Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Гайнетдинова, Александра Борисовна, Татьяна Константиновна Демидова e Елена Олеговна Тулупова. "THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM MIGRATION TO EUROPE". Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University 4, n. 3 (1 novembre 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2021.11.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At present, the issue of migration to the European Union is very acute, despite many attempts of the under question countries’ leaders to stabilize the situation. On the one hand, European Union authorities are unable to cope with a massive human flow, and on the other hand, local population’ discontent with Europe’s Islamization is mounting. It is obvious that the migrants who have arrived in European countries are reluctant to learn the native language, do not accept the culture, do not accept the rules of conduct in European society, and sometimes dictate their own conditions. It undoubtedly disturbs European society.
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Hellwege, Phillip. "A Comparative History of Insurance Law in Europe". American Journal of Legal History 56, n. 1 (marzo 2016): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njv010.
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Harvey, Katherine. "Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe". European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 18, n. 3 (giugno 2011): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2011.574831.
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Kroeze, Maarten J., e Hélène M. Vletter–van Dort. "History and Future of Uniform Company Law in Europe". European Company Law 5, Issue 3 (1 giugno 2008): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2008023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The central question of this contribution is whether the object to achieve uniform EU company law is a thing of the past or will, to some extent, remain part of future policy. A comparison is made between the European situation and that of the United States as regards regulatory competition in this field.
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Flume, Johannes W. "Law and Commerce: The Evolution of Codified Business Law in Europe". Comparative Legal History 2, n. 1 (10 giugno 2014): 45–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/2049677x.2.1.45.
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Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization". International Community Law Review 9, n. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
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Schmidt, Josef, Victoria Kahn e Lorna Hutson. "Rhetoric & Law in Early Modern Europe". Sixteenth Century Journal 33, n. 4 (2002): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144233.
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Barry, Donald. "Russia, Europe, and the Rule of Law". Review of Central and East European Law 33, n. 2 (2008): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598808x262632.
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Ranieri, Filippo. "Watson, Alan, Legal History and a Common Law for Europe". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 120, n. 1 (1 agosto 2003): 377–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgga.2003.120.1.377.
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Zanin, Sergey. "Making of the Science of Public Law in Europe". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n. 5 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025460-4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In contrast to the approaches widely accepted in historiography, in this article the author analyses the content of the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” developed by representatives of the “school of natural law” (Grotius, Pufendorf, Burlamaqui, Barbeyrac), as well as their followers (Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau). After Grotius, the individualistic concept of “natural law” emerges in the writings of Pufendorf, which led the representatives of the “school” to look for the form of the social contract in the private legal agreements of the people with the bearer of sovereign power. The author demonstrates that Rousseau, developing his criticism of these ideas, created a new concept of a public law contract in which the “sovereign” is not a party to the agreement, and the people do not alienate supreme power in his favour, remaining its bearer and its only source. At the same time, he did not raise the question of the real “origins of sovereignty”, which the representatives of the “school’ and their followers focused a lot of attention on, since Rousseau's social contract is not a historical fact. Thus, the formation of the science of public law in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries reflects the transition from the concepts of “natural law”, “contract” and “sovereignty” based on fact to the concepts based on law.
Tesi sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Gilbert, Lisa Kristin. "To have authority over a body : 1 Corinthians 7:3-4 and the conjugal debt". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101880.
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Commentaries on the medieval notion of the "conjugal debt" have often emphasized its reciprocal nature, but its inequality becomes apparent when re-embedded into its theological, medical, and legal contexts. By tracing the theology that accompanied 1 Cor 7:3-4 through selected theologians, I will demonstrate that Paul's words did not function in equivalent ways for both spouses. By examining medieval medical understandings of human physiology, I will ask what it means to 'have authority over a body' when the bodies themselves are not equal. Finally, by demonstrating ways in which consent and coercion blurred together in twelfth-century legal debates, I will ask how meaningful it is to grant spouses equal rights to sex when their marriage may have been coerced. The topic will serve as a broader meditation on what it means to 'have authority over a body' and to conceive of marital sexuality as a system of debt.
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Conn, Matthew B. "Feeling same-sex desire: law, science, and belonging in German-speaking central Europe, 1750-1945". Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6929.
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My dissertation explains how the scientific study of sexuality became laden with emotions and the unforeseen results of this process. It begins with a scholarly tradition, forged during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, which privileged sentimental articulations of feelings. This tradition helped inspire the late nineteenth-century foundation of sexology, or sexual science.
Sexologists, as their discipline developed alongside the modern rational bureaucratic nation-state, maintained attention to emotive expressions. Sexologists also helped shape the interpretation and enforcement of laws against same-sex acts. While they built authority, however, sexologists lacked consensus. During the first third of the twentieth century, sexologists helped compile defendants' detailed sexual histories, replete with affective articulations of sexual desires, which led to calamitous consequences under National Socialism.
