Tesi sul tema "Labor market"
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1
Kang, Ik-hee. "Segmented labor markets and earnings determination in the South Korean labor market /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Testo completo
2
COLONNA, FABRIZIO. "Essays on labor market". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Chapter 1, I provide a simple empirical model to
estimates return to college, accounting for unobservable ability.
Contrary to previous results I find that
endogenous self selection generates an upward bias in OLS estimates. Corrected estimations show that Italian and US Return to college are very similar.
In Chapter 2, I study the effect of labor market
institutions on schooling choice. I introduce college decision in a
search on-the-job model, where wage offers distribution depends on
workers' innate ability and schooling level. The interaction between
workers' heterogenous abilities and labor market structure
endogenously determine both college wage premium and college
decisions. As in the classical search on-the-job model, higher labor
mobility and higher wage dispersion increase workers' probability to
reach the right tail of the wage distribution. This provide agents
with a larger incentive to shift wage distribution to the right by
attending school. The model fits US and Italian data, two countries
that present wide differences in educational achievements.
Specifically, the US presents a larger college premium, higher
enrollment and graduation rates in college. I find that the labor
markets in US and Italy differ significantly in two dimensions. The
US is characterized by i) higher job mobility and ii)higher return
of innate ability. The former accounts for around 30% of the
different enrollment and graduation rates. The latter rises the
observed college premium in US above Italy, despite the effect of
schooling on wage being higher in Italy, and can account for almost
50% of differences in educational attainment.
In Chapter 3, I develop a model of voluntary union
membership, where unions provide excludable employment protection to
members, by supporting them in case of dismissal conflicts and
enforcing higher firing costs. In Europe, where closed shops are
exceptional and often unconstitutional, membership rates
significantly vary across countries. When calibrated to match the
features of labor markets in different European countries, the model
is able to account for both heterogeneity of membership rates across
Europe and the pattern of (de)unionization observed in the 90s.
Specifically I find that membership rates i) are low in countries
where public employment protection is stronger, and/or available to
a wider fraction of workers; ii) decrease when low unemployment
duration reduces the welfare loss of a dismissal.
3
Bonleu, Antoine. "Housing market regulation and labor market regulation". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2009/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le premier chapitre montre l'interdépendance sur le marché locatif entre le formalisme procédural (FP) et les réseaux sociaux locaux. Tandis que le FP augmente le coût de résolution des conflits juridiques entre propriétaires et locataires, les réseaux sociaux présentent l'avantage de pouvoir régler un conflit sans la justice. Le FP permet de rendre plus intéressant aux yeux du propriétaire les individus appartenant à un réseau social. Le deuxième chapitre explique l'importance du soleil sur la demande de régulation du marché locatif. Les pays d'Europe du sud très ensoleillés sont attractifs de par leur douceur de vie. Cette immigration potentielle augmente la tension sur le marché locatif. Pour la réduire, les individus d'Europe du sud développent une complémentarité entre capital social local et régulation. Cette stratégie explique un équilibre méditerranéen où le capital social local et le FP sont élevés. A contrario, l'absence d'attractivité des pays faiblement ensoleillés explique un équilibre anglo-saxon et scandinave aux caractéristiques opposées. Le troisième chapitre explique le soutien pour la régulation du marché du travail par la présence de régulations sur le marché locatif. Lorsque ce dernier est très régulé, les propriétaires sélectionnent les locataires selon leur capacité à payer le loyer. Protéger les contrats à durée indéterminée oblige les entreprises à sélectionner les travailleurs et permet alors aux propriétaires de mieux estimer le risque individuel de licenciement. Nous construisons un modèle où les individus sans emploi demandent plus de régulations et de protections en dépit de l’augmentation du chômage et de la part des contrats temporairesThe first contribution studies the complementarities between the strength of social networks and the stringency of procedural formalism. While procedural formalism increases the cost of legal dispute resolution between landlords and tenants, social networks allow conflicts to be solved without recourse to justice. Procedural formalism is thus a way to provide a market advantage to local individuals embedded in dense local social networks at the expense of nonlocal agents without access to such networks.The second contribution deals with the importance of the sun on the demand for regulation in the rental market. Southern European countries with good climate amenities are attractive by their mildness of life. This potential immigration increases the pressure on the rental market. To reduce it, individuals in Southern Europe develop complementarities between social capital and local regulations. This strategy explains a Mediterranean equilibrium characterized by high levels of local social capital and procedural formalism. Conversely, the lack of attractiveness of countries with low climate amenities leads to an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian equilibrium with opposite features.The third contribution explains the support for labor market regulation by the presence of regulations on the rental market. When the rental market is very regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where non-employed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increase
4
U, U. Kwan. "Labor market discrimination against imported labor in Macau". Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880609.
Testo completo
5
Richmond, David A. "Niche competition in the occupational labor market: An ecological theory of labor market dynamics". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284273.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation models occupational wage using a fusion of the economic model of supply and demand and an ecological theory of social groups. I argue that competition between different occupations for similar workers is a key element in determining the amount of labor supplied to occupations, and therefore also determines wages. The model places occupational groups in niches within a social space composed of the sociodemographic dimensions of age, education, race, and gender. Occupations compete in their niches for members with other occupations in the niche. High levels of competition lead to lower levels of supply, and, therefore, higher wages. This approach challenges a key assumption of current approaches to wage determination, namely that human capital dimensions are the only dimensions relevant to wage outcomes, and that the effect of these dimensions is constant and unidirectional. I address several lacuna evident in previous work. The model I present is the first truly structural model of occupational interdependence. The model treats the set of occupations holistically, as a interdependent system, rather than independently. In addition, I introduce price into the theory of community ecology, which has been heretofore ignored in this work. Finally, this dissertation presents a theory which may explain the so called dual labor market wage effect. Data is taken from nine consecutive years of the Current Population Survey (1983-1991). I estimate the rate of change of supply and demand in the occupational labor market using a simultaneous equations model which incorporates the effect of competition along multiple social dimensions. I estimate both unidimensional effects of competition along age and education and multidimensional effects of competition along age, education, race, and gender simultaneously.
6
Zaveh, Fakhraldin. "Essays on the labor market". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284145.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
El mercado laboral es un tema importante e interesante en para el análisis económico. En esta tesis me
propongo aumentar marginalmente nuestro conocimiento del mercado de trabajo. En particular, me
centro en el desempleo y la productividad media del trabajo. En el primer capítulo, "Búsqueda, rigideces
y la dinámica del desempleo". Estudio las fuentes de las diferencias entre países en la dinámica del
desempleo. Sostengo que las regulaciones pueden afectar la dinámica del desempleo, como se observa
en los datos. Introduzco la regulación en un modelo estándar de búsqueda de trabajo. El modelo explica
alrededor de la mitad de las variaciones entre países.
En el segundo capítulo , "Los trabajadores heterogéneos, dinámica empresarial y la anticíclicidad de la
Productividad " , desarrollo un modelo de búsqueda de trabajo tanto con la empresa como con la
heterogeneidad de los trabajadores, que es capaz de generar un amplio conjunto de flujos de trabajo en
el nivel micro. Utilizo el modelo para estudiar el posible origen de la disminución en el carácter cíclico de
la productividad.
Por último, en el capítulo tercero, " ¿Fue la Reserva Federal o la heterogeneidad lo que cambió el patrón
cíclico de la productividad?" Utilizo el análisis de factores dinámicos para estudiar el comportamiento de
la productividad, así como el desempleo.Labor market is an important and interesting topic in the economics. In this thesis I aim to marginally increase our knowledge of the labor market. In particular, I focus on unemployment and average labor productivity. In the first chapter, “Search, rigidities and unemployment dynamics” I study the sources of cross-country differences in unemployment dynamics. I argue that regulations can affect the dynamics of unemployment as we observe in the data. I introduce regulation into a standard model of labor search. The model can explain about half of cross-country variations. In the second chapter, ”Heterogeneous Workers, Firm Dynamics and the Countercyclicality of Productivity”, I develop a labor search model with both firm and worker heterogeneity, that is able to generate a rich set of employment flows at the micro-level. I use the model to study the possible source of decline in the cyclicality of productivity. Finally, in the third chapter, “Was it the Fed or the heterogeneity that changed the cyclical pattern of productivity?” I use dynamic factors analysis to study the behavior of productivity as well as unemployment.
