Articoli di riviste: "Landscape evolution"

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Ollier, C. D. "Laterite profiles, ferricrete and landscape evolution". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 35, n. 2 (8 agosto 1991): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/35/1991/165.

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Hancock, G. R., G. R. Willgoose e John Lowry. "Transient landscapes: gully development and evolution using a landscape evolution model". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 28, n. 1 (27 giugno 2013): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0741-y.

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Berthling, Ivar, e Bernd Etzelmüller. "The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution". Quaternary Research 75, n. 2 (marzo 2011): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.011.

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AbstractRecent accounts suggest that periglacial processes are unimportant for large-scale landscape evolution and that true large-scale periglacial landscapes are rare or non-existent. The lack of a large-scale topographical fingerprint due to periglacial processes may be considered of little relevance, as linear process–landscape development relationships rarely can be substantiated. Instead, periglacial landscapes may be classified in terms of specific landform associations. We propose “cryo-conditioning”, defined as the interaction of cryotic surface and subsurface thermal regimes and geomorphic processes, as an overarching concept linking landform and landscape evolution in cold regions. By focusing on the controls on processes, this concept circumvents scaling problems in interpreting long-term landscape evolution derived from short-term processes. It also contributes to an unambiguous conceptualization of periglacial geomorphology. We propose that the development of several key elements in the Norwegian geomorphic landscape can be explained in terms of cryo-conditioning.

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Tucker, Gregory E., e Gregory R. Hancock. "Modelling landscape evolution". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1952.

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Nabieva, Elena, e Georgii A. Bazykin. "SELVa: Simulator of evolution with landscape variation". PLOS ONE 15, n. 12 (2 dicembre 2020): e0242225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242225.

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Organisms evolve to increase their fitness, a process that may be described as climbing the fitness landscape. However, the fitness landscape of an individual site, i.e., the vector of fitness values corresponding to different variants at this site, can itself change with time due to changes in the environment or substitutions at other epistatically interacting sites. While there exist a number of simulators for modeling different aspects of molecular evolution, very few can accommodate changing landscapes. We present SELVa, the Simulator of Evolution with Landscape Variation, aimed at modeling the substitution process under a changing single-position fitness landscape in a set of evolving lineages that form a phylogeny of arbitrary shape. Written in Java and distributed as an executable jar file, SELVa provides a flexible framework that allows the user to choose from a number of implemented rules governing landscape change.

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de Jong, Jolanda, e Sven Stremke. "Evolution of Energy Landscapes: A Regional Case Study in the Western Netherlands". Sustainability 12, n. 11 (3 giugno 2020): 4554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114554.

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While the transition to renewable energy becomes a main driver of landscape change, few publications discuss the historical transformation of landscapes for the development of energy—commonly referred to as energy landscape. The research reported in this paper investigates the evolution of energy landscapes in the Western Netherlands—a region shaped by peat extraction and dotted with windmills. Five periods have been identified, dominated by wood, peat, wind, fossil fuels, and modern renewables, respectively. During each period, the landscape coevolved with the new energy source hosting new energy infrastructure. The sequence of landscape transformations over the past 10 centuries in the Western Netherlands is illustrated by means of historical paintings, photographs and a series of five georeferenced maps. Our systematic analysis confirms the long-lasting and manifold interrelations between energy development and landscape transformation at the brink of another energy transition. This paper presents the first all-encompassing application of the analytical framework for the study of energy landscapes proposed earlier. The three main qualifications—substantive, spatial, and temporal—provided a clear framework for the systematic study of landscape transformations at the regional scale.

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Iwasawa, Junichiro, Tomoya Maeda, Atsushi Shibai, Hazuki Kotani, Masako Kawada e Chikara Furusawa. "Analysis of the evolution of resistance to multiple antibiotics enables prediction of the Escherichia coli phenotype-based fitness landscape". PLOS Biology 20, n. 12 (13 dicembre 2022): e3001920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001920.