Nazi technocrats utilized these same sexual histories, offered by same-sex attracted persons describing their feelings and actions before 1933, to prosecute them after a 1935 legal revision, which expanded the law's reach from specific acts to general expressions of feelings. My dissertation provides a genealogy of sexual research and the unexpected uses of its findings. It also revises the biography of sexology as an interdisciplinary field, braided with a history of emotions, tracing its previously underappreciated origins, tumultuous apex, and contested legacy.
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Jordan, John Frederick Dodge. "Legal culture in a turbulent time : law and society in early modern Saxony". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08a01053-87e3-4310-a974-b194f516b692.
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This thesis reconstructs and interprets the evolution of legal culture in the Saxon city of Freiberg in the sixteenth century. It challenges the notion that early modern state institutions were punitive and disciplinary; and instead posits that in Saxony, they were flexible and sought to maintain social harmony. While previous scholarship has favoured a sociological approach, based on the concept of social control, this thesis employs a legal anthropological optic to study the interaction of state institutions and social life holistically. The focus is not just on how state institutions sought to regulate social life, but also on how ordinary people used institutions for their diverse purposes. The goal of this methodological approach, based on Lawrence Friedman’s concept of legal culture, is to assess the relative position and interaction of the people, the judiciary, and the law in early modern Germany. Probing the interactions of the court and the residents of Freiberg reveals that the court was primarily a record-keeper and a mediator. For the former, it logged and transcribed all manner of transactions: peace pacts, loans, and house purchases; and Freibergers readily turned to the court to get a formal record of an obligation. For the latter, the court was rarely a site of punishment, rather it was a place where conflicts were regulated, and bonds forged. At court, Freibergers fostered ties to one another. Neither of these roles, record-keeper or mediator, are ones traditionally ascribed to early modern courts. Only by considering by the culture of a court does either become apparent.
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Buonamano, Roberto Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "A genealogy of subjective rights". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Law, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31948.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation is an historical and philosophical study on the development of a subjective concept of individual rights. It takes the form of a history of ideas informed by genealogical methods of inquiry. Rather than seeking an origin for and underlying truth to human rights, it treats human rights as a product of various historical developments which are capable of being investigated in terms of their contingency as well as their continuous traditions. The thesis begins with an analysis of political theory in ancient Greek thought, primarily as a means of suggesting possible alternative political philosophies to the rights-based approach dominant in modern Western societies. The thesis then considers the theologicalpolitical discourse on sovereignty in the early Middle Ages, revolving around the doctrine of divine right and influenced by the function of the Christian Church in defining the nature of government. This is followed by an examination of the emergence of hierarchical, feudal relations and the formulation of feudal rights as based on proprietary notions and coinciding with individual liberties. In the following chapter there is a discussion of the juridical construction of sovereign power that emerged from the reception of Roman law and the development of canon law, the influence of legal textuality on the granting of rights and liberties, and the emergence of a discourse on public right as a way of defining the relationship between the prince and his subjects and thus delimiting sovereign authority. Finally, the thesis considers the legacy of the theory of natural rights and its relationship to forms of liberty, with an analysis of: firstly, the idea of natural rights that developed through canon law and the discussions surrounding the Franciscan poverty disputes; secondly, the role of property rights in the formulation of the rights of liberty; thirdly, the Christian understanding of liberty as a subjective attribute or power through the theo-ontological theory of human nature as represented by the free will; and fourthly, the transformation in Renaissance and early modern legal and political theory of the concept of liberty into a political doctrine about individual autonomy and inherent freedom. The purpose of the dissertation is to describe the multiple and complex historical processes from which the idea of subjective rights has emerged, as a means of understanding how human rights have come to play a seemingly essential role in modern legal and political discourses and practices.
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Dunn, Kimberlee Harper. "Germanic Women: Mundium and Property, 400-1000". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5378/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Many historians would like to discover a time of relative freedom, security and independence for women of the past. The Germanic era, from 400-1000 AD, was a time of stability, and security due to limitations the law placed upon the mundwald and the legal ability of women to possess property. The system of compensations that the Germans initiated in an effort to stop the blood feuds between Germanic families, served as a deterrent to men that might physically or sexually abuse women. The majority of the sources used in this work were the Germanic Codes generally dated from 498-1024 AD. Ancient Roman and Germanic sources provide background information about the individual tribes. Secondary sources provide a contrast to the ideas of this thesis, and information.
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Gatzhammer, Stefan. "Aspekte des religiös motivierten Tourismus in Europa heute : Motivation, Ziele, Trends". Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6202/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wallfahrten und Pilgerreisen, allgemein der religiös motivierte Tourismus erfreut sich in Europa heute aus unterschiedlichen Motiven wachsender Zustimmung. Die Motivation hierzu wurzelt letztendlich im Bereich der religiösen Emotionalität. Untersucht wird diese Form spiritueller Orientierung in der religiösen Gegenwartskultur auch in seiner Auswirkung auf die religiösen Institutionen. Die Möglichkeit zu religiös motiviertem Reisen kommt dem Bedürfnis nach mehr Religiosität entgegen, ohne daß der Pilgertourist gezwungen ist, sich längerfristig an kirchliche Strukturen binden zu müssen. Der christliche Religionstourismus ist ein bedeutender Globalisierungsfaktor und zahlenmäßig die größte Mobilisierung von Religion.