7
Herz, Benedikt. "Essays in labor market economics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/296801.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay, I empirically evaluate the
importance of wait unemployment. Instead of taking the next best job, a displaced
worker has an incentive to stay unemployed and wait for a vacancy that matches
his skills. Using a difference-in-difference approach for identification, I find that
this mechanism is an important component of aggregate unemployment in the U.S.
labor market. In the second essay (co-authored with Thijs van Rens), we propose
an accounting framework to decompose mismatch unemployment into different
components and analyze its behavior over the business cycle. In the third essay,
I reevaluate the evidence for job polarization in the U.S. labor market. I find that
existing evidence is biased. What really mattered for changes in the occupation
structure since the 1990s was the education-premium.Esta tesis consta de tres ensayos. En el primer ensayo, se evalúa la importancia del desempleo de espera, en el cual se asume que una persona que ha perdido su empleo, preferirá esperar una vacante que cumpla con sus habilidades, en lugar de tomar el primer empleo disponible. Usando un enfoque de “diferencias en diferencias” por identificación, se encuentra que el desempleo de espera es un componente significativo del desempleo en E.U. En el segundo ensayo (escrito en colaboración con Thijs van Rens), se propone un marco conceptual para descomponer el desempleo estructural y se analiza el comportamiento de cada uno de sus componentes en el ciclo de negocio. En el tercer ensayo, se reevalúa la evidencia empírica existente de la polarización del mercado en el mercado de trabajo de E.U. y se encuentra que la evidencia empírica existente esta sesgada. El principal factor que ha influido en los cambios en la estructura de ocupación desde los 90s ha sido la prima educativa.
8
Gaard, Søren. "Labor market dynamics in macroeconomics /". Copenhagen, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/501687815.pdf.
Testo completo
9
Miller, Conrad Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays on labor market inequality". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2014.Title as it appears in MIT commencement exercises program, June 6, 2014: Essays in labor economics Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-141).
This thesis consists of three chapters on aspects of labor market inequality. In chapter 1, I estimate the dynamic effects of federal affirmative action regulation, exploiting variation in the timing of regulation and deregulation across work establishments. I find that affirmative action sharply increases the black share of employees, with the share continuing to increase over time: five years after an establishment is first regulated, its black share of employees increased by an average of 0.8 percentage points. Strikingly, the black share continues to grow even after an establishment is deregulated. Building on the canonical Phelps (1972) model of statistical discrimination, I argue that this persistence is in part driven by affirmative action inducing employers to increase the precision with which they screen potential employees. I then provide supporting evidence. In chapter 2, I study the spatial mismatch hypothesis, which proposes that job suburbanization isolates blacks from work opportunities and depresses black employment. Using synthetic panel methods and variation across metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2000, I find that for every 10% decline in the fraction of metropolitan area jobs located in the central city, black employment (earnings) declined by 1.4-2.1% (1.1-2.3%) relative to white employment (earnings). This relationship is driven primarily by job suburbanization that occurred during the 1970's. To address the potential endogeneity of suburbanization, I exploit exogenous variation in highway construction and find that highways cause job suburbanization and declines in black relative employment in a manner consistent with spatial mismatch. In chapter 3, joint work with Isaiah Andrews, we analyze the effect of heterogeneity on the widely used analyses of Baily (1978) and Chetty (2006) for optimal social insurance. The basic Baily-Chetty formula is robust to heterogeneity along many dimensions but requires that risk aversion be homogeneous. We extend the Baily-Chetty framework to allow for arbitrary heterogeneity across agents, particularly in risk preferences. We find that heterogeneity in risk aversion affects welfare analysis through the covariance of risk aversion and consumption drops, which measures the extent to which larger risks are borne by more risk tolerant workers. Calibrations suggest that this covariance effect may be large.
by Conrad Miller.
Ph. D.
10
Li, Jin Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Learning in the labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39717.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is a collection of three independent essays that study the implication of learning on labor mobility, labor supply, wage distribution, wage dynamics, and allocations of workers under different assumptions about the nature of employer learning. The first essay develops a model of job mobility and wage dispersion under the assumption that the current employers have superior information about their workers over outside firms. The superior information of the workers does not lead to market collapse. Instead, there is a unique mixed strategy equilibrium which leads to a positive amount of turnover and a nondegenerate wage distribution. This model implies that a skill-biased technology change that also favors general skill can lead to increase both in job mobility and wage dispersion. This sheds light, on the joint evolution of job mobility and wage dispersion in the U.S. in the past 30 years. The second essay studies the wage distribution and wage dynamics under matching and symmetric Pareto learning. I develop a model that contains pure learning and pure matching as limiting cases. In addition, the model generates effects that arise from the interaction of learning and matching. In particular, the model generates an earning profile typically obtained in a Mincerian regression.
(cont.) Moreover, the model predicts that the wage residuals are more likely to be serially correlated in younger workers in industries with increasingly convex wage schedules. This helps reconcile the conflicting findings that positive correlations are found in small, homogenous samples but not large, heterogeneous samples. The third essay, jointly with Peter Schnabl, develops a, model that examines the optimal solution to the problem of assigning workers into jobs under adverse selections. Workers differ by their disutility of effort. Jobs differ by their productivity and ease of effort-monitoring. Firms would like to assign hard workers to higher level jobs because efforts on these jobs are harder to monitor. To prevent the lazy workers from mimicking the hard workers, we study the use of two instruments firms may use: requiring long hours and distorting job assignments. The model has an essentially unique separating equilibrium. In equilibrium, workers are required to exert inefficiently high levels of effort and firms commit to promote only a fraction of qualified workers.
by Jin Li.
Ph.D.
11
Canziani, Patrizia. "Labor market rigidities and unemployment". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10838.
Testo completo
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Lahey, Joanna. "Aging and the labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2005."June 2005." Page 111 blank.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is a collection of three essays analyzing the interplay between aging and the labor market. The first chapter demonstrates that differential treatment by age exists in labor markets and explores different possible explanations for this differential treatment. As the baby boom cohort reaches retirement age, demographic pressures on public programs such as social security may cause policy makers to cut benefits and encourage work at later ages. This chapter reports on a labor market experiment to determine the hiring conditions for older women in entry-level jobs in Boston, MA and St. Petersburg, FL. I find differential interviewing by age for these jobs. A younger worker is more than 40% more likely to be offered an interview than an older worker. I find no evidence to support taste-based discrimination as a reason for this differential and some evidence to support statistical discrimination. The second chapter examines more closely one of the possible reason for this differential treatment. Older workers may cost employers more in terms of potential age discrimination lawsuits. I study the effects of state and federal age discrimination laws between 1968 and 1991. Prior to the enforcement of the federal law, state laws had little effect on older workers, suggesting that firms either knew little about these laws or did not see them as a threat. After the enforcement of the federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in 1979, white male workers over the age of 50 in states with age discrimination laws work fewer weeks per year and are less likely to be hired or separated from their jobs, but are more likely to be retired (perhaps involuntarily).
(cont.) These findings suggest a story in which firms do not wish to hire older workers, are afraid to fire older workers, and remove older workers through strong incentives to retire in states where lawsuits are less of a hurdle for the worker. The third paper, co-authored with Melissa Boyle, explores the relationship between health insurance coverage and labor market efficiencies termed "job-lock." We exploit an insurance option which is bth truly exogenous to work decisions, and of lasting duration. A major expansion in both the services provided and the population covered by the Department of Veterans Affairs health care system allows us to both cleanly estimate the extent of job-lock, and also to study the impact of publicly provided health care on labor supply. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we examine the impact of health care coverage on labor force participation and retirement by comparing veterans and non-veterans before and after the VA expansion. Results indicate that workers are significantly more likely to cease working as a result of becoming eligible for public insurance, and are also more likely to move to part-time work.
by Joanna Nicole Lahey.
Ph.D.
13
Friedberg, Rachel Miriam. "Immigration and the labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12699.
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Nekarda, Christopher J. "Measuring U.S. labor market dynamics". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3336553.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 16, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 158-165).
