Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Leakage quantification"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Leakage quantification":
1
Meland, E., N. F. Thornhill, E. Lunde e M. Rasmussen. "Quantification of valve leakage rates". AIChE Journal 58, n. 4 (6 maggio 2011): 1181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.12630.
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Rutsch, M., J. Rieckermann e P. Krebs. "Quantification of sewer leakage: a review". Water Science and Technology 54, n. 6-7 (1 settembre 2006): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.616.
Abstract (sommario):
One of the goals of the APUSS project (assessing infiltration and exfiltration on the performance of urban sewer systems) is to assess sewer exfiltration, in order to support cities and operators to define problem-oriented rehabilitation strategies. In this paper, we review various methods currently used for the estimation of exfiltration and discuss data needs and applicability for rehabilitation planning. Although each approach has its individual advantages and drawbacks, we identified pressure tests and tracer methods to have the highest potential for decision support in rehabilitation planning. With regard to future challenges (e.g. micropollutants) such methods might play a key role in integrated sewer management.
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Hafner, Sasha D., Charlotte Rennuit, Palle J. Olsen e Johanna M. Pedersen. "Quantification of leakage in batch biogas assays". Water Practice and Technology 13, n. 1 (1 marzo 2018): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.012.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Avoiding leaks is essential for accurate measurement of biogas production by batch assays. Here we present a simple method for detecting leaks and correcting results, based on the change in bottle mass during incubation. Three experiments were carried out using pure chemicals, wastewater sludge, and other complex substrates to test and demonstrate the method, and leaks were detected in all three. The frequency and magnitude of leakage was related to headspace pressure and the number of times bottle septa had been punctured. Comparison to an independent estimate of leakage in two experiments showed that the proposed method is accurate. This mass-based approach can generally be used to detect leaks as small as 20% of total biogas or methane production, or lower when biogas production is high relative to the precision of mass measurements. Additional research is needed to improve the sensitivity of the method and to better understand the causes of leakage. Given the potential importance of leaks and the simplicity of leakage measurements, we recommend that this method is always used in batch biogas assays.
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Henders, Sabine, e Madelene Ostwald. "Forest Carbon Leakage Quantification Methods and Their Suitability for Assessing Leakage in REDD". Forests 3, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2012): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f3010033.
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Zong, Fu Xing, Ai She Shui e Hui Wang. "Influence Factors Analysis of Oil Depot Valve Internal Leakage Quantitative Inspection Using Acoustic Emission". Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (settembre 2014): 1318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1318.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper aims at the oil depot valve internal leakage quantitative inspection using acoustic emission. On the basis of giving the valve internal leakage quantitative model, the main factors which effected quantification of leakage rates are theoretical analyzed and the relative error estimation model is presented. The influence of main factors on the accuracy of leakage quantitative model and the correctness of the relative error estimation model are verified by experiments. Finally, research mentality on how to improve leakage quantitative model is proposed.
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CLARKSON, MICHAEL R., e FRED B. SCHNEIDER. "Quantification of integrity". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 25, n. 2 (10 novembre 2014): 207–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129513000595.
Abstract (sommario):
Three integrity measures are introduced: contamination, channel suppression and program suppression. Contamination is a measure of how much untrusted information reaches trusted outputs; it is the dual of leakage, which is a measure of information-flow confidentiality. Channel suppression is a measure of how much information about inputs to a noisy channel is missing from the channel outputs. And program suppression is a measure of how much information about the correct output of a program is lost because of attacker influence and implementation errors. Program and channel suppression do not have interesting confidentiality duals. As a case study, a quantitative relationship between integrity, confidentiality and database privacy is examined.
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Dudic, Slobodan, Ivana Ignjatovic, Dragan Seslija, Vladislav Blagojevic e Miodrag Stojiljkovic. "Leakage quantification of compressed air on pipes using thermovision". Thermal Science 16, suppl. 2 (2012): 555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120503191d.
Abstract (sommario):
Nondestructive testing methods are increasingly in use. With these methods it is possible to obtain the desired information about the system, without altering or damaging it in any way. This paper examines the possibilities of applying these methods in the quantification of losses incurred by leaking of compressed air from the system in the terms of increasing energy efficiency of the system. The emphasis is on the application of ultrasound detector and IR (infrared) thermographic camera. The potentials and limitations of these technologies are analyzed for leakage quantification on a steel pipe in compressed air systems, as well as the reliability and accuracy of the results thus obtained.
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Prigiobbe, V., e M. Giulianelli. "Quantification of sewer leakage by a continuous tracer method". Water Science and Technology 64, n. 1 (1 luglio 2011): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.639.
Abstract (sommario):
Water authorities interested in the evaluation of the structural state of a sewer must quantify leakage to plan strategic intervention. However, the quantification of the exfiltration and the localisation of structural damage are challenging tasks that usually require expensive and time-consuming inspections. Herein, we report one of the first applications of the QUEST-C method to quantify the exfiltration in a continuously operating sewer by dosing two chemical tracers, sodium bromide (NaBr) and lithium chloride (LiCl). The method was applied at the catchment scale in a 14-year-old sewer in Rome, Italy. Preliminary laboratory tests, field measurements, and numerical simulations showed that reliable results require the QUEST-C method to be applied to sewers without lateral inflows, during periods of quasi-steady flow, and that the travel time of the NaBr tracer is minimised. Three sewer reaches were tested and the estimated exfiltration, as a fraction of the dry weather flow (DWF), increased from 0.128 in the agricultural area to 0.208 in the urban area. Although our estimates are at the lower end of the range given in the literature (0.01–0.56 DWF), the exfiltration was not negligible, and interventions should focus on the sewers in urban areas. This illustrates the capability of the QUEST-C method to guide strategic intervention at low cost and without an interruption of sewer operation. However, careful interpretation of the results is recommended for sewers with many lateral inflows, where leakage may be overestimated.