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Sezgin, Fevza. "Value-added Tax In European Taxation System And Harmonization Of Vat During The Integration Process Of Turkey". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608829/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes tha value added tax (VAT) in the European Union (EU). Primarily,the issue of tax harmonization and legal basis of tax harmonization in the context of European Union is studied. Furthermore, this thesis makes a comparision of VAT legislation in the EU and Turkey and identifies differences between the EU VAT system and Turkish VAT Law.Lastly, within the framework of finding similarities between Turkish and EU VAT legislation,the thesis tries to examine whether major harmonization laws are needded to be adopted in the accession process in the field of VAT.
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Costa, Lopez Julia. "The legal ordering of the medieval international". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:35f4ee39-8773-4f3f-8890-7ea04ca94e9c.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although International Relations scholars make frequent reference to the Middle Ages, most of our ideas about the period are not based on extensive empirical studies. Instead, they rely on a common imaginary of Medieval Europe as an unspecified and idealised system of overlapping authority and multiple loyalties. This thesis recovers a historical understanding of the late-medieval international order by focusing on the fundamental conceptions of the organization of the social held by medieval international practitioners. In particular, it examines a specific community of practice: lawyers of the ius commune from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. In doing so, this thesis makes three contributions to the IR literature. From a theoretical point of view, it adds to both English School and constructivist studies of historical international order by focusing on the process of differentiation through representation, as well as on contestation within it. In doing so, it argues for a move from a static understanding of order to the more dynamic notion of ordering. Secondly, it contributes methodologically to the historical study of ideas by proposing a methodological emphasis on communities of practitioners as a middle-ground between abstract constructivism and narrow Skinnerian analysis that facilitates the historically grounded consideration of the ordering role of language and ideas. Finally, empirically, this thesis demonstrates the analytical leverage gained from these theoretical moves by providing a detailed account of the international order from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries, focusing not only on stability, but also on the contentious process of ordering. As a result, this thesis provides a new understanding of late-medieval notions of political authority, community, polity, and identity, while simultaneously highlighting the politics of representation behind them.
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Kugeler, Heidrun. "'Le parfait Ambassadeur' : the theory and practice of diplomacy in the century following the Peace of Westphalia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be69b6b3-d886-4cc0-8ae3-884da096e267.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the theory of diplomacy in the formative phase of the European states-system. From the viewpoint of the discourse on the 'ideal ambassador', it explores early modern diplomacy as cultural history encompassing ideas, discourses, perceptions and 'codes'. The scope of study is the century following the Peace of Westphalia (1648), and three states and regions (France, Britain, the Holy Roman Empire) serve as case studies for a comparative approach of diplomatic theory and practice. In five parts, the adaptation of the theory and practice of diplomacy to the new demands of international relations after 1648 are considered. The first section sets the stage by illustrating that the mid-seventeenth century was regarded as a turning point in the practice of diplomacy. Part II examines diplomatic theory as a particular 'language' in its intellectual and socio-professional contexts. While published treatises on the 'ideal ambassador' build the core of this study, related genres of international law theory, ceremonial theory and political and state science are also taken into account. From the viewpoint of this diplomatic theory, the following section examines the ways in which the instruments and practices of diplomacy were aligned to the new framework. These ranged from changes in the structural framework of diplomacy to the evolution of norms and procedures of negotiation, international law and ceremonial. Part IV reconsiders the issue of 'professionalism' in diplomatic theory with regard to the preparation and training of diplomats. Special attention is given to proposals for diplomatic 'academies', which are for the first time examined in comparison. Finally, section V recasts the findings of this thesis in a comparative perspective. It underlines that, with the emergence of a states-system, the techniques of diplomacy became formalised and uniform, constituting a common European diplomatic practice. Against the background of the different regional and structural conditions, the alleged model role of France in the evolution of diplomatic theory and practice is re-evaluated.
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Yon, William Thompson. "Overlapping human rights jurisdictions in Europe: an application of constructivism to regional studies". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1285871087.
Testo completoLibri sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Caenegem, R. C. van. Law, history, the Low Countries, and Europe. London: Hambledon Press, 1994.
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Strömholm, Stig. L' Europe et le droit. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002.
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Ann, Kahn Victoria, e Hutson Lorna, a cura di. Rhetoric and law in early modern Europe. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 2001.
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Lesaffer, Randall. European legal history: A cultural and political perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
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1957-, Karras Ruth Mazo, Kaye Joel 1946- e Matter E. Ann, a cura di. Law and the illicit in medieval europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
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Bellomo, Manlio. The common legal past of Europe, 1000-1800. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1995.
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Drew, Katherine Fischer. Law and society in early Medieval Europe: Studies in legal history. London: Variorum Reprints, 1988.
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Sheehan, Michael M. Marriage, family and law in medieval Europe: Collected studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.