15
Bayanpourtehrani, Ghazal. "Women, Fertility and Labor Market". OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/366.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this dissertation research, the empirical analyses are developed to investigate the role of different factors on female's fertility decisions as well as female labor force participation. This research contains two major parts related to women: first, the impact of State Children Health Insurance (SCHIP) on female's fertility decision is examined. In 1997, Congress enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide matching funds to states to provide health insurance for children who do not qualify for Medicaid. The implementation of SCHIP, however, differs across states. For example, some states provide SCHIP benefits to parents while others do not. Controlling for state and female characteristics, are women in states with more generous SCHIP benefits more likely to have children than are women in states with less generous benefits? After classifying state benefits as "generous" or "not generous" under different criteria, I do not find support that the type of SCHIP matters for future pregnancy decisions. Moreover, the association between pregnancy decisions and SCHIP do not change across ethnic groups, income levels, marital status, etc. Second, using a cross-sectional empirical specification, I examine whether female labor force participation (FLFP) in a cross-section of countries between 1985 and 2005 varies depending upon the religion practiced in these countries. I initially find that FLFP is lower in Muslim countries. However, the association between Islam and FLFP greatly diminishes once other controls are included in the regression, suggesting that Islam might not diminish FLFP as some have argued. Moreover, once these additional controls are included, the association between Islam and FLFP is similar to that between Catholicism and FLFP. Countries where Protestantism is prevalent or where no religion is practiced have higher FLFP. Besides, focusing on FLFP and using a panel data from 1980 to 2005, this study examines whether democratization is associated with subsequent labor force participation rates for women. I consider a panel to exploit the within country variation in political regimes and to employ country fixed effects that can control for cultural factors that influence both women's rights and political outcomes. We find a negative association between democratization (as measured by the Freedom House indices) and FLFP. Democratization appears to lower FLFP. Part of this finding stems from the decline in FLFP in former Communist countries. But the fall of Communism is not a complete explanation. Perhaps authoritarian regimes more generally pushed more people into the labor force to maintain higher output levels even when this was not optimal for individual households.
16
Ledezma, Rodríguez Javier Andre. "Technology progress, credit market frictions and labor market friction". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/117059.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Magíster en Economía AplicadaEste trabajo modela la interacción entre progreso tecnológico (PT), fricciones en el mercado laboral y fricciones en el mercado del crédito, con el objetivo de estudiar cómo la respuesta del mercado laboral frente al aumento del PT se encuentra mediada por el grado de desarrollo del mercado del crédito. La hipótesis principal apunta al hecho que economías con fricciones en el mercado del crédito responden de manera diferente al PT que aquellas economías sin fricciones en dicho mercado, lo que determinaría finalmente el efecto sobre el mercado laboral. Acemoglu (2001) plantea que un mecanismo de este estilo podría servir como explicación alternativa al milagro del empleo en EEUU respecto a Europa durante la década del 80. Con este propósito se desarrolla un modelo teórico de búsqueda para modelar las imperfecciones en ambos mercados, siguiendo el esquema propuesto por Pissarides (1998), aplicado en etapas sucesivas como en Wasmer y Weil (2004). En el modelo, un empresario sigue tres etapas antes de iniciar la producción de su idea de negocio: i) Recauda los fondos necesarios desde el mercado del crédito que le permita iniciar su empresa; ii) Busca un trabajador en el mercado laboral para iniciar la producción de la firma y iii) Produce el bien, el que luego se transa en un mercado de bienes competitivos. Debido a las fricciones, las dos primeras etapas toman tiempo y necesitan recursos. Cuando se inicia la producción, la firma adquiere la tecnología más avanzada disponible cuya productividad es la más alta de la economía. Esta productividad se mantiene constante hasta que el empresario decide adoptar una nueva tecnología con mayor productividad, lo que implica la destrucción de la relación laboral, y también en este modelo, la destrucción de la relación de préstamo. Los principales hallazgos muestran que a medida que crece el PT el valor del trabajo para un empresario disminuye al igual que su vida útil, no obstante, existen dos posibles efectos sobre la congestión de equilibrio del mercado laboral y sobre el desempleo. El sentido de estos efectos depende del costo total involucrado en el proceso de abrir una vacante, el que a su vez se relaciona con las fricciones del mercado del crédito. Un aumento del PT en economías donde el costo total asociado a abrir vacantes es menor que la pérdida del valor del trabajo asociado al PT, incentiva al empresario a destruir las actuales relaciones de trabajo y préstamo, disminuyendo la congestión del mercado laboral. De esta manera, en equilibrio, un aumento del PT induciría mayor reasignación laboral y mayor desempleo. No obstante, economías donde abrir una vacante es un proceso costoso mayor a la pérdida del valor de un trabajo asociada al aumento en el PT, los empresarios prefieren mantener la firma en producción hasta que sea rentable y evitan la transición al mercado del crédito. En equilibrio, la congestión del mercado laboral aumenta y existe una mayor reasignación laboral, sin embargo, el efecto sobre el desempleo depende si el efecto positivo del PT en la congestión de mercado laboral supera, o no, a una fracción del efecto negativo que el PT tiene sobre la vida óptima del trabajo. Respecto a la eficiencia del mercado del crédito, entendida como la habilidad de unir a prestamistas con prestatarios, una economía con una alta probabilidad de encuentro entre estos agentes, presenta menores tiempos de vida de las relaciones de trabajo y una mayor congestión de equilibrio del mercado laboral. Lo primero, dado que encontrar financiamiento se hace más probable, mientras que lo segundo ocurre ya que en equilibrio se ofrecerán más vacantes en busca de trabajadores. No obstante, el efecto sobre el desempleo depende de cómo se balancean estas fuerzas.
17
Jain, Rahul. "Community colleges as labor market intermediaries: a comparative case study of departmental activities in reducing labor market gaps". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37240.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Labor market intermediaries (LMIs) have taken on a greater role in regional labor markets as flexibility of work has increased over the past thirty years. These shifting roles necessitate a greater look at institutions that act as LMIs and the services they perform for workers and employers. Community colleges have recently been highlighted as one of the institutions serving workers that offer market molding activities, going beyond more traditional LMI market matching activities. This study compared four LMI placement and career activities - project based learning, internships and cooperative education, specialized accreditation, and industry advisement through councils - for five similar programs of study at community colleges in the City University of New York (CUNY) system to analyze the effects of these activities on employment placement. Greater utilization of these activities by community college departments was found in most cases to be beneficial for students as it regards employment placement in career fields related to the field of study. Activities that were successful in encouraging students to take part in forms of assessment of job-readiness, either through existing standardized testing of job skills or actual work experience, were found to be particularly valuable. These outcomes suggest that mature industries and occupations with established forms of assessment are more likely to provide a smooth transition from degree attainment to employment. Implications for community college administrators and funders are discussed.
18
Malibran, Jorge (Malibran Ángel). "Labor arbitrage : impact of offshoring in the U.S. labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80692.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2013.Title as it appears in MIT Commencement Exercises program, June 2013: Labor arbitrage : impact of offshoring in the U.S. labor market. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-36).
The rapid growth of offshoring has ignited a contentious debate over its impact on the US labor market. Between 1983 and 2002, the United States economy lost 6 million jobs in manufacturing and income inequality increased sharply [Ebenstein, 2011]. Today due to the falling costs of transportation, coordination and communication this tendency is accelerating affecting both white and blue collar workers. While there many papers that analyze the productivity increase due to offshoring practices [Mitra, 2007], [Global Insight, 2004], [Houseman, 2010], most of them just assume that this improvement is automatically translated into lower prices therefore benefiting consumers. Nevertheless this assumption only holds in price competitive markets, which is not always the case. In this paper I will challenge the assumption of price competitive markets and argue how offshoring increases within-country income inequality. In addition I will analyze the aggregated effect of offshoring in the U.S. economy through both empirical and theoretical approaches.
by Jorge Malibran.
S.M.
19
Shvydko, Tetyana Blau David. "Essays in labor economics peer effects and labor market rigidities /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics." Discipline: Economics; Department/School: Economics.
20
Schulze, Ute [Verfasser], e Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Fitzenberger. "Labor market effects of task-biased technological change and the labor market for highly educated individuals". Freiburg : Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119717337/34.