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Park, Jooyoung, Ju-Won Kim, Byoungjoon Yu e Seunghee Park. "Magnetic Flux Leakage based Damage Quantification of Steel Bar". Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 30, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2017.30.1.63.
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Michaïlesco, Pierre M., J. Valcarcel, Andrew R. Grieve, B. Levallois e Dan Lerner. "Bacterial leakage in endodontics: An improved method for quantification". Journal of Endodontics 22, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(96)80013-6.
Tesi sul tema "Leakage quantification":
1
Ye, Xin. "Side Channel Leakage Analysis - Detection, Exploitation and Quantification". Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/47.
Abstract (sommario):
Nearly twenty years ago the discovery of side channel attacks has warned the world that security is more than just a mathematical problem. Serious considerations need to be placed on the implementation and its physical media. Nowadays the ever-growing ubiquitous computing calls for in-pace development of security solutions. Although the physical security has attracted increasing public attention, side channel security remains as a problem that is far from being completely solved. An important problem is how much expertise is required by a side channel adversary. The essential interest is to explore whether detailed knowledge about implementation and leakage model are indispensable for a successful side channel attack. If such knowledge is not a prerequisite, attacks can be mounted by even inexperienced adversaries. Hence the threat from physical observables may be underestimated. Another urgent problem is how to secure a cryptographic system in the exposure of unavoidable leakage. Although many countermeasures have been developed, their effectiveness pends empirical verification and the side channel security needs to be evaluated systematically. The research in this dissertation focuses on two topics, leakage-model independent side channel analysis and security evaluation, which are described from three perspectives: leakage detection, exploitation and quantification. To free side channel analysis from the complicated procedure of leakage modeling, an observation to observation comparison approach is proposed. Several attacks presented in this work follow this approach. They exhibit efficient leakage detection and exploitation under various leakage models and implementations. More importantly, this achievement no longer relies on or even requires precise leakage modeling. For the security evaluation, a weak maximum likelihood approach is proposed. It provides a quantification of the loss of full key security due to the presence of side channel leakage. A constructive algorithm is developed following this approach. The algorithm can be used by security lab to measure the leakage resilience. It can also be used by a side channel adversary to determine whether limited side channel information suffices the full key recovery at affordable expense.
2
Jia, Ruoyu. "CDM Leakage Quantification Methods : A content analysis of CDM methodologies linked to 15 sectoral scope". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108879.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper sheds light upon a specific issue: carbon leakage. Leakage can be understood as an unanticipated net carbon loss or gain, attributable to a climate policy, or reduction activities. Benign leakage effects are harmless. Unsettling are the ones that pose a threat to project’s environmental integrity. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is no exception to such risk. In order to investigate leakage and the corresponding leakage calculation methods addressed in the CDM projects, a qualitative content analysis is conducted on 203 methodologies. Methodology documents serve as ideal textual data for examining CDM related leakage because the development of any new project must be based on methodologies. In relation to the research question, the content analysis synthesizes 11 types of leakage sources. Excluding the case where no leakage is considered, 10 type of leakage sources are then broadly classified as Activity Shift, Market Effects and Life Cycle Leakage. Their corresponding leakage calculation methods are described and reviewed in terms of their geographic reach, and leakage characteristics. A percentage pattern is presented in relation to each sector. The findings are that the vast majority of the CDM leakage calculation methods address primary leakage specific to each individual project at a localized scale, among which, methods addressing Life Cycle Leakage are in the predominant majority. Market Effects as secondary sources are acknowledged as a potential threat to the overall benefit, but the CDM methodologies offer no quantitative method.
3
Cheng, Wei. "What can information guess ? : Towards information leakage quantification in side-channel analysis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT044.
Abstract (sommario):
Les algorithmes cryptographiques jouent un rôle prédominant pour établir une connectivité sécurisée dans notre société numérique actuelle. Ces calculs traitent des informations sensibles telles que des clés de chiffrement, qui sont généralement très exposées lors de la manipulation, ce qui représente une menace énorme pour la sécurité des informations sensibles dans les composants cryptographiques et l'ensemble des systèmes connectés. Dans le domaine de la sécurité des systèmes embarqués, l'analyse des canaux auxiliaires est l'une des techniques les plus puissantes contre les implémentations cryptographiques. Le sujet principal de cette thèse concerne la sécurité mesurable des canaux auxiliaires des implémentations cryptographiques, en particulier en présence de masquage aléatoire. Globalement, cette thèse se compose de deux sujets. L'un est la quantification des fuites de la forme la plus générale de masquage équipé des codes linéaires, dit masquage à base de code ; l'autre est l'exploration de l'application de mesures d'information plus génériques dans un contexte d'analyse de canaux auxiliaires. Pour ce qui concerne le premier sujet, nous proposons un cadre théorique de codage unifié pour mesurer la fuite d'informations dans le masquage basé sur les codes. Plus précisément, notre cadre établit des connexions formelles entre les propriétés de codage et les métriques de fuite dans l'analyse des canaux auxiliaires. Ces connexions formelles nous permettent de faire avancer l'évaluation quantitative sur la façon dont les codes linéaires peuvent affecter la sécurité concrète de tous les schémas de masquage basés sur les codes. Notre formalisation est finalement vérifiée par une évaluation basée sur les attaques, où les attaques utilisent des distingueurs basés sur le maximum de vraisemblance et donc optimales. Concernant le deuxième sujet, nous proposons d'utiliser une mesure plus générale du point de vue de la théorie de l'information, à savoir l’information alpha (alpha-information) d'ordre