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Wieacker, Franz. A history of private law in Europe with particular reference to Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.
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Goldhaber, Michael D. A people's history of the European Court of Human Rights. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.
Cerca il testo completoCapitoli di libri sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Ward, Ian. "A Brief History of Europe". In The Margins of European Law, 23–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230376144_2.
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Stretton, Tim. "Law, Property and Litigation". In The Routledge History Of Women In Early Modern Europe, 199–216. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge histories |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429355783-9.
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Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno. "From Public to Private Power: Europe in the Feudal Age". In A History of Western Public Law, 153–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1_7.
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Valsecchi, Chiara. "Consilia and Dynastic Successions in Modern Europe". In Studies in the History of Law and Justice, 417–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76258-6_14.
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Aguilera-Barchet, Bruno. "From Kings to Monarchs: The Resurgence of Public Power in Late Medieval Europe". In A History of Western Public Law, 177–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11803-1_8.
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De Albuquerque, Paulo Pinto, e Alexandre Au-Yong Oliveira. "The Twilight of the Gods: Independence of the Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Europe". In Rule of Law in Europe, 19–46. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61265-7_4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractGazing upon today’s European judicial landscape, one may have the feeling that the final battle of the ancient gods of democracy is about to make itself heard. When that gaze extends itself through History, as the title of this paper suggests, we might even hear the notes of Wagner’s magnum opus and all that comes with it, including the eternal return of the same, but strangely different. Different actors in different situations but with the same type of utterances.
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Neumayer, Laure. "Symbolic Policies versus European Reconciliation: The Hungarian ‘Status Law’". In History, Memory and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe, 209–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137302052_13.
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Pievatolo, Maria Chiara. "Leoni's and Hayek's Critique of the Rule of Law in Continental Europe". In The Rule of Law History, Theory and Criticism, 421–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5745-8_12.
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Emsley, Clive. "After the Big Show: British Police Officers and Civil Affairs in Europe". In Studies in the History of Law and Justice, 171–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72050-6_11.
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Whitten, Sarah. "Secundum Legem. Gender, Law, and Ethnicity in Early Medieval Southern Italian Documents". In Visions of Medieval History in North America and Europe, 129–50. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.cursor-eb.5.127579.
Testo completoAtti di convegni sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
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Gerasimenko, Yuliya, e Elena Synkova. "On the interpretation of the norms of tax law by the European Court of Human Rights". In The 20th anniversary of Russia's accession to the Council of Europe. History and prospects ». ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23327.
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Arslan, Çetin. "Some Assessments and Evaluations on Current Developments in the Immigration Law". In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00884.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Immigration has presented itself in every chapter of the history with regards to its social, economic, political and legal aspects. However, with special regards to the global and regional instability which has come into focus and become chronic, it has gained vital importance for almost all developed and developing countries. Mentioned issue has transformed into a specific and extraordinary situation for Turkey which is situated at the intersection of the continents, Asia and Europe. Because Turkey has not only become a transit country for irregular migration but also it has turned into – if we may say so- the focus point of this vicious circle. The legislator who is aware of this situation, has brought upon essential amendments and innovations and also has concluded international, regional and bilateral agreements. We, within the scope and size of our study, shall examine certain issues which we deem important within the context of Foreigners and International Protection Law No. 6458 dated 04.04.2013 within the light of Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights and shall discuss some existing and potential problems in addition to suggestions for solution.
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Volova, Larisa. "The correlation of the basic principles of international law and the principles of the Council of Europe with permissible restrictions on human rights and freedoms". In The 20th anniversary of Russia's accession to the Council of Europe. History and prospects ». ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23305.
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Sallai, János, e Johanna Farkas. "21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY". In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p24.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is impossible to separate the public police organization from the modern state. King Louis XIV was the founder of the first centrally organized and uniform police force in 1667. A book related to the work of the police was first published in 1705 under the title "Traité de la police". It outlines the three main activities of the police, which are economic regulation, measures of the public order, and general rules of hygiene. The first head of Police and his 44 police commissioners' work was assisted by police inspectors beginning in 1709. The police also appeared on German territory, and the works of Lorenz von Stein, Otto Mayer, and Robert von Mohl are still dominant in Europe nowadays. This study examines books, journals, and legal documents to present the development of the law enforcement and the modern challenges of policing in Hungary. Our country celebrated the establishment of the central police last year. In the 20th century there was a development in modern policing and literature, as well as the emergence of modern police officer training. After World War II, a Soviet law enforcement model was imitated in which there was state security, secrecy, and Soviet police character. Although research of historical and theoretical studies of policing was forbidden, after the Revolution of 1989, the research of law enforcement theory was completed. Globalisation has created new sources of danger (e.g. terrorism, cybercrime), driven by a lack of borders and the expansion of international relations (Farkas, 2016). We can only meet the new challenges with the deepening of international law enforcement cooperation. Keywords: law enforcement, globalisation, data-transmission revolution, security
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Petkova, Tatyana. "Geopolitical challenges in the 21st century – The place of the EU in international politics". In 9th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade - Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.09.09083p.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For the first time in Europe, until the start of the war in Ukraine by Russia in February 2022, there is such prosperity, such security and such freedom. A violence in the first half of the 20th century gave way to a period of peace and stability unprecedented in European history. The creation of the European Union was decisive for this development. It has changed the relationship between our countries and the lives of our citizens. European countries are determined to seek the peaceful resolution of disputes and to cooperate through common institutions. During this period, under the influence of the progressive spread of the rule of law and democracy, authoritarian regimes were transformed into secure, stable and dynamic democracies. The present study aims to present a political-philosophical view of the geopolitical challenges in the 21st century and the place of the EU in international politics. The main points of the article are: global challenges and main threats: security is a prerequisite for development; energy dependence; terrorism, etc.