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The fitness landscape represents the complex relationship between genotype or phenotype and fitness under a given environment, the structure of which allows the explanation and prediction of evolutionary trajectories. Although previous studies have constructed fitness landscapes by comprehensively studying the mutations in specific genes, the high dimensionality of genotypic changes prevents us from developing a fitness landscape capable of predicting evolution for the whole cell. Herein, we address this problem by inferring the phenotype-based fitness landscape for antibiotic resistance evolution by quantifying the multidimensional phenotypic changes, i.e., time-series data of resistance for eight different drugs. We show that different peaks of the landscape correspond to different drug resistance mechanisms, thus supporting the validity of the inferred phenotype-fitness landscape. We further discuss how inferred phenotype-fitness landscapes could contribute to the prediction and control of evolution. This approach bridges the gap between phenotypic/genotypic changes and fitness while contributing to a better understanding of drug resistance evolution.

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Li, Ye, e Claus O. Wilke. "Digital Evolution in Time-Dependent Fitness Landscapes". Artificial Life 10, n. 2 (marzo 2004): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454604773563559.

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We study the response of populations of digital organisms that adapt to a time-varying (periodic) fitness landscape of two oscillating peaks. We corroborate in general predictions from quasi-species theory in dynamic landscapes, such as adaptation to the average fitness landscape at small periods (high frequency) and quasistatic adaptation at large periods (low frequency). We also observe adaptive phase shifts (time lags between a change in the fitness landscape and an adaptive change in the population) that indicate a low-pass filter effect, in agreement with existing theory. Finally, we witness long-term adaptation to fluctuating environments not anticipated in previous theoretical work.

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Zheng, Liming, e Shiqi Luo. "Adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm Based on Fitness Landscape Characteristic". Mathematics 10, n. 9 (1 maggio 2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091511.

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Differential evolution (DE) is a simple, effective, and robust algorithm, which has demonstrated excellent performance in dealing with global optimization problems. However, different search strategies are designed for different fitness landscape conditions to find the optimal solution, and there is not a single strategy that can be suitable for all fitness landscapes. As a result, developing a strategy to adaptively steer population evolution based on fitness landscape is critical. Motivated by this fact, in this paper, a novel adaptive DE based on fitness landscape (FL-ADE) is proposed, which utilizes the local fitness landscape characteristics in each generation population to (1) adjust the population size adaptively; (2) generate DE/current-to-pcbest mutation strategy. The adaptive mechanism is based on local fitness landscape characteristics of the population and enables to decrease or increase the population size during the search. Due to the adaptive adjustment of population size for different fitness landscapes and evolutionary processes, computational resources can be rationally assigned at different evolutionary stages to satisfy diverse requirements of different fitness landscapes. Besides, the DE/current-to-pcbest mutation strategy, which randomly chooses one of the top p% individuals from the archive cbest of local optimal individuals to be the pcbest, is also an adaptive strategy based on fitness landscape characteristic. Using the individuals that are approximated as local optimums increases the algorithm’s ability to explore complex multimodal functions and avoids stagnation due to the use of individuals with good fitness values. Experiments are conducted on CEC2014 benchmark test suit to demonstrate the performance of the proposed FL-ADE algorithm, and the results show that the proposed FL-ADE algorithm performs better than the other seven highly performing state-of-art DE variants, even the winner of the CEC2014 and CEC2017. In addition, the effectiveness of the adaptive population mechanism and DE/current-to-pcbest mutation strategy based on landscape fitness proposed in this paper are respectively verified.

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Yu, Linjun, Xiaotong Zhang, Feng He e Xiaojun Wang. "Participatory Historical Village Landscape Analysis Using a Virtual Globe-Based 3D PGIS: Guizhou, China". Sustainability 14, n. 21 (28 ottobre 2022): 14022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114022.