alpha. La nouvelle mesure donne également la limite supérieure du taux de succès et la limite inférieure du nombre de mesures. Ce qui est remarquable, c'est qu'avec des choix appropriés de alpha, l'information alpha fournit des bornes très proches de la réalité; en particulier, lorsque alpha tend vers l'infini (positif), les limites seront exactes. En fait, les distingueurs basés sur le maximum de vraisemblance convergeront vers les limites. Par conséquent, nous démontrons comment les deux mondes, à savoir les mesures du point de vue de la théorie de l'information (limites) et les attaques par canaux auxiliaires basées sur le maximum de vraisemblance, sont parfaitement connectés dans l'analyse par canaux auxiliaires. En résumé, notre étude dans cette thèse fait avancer l'évaluation et la consolidation de la sécurité des canaux auxiliaires des implémentations cryptographiques. Du point de vue de la protection, nous fournissons un guide des meilleures pratiques pour l’application du masquage basé sur le code. Du point de vue de l'évaluation, l'application de l'alpha-information permet aux évaluateurs et concepteurs (développeurs) d'avoir une estimation plus précise (voire exacte) du niveau de sécurité concret des canaux auxiliaires émanant de leurs puces cryptographiquesCryptographic algorithms are nowadays prevalent in establishing secure connectivity in our digital society. Such computations handle sensitive information like encryption keys, which are usually very exposed during manipulation, resulting in a huge threat to the security of the sensitive information concealed in cryptographic components. In the field of embedded systems security, side-channel analysis is one of the most powerful techniques against cryptographic implementations. The main subject of this thesis is the measurable side-channel security of cryptographic implementations, particularly in the presence of random masking. Overall, this thesis consists of two topics. One is the leakage quantification of the most general form of masking equipped with the linear codes, so-called code-based masking; the other one is exploration of applying more generic information measures in a context of side-channel analysis. Two topics are inherently connected to each other in assessing and enhancing the practical security of cryptographic implementations .Regarding the former, we propose a unified coding-theoretic framework for measuring the information leakage in code-based masking. Specifically, our framework builds formal connections between coding properties and leakage metrics in side-channel analysis. Those formal connections enable us to push forward the quantitative evaluation on how the linear codes can affect the concrete security of all code-based masking schemes. Moreover, relying on our framework, we consolidate code-based masking by providing the optimal linear codes in the sense of maximizing the side-channel resistance of the corresponding masking scheme. Our framework is finally verified by attack-based evaluation, where the attacks utilize maximum-likelihood based distinguishers and are therefore optimal. Regarding the latter, we present a full spectrum of application of alpha-information, a generalization of (Shannon) mutual information, for assessing side-channel security. In this thesis, we propose to utilize a more general information-theoretic measure, namely alpha-information (alpha-information) of order alpha. The new measure also gives the upper bound on success rate and the lower bound on the number of measurements. More importantly, with proper choices of alpha, alpha-information provides very tight bounds, in particular, when alpha approaches to positive infinity, the bounds will be exact. As a matter of fact, maximum-likelihood based distinguishers will converge to the bounds. Therefore, we demonstrate how the two world, information-theoretic measures (bounds) and maximum-likelihood based side-channel attacks, are seamlessly connected in side-channel analysis .In summary, our study in this thesis pushes forward the evaluation and consolidation of side-channel security of cryptographic implementations. From a protection perspective, we provide a best-practice guideline for the application of code-based masking. From an evaluation perspective, the application of alpha-information enables practical evaluators and designers to have a more accurate (or even exact) estimation of concrete side-channel security level of their cryptographic chips
4
Beaubien, Stanley Eugene <1965>. "The mapping and quantification of CO2 leakage and its potential impact on groundwater quality". Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6509.
Abstract (sommario):
The present study relates to CO2 leakage from the deep subsurface towards the atmosphere. Work involved writing a computer code to study the impact of different sampling strategies and densities on the capability of a gas flux survey to find and quantify the leakage of CO2, with simulations being performed using both synthetic and real data. In addition, the potential impact of a CO2 leak on drinking water quality was studied by measuring groundwater chemistry along a transect through a major natural CO2 leakage area. The research detailed here relates to both natural leaking systems as well as to man-made systems where leakage may hypothetically occur (such as carbon capture and storage, CCS, projects).
5
Cunat, Pierre. "Détection et évaluation des fuites à travers les ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai, par analyse des températures réparties, mesurées par fibre optique". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721827.
Abstract (sommario):
Les fuites au travers des ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai sont les signes précurseurs d'un dysfonctionnementdu dispositif d'étanchéité de l'ouvrage pouvant entraîner leur rupture. La détectionprécoce des fuites et leur quanti_cation est donc primordiale.Les méthodes géophysiques et thermométriques à grand rendement apportent des éléments deréponse pour la détection des fuites, le long des ouvrages à long linéaire, mais l'estimation de leurvitesse, nécessaire à l'évaluation de la dangerosité des fuites, n'est pas encore satisfaisante.Cette étude porte sur la détection et quanti_cation des fuites à travers les ouvrages hydrauliquesen remblai soumis à une charge d'eau permanente. Les méthodes proposées exploitent des mesures detempératures naturelles du sol à l'aide de _bres optiques placées sous le talus amont ou aval.Deux modèles de quanti_cation ont été développés et testés sur les données d'un site expérimentalcontrôlé et d'un site réel. Les résultats obtenus concordent avec les mesures de vitesse e_ectuées surles deux sites.
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Cohen, Grégory. "Caractérisation, quantification et modélisation du transport et des interactions du CO₂ dans une zone vadose carbonatée : application à une fuite diffuse de CO₂ en contexte de séquestration géologique". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR30022/document.