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Perez-Perez, Alfredo, Carolina Romero, Enric Santanach-Carreras e Arne Skauge. "Simulations of Alkali-Polymer Experiments: Modeling of In-Situ Emulsion Generation and Transport of Oil-In-Water Emulsion in Porous Media". In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214429-ms.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The injection of alkali in acidic viscous oils is known to promote the in-situ formation of emulsions during chemical oil recovery. Naphthenic acid components react with the alkali to form in-situ surfactants, which support oil emulsification at the water-oil interface. It is believed that emulsification and transport of the dispersed oil in the presence of polymer can significantly improve oil recovery. In earlier work, we proposed a new mechanistic non-equilibrium model to simulate alkali-polymer processes for different oil viscosities (2000 – 3500 cP at 50°C) with an acid number of around 4 mg KOH/g. The model considers emulsion generation kinetics, polymer, and emulsion non-Newtonian viscosity through a straightforward modelling strategy. The emulsified oil was treated as a dispersed component in water phase (O/W emulsion), while the water phase mobility considered the apparent aqueous phase viscosity containing dispersed oil and polymer. In the above referenced work, seven alkali-polymer corefloods performed with different alkali types and slug sizes were history matched. We showed that the model is capable of appropriately matching the experiments. Kinetics obtained by history match show that emulsion formation under the conditions here studied is alkali type dependent. In the current work, we applied our alkali-polymer model in two displacement tests (Hele Shaw cell) with two different oil viscosities (2000 – 200 cP at 50°C). These new experiments included secondary water flood, tertiary polymer flood and quaternary alkali-polymer flood. The initial conditions of alkali-polymer (AP) flood were obtained after properly modelling the unstable immiscible floods and polymer floods. For modelling the polymer floods (2D slabs), three models were evaluated: 1) extension of relative permeability curves applied to water flood, 2) Killough method (hysteresis for the water phase) and relative permeability power-law extensions and 3) two relative permeability curves with polymer concentration dependency. Our alkali-polymer model was employed for simultaneously history matching 1D and 2D experiments performed with 5 g/L of Na2CO3 and polymer. When comparing alkali-polymer results, a good agreement was found for the complete set of experiments. In addition, fitting parameters (kinetics and emulsion viscosity) were close to the parameters reported in the earlier study. Finally, fitted alkali-polymer parameters were employed for predicting alkali-polymer outputs in the second slab (with similar alkali-polymer concentration but lower oil viscosity). Even if experimental observations are relatively well represented, a lower value of incremental oil recovery (<3 % OOIP) was obtained. We believe that the use of a less viscous oil (diluted oil) in the experiments may influence the generation and transport of formed emulsions.
7
JAFAR, MOHAMMED. "Floor and Apartment Ownership System A vision for a New Legislative Organization in Iraqi Law". In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp65-84.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The system of ownership of floors and apartments represents a developed form of the forms of class ownership. In addition to the old image that prevailed in the old laws of the ownership of classes, represented by the system of ownership of the top and bottom, it appeared in Europe as a result of the acute housing crisis in which the system of ownership of floors and apartments occurred. The law was adopted The Egyptian civil system adopted this system, and from it the majority of laws in Arab countries were taken. This advanced system of tiered ownership is based on dividing the vertical building into tiers or apartments owned by multiple persons, separate ownership and common ownership in the building structure, its land and all the common parts intended for the common use of the owners. Although the Iraqi civil law did not adopt the system of ownership of floors and apartments in its texts, the Iraqi legislator tried to fill this legislative deficiency in the Real Estate Registration Law No. (43) of 1971, and despite that, the system of ownership of floors and apartments remained unorganized and constituted completely in Iraqi legislation, The Iraqi legislator has made many attempts to fill this shortcoming, the most recent of which was his issuance of the Law Regulating Ownership of Floors and Apartments in Buildings No. (61) of 2000. However, the change that Iraq witnessed after 2003 made it necessary to reconsider the legislative regulation of the system of ownership of floors and apartments, from During the development of a new regulation in line with the investment laws and instructions in Iraq and in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We have divided our research into three demands. In the first requirement, we discussed the legislative history of the ownership system of floors and apartments in Iraqi law. In the second requirement, we discussed the legal systems applied in the ownership of classes. As for the third requirement, we devoted it to discussing ways to manage the common parts in the system of ownership of floors and apartments. . We concluded our research, with a conclusion in which we mentioned the most important conclusions, the most important of which is the distinction of the system of ownership of floors and apartments from the system of ownership of the top and bottom, and the multiplicity of Iraqi laws that dealt with this system by organizing without the existence of a comprehensive law for all its provisions applicable to all parts of Iraq, and we suggested finding a new legal organization in the Iraqi legislation , by regulating the substantive provisions of the system of ownership of floors and apartments in the Iraqi civil law, and the necessity of developing a special law dealing with the detailed provisions of this system.
