Bibliografie tematiche / Least developed countries

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Least developed countries"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 giugno 2025

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Least developed countries"

Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "Least developed countries – characteristics." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 2 (March 4, 2014): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/67/2013-agricecon.

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Despite some progresses in the political situation, the effects of the economic crisis and widespread food insecurity are expected to persist. Humanitarian assistance is now needed to support the needs of the most vulnerable. In the longer term, countries have the significant goal of consolidating peace and security and strengthening the overall governance, while at the same time, reconstructing and rehabilitating their economy. &nbsp;

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "Least developed countries – comparison." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 60, No. 3 (March 27, 2014): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/70/2013-agricecon.

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The inter-related causes of food insecurity in these countries are mainly the long lasting civil wars, a limited access to land, environmental degradation, climatic shocks and the rapid population growth resulting from the high birth rates and the return of refugees. &nbsp; &nbsp;

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grofová. "Least developed countries – the case of Burundi." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 5 (June 6, 2016): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/48/2014-agricecon.

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Simonis, Udo E. "Least developed countries—Newly defined." Intereconomics 26, no. 5 (September 1991): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02928995.

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Brönner, Matthias, Skander Salah, and Markus Lienkamp. "Production Challenges in Least Developed Countries." Challenges 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe11010001.

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Local production sites in least developed countries offer sustainability for both multinational corporations and local society. However, corporations often hesitate because of uncertain environmental influences on production sites in these countries. To minimize planning uncertainties, we aim to identify and categorize the challenges of local production in least developed countries. Therefore, we conduct a research on local production challenges described in current literature. Our results indicate that the influences can be clustered and occur independent of the country. To show practical relevance and actuality of the identified production challenges, we conducted two case studies. Additionally, these studies give examples for organizational, product-specific and technological solutions to overcome the prevailing challenges. In summary, we support the removal of barriers that keep corporates from setting up local production sites in least developed countries.

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Percy, Selwyn. "The Least Developed Countries at Santiago." Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 5, no. 1 (May 22, 2009): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1973.mp5001004.x.

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Michos-Ederer, Katya. "Agenda for the Least Developed Countries." Environmental Policy and Law 31, no. 4-5 (January 2001): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-2001-31_4-5_6.

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Richey, Debora J. "The Least Developed Countries 1998 Report." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 1 (January 2000): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(99)00150-1.

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Cater, Erlet A. "Tourism in the least developed countries." Annals of Tourism Research 14, no. 2 (January 1987): 202–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90085-5.

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Jeníček, V., and Š. Grófová. "The least developed countries – the case of the Congo D.R." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 3 (June 6, 2016): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/49/2014-agricecon.

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Tesi sul tema "Least developed countries"

Jennings, Anthony. "Economic problems of least developed countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35499.

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The United Nations Conference on Least Developed Countries (UNCLDC) held in Paris in 1981, consolidated the category of least developed countries as a major issue at the international level. The creation of the category, and the theory and practice of least development are examined, and the results of the UNCLDC are assessed. Malawi is taken as a case study, to examine its response to the Substantial New Programme of Action, agreed to at the UNCLDC, and to analyse the extent to which the international community has fulfilled its commitment to substantially improve the volume and quality of assistance. The effects and causes of the recurrent cost problem in least developed countries arc analysed, at the micro and macro levels, and proposals made to ease this constraint. Attention is given to the scope of food aid to support recurrent costs, and a set of guidelines are proposed. At the UNCLDC it was suggested that very large projects (transformational investments) should be undertaken in least developed countries. The methodology for estimating the benefits of such projects is discussed, and a case study presented of the use of project appraisal and the multiplier in Malawi. A significant increase in aid was agreed as a key international support measure at the UNCLDC. As yet there is no systematic aid evaluation process. The results of an experiment arc presented, using a qualitatively based system of evaluation, which is then assessed across sets of data with quantitative summations, to measure aid effectiveness.

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Regmi, Kapil Dev. "Lifelong learning in least developed countries : the case of Nepal." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61542.

