EN, to what extent is IPL seen as supporting Lebanese interests and thereby creating ownership for Lebanese people? It also queries how cultural divergence with the West and assertive economic nationalism impact on the political will to implement IPR. The dissertation finds that international Intellectual Property Laws (IPL) require to be reviewed in the context of Lebanese culture, alongside social and economic needs. Further, EPL ought to be brought in line with realism recognizing Lebanon's stages of development and the perceived interests of the Lebanese people. Otherwise, the laws will inevitably continue to be ignored by the Lebanese people. Rather than assume that the case for IPR has already been made and won, the international framework for IPR needs to be articulated and realised through reference to the social and economic realities and cultural values of the Lebanese society.