8
Neupauer, František. "Dr. Korbuly Pál, sudca Štátneho súdu v Bratislave". In Protistátní trestné činy včera a dnes. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9976-2021-10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of law indeed refers to persons handing down judgments and often offers interesting stories, such as the story of a judge working under various political regimes Dr. Pavel Korbuly (1906–1970). On May 4, 1934, Korbuly was appointed a single judge in criminal matters, after 1948 he became an instrument of justice under the communist regime and was one of the most active judges of the State Court in Bratislava. Prior to the Vienna Arbitration, he was a judge in the Czechoslovak Republic, then in Hungary, and after 1948 he was one of the judges who tried and sentenced victims of the communist regime (more than 500 people) in Slovakia. By the same communist regime, however, Korbuly was later prosecuted due to his active support of the anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956. Unlike others, he was one of the judges who had realized their responsibility for convicting the innocent and committed public repentance. From this perspective, his life story is unique in Central Europe as well as worldwide.
9
Babbo, Luis. "CIUDAD Y PROYECTO ENTRE EUROPA Y AMÉRICA LATINA. Londres, París y Barcelona en la historia del saneamiento de Buenos Aires (1871-1923)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12695.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this article I will address the first European sanitation projects, identifying continuities and ruptures that laid the foundations of urban planning and the conformation of the sanitation system in Buenos Aires. The foundational sanitation projects in Buenos Aires (1871-1923) reflected the sanitary crises and technical solutions deployed in the great European capitals; a strategy observed by politicians and decision makers as an essential component of the modernizing movement of the city. I will thus inquire about analogies and relationships between London, Paris, Barcelona and Buenos Aires in the conception of their sanitation systems; questioning the technique in its interaction with the city, especially before what happened in the main European cities, marked by an unprecedented industrial movement and an unusual population growth that showed serious deficiencies in the habitat and sanitation conditions of the working masses, emerging deadly epidemics and the social pressure of sanitation as a solution. Keywords: City and Project; Interaction between City and Sanitation; History of Sanitation; History of Buenos Aires. En este artículo abordaré los primeros proyectos de saneamiento europeos, identificando continuidades y rupturas que sentaron las bases del urbanismo y la conformación del sistema de saneamiento de Buenos Aires. Los proyectos fundacionales de saneamiento en Buenos Aires (1871-1923) tomaron como reflejo las crisis sanitarias y soluciones técnicas desplegadas en las grandes capitales europeas; estrategia observada por políticos y tomadores de decisión como componente esencial del movimiento modernizador de la ciudad. De este modo indagaré sobre analogías y relaciones entre Londres, Paris, Barcelona y Buenos Aires en la concepción de sus sistemas de saneamiento; interpelando la técnica en su interacción con la ciudad, especialmente ante lo ocurrido en las principales ciudades europeas, signadas por un movimiento industrial sin precedentes y un crecimiento poblacional inusitado que evidenció serias falencias en las condiciones de hábitat y salubridad de la masa obrera, emergiendo mortales epidemias y la presión social del saneamiento como solución. Palabras clave: Ciudad y Proyecto; Interacción saneamiento y ciudad; Historia del saneamiento; Historia de Buenos Aires.