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The seventieth session of the General Assembly of the UN declared that the promotion of ‘lifelong learning opportunities for all’ as one of the Sustainable Development Goals. The idea of lifelong learning was first proposed by United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization during the 1970s to mitigate the global educational crisis observed during the 1960s. However, until 2015 it was never taken as an educational policy strategy for the economically poor countries of the global South, known as Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Major supranational organisations such as the World Bank have encouraged LDCs to reorient their national educational policies and practices towards the framework of lifelong learning. This is an important breakthrough; however, almost no attention has been paid to what understandings of lifelong learning are being promoted by the supranational organisations that are increasingly involved in educational policy making and governance of LDCs. Drawing on major theoretical constructs informed by Habermas (lifeworld and communicative rationality) and using critical policy sociology as a methodological tool, this study analysed educational policy documents and interviews undertaken with key educational policy makers of Nepal. This study found that the World Bank has promoted a neoliberal understanding of lifelong learning that takes investment in learning as the responsibility of individuals, promotes privatisation in education and advocates for the decentralisation of educational management to promote global governance in education. This limited notion of lifelong learning is partially adopted in LDCs like Nepal. The study concluded that the neoliberal understanding of lifelong learning has almost no potential in addressing the multifarious problems faced by LDCs such as poverty, illiteracy, and inequality. This study recommended that the international organisations should not limit lifelong learning to an economic strategy aimed at increasing competitiveness and the production of flexible labour force; rather lifelong learning should be taken as the principal means for an inclusive and harmonious form of human development led by community-based initiatives. Providing lifelong learning opportunity for adults, especially those living in rural communities, should be the responsibility of the governments of LDCs for which international organisations may play a complementary role, when needed.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational Studies (EDST), Department of<br>Graduate

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Barfield, Roosevelt. "Investing in Least Developed Countries: The Aynak Copper Mine Project." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2436.

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The rise of market globalization creates challenges for business executives seeking to pursue foreign direct investment (FDI) in least developed countries (LDC), such as Afghanistan. Multinational corporate (MNC) executives need strategies that will improve the timely delivery of minerals for mining projects in LDCs. Guided by the force field analysis theory, the purpose of this holistic, single-case study was to explore the strategies that 5 MNC executives in Beijing, China, used to improve the timely delivery of minerals associated with the Aynak copper mine project in Afghanistan. Semistructured interviews were used to elicit detailed narratives from MNC executives about their experiences to develop strategies for mining projects in LDCs. A review of company documents, as well as member-checking of initial interview transcripts, helped to bolster the trustworthiness of final interpretations. Study results included 2 themes. Theme 1 was determinants of mine investment strategies in LDCs that included an exploration of driving forces, restraining forces, neutral forces, and the effect of those forces. Theme 2 was FDI strategies for copper mine projects in LDCs that included the comparison of cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and combination of cost leadership and differentiation strategies. By implementing a cost leadership strategy and best practices, MNC executives were able to achieve greater success to improve timely delivery of minerals associated with FDI copper mine projects in LDCs. Social implications include ongoing efforts of Afghan government leaders to implement effective economic policies that decrease unemployment while reducing poverty.

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Woolgar, Chris. "European Union Dairy Policy and the Least Developed Countries : Case Study - Africa." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1113.

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Agricultural policy within the European Union (EU) is but one of the founding pillars upon which unification was developed. Negotiated out of a post-war Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) emphasized the protection of the domestic market, through government subsidies and payment programmes, artificially raising the price of domestic products while restricting access for the foreign agricultural producers. The objective of this paper is to explore the link between the agricultural decisions made by the EU and the effects on citizens in the Least Developed Countries (LDC). To develop a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand a review of the existing literature will be necessary, as well as an analysis of the available quantitative data. The findings revealed that the CAP is but one factor that impacts development of agriculture in LDC’s, many other factors, such as international and bi-lateral trade agreements, government institutions, and political lobbying also influence the outcome.