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The analysis of historical village landscape characteristics and the influential driving factors of their evolutions can provide an essential decision-making basis for rural sustainable development strategies and landscape planning. How to obtain historical village landscape data at a time when objectively recorded data, such as remote sensing images, were unavailable is a key problem that restricts the analysis of village landscape evolution characteristics. As local villagers are important knowledge sources regarding historical village landscapes, a participatory data collection and analysis approach was used for village historical landscape data in this paper using a virtual globe-based three-dimensional participatory geographic information system (3D PGIS). Taking Duimengshan village, Guizhou, China, as a case study, the 3D landscape of the Duimengshan village and corresponding major historical events in four historical periods, 1958, 1980, 1995, and 2015, were collected in an on-site, interactive way by researchers with the participation of local villagers, and its land-use structure, ecosystem service values, and landscape pattern were analyzed. The results show that the historical landscapes in the four periods were strongly related to important local historical events. The 3D PGIS greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of villagers to participate with its intuitive 3D display form and simple and easy-to-use operation mode. It can be concluded that the historical landscape memory of local villagers and the oral inheritance information handed down from generation to generation can be utilized to make up for the lack of remote sensing and other objective data in the collection and acquisition of historical village landscape data. The obtained historical village landscape characteristics and their evolution laws can be used in future participatory rural planning and landscape design.

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Reiners, Peter W., e David L. Shuster. "Thermochronology and landscape evolution". Physics Today 62, n. 9 (settembre 2009): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3226750.

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Caldarelli, Guido, Achille Giacometti, Amos Maritan, Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe e Andrea Rinaldo. "Randomly pinned landscape evolution". Physical Review E 55, n. 5 (1 maggio 1997): R4865—R4868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.r4865.

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Fouache, Eric, Kosmas Pavlopoulos e Stathis Stiros. "Landscape evolution and geoarchaeology". Quaternary International 216, n. 1-2 (aprile 2010): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.007.

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Turkington, Alice V., Jonathan D. Phillips e Sean W. Campbell. "Weathering and landscape evolution". Geomorphology 67, n. 1-2 (aprile 2005): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.013.

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Vorobyeva, Alexandra M. "Evolution of Landscape Architecture". Materials Science Forum 931 (settembre 2018): 856–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.856.

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The article considers the historical process of landscape architecture development as a special direction of architectural activity, engaged in creating the open spaces environment of the urban areas. The methods and principles of landscape objects creating throughout the considered historical period, including the present stage, are investigated. The connection between architecture and landscape architecture in urban open spaces construction, as well as the influence of state policy on the formation of a school of landscape architects are showed.

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Campbell, I. B., e G. G. C. Claridge. "Landscape evolution in Antarctica". Earth-Science Reviews 25, n. 5-6 (dicembre 1988): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90002-5.

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Franzmeier, D. P. "Soils and landscape evolution". Earth-Science Reviews 32, n. 3 (aprile 1992): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(92)90040-z.

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Zhou, Zhe Chen, e Jun Wang. "Evolution of landscape dynamics in the Yangtze River Delta from 2000 to 2020". Journal of Water and Climate Change 13, n. 3 (11 febbraio 2022): 1241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2022.307.

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Abstract Based on the 2000–2020 land cover data, the landscape dynamics and landscape pattern index are used to study the landscape pattern changes of the Yangtze River Delta. The results show that with the growth of built-in land area, the dominance of natural landscape in the Yangtze River Delta is gradually weakened. From the perspective of the overall landscape pattern, the degree of landscape fragmentation in this area is increasing, and the degree of landscape connectivity and aggregation are decreasing in varying degrees. The regional landscape is developing toward homogeneous distribution and increasing complexity. At the same time, from the perspective of classified landscape, the spatial distribution of various landscapes shows a strong correlation between climate and landform. Through comparative analysis, this study puts forward that the development of the Yangtze River Delta needs to pay attention to maintaining the integrity of the regional dominant landscape and paying attention to the diversity and connectivity of the natural landscape with high ecological service value.

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Steer, Philippe. "Short communication: Analytical models for 2D landscape evolution". Earth Surface Dynamics 9, n. 5 (15 settembre 2021): 1239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1239-2021.