Abstract (sommario):
Le réchauffement climatique est lié aux augmentations des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre dans l'atmosphère terrestre et en particulier aux émissions anthropiques de CO₂. La séquestration géologique a la capacité et la longévité potentielles pour diminuer de façon significative les émissions anthropiques de CO₂. Cette séquestration à grande profondeur induit des risques de fuite des réservoirs géologiques. Parmi les scénarios de fuite envisagés, celui d'une fuite diffuse est le plus inquiétant puisque sans surveillance, cette fuite pourrait perdurer et entrainer des séquelles sur l'environnement ainsi que des risques pour les populations. Des outils et protocoles de surveillance doivent donc être mis au point pour la surveillance en proche surface. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de cette problématique. Il a pour objectif la caractérisation, la quantification et la modélisation du transport et des interactions du CO₂ dans une zone non saturée carbonatée. Ce travail a suivi une approche expérimentale sur un site pilote naturel à Saint-Emilion (Gironde, France), avec la réalisation de fuites diffuses en ZNS carbonatée. Cette étude aborde plusieurs thématiques: la description et l'instrumentation du site pilote naturel ; la caractérisation physico-chimique de l'hétérogénéité du réservoir carbonaté ; l'étude du fonctionnement naturel de la ZNS carbonatée et en particulier la mise en place d'une ligne de base des concentrations en CO₂ ; la caractérisation de l'extension des panaches de gaz suite à des expériences de fuite diffuse dans la ZNS carbonatée et l'étude par simulation numérique des interactions gaz-eau-roche lors d'une fuite diffuse de CO₂ dans une ZNS carbonatée. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent l'importance de la caractérisation de l'hétérogénéité du réservoir carbonaté ainsi que des techniques d'échantillonnage et d'analyse des différentes phases en présence. L'établissement de la ligne de base a une importance particulière pour permettre de distinguer les variations naturelles de celles induites par une fuite diffuse de CO₂ dans la ZNS carbonatée. Les modes de transport du CO₂ vont évoluer en fonction des paramètres physico-chimiques. Ce transport se fait par advection et/ou par diffusion. L'utilisation de gaz inertes au niveau du site de séquestration géologique est très importante puisque la détection de ces traceurs permettrait de prédire les arrivées de panaches de CO₂ en proche surface. Par ailleurs, les interactions chimiques doivent être prises en compte dans les modèles de transport afin de pouvoir définir les facteurs de retard et l'impact d'une fuite diffuse de CO₂ sur une ZNS carbonatéeGlobal warming is related to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration increase and especially anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Geologic sequestration has the potential capacity and the longevity to significantly diminish anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. This sequestration in deep geological formation induces leakage risks from the geological reservoir. Several leakage scenarios have been imagined. Since it could continue for a long period, inducing environmental issues and risks for human, the scenario of a diffusive leakage is the most worrying. Thus, monitoring tools and protocols are needed to set up a near-surface monitoring plan. The present thesis deals with this problematic. The aims are the characterisation, the quantification and the modelling of transport and interactions of CO₂ in a carbonate unsaturated zone. This was achieved following an experimental approach on a natural pilot site in Saint-Emilion (Gironde, France), where diffusive gas leakage experiments were set up in a carbonate unsaturated zone. Different aspects were investigated during the study: natural pilot site description and instrumentation; the physical and chemical characterisation of carbonate reservoir heterogeneity; the natural functioning of the carbonate unsaturated zone and especially the set-up of a CO₂ concentrations baseline; the characterisation of gas plume extension following induced diffusive leakage in the carbonate unsaturated zone and the study of gas-water-rock interactions during a CO₂ diffusive leakage in a carbonate unsaturated zone through numerical simulations. The results show the importance of the carbonate reservoir heterogeneity characterisation as well as the sampling and analysing methods for the different phases. The baseline set-up is of main interest since it allows discrimination between the induced and the natural CO₂ concentrations variations. The transfer of CO₂ in a carbonate unsaturated zone is varying in function of physical and chemical properties. This transfer is done by diffusion and/or advection. Because the detection of the noble gases allows the prediction of CO₂ plume arrival, the use of tracers in the sequestration site is of main importance. The chemical interactions have to be taken under account in transport models in order to predict delay factors and the impact of a CO₂ leakage in a carbonate unsaturated zone
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Rhino, Kévins. "Caractérisation, quantification et modélisation des processus de transfert et des interactions CO₂-eau-roche en milieu poreux non saturé en contexte de forage lors d'un stockage géologique". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30040/document.