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Stefanelli, Gennaro <1994&gt. "The Path towards Sustainability: the Least Developed Countries and the Climate Regime." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16009.

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This dissertation examines the Least Developed Countries' implementation, compliance, and adaptation under the climate regime. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate how the Least Developed Countries have been affected in their development process by climate norms and regulations. The first chapter starts with an analysis of the environment as an international public good. Common areas and resources do not solely fall under a single State’s jurisdiction. This feature makes these areas vulnerable and subject to overexploitation. The notion of common evolved into community interest over the years. Hence, wrong development policies would inevitably have impacts on the rest of the world. The dissertation, then, analyzes how common goods and sovereignty are intertwined, exposing the Westphalian dilemma. The second chapter shifts the attention to the Least Developed Countries. These countries all have in prevailing high poverty rates, dependence on international markets, and a high level of vulnerability. The third and final chapter analyzes on the dichotomy between development and the environment. Development remains the solution to eradicating all the problems that the LDCs are facing. The concept of development has inevitably changed since the establishment of international environmental law. States have now to consider several factors in their path towards development. In particular, the LDCs have to consider planet boundaries in their economic growth. Environmental boundaries, in the LDCs, have translated both in their objective vulnerabilities and in commitments to international environmental law.

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Spetetchi, Stefania. "Aid - Trade Linkages : Analysis of the Trading Costs in the Least Developed Countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18049.

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Foreign aid is the subject in development economics that created controversies about its influences on the economy of the recipient countries. This study is an attempt to explain the effects that aid may have on trade, with a focus on the trade costs associated with the creation of business ties. Tied aid creates incentives for the developing countries to keep positive trading relationships with their donors, mainly because of the diminishing trad-ing costs associated with long term contacts. Subsequently, programs related to infra-structure and trade enforcement have been launched, that work towards the integration of the Least Developing Countries into the world economy.This study includes the analysis of the trade flows and foreign aid disbursement be-tween the “Group of Seven” countries (G7) and the Least Developing Countries, for a time span of 22 years (1988-2009). The results show that aid does have a significant ef-fect on the trade flows between the developed and developing countries. The explana-tion to this is related to the trading costs and the infrastructure development that tends to diminish the costs linked to distance- and border-related issues, and the sunk costs of market research and entry. In accordance, the distance coefficient is smaller after 1997, as result of decreased trade costs and increased export flows from recipients to donors.

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Soysouvanh, Daosadeth. "Freight transport in least developed landlocked countries : a case study of Laos PDR." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22209/.

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Least developed landlocked countries' freight transport has been a step slower than other countries in the world trading market. While many research studies and international organisations report on landlocked countries' situation and issues but few explain the causes of the problem and the relationships between the factors. Moreover, there have been few comprehensive studies in which several solutions and policy implementations have been investigated to determine the best result. This research was aimed at identifying general problems by structuring a traditional causal loop diagram to present the key problems and relationships based on the previous studies' resources. The research used qualitative data collection to increase understanding of stakeholders' experiences and transport policy solutions. Thus, Laos was chosen as a typical case study, where its trade was obstructed by it being landlocked. The primary factors found through qualitative data collection were represented on a model that identifies the key dynamic factors within specific groups. The most concerning policy was chosen to formalise a dynamic hypothesis and set up a new hypothesis for an alternative solution. The research's results show the causal loop diagram has presented a better view of the structure and overall connection among themes. The fieldwork information represents complex real-world factors and causes that have effectively suggested small details that might be more important than seeing factors. Where the stock and flow model gave a better understanding of how dynamic freight transport system behaviours changed through the policy, it confirmed that cooperation among internal sectors and cooperation between landlocked countries and their transit neighbours is a primary approach to developing least developed landlocked countries' freight operations.

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Ussi, Miraji Ukuti. "The viability of community tourism in least developed countries : the case of Zanzibar." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2012. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/6781/.