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Abstract. Numerical modelling offers a unique approach to understand how tectonics, climate and surface processes govern landscape dynamics. However, the efficiency and accuracy of current landscape evolution models remain a certain limitation. Here, I develop a new modelling strategy that relies on the use of 1D analytical solutions to the linear stream power equation to compute the dynamics of landscapes in 2D. This strategy uses the 1D ordering, by a directed acyclic graph, of model nodes based on their location along the water flow path to propagate topographic changes in 2D. This analytical model can be used to compute in a single time step, with an iterative procedure, the steady-state topography of landscapes subjected to river, colluvial and hillslope erosion. This model can also be adapted to compute the dynamic evolution of landscapes under either heterogeneous or time-variable uplift rate. This new model leads to slope–area relationships exactly consistent with predictions and to the exact preservation of knickpoint shape throughout their migration. Moreover, the absence of numerical diffusion or of an upper bound for the time step offers significant advantages compared to numerical models. The main drawback of this novel approach is that it does not guarantee the time continuity of the topography through successive time steps, despite practically having little impact on model behaviour.

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Brierley, Gary, Kirstie Fryirs, Carola Cullum, Marc Tadaki, He Qing Huang e Brendon Blue. "Reading the landscape". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, n. 5 (11 giugno 2013): 601–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133313490007.

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Assertions of a ‘naughty world’ (Kennedy, 1979) point to the importance of place-based knowledge in informing landscape interpretations and management applications. Building upon conceptual and theoretical insights into the geomorphic character, behaviour and evolution of rivers, this paper outlines an approach to the practice of fluvial geomorphology: ‘reading the landscape’. This scaffolded framework of field-based interpretations explicitly recognizes the contingent nature of biophysical interactions within any given landscape. A bottom-up, constructivist approach is applied to identify landforms, assess their morphodynamics, and interpret the interaction and evolution of these features at reach and catchment scales. Reading the landscape is framed as an open-ended and generic set of questions that inform process-form interpretations of river landscapes. Rather than relying unduly on conceptual or theoretical representations of landscapes that suggest how the world ‘should’ ideally look and behave, appropriately contextualized, place-based understandings can be used to detect where local differences matter, thereby addressing concerns for the transferability of insights between locations and the representativeness of sample or reference sites. The approach provides a basis for scientifically informed management efforts that respect and work with the inherent diversity and dynamics of any given river system.

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Bonetti, Sara, Milad Hooshyar, Carlo Camporeale e Amilcare Porporato. "Channelization cascade in landscape evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 3 (8 gennaio 2020): 1375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911817117.

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The hierarchy of channel networks in landscapes displays features that are characteristic of nonequilibrium complex systems. Here we show that a sequence of increasingly complex ridge and valley networks is produced by a system of partial differential equations coupling landscape evolution dynamics with a specific catchment area equation. By means of a linear stability analysis we identify the critical conditions triggering channel formation and the emergence of characteristic valley spacing. The ensuing channelization cascade, described by a dimensionless number accounting for diffusive soil creep, runoff erosion, and tectonic uplift, is reminiscent of the subsequent instabilities in fluid turbulence, while the structure of the simulated patterns is indicative of a tendency to evolve toward optimal configurations, with anomalies similar to dislocation defects observed in pattern-forming systems. The choice of specific geomorphic transport laws and boundary conditions strongly influences the channelization cascade, underlying the nonlocal and nonlinear character of its dynamics.

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Kiernan, Kevin. "Tropical mountain geomorphology and landscape evolution in north-west Thailand". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 35, n. 2 (8 agosto 1991): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/35/1991/187.

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Schaefer, Carlos, e John Dalrymple. "Landscape evolution in Roraima, North Amazonia: Planation, paleosols and paleoclimates". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 39, n. 1 (24 marzo 1995): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/39/1995/1.

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Heckmann, David. "Modelling metabolic evolution on phenotypic fitness landscapes: a case study on C4 photosynthesis". Biochemical Society Transactions 43, n. 6 (27 novembre 2015): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20150148.