Abstract (sommario):
Le stockage géologique du carbone est l’une des techniques les plus prometteuses pour réduire le taux de CO₂ dans l’atmosphère. La séquestration géologique possède la capacité et la longévité potentielles pour diminuer les émissions de CO₂ vers l’atmosphère. Dans le cadre d’injections à l’échelle industrielle, les réservoirs carbonatés peuvent faire partie des sites aptes à stocker du CO₂. Toutefois, ces injections à grandes profondeurs sont sujettes à des risques de fuites du piège géologique lui-même ou des infrastructures liés à l’exploitation du site de stockage. Ainsi, il existe principalement deux types de fuite : brutale et diffuse. Dans les deux cas, elles sont susceptibles d’entrainer des risques pour l’environnement et de mettre en danger les populations. Il est ainsi nécessaire de développer des outils capables de prévenir une fuite de CO₂ quel que soit son type. Par ailleurs, il est particulièrement indispensable de comprendre les mécanismes de transport réactif qui rentrent en jeu lors de l’arrivée de cette fuite en contexte de proche surface (zone vadose) et ainsi d’essayer d’étudier comment cette fuite peut s’amortir. Ces travaux de thèse traitent donc de la caractérisation, de la quantification et de la modélisation des processus de transferts et des interactions CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ dans la zone vadose en contexte de fuite à partir d’un puits de forage. Cette problématique a été d’abord abordée par une approche expérimentale sur un site pilote à Saint-Emilion. Puis, les interactions CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ ont été étudiées au travers d’une approche expérimentale à l’échelle de la carotte en laboratoire. L’approche expérimentale a conduit à la réalisation de deux fuites dans la zone vadose du site pilote : une fuite diffuse et une fuite ultra diffuse. Elles furent réalisées dans la continuité des expériences qui avaient déjà eu lieu auparavant. Une comparaison de l’ensemble des fuites a montré la nécessité d’utiliser des gaz nobles comme précurseurs de l’arrivée en surface du CO₂. Selon le type de fuite, l’hélium peut servir de précurseur temporel du CO₂, tandis que le krypton prévient de l’étendue du panache de gaz durant la fuite. Plus la pression d’injection du CO₂ est importante et plus le gaz migre par advection. Par ailleurs, une pression d’injection importante favorise l’existence de passage préférentiel dans la zone vadose. L’utilisation d’isotopes tels que ceux de l’hélium et du carbone permet de mettre en évidence la présence locale de phases aqueuses dans le massif et de déterminer l’origine biologique ou anthropique du CO₂. Les expériences à l’échelle de la carotte permettent d’estimer le pouvoir tampon des calcaires oligocènes en fonction du faciès de la roche. La perméabilité et la porosité de celle-ci conditionnent la dissolution des calcaires. De même, la réactivité des carbonates en contexte de fuite dépend du pH de la phase aqueuse, du débit qui traverse le réseau poreux, de la saturation en eau et des caractéristiques pétro-physiques des carbonatesCarbon storage is one of the most encouraging methods to decrease CO₂ concentration into the atmosphere. Carbon storage provides the longevity and the capacity needed to decrease CO₂ emissions toward the atmosphere. When dealing with storage on an industrial scale, carbonated reservoirs can be among the most suitable storage sites. However, these high depth injections are subject to leakage risks from the geologic trap itself or from the framework created by the establishment of the site. Two main types of leakage exist: brutal and diffusive leakage. In both cases, they are likely to endanger the environment and the population. Therefore, it is essential to develop tools that are able to anticipate any types of CO₂ leakage. Furthermore, it is also necessary to understand the reactive transport mechanism that take place when the leakage arrives in the shallow subsurface (vadose zone)and to see how the leakage can be buffered. This work deals with the characterization, the quantification and the modelling of transfer processes and CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ interactions into the vadose zone in a context of a leakage from a drilling well. This issue was first dealt through field experiment on the site of Saint Emilion. Then, the CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ interactions were studied through an experimental approach in laboratory. Two leakage experiments were performed on the site: a diffusive leakage and an ultra-diffusive leakage. They were performed as a sequel of former experiments carried on the pilot site. A comparison of all the leakage experiments revealed the necessity to use noble gases as precursor of the CO₂ arrival at the surface. Depending of the type of the leakage, helium can be a temporal precursor while krypton can anticipate the spread of the CO₂ gas plume. The higher the injection pressure, the more the gas migrates through advective flux. Moreover, a high injection pressure favors the existence of preferential paths in the vadose zone. The use of helium and carbon isotopes makes it possible to reveal the presence of a local aqueous phase within the porous media and to identify the origin of CO₂. The core scale experiments lead to the estimation of the buffering power of Oligocene limestone according to the rock facies. The permeability and the porosity influence the dissolution of the limestone. The reactivity of carbonates during a leakage depends on the pH of the aqueous phase, the flow rate that goes through the porous media, the water saturation and petrophysical characteristics of the carbonates
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Li, Chun-Hsien, e 李俊賢. "Computer-Assisted Quantification of Fluorescein Leakage of Choroidal Neovascularization". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35196943020278090463.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立中正大學
資訊工程所
95
Choroidal neovascularization means abnormal blood vessels are developing under the retina, and it is a leading cause of blindness. It is time-consuming for the physician looking for CNV from fluorescein angiographic images. Therefore, we developed a semi-automated system which can segment the area of CNV and extract information which is useful for quantification. We analyzed image capture to know how image degradation happened, and then we adopted an algorithm to restore image degradation. Illumination correction was achieved by estimating the background of the retinal image. It exploited extractive segmentations of the retinal vasculature, optic disk, and fovea. We use fluorescent leakage to find CNV, and we use morphological operators to determine its contour. Then we use the snake to circle the correct area of choroidal neovascularization. The algorithm has been tested on 23 image sequences and compared with the performance of a retina specialist. Our algorithm has 74.5% success rate to detect choroidal neovascularization. The average sensitivity was 84.4%, the average specificity was 99.8%, and the average predictive value was 86.9%. The seriousness of the choroidal neovascularization has been quantified.
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Chen, Shin-Hong, e 陳信宏. "Segmentation and Quantification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage in Magnetic Resonance Myelography". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99962549623568975917.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立雲林科技大學
工業工程與管理系
103
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension is a rarely seen disease. In the past years, most references of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) leakage are qualitative method, only few references are quantitative method, but these quantitative methods are indirect measurements, and that can’t know the leakage location. This study develops a quantitative method and direct way to measure the Cerebrospinal Fluid leakage region. Because of Heavily T2-weighted MR myelography background characteristic is unknown, and that will influence output of image segmentation. So experimentation image need to correction before image segmentation. Image segmentation can be separated into two phases, the first phase is statistical model of Entropy Thresholding to extract the target (Cerebrospinal Fluid)； the second phase is structural model of Distance Regularized Level Set Evolution(DRLSE) to segment the Cerebrospinal Fluid leakage region, but DRLSE of segmentation performance is affected by parameters, so Grid Search algorithm is implement here to search approximate optimum parameters. Golden Standard was drawn by physician as a benchmark will evaluate performance of similarity of segmentation result. This study have T2-weighted MR myelography of 10 Subjects, each subject has 640 axial image. These subjects separate six subjects of training data sets, total 504 experimentation images; four subjects of testing data sets, total 647 experimentation images, and separate experimental images into leakage region and normal region. Jaccard Similarity experimental results of testing data sets is following, referenced parameters of normal region average performance is 0.7746, optimized parameters of normal region average performance is 0.7815, statistical analysis shows that optimized parameters of normal CSF region segmentation results is significantly better than referenced parameters (confidence level 0<0.05); referenced parameters of leakage region average performance is 0.2181, optimized parameters of leakage region average performance is 0.2448, statistical analysis shows that optimized parameters of leakage CSF region segmentation results is significantly better than referenced parameters (confidence level 0<0.05). DRLSE has stable characteristic and optimized parameters of Grid Search Algorithm can significantly improve performance of DRLSE. Because experimental images have high intensity, DRLSE can’t accurately separate into leakage region and normal region. Leakage region images don’t have much pixel, if leakage region doesn’t have clear border, jaccard similarity will have bad performance. This problem can be the reference of follow up study.