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Tourism is perceived as one of the world’s fastest growing service sectors and a major source of economic development and environmental and cultural conservation for many, if not all, developing countries. Within the context of sustainable development, community tourism is increasingly seen as an effective tool for engaging destination communities in the tourism development in the advanced countries, but it has failed to deliver in many Least Developed Countries (LDCs), such as Zanzibar. The concept has been developed and refined in the search for sustainable approaches to tourism development. However, its applicability to Zanzibar in particular seems not to have been considered in detail; the issue of whether community tourism can be effectively applied in Zanzibar remains uncertain. Consequently, there is a call for more research to determine the capitals that destination communities should acquire to implement community tourism. Hence, the objectives of this thesis are: (1) to conceptualize the theory of capitals as related to community tourism; (ii) to develop a conceptual capital assets model for community tourism; and (iii) to examine the general views of local communities toward the [proposed] capital asset model and to found out the appropriateness of the model for actualizing community tourism in Zanzibar. Methods used for data collection of this research were document study, focus groups, interviews, participant observation and household survey (triangulation approach). While the first three methods (qualitative methods) were used for construction of the model, the household survey technique (quantitative method) was used to explore the appropriateness of a model in the context of Zanzibar. The research population includes government officials, private tourism organisations and local people who were involved in the research in different settings. The critical destination capitals according to the findings are informal social networks (informal social capital), political capital and human capital; the three destination capitals lead to the generation of innovation capital which serves as the lifeblood for sustainable community tourism development. Moreover, limited access to physical, financial, and human capital are key concerns that need to be addressed, especially in rural areas of Zanzibar, as this was found to be a significant constraint to the implementation of community tourism. The research findings directly contest the extant body of literature reviewed in this thesis and have major implications for tourism development policies, signalling the need for adjustments at social, political and institutional levels. Following the household survey analysis, the central conclusion is that the developed conceptual model is a useful blueprint for sustainable community tourism development in Zanzibar; though further research opportunities are identified, especially is relation to the generalization of the conceptual model. The contribution of this research is to knowledge about the crucial destination community’s capital assets and their significance to community tourism development in Zanzibar. This understanding may bridge the gap between theories of community tourism and practice and may be adapted and applied in many developing countries, including broader perspectives of encouraging destination communities to take an active role in the tourism industry as developers rather than as wage earners.

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Gheasi, Masood <1980&gt. "Transport infrastructure and economic development in least developed countries: the case of Afghanistan." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2068/1/Gheasi_Masood_TESI.pdf.

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This PhD thesis tries to show the impact of transport infrastructure in economic development in least developed countries and in particular in the case of Afghanistan. Some least developed countries during 1990 to 1999 experienced lack of investment in transportation. Lack of investment further increased the economic development gap between developed and least developed countries. Moreover, lack of literature and research in poor countries such as Afghanistan encouraged me to do my research in this country in order to unveil the problems, facing poor people who are living in inaccessible places and suffer from lack of economic opportunities and long term unemployment. This thesis shows the effect of inaccessibility and immobility in economic opportunities and basic social services in Afghanistan. This thesis is important because it covers the role of transport infrastructures at the moment that international community promised to rebuild the infrastructures of post conflict Afghanistan.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Least developed countries"

United Nations. Conference on Trade and Development., ed. The Least developed countries. New York: United Nations., 1990.

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Development, United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries ... report. New York: United Nations, 1992.

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Hawthorne, Helen. Least Developed Countries and the WTO. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137269775.

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Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries: 1984 report. New York: United Nations, 1985.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The least developed countries: 1985 report. New York: United Nations, 1986.

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Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and. The least developed countries: 1985 report. New York: United Nations, 1986.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat., ed. The least developed countries: 2000 report. New York: United Nations, 2000.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat. Atlas of the least developed countries. New York: United Nations, 1990.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Secretariat., ed. Women in least developed countries: Study. [New York?]: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1985.