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How did the complex metabolic systems we observe today evolve through adaptive evolution? The fitness landscape is the theoretical framework to answer this question. Since experimental data on natural fitness landscapes is scarce, computational models are a valuable tool to predict landscape topologies and evolutionary trajectories. Careful assumptions about the genetic and phenotypic features of the system under study can simplify the design of such models significantly. The analysis of C4 photosynthesis evolution provides an example for accurate predictions based on the phenotypic fitness landscape of a complex metabolic trait. The C4 pathway evolved multiple times from the ancestral C3 pathway and models predict a smooth ‘Mount Fuji’ landscape accordingly. The modelled phenotypic landscape implies evolutionary trajectories that agree with data on modern intermediate species, indicating that evolution can be predicted based on the phenotypic fitness landscape. Future directions will have to include structural changes of metabolic fitness landscape structure with changing environments. This will not only answer important evolutionary questions about reversibility of metabolic traits, but also suggest strategies to increase crop yields by engineering the C4 pathway into C3 plants.

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Bajić, Djordje, Jean C. C. Vila, Zachary D. Blount e Alvaro Sánchez. "On the deformability of an empirical fitness landscape by microbial evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n. 44 (15 ottobre 2018): 11286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808485115.

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A fitness landscape is a map between the genotype and its reproductive success in a given environment. The topography of fitness landscapes largely governs adaptive dynamics, constraining evolutionary trajectories and the predictability of evolution. Theory suggests that this topography can be deformed by mutations that produce substantial changes to the environment. Despite its importance, the deformability of fitness landscapes has not been systematically studied beyond abstract models, and little is known about its reach and consequences in empirical systems. Here we have systematically characterized the deformability of the genome-wide metabolic fitness landscape of the bacterium Escherichia coli. Deformability is quantified by the noncommutativity of epistatic interactions, which we experimentally demonstrate in mutant strains on the path to an evolutionary innovation. Our analysis shows that the deformation of fitness landscapes by metabolic mutations rarely affects evolutionary trajectories in the short range. However, mutations with large environmental effects produce long-range landscape deformations in distant regions of the genotype space that affect the fitness of later descendants. Our results therefore suggest that, even in situations in which mutations have strong environmental effects, fitness landscapes may retain their power to forecast evolution over small mutational distances despite the potential attenuation of that power over longer evolutionary trajectories. Our methods and results provide an avenue for integrating adaptive and eco-evolutionary dynamics with complex genetics and genomics.

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Sobczyński, Daniel, e Izabela Karsznia. "Landscape evolution in the area of Kazimierski Landscape Park". Polish Cartographical Review 51, n. 2 (1 luglio 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2019-0007.

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Abstract The presented research concerning the landscape evolution of the area of the Kazimierski Landscape Park assumed the analysis of landscape changes that took place in the western part of the Nałęczów Plateau in eastern Poland as a result of increased anthropopressure. To achieve this goal, the diverse data was employed: archives of the “Archeological Survey of Poland” obtained from the National Heritage Board of Poland, the registry data from the 16th century made available as part of the “Atlas Fontium” project elaborated by the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, old map of the Western Galicia from 1808, a tactical map of the Military Geographical Institute in Warsaw from 1937, and the “Topographic Objects Database” (BDOT10k) obtained from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. Based on the analysed data, maps presenting the development of the settlement network from the moment of permanent settlement of the area up to the present state and maps showing the changes in land use in the Kazimierski Landscape Park over the last centuries have been designed. The results of historical and geographical analyses carried out as part of the research were compared with the results of geomorphological research conducted in the studied area. Verification of the obtained results allowed to determine the scope in which man influenced the evolution of the landscape of the analysed area, including its diversification depending on the historical period and the type of the economy. The process of georeferencing the map of Western Galicia elaborated by colonel A.M. von Heldensfeld from 1808 and the tactical map 1:100,000 of Military Geographical Institute from 1937 covering the research area (14,974 ha) was carried out in the ArcGIS Desktop software. The calibration process was evaluated in the Map Analyst program which makes it possible to analyze the distortions of old maps. Then, vectorization of selected terrain coverage classes and visualization of spatial data were conducted. This way, the land use maps were analyzed in terms of environmental changes that occurred over the past centuries by identifying the areas with the largest development changes. The obtained results were compared with the database of historical objects created for the purposes of this research, based on data provided by the National Heritage Board of Poland and the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences in order to determine the development trends of the settlement network in the region. The additional statistical analysis made it possible to determine the trend of changes and to interpret the distribution of areas threatened by the occurrence of mass movements with the analyzed anthropogenic determinants.