10
Koluch, Petr. "Josef Redlich and the Glorious Revolution of Liberalism". In Mezinárodní konference doktorských studentů oboru právní historie a římského práva. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0156-2022-10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Josef Redlich is a representative of the new generation of Austrian liberals that came of age around 1900. Through his legal-historical publications, diaries, and the surviving voluminous correspondence, he offers a glimpse into the highly changeable times of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and expresses his frustration with political developments. Redlich, who was a university professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law, was the first to see the lack of the Rule of Law as the reason for the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the first place, and he named two different conceptions of the state in Western Europe and Central Europe. He thus came into confrontation with the state doctrine of the Prussian university professor Rudolf von Gneist, which was taught in all German-speaking law schools. The difference between the authoritarian state in Central Europe and the British people’s state is still apparent today.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Law – Europe – History"
1
Kolencik, Marian. A critical evaluation of the risk indicators of criminal conduct involving CBRN and explosive materials - Behavioural and observational analysis in crime detection and investigation. ISEM Institute, n.p.o., ottobre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52824/vzrb5079.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Terrorist attacks using explosives and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) materials have been present throughout history. While the frequency of CBRN terrorist attacks is relatively low compared to those with explosives and other types of weapons, it is crucial to treat the efforts of both terrorist organizations and individuals with appropriate gravity in order to avert catastrophic consequences. Identifying warning signs that indicate criminal behaviour is crucial for preventing planned crimes or terrorist attacks, and there is a need for more precise coverage of potential risk indicators related to CBRN and explosive crimes. This research aimed at examining and scrutinizing possible warning signs associated with planning and conducting terrorist attacks using CBRN and explosive materials. The research was implemented in three phases. First, comprise the systematic literature review. In the second phase, the case studies and CCTV records from past cases from Europe, USA, Australia and Asia were analysed and the aim was to create a list of risk indicators and categories for future reference by developing a methodological tool. The last phase represented a survey in which the practitioners from European Law enforcement and Intelligence Agencies critically assessed the list of risk indicators and their categories created based on the previous two steps of the research. The last goal was to gain the agreement and endorsement of law enforcement officials from different European nations regarding the validity and importance of recognized risk indicators and their categories, as well as their ranking for use in operational tasks, investigations, and training. The majority of the respondents found the identified categories and risk indicators as reliable and relevant for their operational activities and investigations. For the second research question, the survey results prioritized categories of risk indicators that are most suitable for the detection tactics of investigators and intelligence officers. The third research question examined the ease of observing identified risk indicators, with the category of technological detection/air sampling alarm risk indicators ranking as the easiest to detect. Finally, the survey found that the identified risk indicators are useful for training activities of security entities. Several final comments and recommendations from participants were also discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple factors when identifying risk indicators and the value of the comprehensive list of identified risk indicators. The publication also examines some terrorist theories, the advantages, limitations, and the ongoing debate surrounding the use of profiling in protective security.
2
Avis, William Robert. Migration in Latin America. Institute of Development Studies, aprile 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This rapid evidence review provides an overview of migration in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), encompassing flows, causes, and associated issues. Sections provide an overview of historic migration patterns and contemporary characteristics, highlighting significant trends such as extensive mixed migration and the impact of crises, notably in Venezuela and Haiti. The historical trajectories of migration in the region include waves of immigration from Europe to intra-regional movements and south-north migration flows. The review draws attention to the multifaceted nature of migration drivers and the dynamic, intersecting nature of migration flows in the region, emphasizing LAC's status as a key hub of international migration.
3
Zeballos, Eduardo. Caso de éxito: Agrinuts Maní. Inter-American Development Bank, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003873.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bolivia tiene una distribución geográfica amplia con una gran variedad de ecosistemas que le permiten el desarrollo de diferentes cadenas agroalimentarias, algunas de ellas, por sus sobresalientes cualidades nutricionales pueden ser consideradas superalimentos. El presente estudio documenta el caso de éxito del superalimento boliviano Maní. Se relata contextualizado la historia del sector en el país y desarrollando la trayectoria e hitos de empresas que han sido promotores de estos desarrollos y/o han conseguido admirables logros en sus respectivas áreas. En especial, este estudio de caso del Maní analiza a la empresa Agrintus S.A. de cómo ha logrado ser la principal empresa exportadora de maní en Bolivia. A partir de la importancia del producto, como una alternativa de alimento altamente beneficioso para la salud humana, se analiza el contexto del mercado internacional, su importancia productiva a nivel nacional, sobre todo en la región del Chaco, donde se identifica como origen de variedades nativas. A partir de este contexto, se aborda la experiencia de la empresa de más de una década que han permitido cimentar las bases para su consolidación empresarial presente. Actualmente la empresa exporta más del 90% del maní boliviano, mostrando las potencialidades y éxito en posicionar el maní boliviano en mercados altamente competitivos en Europa y Asia.
4
Hidalgo Campero, Jorge Antonio. Caso de éxito: Corporación Agroindustrial Amazonas Castaña-Brazilnuts-Nuez Amazónica. Inter-American Development Bank, settembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003679.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bolivia tiene una distribución geográfica amplia con una gran variedad de ecosistemas que le permiten el desarrollo de diferentes cadenas agroalimentarias, algunas de ellas, por sus sobresalientes cualidades nutricionales pueden ser consideradas superalimentos. El presente estudio documenta el casos de éxito de uno de los superalimentos bolivianos: Nuez Amazónica. Se relata contextualizando la historia del sector en el país y desarrollando la trayectoria e hitos de empresas que han sido promotores de estos desarrollos y/o han conseguido admirables logros en sus respectivas áreas. El 82% de la producción mundial de Nuez Amazónica está originada en Bolivia, siendo el primer exportador global actualmente, superando inclusive a Brasil, quien tiene un área de extracción potencial mayor. Este producto silvestre ha generado el polo de desarrollo más importante de la región amazónica boliviana, donde cuenta con una historia extensa y un papel socioeconómico y ecológico vital. Es decisiva para su suceso una articulación sectorial temprana que prevaleció ante la desconfianza del trabajo colaborativo, que, junto con un estricto control de calidad sectorial privado, permitió el acceso al exigente mercado europeo. Uno de los impulsores de este salto de calidad es la empresa Corporación Agroindustrial Amazonas (CAA), quien fue artífice de varios desarrollos de competitividad adaptativa únicos, que han beneficiado a todo el sector en su conjunto.