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Secretariat, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The least developed countries: 2000 report : overview. New York: United Nations, 2000.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Least developed countries"

Bernardo, Cecília Silva, Gebru Jember Endalew, Thinley Namgyel, and Binyam Yakob Gebreyes. "Least Developed Countries (LDCs)." In Springer Climate, 61–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41021-6_6.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2009, 27–30. WTO, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c17ccb97-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2005, 102–7. WTO, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c366918b-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2015, 59–62. WTO, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/c79099f2-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In World Trade Statistical Review 2016, 59–62. WTO, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/630532ee-en.

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"Least developed countries." In Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 150. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/48a79a91-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics, 97–102. WTO, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/2a0c3f9a-en.

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"Least developed countries." In World Population Prospects 2017 - Volume II: Demographic Profiles, 6. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210001021c004.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2014, 42–45. WTO, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/14561f68-en.

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"Least-developed countries." In International Trade Statistics 2011, 40–43. WTO, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.30875/83c4ae38-en.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Least developed countries"

Kim, Young-Sik, Manish Pokharel, and Byung-Seub Lee. "e-government implementation strategy in least developed countries." In the 1st international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1328057.1328130.

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Bal, Harun, and Berk Palandökenlier. "Is the Resource Curse Thesis Affect Only Least Developed Countries? Examples from Resource-Rich Developed Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02514.

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Whether the Dutch Disease thesis, which is one of the best-known economic explanations on this subject, which puts forward the thesis that countries rich in natural resources can have negative effects on long-term economic growth, directly or indirectly, depending on the way they are used, is valid or not. tried to be demonstrated. The Dutch disease thesis is one of the main explanations for resource misfortune, emphasizing the negative effects of resource abundance on the national economy in countries with rich resource endowments and pointing to a paradox that economic conditions will be better in countries that do not have relatively little (or scarce) natural resources. is happening. Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to investigate whether resource richness causes an economic recession or not, especially for developed countries by considering indirect transmission channels. In this context, 11 developed countries such as Netherlands, Norway, Ireland, Germany, New Zealand, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Denmark, between 1990 and 2019, are based on the experiences of developed countries, which are especially rich in different sources of Dutch Disease syndrome. The country has been researched with static and dynamic panel analysis methods. As a result of the estimation, findings were found that the Dutch Disease was partially valid in terms of developed country samples throughout the sample period considered.

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Mtingwi, John Edward. "Mobile government in African Least Developed Countries (LDCs): Proposed Implementing framework." In 2015 IST-Africa Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istafrica.2015.7190566.

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Mtingwi, John Edward, Tendani Mawela, and Awie Leornad. "M-Government Adoption Framework for Least Developed Countries: The Case of Malawi." In 2018 International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Computing Applications (ICONIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconic.2018.8601213.

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Dabbo, S., N. Adhikari, S. Bhagwanjee, and RA Fowler. "Critical Care and Illness in the World's “Least Developed Countries”: A Systematic Review." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1584.

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Edward Mtingwi, John. "Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Ready for M-Government Implementation? : The Case of Malawi." In International Conference on Research in Humanities and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icrhs.2018.12.06.

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Liu, Zhaosiya, and Xiyuan Zuo. "The Impact of Accession to WTO on Economic Development in Least Developed Countries." In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.047.

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N. Haque, Anika. "Adaptation to Flooding in the Low-Income Urban Settlements of the Least Developed Countries." In The 2nd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icesdp17.183.

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Patamal, M. H., H. Shirani, and R. Melicio. "Energy saving in least developed countries’ university campuses a case study of Kabul University." In 2022 International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis (ICCAD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccad55197.2022.9853962.

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BONO, J. "Non-Commercial Risk And Financing Energy Investments In The Least Developed Countries - The Case Of Africa -." In Oil and Gas Economics, Finance and Management Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/24248-ms.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Least developed countries"

ICTSD, ICTSD. Aid for Trade and the Least Developed Countries. ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_in_20121025.

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Crosby, Daniel. Advancing Services Export Interests of Least-Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_ip_20090709a.

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Varma, Sabrina. Facilitating Temporary Labour Mobility in African Least-Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_ip_20090709.