Testo completo
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Nestoriak, Nicole. "Labor market skill, firms and workers". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1855.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Coudert, Thomas. "Essays on labor market in macroeconomics". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB013/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cette thèse contribue à la littérature théorique et empirique concernant le marché du travail en macroéconomie. La partie théorique a deux thèmes majeurs : l’analyse des conséquences des coûts de licenciements sur la persistance de l’inflation et celle de l’effet de la politique budgétaire sur le marché travail en fonction du cycle économique. La partie empirique étudie les conséquences des réformes du marché travail allemands sur les partenaires commerciaux de l’Allemagne. Le marché du travail peut-il influencer les performances de la politique monétaire ? Les conditions macroéconomiques peuvent-elles influencer les performances de la politique budgétaire ? Les réformes sur le marché du travail allemand peuvent-elles expliquer les performances de l’Allemagne en matière de commerce extérieur ?This thesis contributes to both theoretical and empirical aspects of the literature on the labor market in macroeconomics. On the theoretical side, I provide insights both on the impact of labor market institutions on monetary policy and on the efficiency of fiscal policy according to the business cycle position. On the empirical side, I discuss the spillover effects of the Germany’s labor market reforms on its trade partners. How do labor markets institutions affect monetary policy? Has fiscal policy the same effect on labor market during economic downturns than during economic upturns? Can the German labor market and fiscal reforms account for Germany’s new trading performances?
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Albertini, Julien. "Labor market rigidities and unemployment dynamics". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EVRY0007/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Les rigidités du marché du travail ont souvent fait l’objet de spéculations dans la littérature en réponse à la volatilité excessive du chômage. Les questions d’économie positive mais aussi les questions normatives liées au fonctionnement des institutions du marché du travail ont animé un important débat. Cependant, les deux aspects du débat n’ont été que très peu orientés sur les interactions entre ces rigidités et la configuration optimale des institutions. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en lumière le rôle de ces rigidités sur la dynamique du chômage et de l’inflation. On s’intéresse aux sources de fluctuations du marché du travail ainsi qu’aux questions liées au financement de l’assurance chômage en privilégiant les systèmes d’experience rating. Les résultats principaux sont les suivants. Premièrement, la prise en compte de frictions d’appariement et de rigidités de salaires est cruciale pour expliquer la dynamique du marché du travail mais leur estimation révèle que les chocs spécifiques au marché du travail comptabilisent une partie importante des fluctuations du chômage et des emplois vacants, impliquant une certaine déconnection avec les autres marchés. Deuxièmement, les systèmes d’assurance chômage basés sur l’experience rating stabilisent fortement les fluctuations du marché du travail en réduisant de façon considérable la volatilité du chômage et des séparations d’emplois mais également le coût en bien être associé aux imperfections du marché du travail. La prise en compte des non linéarités de ces systèmes permet de rendre compte des distorsions dans le comportement d’embauche et de licenciement des entrepreneursThe excessive volatility of unemployment has raised an intense debate on the positive and the normative aspects of labor market rigidities and labor market institutions. However, on both sides of the debate there is little discussion on how rigidities interact with each other nor on the optimal design of institutions. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the role of labor market rigidities for unemployment and inflation dynamics. We are interested in the sources of labor market fluctuations as well as the unemployment insurance financing mode. We focus on experience rating systems. The main results are the followings. First, matching frictions and wage rigidities are crucial to explain the labor market dynamics but estimations of structural models show that the bulk of variation in labor market variables is solely explained by disturbances pertaining to the labor market. Second, unemployment insurance experience rating systems reduce considerably the volatility of labor market outcomes and the welfare cost coming from labor market imperfections. The tax schedule of experience rating is highly non linear, which induce sizeable distortions in the firms' hiring and firing behavior
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Antecol, Heather. "Gender differentials in labor market outcomes". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0023/NQ50981.pdf.
Testo completo
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Antecol, Heather. "Gender differentials in labor market outcomes /". *McMaster only, 1998.
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Mvundura, Mercy. "Menopause Transition and Labor Market Outcomes". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/38.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past 50 years, women have become important participants in the labor market. With the increase in the number of middle-aged women going through the menopause transition, the question arises as to the effect of this transition on the labor market. Previous studies have shown that reproductive cycles have a non-trivial negative effect on women’s labor market outcomes. Thus, the cessation of these reproductive cycles (menopause) should bring relief for these women. However, another body of literature asserts that the menopause transition itself has a negative effect on women’s mental and physical health and so may have a negative effect on labor market outcomes. This study seeks to explore the effect of the menopause transition on labor market outcomes. The empirical analyses are done using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, with the key explanatory variables being the menopause transition stages: premenopause, perimenopause, surgical menopause and natural postmenopause. The regressions include a control for whether the woman experienced early menopause and whether she had a hysterectomy. The first part of the study examines the impact of the menopause transition on health using depression and the scores on the activities of daily living as the measures of health status. These analyses use cross sectional data drawn from the 1995 wave of the survey for activity limitations and the 2003 wave for the depression measure. The findings of these analyses indicate that the menopause transition increases the likelihood of depression and functional limitations. The main part of the study explores the effect of the menopause transition on the following labor market outcomes: labor force participation, hours worked, full time employment, wages, and self-employment. Ordinary Least Squares, the fixed effects model, the random effects model, and the family fixed effects (siblings) model are used to examine these questions. The analysis also uses 2SLS to correct for endogeneity of the menopause variables and the Heckman two-step procedure to correct for sample selection bias. The findings show that women in premenopause are less likely to be in the labor force than women in natural postmenopause, even after controlling for life-cycle variables. The results also indicate that there are certain benefits from using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), as women who had surgical menopause and are using hormones are more likely to be in the labor force than women with surgical menopause who are not using HRT. Women in premenopause and women in perimenopause are less likely to work full-time compared to women who experienced natural postmenopause. The findings also show that there are no significant differences in hours worked by women in the different menopause stages. Women in premenopause typically earn more than women in natural postmenopause. Furthermore, women in perimenopause and women with surgical menopause are more likely to be self employed. The findings indicate that, among a generally healthy population, the menopause transition results in an increase in labor supply. However, a wage penalty is observed among women in postmenopause, when compared to women who are premenopause. The implications of the findings are that menopause should not be medicalized but should be viewed in a social and cultural context as the changes that occur during the transition may open up possibilities for positive individual development. Thus the cessation of menstrual cycles brings relief for women and results in an increase in labor supply, albeit one associated with a wage penalty.
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Han, Eunice Sookyung. "Essays on the Teachers' Labor Market". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10790.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chapter 1 begins with the motivation of my study in teachers' labor market. I employ a monopolistic screening model to show that there exist multiple equilibria in the educational system; a pooling equilibrium and a separating equilibrium. The model predicts that the pooling equilibrium is optimal only when the average quality of teacher applicants is high. Using data from the OECD, I examine the relation between teachers' earnings and teacher quality of the U.S. and Korea. Chapter 2 focuses on teachers and their career dynamics, and the data is at teacher level. Using the Current Population Survey for 2001-2010, I show that public school teachers are paid less compared to other comparable college graduates in non-teaching sectors. By studying the change in earnings after career changes, I find the evidence of positive selection when teachers move into the non-teaching sectors and of negative selection when non-teachers move into the teaching sector, which results in the decrease in the average teacher quality. Chapter 3 looks at both teachers and school districts, and I use district-teacher matched dataset, based on the School and Staffing Survey (SASS) for 2007-2008. I employ a multilevel model and a propensity score matching to identify union effects in states with different legal environments for collective bargaining of teachers. I find that collective bargaining is neither necessary nor sufficient for unions to affect teachers' well-being. I show that meet-and-confer is a popular alternative to collective bargaining and that it is an important mechanism for unions to influence teachers' non-wage benefits. Chapter 4 concerns school districts, and I use SASS district level data. I reevaluate the role of teachers unions on pay structure and districts' financial status. In contrasts to previous findings, I find that the variance of teachers' earnings is higher in more unionized settings. Moreover, I show that the financial status of districts with teachers unions is stronger than that of districts without the unions. I confirm that unionism is associated with less usage of performance pay system.Economics
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McKie, Allison Nicole. "Essays on the teacher labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39718.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis presents three empirical essays on the teacher labor market. Chapter one exploits the exogenous variation in teacher pay arising from state-mandated pay increases to identify the causal effect of teacher pay on teacher qualifications. Results suggest that, while state-mandated increases do raise teacher pay, they lead in the short run to a reduction in teacher quality as measured by the selectivity of a teacher's undergraduate institution and the probability that math and science teachers majored in these fields. This result appears to be due to the fact that, in the wake of an across-the-board pay hike, newly hired teachers are of lower quality than incumbents. Chapter two estimates the impact of state-mandated pay raises on the likelihood of a teacher exiting the state public school system. To explore the effects on the quality of the teacher workforce, the analysis also investigates whether the responsiveness of the exit decision to the pay raise varies with the subject matter expertise of the teacher, as measured by the type of degree held. The findings suggest that general pay raises tend to increase the retention of experienced teachers, particularly at the secondary school level.