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BEAUBIEN, Stanley Eugene. "The mapping and quantification of CO2 leakage and its potential impact on groundwater quality". Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/762205.
Abstract (sommario):
Il presente lavoro di ricerca è finalizzato allo studio del rilascio in atmosfera di CO2 proveniente da sorgenti sottosuperficiali profonde. Il lavoro riguarda lo sviluppo di un codice dedicato alla modellizzazione delle modalità e densità di campionamento nelle misure di flusso superficiale (utilizzando dati sintetici e reali), al fine di comprendere come tali parametri possano influenzare la capacità di identificare e quantificare il rilascio (leakage) di CO2. Inoltre, nel corso della ricerca, è stato anche valutato il potenziale impatto di tali “perdite” di CO2 sulla qualità delle acque, attraverso l’analisi dell’acqua di falda campionata lungo un transetto che attraversa uno dei maggiori punti di emanazione naturale di CO2 dell’area. I risultati di tale lavoro sono applicabili sia ai sistemi naturali di leakage di CO2 che a quelli antropici (stoccaggio geologico della CO2) dove potenzialmente potrebbe verificarsi una fuoriuscita di tale gas.The present study relates to CO2 leakage from the deep subsurface towards the atmosphere. Work involved writing a computer code to model surface flux measurement strategies and sampling densities (using synthetic and real data) to understand the influence that these parameters have on finding and quantifying leaks, as well as sampling groundwater along a transect through a major natural CO2 leakage area to examine the potential impact of a leak on groundwater quality. This work relates to both natural leaking systems as well as to man-made systems where leakage may hypothetically occur (such as carbon capture and storage, CCS, projects).
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Leakage quantification":
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Vavilis, Sokratis, Milan Petković e Nicola Zannone. "Data Leakage Quantification". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 98–113. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43936-4_7.
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Wibmer, Michael, Debmalya Biswas e Florian Kerschbaum. "Leakage Quantification of Cryptographic Operations". In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2010, 685–700. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16934-2_50.
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Gouttière, Alexandre, Dirk Wunsch, Virginie Barbieux e Charles Hirsch. "Quantification of Operational and Geometrical Uncertainties of a 1.5-Stage Axial Compressor with Cavity Leakage Flows". In Advances in Uncertainty Quantification and Optimization Under Uncertainty with Aerospace Applications, 97–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80542-5_7.
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Alzakri Ekhwan, Ir, A. R. Othman, Andre Franzen, M. F. Othman e Azliza Ishak. "Leakage Quantification of Bolted Flange Joint Subjected to Different Bolt Sizes and External Load". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 741–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1939-8_57.
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Van Ransbeeck, Peter, M. Vermeulen, B. Van Der Smissen, F. Maes, R. Kaminsky, T. Claessens, P. Segers e P. Verdonck. "Experimental and Numerical Flow Modeling towards Refinement of Three-dimensional Echocardiography for Heart Valve Leakage Quantification". In IFMBE Proceedings, 2644–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_634.
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Ben Hamouda, Mohamed Fethi, Souha Sari e Luis Araguas-Araguas. "Use of Geochemical Tracers for the Characterization and Quantification of Water Leakage at the Joumine Dam Site, Tunisia". In Regional Geology Reviews, 261–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18747-6_10.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Leakage quantification":
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Desoky, A., C. O'Conner, P. Harris e S. Hall. "Quantification Of Leakage In Microvessels Using Entropy". In 1989 Medical Imaging, a cura di Samuel J. Dwyer III, R. Gilbert Jost e Roger H. Schneider. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.953216.
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Garafolo, Nicholas G., e Christopher C. Daniels. "The Quantification of Seal-Interface Leakage of an Elastomer Face Seal". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63620.
Abstract (sommario):
Current gas leak rate prediction methods for elastomeric face seals rely heavily on the assumption that all leakage is permeation, rather than leakage across the seal interface [1–3]. To date, there has been no definitive evidence that this is indeed the case. It is essential to investigate the magnitude of interface leakage to facilitate the validation of the current compressible permeation model and to quantify the interfacial leakage for the design of future state-of-the-art face seals. To this end, a series of leak rate experiments is presented on a square-ring seal, manufactured from silicone elastomer S0383-70. The unique experimental design affords the ability to quantify both a metal-elastomer interface, as well as an elastomer-elastomer interface. The experiments utilized two square-ring test specimens, each with a common width but different in height. The test apparatus consisted of stainless steel platens, near-hermetic plumbing, programmable environmental chamber, and the required instrumentation. The initial data reduction was accomplished by the mass point leak rate technique; whereas mass was calculated through measurements of gas pressure, temperature, and volume and a regression analysis yielded the leak rate of the seal. A secondary reduction of the leak rates in the unique experimental configuration further distinguished the total leakage into permeation and interface leak components, accomplished through the algebraic solution of the design of experiments guided matrix. Results showed that, with modest contact pressure, permeation was the largest component of the total leakage. In addition, the interface leakage for the various seal mating conditions (i.e., seal-on-flange, seal-on-seal) was quantified for the contact pressure investigated. Contrary to previous conclusions, the interface leakages were found to be significant. In the application of space docking seals, a common example of elastomeric face seals, the significance of quantifying the interfacial leakages guides the design of the seal for incomplete seal compression conditions as well has for the androgynous docking configuration.