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Brede, Markus. "The Evolution of Cooperation on Correlated Payoff Landscapes". Artificial Life 17, n. 4 (ottobre 2011): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00044.

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We study the evolution of cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game on time-invariant heterogeneous payoff landscapes on regular and heterogeneous networks. Correlations in the landscape structure and their implications for the evolution of cooperation are investigated. On regular networks we find that negatively and neutrally correlated payoff landscapes strongly enhance cooperation, while positively correlated landscapes may suppress the evolution of cooperation. On heterogeneous networks, cooperation is facilitated if payoff stochasticity is positively correlated with network heterogeneity and may be suppressed otherwise.

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Gong, Zhiqiang, Zhuting Zhang, Jianqin Zhou, Jiami Zhou e Wenhui Wang. "The Evolutionary Process and Mechanism of Cultural Landscapes: An Integrated Perspective of Landscape Ecology and Evolutionary Economic Geography". Land 11, n. 11 (17 novembre 2022): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112062.

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Cultural landscapes are joint masterpieces of man and nature with outstanding universal value. Adequate knowledge of their evolutionary process and mechanism is crucial to their development, protection, and management. However, theoretical understanding about such has been limited as existing studies tend to focus on the descriptive and interpretative analysis of the evolutionary process and pay less attention to the underlying mechanism of the process. Integrating the traditional perspective of landscape ecology in cultural landscape research and theories of path dependence and path creation in evolutionary economic geography, this paper constructs a triple-layered integrated analytical framework of cultural landscape evolution and applies the framework to empirically examine the cultural landscape evolution of Mount Lushan. To grasp an accurate and full picture of the process, field observation and historical data collection were carried out, and a combination of thematic analysis and chronological organization was conducted. The research finds that the cultural landscape evolution of Mount Lushan has experienced three stages, i.e., coexistence and mutual influence of multiple cultures, conflict and integration of Chinese and Western cultures, as well as landscape transformation, revival, and expansion. Such evolution is a non-linear, dynamic, and complex process across which the elements, functions, and patterns of landscapes were constantly constructed and reconstructed. Fundamentally, it is the result of the synergistic effect of path dependence and path creation, and is driven by the interplay of the behavior of associated actors and the change of contextuality. The findings of this study can provide some strategic references for the management practice of cultural landscape heritage sites.

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O.V., Mishchenko. "THE EVOLUTION OF SACRED LANDSCAPE". Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Geographical Sciences, n. 12 (10 agosto 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2413-7391/2020-12-3.

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SAUNDERS, P. T. "The epigenetic landscape and evolution". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 39, n. 2 (febbraio 1990): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00507.x.

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Petren, K. "THE EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE GENETICS". Evolution 67, n. 12 (10 ottobre 2013): 3383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.12278.

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Sabeti, P. "The Landscape of Human Evolution". Science 331, n. 6018 (10 febbraio 2011): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1202570.

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Goudie, A. S., e John Boardman. "Soils and Quaternary Landscape Evolution". Geographical Journal 151, n. 3 (novembre 1985): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/633036.

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Ollier, C. D. "Evolution of the Australian landscape". Marine and Freshwater Research 52, n. 1 (2001): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00032.