(cont.) However, the strength of the retention effect varies with the subject matter expertise of the teacher and the union status of the district. In nonunion districts, the retention effects are stronger for experienced teachers with academic degrees than for those with education degrees. The opposite relationship holds in union districts. Chapter three uses a conditional logit model to investigate the determinants of a new teacher's choice of state in which to begin teaching, as a function of salary, student characteristics, and geographic proximity to the college state. The findings indicate that geographic proximity and proportion minority enrollment dominate the location decision. The overall salary level does not appear to influence the probability of a teacher locating in a state.
by Allison Nicole McKie.
Ph.D.
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Mavridis, Dimitris Alexandre. "Labor market behavior and well-being". Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0168.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ma thèse est composée de quatre chapitres distincts qui partagent un même sujet sous-jacent, celui d'étudier comment les conditions locales peuvent affecter l'offre de travail, d'autres comportements, ou bien des éléments tels que la confiance, le capital social, le bien-être subjectif (BES) et le bonheur déclaré. Le premier chapitre est intitulé " Heureux au travail? Emploi et BES en Indonésie ». Dans ce chapitre, j'étudie si travailler dans le secteur informel rend les gens moins bien lotis comparé à ceux qui travaillent officiellement. Le deuxième chapitre est intitulé d'après les résultats que j'y trouve: « Lorsque le chômage rend malheureux, le retour à l'emploi est plus rapide ». Ce deuxième chapitre estime un modèle de durée de chômage qui combine les données BES pour estimer la durée de chômage en fonction de la perte de BES lorsque les individus sont entrés au chômage. Le troisième chapitre, « Diversité ethnique et confiance en Indonésie » lie des sources telles que le recensement et des données d'enquête, et trouve que les municipalités ethniquement diverses ont des niveaux de capital social et de confiance moins élevés que les municipalités plus homogènes. Dans le dernier chapitre, j'étudie si l'inégalité de revenus au niveau municipal est corrélée au bonheur des résidents, en utilisant des données Indonésiennes. En tant qu'ensemble, ces quatre chapitres fournissent quelques conclusions sur la façon dont des conditions locales -qu'il s'agisse de la composition de l'emploi par industrie, le niveau d'inégalité locale ou la composition ethnique, peuvent affecter le bonheur des gens, leur BES, et leurs comportements, notamment sur le marché du travailMy thesis consists of four distinct chapters which have one underlying theme, which is to study how different local conditions may affect labor supply and other behaviors such as trust, social capital, subjective well-being (SWB) and happiness. The first chapter is tilled "Happy on the Job? Employment and Subjective Well-Being in Indonesia". In it, I look at whether working in the informal sector makes people worse off compared to working formally. The second chapter is titled after the result in it: "When Unemployment Hurls the Return to Work is Faster". It provides an unemployment duration model which combines SWB data to estimate how long people slay unemployed depending on how much they reported being affected when they entered into unemployment. The third chapter. "Ethnic Diversity and Trust in Indonesia" links census and survey data to find whether ethnically diverse districts arc different in terms of social capital and trust than more homogeneous districts. In the final chapter, I look at whether local inequality is correlated to happiness in Indonesia Taken together, the chapters provide a few findings that stand out when one thinks of how local conditions - be it the employment composition by industry, the local inequality level or the ethnic composition, may affect people's happiness, subjective well-being, and their behavior
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Lalé, Etienne. "Worker heterogeneity and labor market frictions". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0027.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cette thèse se compose de différents travaux en macroéconomie et en économie du travail. Ces travaux s'articulent autour d'un même thème : l'étude de marchés du travail dont le fonctionnement est entravé par des frictions d'information et sur lesquels évoluent des travailleurs se distinguant les uns des autres par des caractéristiques propres. Ces deux éléments sont indispensables à notre compréhension du marché du travail et leur prise en compte rend possible une meilleure appréhension de questions empiriques que normatives. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse se situe du côté du questionnement empirique. Il montre que combiner frictions d'information et hétérogénéité des compétences individuelles permet d'expliquer une part importante des fluctuations observées dans les flux de travailleurs entrant et sortant de la population active. Le second chapitre relève lui aussi d'une approche positive tout en considérant l'intervention de l’Etat comme l'un des mécanismes d'allocation des ressources sur le marché du travail. Il étudie la manière dont certaines politiques publiques interagissent avec les décisions individuelles de recherche d'emploi et d'investissement en capital humain et ont de ce fait pu contribuer sur le long terme aux moindres performances de l'Europe par rapport aux Etats-Unis s'agissant de l'emploi des travailleurs âgés. Le troisième chapitre se prête plus volontiers à une lecture normative. Il propose une analyse quantitative des effets des indemnités de licenciement sur l'emploi et le bien-être des individus. Pour ce faire, il se place dans un cadre où l'incomplétude des marchés assurantiels conduit les travailleurs à accumuler une épargne de précautionThis dissertation contains several lines of research in macroeconomics and labor economics conducted during the course of my phd. The unifying theme of this research is the study of labor markets that are subject to macro-search frictions and are populated by heterogeneous workers. Combining these features is important for our understanding of the functioning of labor markets, both from a positive and normative standpoint. The first chapter of this dissertation is resolutely on the positive side. It analyzes how the combination of labor market frictions and worker heterogeneity in skills can shed light on the observed fluctuations in entries into and exits out of the labor force. The second chapter is also on the positive ground, but it brings labor market policies to the fore of the analysis. Along with heterogeneity in human capital over the lifecycle, it shows how some policy tools have contributed to the divergent employment experiences of older workers in Europe and in the United States since the 1980s. The third chapter more naturally lends itself to policy implications. It provides a quantitative study of the employment and welfare effects of statutory severance payments in an economy with wealth heterogeneity reflecting the absence of perfect insurance markets faced by risk-averse workers
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Le, Barbanchon Thomas. "Essays on Labor Market Policies Evaluation". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/72/09/99/PDF/These.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the first two chapters, we estimate the impact of two labor market policies in the French context: * anonymous applications: information, such as name, gender, age, nationality and address, is erased from resumes sent to employers (first chapter). Anonymous applications limit differential treatments based on gender and counter homophily. * Unemployment Insurance generosity: job losers receive benefits to prevent revenue loss and to subsidize job search (second chapter). We show that an increase of 8 months in potential benefit duration does not affect match quality, while it slows down unemployment exits to jobs. We devote special attention to identify causal impacts and thus rely on experimental or quasi experimental evidence to perform our empirical evaluation exercises. Namely, we compare treated and control groups which are ex ante statistically identical. However, we discuss two potential caveats of microeconometric evaluations in the context of Job Search Assistance evaluation, one "practical" in the third chapter and one "theoretical" in the fourth chapter: * ex post comparability of control and treated groups when sample attrition can be different among experimental groups (third chapter); * uncontrolled contamination between control and treated group through market interaction (fourth chapter)L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter un éclairage sur l'efficacité des politiques publiques sur le marché du travail. Dans les deux premiers chapitres, nous proposons des évaluations empiriques de deux politiques publiques sur le marché du travail français: * le CV anonyme: le bloc état-civil est supprimé du CV (premier chapitre). L'anonymisation réduit les écarts d'accès aux entretiens entre les femmes et les hommes. Cet effet limité aux offres d'emploi pour lequelles à la fois des hommes et des femmes postulent semble se prolonger aux phases ultérieures du recrutement, jusqu'à l'embauche; * générosité de l'assurance chômage : une augmentation de 8 mois de durée maximale d'assurance chômage n'affecte pas la qualité de l'emploi trouvé, même si elle ralentit le retour à l'emploi (second chapitre). Ces évaluations s'appuient sur des données expérimentales ou quasi expérimentales permettant l'identification de causalité. A cet effet, nous comparons un groupe traité et un groupe de contrôle qui sont statistiquement identiques avant la mise en place du traitement. Ce cadre d'analyse n'est pour autant pas exempt de difficultés méthodologiques. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous abordons deux difficultés méthodologiques des évaluations micro économétriques des programmes d'assistance aux chômeurs: * comparabilité ex post des groupes traité et témoin en présence d'attrition différenciée entre groupes expérimentaux (troisième chapitre) ; * effets d'équilibre affectant le groupe témoin (quatrième chapitre)
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Prakash, Anila. "Three Essays on Labor Market Outcomes". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/560807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The three chapters in this dissertation look at different aspects of the labor market and its players. The first chapter estimates the impact of using the internet for job search on job match quality. Using both the semi-parametric Meyer (1990) model and the non-parametric Hausman Woutersen (2014) hazard model, the paper finds that exit rate from employment is at least 28% lower when internet is used as a job search tool. The second chapter looks at the effect of past unemployment on future wages. It is believed that employers may use past unemployment as a signal of low productivity. In this situation workers with a history of unemployment may receive lower wages. The paper uses the Machado Mata (2005) quantile decomposition technique to decompose the wage difference into differences due to characteristics and differences due to rewards. Results indicate that workers with an unemployment spell of more than three months receive at least 12% lower wages and that more than 40% of this wage difference can be attributed to the lower rewards received by the previously unemployed.. The last chapter focuses on human capital formation and looks at some of the reasons behind the low levels of schooling India. Using the Indian Household Development Survey (2005), the paper finds that income continues to be an important factor behind the low level of primary school enrollment. On average, poor students have at least 3% lower enrollment rates, when compared to similar skilled non-poor students.