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Wimmer, Christian. "Experimental Quantification of Gasket Conformability". In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26017.
Abstract (sommario):
A measuring method is suggested for quantifying the conformability of gasket materials to macro-irregularities. A series of measurements was performed using this method. In it, the leakage rate achieved on a sealing surface with a considerable, defined irregularity was measured. Results for different gasket materials make it possible to make comparisons and draw conclusions. Finally, the relationship between the surface hardness of the gasket and conformability is discussed.
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Bredeson, Samuel D., Philip R. Troyk, Sungjae Suh e M. Bak. "Identification and quantification of electrical leakage pathways in floating microelectrode arrays". In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6609807.
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Li, Xinyan, Yuefeng Du e Cong Wang. "RangeQC: A Query Control Framework for Range Query Leakage Quantification and Mitigation". In 2023 IEEE 43rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcs57875.2023.00017.
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An, L., e N. Sepehri. "Hydraulic actuator leakage quantification scheme using extended Kalman filter and sequential test method". In 2006 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2006.1657415.
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Hale, Stan. "Validation of Valve Leak Quantification With Non-Intrusive Acoustic Emission Technology". In ASME/NRC 2014 12th Valves, Pumps, and Inservice Testing Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nrc2014-5016.
Abstract (sommario):
In the late 1980s and early 90s, several companies tested a range of acoustic devices for monitoring valve leakage during the check-valve diagnostic system research performed at the Utah State Water Research Laboratory as part of two separate nuclear-industry-sponsored initiatives. The acoustic sensor technology and analysis techniques evaluated were found helpful but no progress was made in non-intrusively quantifying the leak rate through the valves tested during these programs. Around that same time, oil & gas companies in the UK were experimenting with detection and quantification of valve leakage using acoustic emission (AE) technology. The AE sensors and signal-processing technology selected for the UK oil & gas effort responded to much higher frequencies compared to the sensors and systems used during the nuclear-utility initiative in the U.S. This research led to new products for detection and quantification of valve leakage in oil & gas applications. Because of minimum leak threshold and accuracy concerns, non-intrusive acoustic valve leak measurement has remained an elusive goal for commercial nuclear power. Various general-purpose acoustic tools have been trialed to detect leakage with mixed results because of complications caused by plant and system acoustic characteristics. Several of today’s moderately successful check-valve diagnostic systems employ acoustic sensors and can detect the most likely event representing flow cutoff when a check-valve disc fully closes, but leak-rate quantification with any of these systems is not possible. Correlation methods and other AE analysis techniques that have been developed to quantify leakage in steam systems have been generalized as small, medium, and large leakage classifications with no clear criteria for these levels. During the last couple of years, nuclear-plant engineers responsible for programs for compliance with Appendix J, “Primary Reactor Containment Leakage Testing for Water-Cooled Power Reactors,” to Part 50, “Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities,” of Title 10, “Energy,” of the Code of Federal Regulations (Appendix J to 10 CFR 50) have made extensive use of a new acoustic valve leak-detection system known as MIDAS Meter®. Appendix J valve testing (also known as Type C testing) requires that sections of nuclear-plant piping be isolated by closing a number of valves, thereby creating a confined pressure boundary. The isolated piping within the boundary is pressurized with approximately 344.7 kilopascals (kPa) [50 pounds per square inch (psi)] of air and the leak-tightness of the boundary is evaluated. When the isolated piping exhibits excess leakage or cannot maintain the test pressure, the valves creating the boundary are evaluated one by one to find the culprit leaker. The process of finding and correcting the problem valve can take from hours to several days and may become an outage critical-path activity. Appendix J engineers have enjoyed considerable success with their newfound ability to quickly and confidently identify the leaking valves with MIDAS Meter® and remove their test programs from the critical path. MIDAS Meter® is a high-frequency acoustic-emission-based system which includes algorithms that convert the acoustic emission signal to leak rate. The basic algorithms were first developed from the field results obtained during the early development work for UK oil & gas operators and refined over the next 20 years. Though not originally validated under a quality-assurance (QA) program of the 10 CFR 50 type, nuclear plants that own MIDAS Meter® have been eager to go beyond simple troubleshooting and use the leak quantification results for nuclear applications, including safety-related decisionmaking. In order to support owners and avoid improper application of this very successful new tool, Score Atlanta embarked on an extensive validation program consistent with 10 CFR Part 50 requirements. A purpose-built leak-test flow loop and valve simulator apparatus were constructed in the Atlanta facility and testing began in early 2013. To support Appendix J users, the air testing was performed first and completed in July 2013. The water testing followed and should be completed in early 2014. Numerous combinations of leak path, leak-path geometry, and differential pressure were created and evaluated during the air phase of the program. Pressure was limited to 1034 kPa [150 psi] for air testing. The water testing includes pressures up to 8,618 kPa [1,250 psi] and a similar number of varying leak paths and pressure test points. This paper discusses the preliminary results of the test program, including any special limitations required for use of AE-derived valve leak results in nuclear safety-related applications. The full results of the test program and guidance for nuclear safety-related use of the technology are expected to be available ahead of the 2014 ASME-NRC Valve Symposium. Paper published with permission.