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Mayer, JÃ¶rg. Structural Change, Global Imbalances, and Employment in the Least Developed Countries. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/co_pb_20110113.

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Zhuawu, Collin, Neil Balchin, and Kyle de Klerk. Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable Energy Technology Transfer in Least Developed Countries. Commonwealth Secretariat, July 2024. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.1132.

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This paper, the second of a two-part series, focuses on the role of trade and investment in enabling the diffusion of green technologies to least developed countries (LDCs) to help their transition to renewable energy. LDCs are already making progress in expanding their use of clean energy sources: the total renewable energy generated by all LDCs more than doubled between 2010 and 2020 and, on average across the LDC group, more than half (51.6 per cent) of their total energy generation in 2020 came from renewable sources, compared to a global average of 27.7 per cent. Recognising this potential in the renewable energy sector, this paper argues that LDCs could benefit from the transfer of technology through trade and investment, which would enable them to make greater use of their existing resource endowments and accelerate their energy transitions, while also contributing to their economic transformation and to mitigating climate change.

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Pengelly, Tom. Graduating with Momentum: Intellectual Property Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Least Developed Countries. Commonwealth Secretariat, February 2024. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.1128.

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This paper explores the potential for LDCs, including those that will soon graduate from the category, to benefit from intellectual property rights (IPRs). It argues that a more pro-development intellectual property (IP) agenda is needed for LDCs, tailored to their specific context and development goals. The paper provides evidence-based analysis to assist LDCs to navigate potential IPR-related challenges upon graduation and to develop IP regimes and systems that support the development of productive capacities, technological upgrading and innovation as part of broader efforts to achieve inclusive growth and structural transformation. While acknowledging that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, the paper proposes a range of forward-looking solutions, innovations, capacity-building options, policy positions and legislative steps, which can be adapted to specific country contexts and circumstances as appropriate, to help LDCs attenuate the negative impact of the loss of LDC-specific flexibilities and possibly unlock IPR-related benefits both before and after graduation.

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de Klerk, Kyle, Neil Balchin, and Collin Zhuawu. Exploring the Renewable Energy Landscape in Least Developed Countries: Generation, Trade and Endowments. Commonwealth Secretariat, July 2024. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.1131.

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This paper, the first of a two-part series, examines the renewable energy landscape in least developed countries (LDCs) and explores the scope to expand renewable energy generation and trade in these countries by maximising the potential of their renewable energy endowments. It begins with a detailed overview of existing renewable energy generation capacity across the group of LDCs, paying particular attention to Commonwealth LDC solar, wind, hydro and bioenergy generation. Thereafter, Section 3 examines the state of energy trade involving Commonwealth LDCs and explores opportunities for them to increase their exports of renewable energy. Section 4 assesses the renewable energy generation potential in LDCs through an analysis of their raw solar and wind resource endowments. The paper concludes by highlighting practical considerations for LDCs to accelerate their renewable energy transitions and maximise the trade, growth and economic development potential of their renewable energy resource endowments.

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Nyaoro, Jackie. What efforts exist to reform the CDM so that more projects reach poor people and communities in least developed countries, including donor initiatives. Evidence on Demand, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd034.jan2013.nyaoro.

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Balchin, Neil, Brendan Vickers, Salamat Ali, Collin Zhuawu, and Kimonique Powell. Towards a Commonwealth 10-point programme of action for LDCs. Commonwealth Secretariat, February 2022. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.940.

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Vickers, Brendan, Salamat Ali, Neil Balchin, Collin Zhuawu, Hilary Enos-Edu, and Kimonique Powell. The Great Race: Ensuring Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines. Commonwealth Secretariat, February 2021. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.12.

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Issue 172 of Trade Hot Topics provides an overview of recent developments in the evolving COVID-19 vaccine landscape. It highlights some of the challenges and opportunities for ensuring equitable and affordable access to vaccines among Commonwealth developing countries—especially small states, least-developed countries (LDCs) and countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

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