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Sanches, Daniel Rocha. "Informality in labor market and welfare". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005-06-10The neoclassical growth model with two sectors in production is employed in this paper in order to investigate how a change in the tax structure affects informality and welfare. We calibrate and simulate the model and find that welfare always increases when we reduce the tax rate on the demand for labor and adjust the tax rate on the value added so that the government revenue remains constant.
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Zwiener, Hanna Sarah. "Essays on the German labor market". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17787.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diese Dissertation umfasst drei Aufsätze, von denen sich die ersten beiden mit dem Phänomen der beruflichen Mobilität von Arbeitnehmern im westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt befassen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht für Absolventen einer dualen Berufsausbildung die kausalen Lohneffekte von Mobilität über Firmen und Berufe hinweg. Die Instrumentenvariablenschätzungen, welche exogene Variation in regionalen Arbeitsmarktcharakteristika ausnutzen, zeigen, dass Berufswechsel innerhalb des Ausbildungsbetriebs einen Karrierefortschritt darstellen. Bei Jobwechseln dominiert der Verlust von firmenspezifischem Humankapital. Allerdings nimmt der Lohnverlust nicht weiter zu, wenn zusätzlich zur Firma auch der Beruf gewechselt wird. Angesichts dieser Ergebnisse dokumentiert der zweite Aufsatz Muster von beruflicher Mobilität in Westdeutschland über den Zeitraum 1982--2008 innerhalb von und zwischen Firmen. Die Häufigkeit von beruflicher Mobilität hat seit 1982 zwischen Firmen signifikant zugenommen und innerhalb von Firmen signifikant abgenommen. Die Analyse betrachtet zudem mögliche Erklärungsansätze für diese Entwicklungen, wie zum Beispiel den demografischen Wandel oder den Zusammenhang zwischen beruflicher Mobilität und Arbeitslosigkeit. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Produktmarktderegulierung und Arbeitsmarktergebnissen. Die Reform der deutschen Handwerksordnung von 2003 wird als natürliches Experiment genutzt, um mögliche Einflüsse der Abschaffung von Markteintrittsbarrieren auf selbstständige und abhängige Beschäftigung zu untersuchen. Da Zweifel an der Gültigkeit der identifizierenden Annahmen aufkommen, können die Schätzergebnisse nicht kausal interpretiert werden. Dennoch legen die Ergebnisse zumindest in Teilen nahe, dass der in der Literatur bereits dokumentierte positive Effekt auf selbstständige Beschäftigung plausibel ist, wohingegen die Reform vermutlich keinen Anstieg der abhängigen Beschäftigung in den deregulierten Berufen zur Folge hatte.This thesis comprises three essays, out of which the first two study the phenomenon of worker mobility across occupations in the West German labor market. The first essay studies the causal wage effects of mobility across firms and occupations among graduates from apprenticeship training. Exploiting variation in regional labor market characteristics the instrumental variables estimations indicate that occupation switches within the training firm involve a career progression. For job switches the loss of firm-specific human capital seems to dominate. However, the wage loss does not grow when an occupation switch occurs simultaneously. In light of these results, the second essay in this thesis studies patterns of occupational mobility in West Germany over the period 1982--2008 separately within and across firms. Most importantly, occupational mobility rates across firms have significantly increased since the early 1980s, while within-firm occupational mobility rates have significantly decreased. The essay also assesses potential explanations for these developments, such as demographic change or the relationship between occupational mobility and unemployment. The third essay in this thesis studies the relationship between product market deregulation and labor market outcomes. It exploits the 2003 reform of the German Crafts Code as a natural experiment to study how the abolishment of barriers to firm entry may affect self-employment and dependent employment. Since there are doubts regarding the validity of the identifying assumptions, the results cannot be interpreted causally. Nevertheless, the analysis at least partially corroborates the evidence for a positive reform effect on self-employment documented elsewhere in the literature, while the reform seems not to have had a positive effect on dependent employment in the deregulated crafts occupations.
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Kharbanda, Varun. "Three essays on the labor market". Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4662.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Using a three-essay approach, I focus on two issues related to the labor market: the effect of changes in regulatory costs on informal sector employment, and the role of endogeneity in the relationship between education and earnings.
In the first essay, I analyze the implications of regulatory costs on skill-based wage differences and informal sector employment. I use a two sector matching model with exogenous skill types for workers where firms have sector-specific costs and workers have sector-specific bargaining power. In general, there are multiple equilibria possible for this model. I focus on the equilibrium that best resembles the situation in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. My results show that government policies which reduce regulatory costs decrease unemployment, earnings inequality, and the fraction of skilled workers in the informal sector. The different types of regulatory costs affect the skill premium differently and non-monotonically.
In the second essay, I test the hypothesis of linearity in returns to education in the Mincer regression with endogenous schooling and earnings. I estimate the marginal rate of return to education using a polynomial model and a semiparametric partial linear model based on the standard Mincer regression. To perform the analysis, I use a control function approach for IV estimation with spousal and parental education as instruments. Results suggest that estimates not accounting for endogeneity understate returns at the tails of the education spectrum and overstate returns for education levels between middle-school and college.
In the third essay, I empirically test the claim of Mookherjee and Ray (2010), based on a theoretical model of skill complexity, that "the return to human capital is endogenously nonconcave." I estimate the functional form of returns to education for India using a semiparametric partial linear model based on the standard Mincer regression. Marginal returns are estimated to test the nonconcavity of the functional form under both exogenous and endogenous schooling assumptions. My results show that the marginal rate of return declines during primary education and increases until high school, followed by stable returns for college and higher studies. However, the test of robustness of the functional form based on uniform confidence bands fails to reject the presence of nonconcavity in returns to education for India. This lends support to the claim of Mookherjee and Ray (2010).