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Okolo, Chukwunonso K., e Turgut Meydan. "Axial magnetic field sensing for pulsed magnetic flux leakage hairline crack detection and quantification". In 2017 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2017.8233983.
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De Almeida, Paulo, Elliane Correia e Sonia Quintas. "Detection and Quantification of Gas Leakage by Infrared Technology in TEPA Block 17 FPSOs". In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199519-ms.
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Garafolo, Nicholas G., e Christopher C. Daniels. "An Empirical Investigation on Seal-Interface Leakage of an Elastomer Face Seal". In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72026.
Abstract (sommario):
For the application of seals used in space, a common assumption is that all leakage is attributed to permeation, that is the gas flows through the porous seal material. In this case, leakage across any seal interfaces are assumed negligible. In fact, state-of-the-art gas leak rate prediction methods rely heavily on this assumption. A recent study into the quantification of the seal-interface leakage of elastomer face seals, however, has revealed that this is not the case. As the preliminary study previously presented, with moderate contact pressure the interface leakage components were found to be significant and distinct from zero. The objective of the research presented herein was to further quantify both the elastomer-metal and elastomer-elastomer interface leakages for various contact pressures. To this end, a series of leak rate experiments is presented on a square-ring seal, manufactured from silicone elastomer S0383-70. The unique experimental design affords the ability to quantify both the elastomer-metal interface, as well as an elastomer-elastomer interface. The experiments utilized matched sets of test specimens, each with a common width but different height. The test apparatus contained both a flow fixture capable of quantifying ultra-low leak rates and an electro-mechanical actuated load frame for precision contact pressure control. The leak rate apparatus consisted of stainless steel platens, near-hermetic plumbing, and the required instrumentation. The initial data reduction was accomplished by the mass point leak rate technique; whereas mass was calculated through measurements of gas pressure, temperature, and volume and a regression analysis yielded the leak rate of the seal. A secondary reduction of the leak rates in the unique experimental configuration further distinguished the total leakage into permeation and interface leak components, accomplished through the algebraic solution of the design of experiments guided matrix. Foremost, results confirmed that the interface leakage is non-negligible and distinct from zero, as with previous studies. Furthermore, results suggested that the interface leakage was drastically decreased with modest seal contact pressure.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Leakage quantification":
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Thomas, R., Brandon Schwartz, Curtis Oldenburg, Diana Bacon, Erika Gasperikova, Greg Lackey, Delphine Appriou et al. NRAP Recommended Practices for Containment Assurance and Leakage Risk Quantification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1906399.
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Duguid, Andrew, Robert Butsch, J. Cary, Michael Celia, Nikita Chugunov, Sarah Gasda, Susan Hovorka et al. Quantification of Wellbore Leakage Risk Using Non-destructive Borehole Logging Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1164292.
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Koduru, Smitha, e Jason Skow. PR-244-153719-R01 Quantification of ILI Sizing Uncertainties and Improving Correction Factors. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), agosto 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011518.
Abstract (sommario):
Operators routinely perform verification digs to assess whether an inline inspection (ILI) tool meets the performance specified by the ILI vendors. Characterizing the actual ILI tool performance using available field and ILI data is a difficult problem due to uncertainties associated with measurements and geometric classification of features. The focus of this project is to use existing ILI and excavation data to develop better approaches for assessing ILI tool performance. For corrosion features, operators are primarily interested in quantifying magnetic flux leakage (MFL) ILI tool sizing error and its relationship to burst pressure estimates. In previously completed PRCI research, a limited MFL ILI dataset was used to determine the corrosion feature depth sizing bias and random error using principles published in API 1163 (2013). The research demonstrated the tendency for ILI predictions to be slightly lower than field measurements (i.e., under-call) for the dataset studied, and it provided a framework for characterizing this bias. The goal of this project was to expand on previous work by increasing the number and type of feature morphologies available for analysis, and by estimating the sizing error of ILI measured external corrosion features. New geometric classification criteria, complementing the current criteria suggested by the Pipeline Operator Forum (POF 2009), were also investigated. Lastly, correction factors based on burst pressure prediction accuracy were developed to account for the effect of adopting various feature interaction rules. This report has a related webinar (member login required).
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Ting, Wang, e Jeff Sutherland. PR-469-143708-R02 In-line Inspection and Assessment for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), maggio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011487.
Abstract (sommario):
During 2010 to 2012, the United States reported a total of eight girth weld failures and economic loss amounted to $4,382,000 [Summarized from data provided by PHMSA, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/data-stats/flagged-data-files]. PRCI has several projects (current and historic) that investigate various integrity concerns of vintage girth weld defects. Globally, the integrity of girth welds of oil and gas pipelines has increased as a concern due to failures with high consequences. A primary integrity issue to pipelines that has been the motivation of this project, considers defects originating during field construction but over time may also be subject to external loads and stresses due to earth movement. Girth weld defects in newly built pipelines are also assumed to exist but would be much smaller in size, and more difficult to detect, which motivated the investigation into minimum defect detection levels of the inspection technologies. The research objectives of this project were to characterize, and summarize, the applicability of ILI (In-line Inspection) technologies of MFL4 (Magnetic Flux Leakage), USCCD (UltraScan and trade; Circumferential Crack-Like Detection) and EMAT (Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) for inspection of defects related to pipeline girth welds. Pull-through tests and infield site excavations of operational pipelines, have been collected and used here for detection, defect type classification and sizing quantification. From 2015 to 2016, a comparison of test results of MFL4 and USCCD and EMAT technology for girth weld defects is discussed. Based on the same pull test facility and manufactured defects for MFL4 and USCCD ILI inspection, comparison of the results were carried out for these two operational technologies for their inspection performances. The report also outlines the activities carried out to investigate a feasibility of EMAT technology to detect circumferentially oriented cracks based on current technology.