5
Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust e Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, ottobre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
6
Saville, Alan, e Caroline Wickham-Jones, a cura di. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, giugno 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
7
Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam e John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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La ventaja competitiva de las naciones: Una experiencia de éxito, reorientando la estrategia transformadora del desarrollo económico y social del País Vasco. Universidad de Deusto, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/obzc3593.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
¿Por qué la Nueva economía y sociedades de bienestar aconsejarían una nueva estación en el largo viaje hacia la competitividad iniciado en el marco de “la ventaja competitiva de las naciones publicado hoy hace ya 25 años? Hace algo más de veinticinco años, el País Vasco apostó por dotarse de una estrategia propia de desarrollo, comprometiéndose con el desafío de diseñar su propio futuro. El País Vasco aspiraba a dotarse del máximo poder de autogobierno como nación sin Estado, tras su salida de una larga dictadura que le había sumido en la autarquía y el aislamiento de las democracias occidentales de su entorno, que limitaba su capacidad y responsabilidad de forjar su propio destino y de ofrecer a su Sociedad los mayores niveles de bienestar, enfrentando una de las mayores crisis económicas, políticas y sociales de su historia, padeciendo los embates del terrorismo desde una economía castigada por un desempleo galopante por encima del 25%, un decrecimiento de su PIB, la caída -como fichas de dominó- de sus sectores industriales clave, situado en un monocultivo del acero y la industria metal mecánica, fuera de la Europa que se construía desde la entonces Comunidad Económica de los seis, marginada como un espacio periférico alejado del otrora eje de futuro y desarrollo de la llamada “banana azul” del eje Londres-Milán y desde una incipiente e inexperta Administración joven e ilusionada y un mundo empresarial en reconversión aprendiendo a convivir con un fenómeno sindical que la vieja dictadura había soslayado. Ante ese reto, complejo a la vez que apasionante, quienes tuvimos el privilegio de abordar la mencionada apuesta, interpretando (por la fuerza de nuestros análisis, así como por la voluntad de hacer posible nuestros deseos y sueños) las principales claves que explicarían el estado de la economía mundial, las principales tendencias de cambio y su previsible impacto en la economía vasca (“Lo que nos enseñaba la economía mundial”), nos pusimos a la tarea de definir lo que llamamos “Una estrategia de modernización e internacionalización de nuestra economía y de nuestro País”, tratando de dar sentido al rol esperable de los nuevos jugadores (Estados, ciudades-región, territorios…), rol en el que nuestro pequeño País, con características de Ciudad-Región, ente sub nacional, espacio invertebrado a ambos lados de los Pirineos, pudiera asumir un papel co-protagonista y ofrecer a la sociedad un futuro de prosperidad. Necesitábamos, también, el marco y herramientas deseables para afrontar la estrategia de éxito. Identificamos el gap existente entre las necesidades que los nuevos paradigmas generarían y los instrumentos que nuestro marco político-económico vigente ofrecía (contenidos, competencias, desarrollos potenciales), acompañado de una estrategia-País, propia, con especial incidencia en las iniciativas y factores o vectores críticos que demandaría nuestra sociedad, sus aspiraciones de bienestar y de desarrollo. En este contexto, desde el Gobierno Vasco nos acercamos a Michael E. Porter, a sus ideas y conceptos del momento, e iniciamos un proceso de colaboración (que perdura en nuestros días), construyendo mucho más que nuestra “Ventaja competitiva del País Vasco” en un apasionante e inacabado “viaje hacia la Competitividad y la Prosperidad”. El País Vasco disfruta del privilegio de haber sido la primera nación que aplicara, de manera estratégica y completa, sus conceptos que pocos años más tarde, vieran la luz en su prestigiosa publicación, que hoy celebramos, de “la Ventaja Competitiva de las Naciones” que ha inspirado el diseño de innumerables políticas y estrategias a lo largo del mundo, que ha impulsado la proliferación de seguidores, que ha formado formadores y que ha generado multitud de nuevos investigadores y académicos, nuevos policy makers, nuevos instrumentos para la competitividad y extraordinarios niveles de prosperidad a lo largo del planeta. Desde entonces, hemos compartido nuestro particular proyecto, vivo y cambiante, respondiendo a los nuevos retos y embates económicos y sociales construyendo y aplicando una estrategia País con logros y resultados diferenciales por encima de nuestro entorno económico. Con el marco conceptual inspirado por el trípode complementario del movimiento conceptual de Michael E. Porter en su Ventaja Competitiva (Competitividad, Shared Value Initiative y Progreso Social) y nuestras aportaciones aprendidas en el día a día y alineadas con nuestra vocación, identidad, voluntad y compromiso. Todo un inacabable proceso a partir de un modelo y manera de entender la vieja apuesta por dotarnos de una estrategia única desde y para las personas.