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Pinto, Rafael de Carvalho Cayres. "Three essays on labor market institutions and labor turnover in Brazil". reponame:Repositório Institucional do BNDES, 2015. https://web.bndes.gov.br/bib/jspui/handle/1408/7024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis consists of three papers about labor market institutions and labor turnover. The first paper deals with the effects of enforcement of labor laws on turnover among formal workers. Examining data from RAIS, the paper discusses a previously undocumented discontinuous reduction in the layoffs at one year tenure. The analysis suggest that this results from the requirement of homologation for termination of those contracts, which works as a firing cost. Firms subject to low inspection frequency respond to stricter enforcement by increasing turnover during the first year, thus avoiding the payment of evaded benefits. The second paper analyses two distortions potentially present in Brazilian labor market institutions: collusion between workers and firms to withdraw funds from unemployment insurance and FGTS, and the incentive for termination of employment contracts before one year, to avoid the homologation. The effect of these distortions on firms' turnover strategy is quantified by a model. The results indicate that both distortions have effects on the distribution of layoffs over the employment duration, but little effect on the overall turnover, productivity and efficiency. The conclusion is that the distortions are relatively unimportant when compared to the selection of suitable employees for the job positions as a driver for turnover rates. In the third and last paper, we assess the impact of these distortions on the turnover and productivity through their influence on incentives for investment in labor relationships. A new model is proposed, in which labor productivity depends on investment in human capital by the worker. The model shows that distortions leading to high turnover decrease the investment in labor relationships. The lower investment, in turn, reduces relationships' values, inducing more turnover. Thus, the existence of rents associated with turnover can reduce investment in human capital and labor productivity.Esta tese é composta por três artigos sobre instituições do mercado de trabalho e rotatividade da mão-de-obra. O primeiro artigo aborda os efeitos o monitoramento das leis trabalhistas sobre a rotatividade dos trabalhadores formais. A partir dos dados da RAIS, o artigo documenta de forma inédita, uma redução descontínua das demissões quando os contratos completam um ano. A análise sugere que isto se deve a exigência de homologação para a rescisão desses contratos, que funciona como um custo de demissão. Firmas pouco sujeitas a inspeções pelo MTE respondem a aumentos da fiscalização com mais rotatividade durante o primeiro ano, evitando o pagamento de d´dívidas trabalhistas. O segundo artigo analisa duas possíveis distorções presentes nas instituições do mercado de trabalho no Brasil: o conluio entre trabalhador e firma para a apropriação do seguro desemprego e do FGTS; e o t´término dos contratos de trabalho antes de completarem um ano, visando evitar a homologação. O efeito dessas distorções sobre as decisões de demissão e quantificado através de um modelo. Os resultados indicam que as distorções têm efeitos sobre a distribuição das demissões ao longo da duração do emprego, mas com pequeno impacto sobre rotatividade total, produtividade e eficiência. Conclui-se que a principal motivação para a rotatividade e a seleção de trabalhadores adequados. No terceiro artigo, procura-se identificar os efeitos das mesmas distorções sobre os incentivos ao investimento nas relações de trabalho. Elabora-se um novo modelo em que a produtividade depende de investimento em capital humano pelo trabalhador. O modelo evidencia que distorções que induzem a rotatividade diminuem o investimento nos vínculos de emprego. O menor investimento, por sua vez, reduz o valor da relação, induzindo mais rotatividade. Assim, a existência de rendas associadas à rotatividade pode resultar em baixos investimentos em capital humano e produtividade.
Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Departamento de Economia, Rio de Janeiro, 2015.
Bibliografia: p. [86]-89.
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Gartell, Marie. "Educational choice and labor market outcomes : essays in empirical labor economics /". Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-31043.
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Sayre, Edward Augustine. "Labor market responses to external and regional shocks /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Profit, Stefan. "Job search, regional mobility and job-matching an empirical investigation of regional labor markets in the Czech Republic and Britain /". Aachen : Shaker, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48966018.html.
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ZAVAKOU, Alkistis. "How labour market institutions in European welfare capitalisms affect labour market transitions". Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/61309.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Defence date: 22 February 2019Examining Board: Prof. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, European University Institute (Supervisor); Prof. François Rycx, ULB (Co-Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerick, European University Institute; Prof. Manos Matsaganis, Politecnico di Milano
Despite the large body of literature on labour market institutions and their effects on employment and unemployment, large gaps remain. This thesis sheds a new light to the old problem of labour market institutional design and labour market performance. It examines how labour market institutions in different European models of capitalism affect labour market transitions. It does so by employing an advanced econometric method: an event history analysis, estimating a piecewise constant exponential model. Longitudinal data are employed from three different national datasets (the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP), the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Italian Survey “Famiglia e soggetti sociali”) for the period 1990–2009. The effects of labour market institutions are estimated both at a country-level and at a comparative, pooled-country-level to increase the degrees of freedom and the variability in the independent variables. The empirical evidence suggests that institutions indeed have a significant effect on labour market transitions and this effect differs largely among different models of capitalisms, corroborating the Varieties of Capitalism approach. In accordance with the latter, the importance of non-pecuniary institutions such as trade union power, trade union fragmentation and wage bargaining is re-affirmed and substantial labour market institutional complementarities are found. This thesis advocates for an optimal, strictly positive and intermediate level of EPL in all countries; an unemployment insurance contingent on strict conditionality and high activation; while the optimal level and system of wage bargaining are found to depend crucially on the trade union power as well as trade union coordination and fragmentation. Trade union fragmentation is found to reduce all labour market transitions and have a negative effect on labour market performance.
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Galbi, Douglas A. (Dougals Aziz). "In and out of the labor market : disability, old age, gender and the functioning of the labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12599.
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Choung, Jinhee Lee. "The political economy of labor market liberalization". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3378520.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 22, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-170).
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Murray, John Angus Catullus. "Great expectations individuals, work and family /". Connect to full text, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5435.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009.Title from title screen (viewed 7 October 2009). Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Work and Organisational Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Sydney. Degree awarded 2009. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Stillman, Steven. "Labor market uncertainty, sectoral earnings, and private sector labor supply in Russia /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7391.
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Valladares-Esteban, Arnau. "Essays on labor market dynamics and policies". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284137.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aquesta tesi estudia les interaccions entre les dinàmiques del mercat laboral i l’estructura de les
famílies, i com aquestes interaccions afecten les polítiques públiques. Als EUA, s’observen patrons
molt diferents pel que fa a participació laboral, ocupació i desocupació entre les persones casades i
solteres. Fins i tot un cop es controla per la distinta composició dels dos grups, encara apareixen
comportaments molt diferents entre casats i solters en termes del mercat de treball. L’explicació
proposada en aquesta tesi és simple: la gent es comporta de manera diferent quan forma part d’una
família comparat amb quan està sola. A partir d’aquesta premissa, la tesi explora dues qüestions
fonamentals. La primera és analitzar quina part de les diferencies que observem a les dades és deguda
a l’efecte de la família. La segona tracta d’entendre com canvien les implicacions d’una política bàsica
del mercat laboral, com és l’assegurança d’atur, quan introduïm la família en l’anàlisi.
En el primer capítol, escrit amb en Sekyu Choi, documentem una diferència remarcable i estable
entre la taxa d’atur de la gent casada i la soltera, als EUA. A través d’una descomposició estàndard
de les transicions laborals, trobem quins són els canals que expliquen millor les diferències tant
en termes de gènere com a d’estructura familiar. Després, construïm un model simple del mercat
laboral, on els agents presenten diferències en termes de xocs d’ingressos, béns, gènere i estat civil.
A través del model, demostrem que la família genera dos efectes de signe oposat sobre la taxa d’atur.
Per una banda, actua completant els mercats i, per tant, reduint els incentius per treballar, el que
genera una menor ocupació i, ceteris paribus, major taxa d’atur. Per altra banda, augmenta la
inclinació dels agents a sortir de l’atur a través de no participar en el mercat laboral, cosa que
redueix la taxa d’atur.
En el segon capítol, escrit amb en Nezih Guner i na Yuliya Kulikova, estudiem les transicions
conjuntes de les parelles en el mercat laboral. La literatura empírica existent s’ha centrat en analitzar
els moviments entre ocupació i atur, ignorant la participació. Una altre característiques de
la literatura existent és que analitza individus, en canvi, nosaltres focalitzem en nostre anàlisi en
parelles. Els homes i les dones casades son diferents pel que fa a les seves dinàmiques en el mercat
laboral. Les transicions entre atur i inactivitat tenen un paper més important per a les dones que
per als homes. Per tant, tenir en compte el marge de participació és clau per entendre les dinàmiques
laborals de les parelles. Els nostres resultats mostren que el component de coordinació per explicar
els moviments de les parelles a través dels estats laborals és fonamental.