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Landscape evolution of Australia is on the same time scale as global tectonics and biological evolution. In places, actual landforms and deep weathering products are hundreds of millions of years old. Much of Australia has a landscape resulting from stripping of weathered rock after an earlier period of very deep weathering. Other regions have sequential landforms that provide a natural laboratory where we can work out the biogeochemistry of the past. Landforms and regolith reveal the long evolution of groundwater in Australia. Lateral movement of groundwater is of paramount importance. The effects of past climates are stored in the landscape. They show that the present is not the key to the past, and former environments must be worked out from consistent internal evidence rather than the application of models based on present-day conditions. Inorganic chemistry alone is inadequate to explain many earth materials, and biology, especially microbiology, has a very significant role. Recent and present-day processes also affect the landscape, and it cannot be assumed that because the landscape and regolith are old the soils are old. Many regions have a complex regolith cover that shows modern processes working on inherited materials.

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Ferdowsi, Behrooz, Carlos P. Ortiz e Douglas J. Jerolmack. "Glassy dynamics of landscape evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n. 19 (23 aprile 2018): 4827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715250115.

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Soil creeps imperceptibly downhill, but also fails catastrophically to create landslides. Despite the importance of these processes as hazards and in sculpting landscapes, there is no agreed-upon model that captures the full range of behavior. Here we examine the granular origins of hillslope soil transport by discrete element method simulations and reanalysis of measurements in natural landscapes. We find creep for slopes below a critical gradient, where average particle velocity (sediment flux) increases exponentially with friction coefficient (gradient). At critical gradient there is a continuous transition to a dense-granular flow rheology. Slow earthflows and landslides thus exhibit glassy dynamics characteristic of a wide range of disordered materials; they are described by a two-phase flux equation that emerges from grain-scale friction alone. This glassy model reproduces topographic profiles of natural hillslopes, showing its promise for predicting hillslope evolution over geologic timescales.

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Lazar, Michael, e Uri Schattner. "Landscape evolution and hominin dispersal". Quaternary Science Reviews 29, n. 11-12 (giugno 2010): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.006.

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Kessler, David A., Herbert Levine, Douglas Ridgway e Lev Tsimring. "Evolution on a smooth landscape". Journal of Statistical Physics 87, n. 3-4 (maggio 1997): 519–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02181235.

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38

Buurman, P. "Soils and Quaternary Landscape Evolution". Geoderma 39, n. 1 (novembre 1986): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(86)90065-0.

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39

Grocholski, Brent. "Landscape evolution in a sandbox". Science 349, n. 6243 (2 luglio 2015): 42.18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6243.42-r.

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40

Phillips, Jonathan D. "Weathering instability and landscape evolution". Geomorphology 67, n. 1-2 (aprile 2005): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.06.012.

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41

Owen, Lewis A., Glenn Thackray e Chaolu Yi. "Mountain glaciation and landscape evolution". Geomorphology 103, n. 2 (gennaio 2009): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.011.

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42

Phillips, J. D. "Biological energy in landscape evolution". American Journal of Science 309, n. 4 (1 aprile 2009): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/04.2009.01.

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43

Phillips, Jonathan D. "Self-organization and landscape evolution". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 19, n. 3 (settembre 1995): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900301.

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Abstract (sommario):

Self-organization is common in earth surface systems, and related principles have been proposed as general principles applicable to geomorphic systems. Non-self-organizing behaviour is also observed in geomorphic systems, however. If a reasonable box-and-arrow diagram and associated qualitative interaction matrix can be devised for a geomorphic system, one can determine whether or not (or under what conditions) the system is self-organizing. Both self- organizing (at-a-station hydraulic geometry) and non-self-organizing (soil landscape evolution) geomorphic systems are illustrated. The development of topographic relief demonstrates the principle that landscape evolution may be characterized by both modes at different times or under different circumstances. Increasing relief, involving a mean divergence of elevations, may be self- organizing. Topographic development by decreasing relief, where elevations generally converge, is always non-self-organizing. Self-organization in geomorphology may be similar to steady-state equilibrium, in that its explanatory value lies not in general applicability, but in distinguishing between fundamentally different modes of landscape development.

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44

Limbrey, Susan. "Soils and quaternary landscape evolution". Journal of Archaeological Science 13, n. 6 (novembre 1986): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(86)90043-9.

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45

Tucker, Gregory E. "Natural experiments in landscape evolution". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34, n. 10 (agosto 2009): 1450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1833.

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46

Gilchrist, A. R., e M. A. Summerfield. "Denudation, isostasy and landscape evolution". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16, n. 6 (settembre 1991): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290160607.

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47

Campforts, Benjamin, Wolfgang Schwanghart e Gerard Govers. "Accurate simulation of transient landscape evolution by eliminating numerical diffusion: the TTLEM 1.0 model". Earth Surface Dynamics 5, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2017): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-47-2017.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. Landscape evolution models (LEMs) allow the study of earth surface responses to changing climatic and tectonic forcings. While much effort has been devoted to the development of LEMs that simulate a wide range of processes, the numerical accuracy of these models has received less attention. Most LEMs use first-order accurate numerical methods that suffer from substantial numerical diffusion. Numerical diffusion particularly affects the solution of the advection equation and thus the simulation of retreating landforms such as cliffs and river knickpoints. This has potential consequences for the integrated response of the simulated landscape. Here we test a higher-order flux-limiting finite volume method that is total variation diminishing (TVD-FVM) to solve the partial differential equations of river incision and tectonic displacement. We show that using the TVD-FVM to simulate river incision significantly influences the evolution of simulated landscapes and the spatial and temporal variability of catchment-wide erosion rates. Furthermore, a two-dimensional TVD-FVM accurately simulates the evolution of landscapes affected by lateral tectonic displacement, a process whose simulation was hitherto largely limited to LEMs with flexible spatial discretization. We implement the scheme in TTLEM (TopoToolbox Landscape Evolution Model), a spatially explicit, raster-based LEM for the study of fluvially eroding landscapes in TopoToolbox 2.

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48

Bull, Larry. "The Evolution of Sex through the Baldwin Effect". Artificial Life 23, n. 4 (novembre 2017): 481–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00242.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article suggests that the fundamental haploid-diploid cycle of eukaryotic sex exploits a rudimentary form of the Baldwin effect. With this explanation for the basic cycle, the other associated phenomena can be explained as evolution tuning the amount and frequency of learning experienced by an organism. Using the well-known NK model of fitness landscapes, it is shown that varying landscape ruggedness varies the benefit of the haploid-diploid cycle, whether based upon endomitosis or syngamy. The utility of pre-meiotic doubling and recombination during the cycle are also shown to vary with landscape ruggedness. This view is suggested as underpinning, rather than contradicting, many existing explanations for sex.

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Henriques-Silva, Renato, Frédéric Boivin, Vincent Calcagno, Mark C. Urban e Pedro R. Peres-Neto. "On the evolution of dispersal via heterogeneity in spatial connectivity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, n. 1803 (22 marzo 2015): 20142879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2879.

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Dispersal has long been recognized as a mechanism that shapes many observed ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus, understanding the factors that promote its evolution remains a major goal in evolutionary ecology. Landscape connectivity may mediate the trade-off between the forces in favour of dispersal propensity (e.g. kin-competition, local extinction probability) and those against it (e.g. energetic or survival costs of dispersal). It remains, however, an open question how differing degrees of landscape connectivity may select for different dispersal strategies. We implemented an individual-based model to study the evolution of dispersal on landscapes that differed in the variance of connectivity across patches ranging from networks with all patches equally connected to highly heterogeneous networks. The parthenogenetic individuals dispersed based on a flexible logistic function of local abundance. Our results suggest, all else being equal, that landscapes differing in their connectivity patterns will select for different dispersal strategies and that these strategies confer a long-term fitness advantage to individuals at the regional scale. The strength of the selection will, however, vary across network types, being stronger on heterogeneous landscapes compared with the ones where all patches have equal connectivity. Our findings highlight how landscape connectivity can determine the evolution of dispersal strategies, which in turn affects how we think about important ecological dynamics such as metapopulation persistence and range expansion.

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50

Twidale, C. R. "A model of landscape evolution involving increased and increasing relief amplitude". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 35, n. 1 (17 maggio 1991): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/35/1991/85.

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