En el tercer capítol, estudio un programa d’assegurança d’atur, semblant al que està en marxa
als EUA, en un entorn on la principal font d’heterogeneïtat entre els agents és el tipus de llar on
viuen: alguns viuen sols mentre els altres viuen amb la seva parella formant una família. La principal
conclusió, es que l’assegurança d’atur beneficia als solters però no als casats. Aquest resultat no
depèn de les diferents característiques entre solters i casats. Fins i tot si els solters formessin una
família amb els seus clons, no es beneficiarien de l’assegurança. En canvi, si els casats visquessin sols,
si que la valorarien. Per tant, la principal raó per la qual els casats no es beneficien de l’assegurança
és que la família, amb els seus dos treballadors, és un mecanisme suficient de suport.This thesis studies the interactions between labor market dynamics and family structure, and how these interactions affect public policy. In the US economy, we observe very different patterns regarding labor force participation, employment, and unemployment between single and married individuals. Even after controlling for the different composition of the two groups, we still observe that married and single individuals exhibit very different outcomes in the labor market. The explanation proposed in this thesis is simple: individuals take different decisions when they belong to a family than when they are alone. Departing from this premise, this thesis assess two fundamental issues. First, the question of which part of the labor market dynamics we observe in the data can be accounted for by the family. Secondly, whether the implications of one of the most important labor market policies, the unemployment insurance, are significantly changed when we introduce the family in the analysis. In the first chapter, co-authored with Sekyu Choi, we document a sizable and stable gap between the unemployment rates of married and single workers in the U.S. economy. Using a standard flowdecomposition exercise, we account for the driving forces behind this difference both over time and across gender/household type. We put forward a simple model of the labor market, with heterogeneous agents with respect to income shocks, assets, gender and marital status. We show that the family generates two counterbalancing effects on the unemployment rate. On the one hand, because it is a completing-markets device, it reduces the incentives to work which reduces employment and, ceteris paribus, increases the unemployment rate. On the other hand, it also increases the propensity of agents to transit from unemployment to non-participation which reduces the unemployment rate. In the second chapter, co-authored with Nezih Guner and Yuliya Kulikova, we study joint labor market transitions of married couples. The existing empirical literature mainly focuses on movements between employment and unemployment, and has ignored, the movements of individuals in and out of the labor force. Another key feature of the existing literature is its focus on individual transitions among labor market states. We study joint labor market transitions of husbands and wives among three labor market states. Married men and women differ in their labor market dynamics. Transitions in and out of labor force play a more important role for unemployment dynamics of females than they do for those of males. Hence modeling out of labor force as a distinct state is critical to understand joint labor market dynamics of married couples. The results also show that joint labor market transitions of husbands and wives imply an important degree of coordination between labor market activities of household members. In the third chapter, I study an unemployment insurance program, resembling the one in place in the US, in a framework where the main source of heterogeneity among agents is the type of household they live in, that is, some agents live alone while others live with their spouses as a family. The central finding is that the unemployment insurance program improves the welfare of single households but not of married households. This result does not depend on the different characteristics between married people and singles. For single individuals living with their clones as a family, the unemployment insurance program is not welfare-improving, while for married individuals living apart as singles, unemployment insurance does improve welfare. Hence, the main reason why married households do not benefit from the unemployment insurance program is that the family, with its two earners, is able to provide enough insurance.
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Lagerström, Jonas. "Discrimination, sickness absence, and labor market policy /". Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2006. http://www.ifau.se/upload/pdf/se/2006/dis06-04.pdf.
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Thomas, Carlos. "Labor Market Frictions, Inflation and Monetary Policy". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499214.
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Schneck, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Labor market mobility in Germany / Stefan Schneck". Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013288726/34.
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ULYSSEA, GABRIEL LOPES DE. "INSTITUTIONS AND LABOR MARKET INFORMALITY IN BRAZIL". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5551@1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICONos últimos 15 anos, o grau de informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro vem aumentando quase que monotonicamente, tendo permanecido estável nos últimos dois anos em torno de 60% da população economicamente ativa. Este fenômeno impressiona não só pela grandeza como também pela persistência, levando a uma pergunta inevitável: o que está acontecendo e por quê? As instituições do mercado de trabalho são freqüentemente apontadas como uma das principais causas do seu mau funcionamento e argumenta-se que seu desenho inadequado estaria gerando incentivos à informalidade tanto para trabalhadores quanto para empregadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para o debate analisando os efeitos destas instituições sobre o grau de informalidade, desemprego e bem-estar da economia. Para tanto, desenvolve-se um modelo de matching com dois setores - formal e informal - em que firmas e trabalhadores negociam salários (através de uma barganha de Nash) e que incorpora as principais características institucionais do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. O modelo é resolvido numericamente, o que permite realizar experimentos de política não só qualitativos como também quantitativos. A partir dos resultados obtidos com estes exercícios é possível observar que variações nos custos de demissão têm impactos mais significativos sobre o grau de informalidade e desemprego do que reduções no custo não salarial do trabalho. Mostra-se também que a legislação não pode ser responsabilizada pelos elevados diferenciais de salários observados entre trabalhadores dos setores formal e informal. Ao contrário, na ausência de qualquer heterogeneidade entre firmas e empregados, o diferencial unicamente induzido pela legislação é amplamente favorável aos trabalhadores informais. Além da análise formal, é feita também uma revisão da literatura relevante.
In the last 15 years, informality in the Brazilian labor market has been rising steadily, having stabilized in the last two years around 60% of the economically active population. The magnitude of this phenomenon is impressive not only for its intensity but also for its persistence, leading to an inevitable question: what is happening and why? Labor market institutions are usually pointed as one of the main causes of informality and it is frequently argued that their poor design would be generating incentives towards informality both for workers and employers. The objective of this work its to contribute for the debate analyzing the effects of these institutions on the informality degree, unemployment and welfare of the economy. To do so, I develop a matching model with two sectors - formal and informal - where workers and firms negotiate wages (through a Nash bargain) and the main institutional characteristics of the Brazilian labor market are included. The model is numerically solved, what allows investigating not only qualitative but also quantitative effects of policy experiments. From the results obtained with these exercises is possible to observe, for instance, that variations in the dismissal costs have more significant impacts on the informality degree and equilibrium unemployment than reductions in non-wage costs of labor. Besides this formal analysis, a review of the relevant literature and of the Brazilian labor legislation is made.
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Staha, Melissa B. "Space and networks in the labor market". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 40-46).
Agglomeration economies occur when advantages are created and exploited due to the geographic clustering of firms within the same industry. We focus on one of the Marshallian microfoundational processes which produces agglomeration economies, i.e., labor market pooling. According to economic theory, advantages are created between geographically clustered, same-industry firms on the demand side, and local workers with industry-specific skills on the supply side. These advantages result in reduced labor search costs and improve the quality of matches between firms and workers. Other theories of agglomeration often cite the importance of social networks for labor market mobility. In this study, we take advantage of a strategic research site using unique data on the hiring process of high-technology companies in California. We study how spatial agglomeration interacts with labor market referral networks. Prior theories posit that space and networks reinforce each other so that firms in agglomerated industries would tend to hire people who are both local and networked. We find a subtle, multi-step process at play. Consistent with agglomeration accounts, at the first stage in which the applicant pool is formed, we find that networked candidates are more local than non-networked candidates. However, contrary to past understandings of the spatial aspect of embedded labor markets in agglomerations, on the demand side, networks are not spatially exclusionary. When firms screen these candidates, we find that networks serve as a substitute for space, with networked candidates having significantly higher hiring chances among more distant candidates. This, in essence, allows firms to geographically extend their recruiting horizon. But job offers are more likely to go to local applicants so that the net result of these two stages does not show networks as reinforcing spatial dynamics. To the extent that networks interact with space, it is in attracting skilled labor from outside of the local area, as firms in agglomerated industries do not rely exclusively on local labor markets to staff their rapid growth.
by Melissa Brianne Staha.
S.M. in Management Research