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1
Banerjee, Supurna. "Laboring Femininities: Skill, Body, and Class-making Among Beauty Workers in India". International Labor and Working-Class History 104 (2023): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547923000236.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractTea plantation workers in India have historically been a part of the feminized workforce, constituting somewhat exceptionally formal labor in a country with high informalization of women's employment. In the past decade, however, a combined fallout of neo-liberalization and globalization contextualized within the local history of varying phases of incorporation, accumulation/dispossession and shifting relations of production brought about a crisis in the tea plantations leading to closures, retrenchment, and casualization. The women workers from tea plantations joined the burgeoning casualized urban labor force. Through ethnography and interviews I traced women workers from tea plantations in West Bengal, India, who migrated to the beauty industry in Hyderabad and Delhi-NCR. The paper focuses on the construction of women's labor in the beauty industry with continuities and contrasts from the tea plantations to understand the makings of gendered labor and skill. The women's frequent invocation of femininity as skill foregrounds the woman's body as central to woman's labor and the workplace but also provides a scope to unsettle understanding of femininity as a specific and naturalized concept. Using the lens of migration from one sector of feminized labor to another, this paper interrogates the production of the feminine worker and the workplace in different but related contexts. Their reflections on their work, skill, and workplace allows us an insight into the ways in which the body as the woman and the worker is deployed as skilled/natural and how they themselves co-construct, negotiate, and subvert the construction of femininity and feminine labor in the workplace.
2
Woronov, T. E. "Doing Time: Mimetic Labor and Human Capital Accumulation in Chinese Vocational Schools". South Atlantic Quarterly 111, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2012): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1724147.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Working-class youth enrolled in China’s urban vocational schools spend years hanging out and sleeping through their classes. Rather than condemning this as a failure of the students’ ability or the schools’ pedagogy, this essay argues that attending vocational school is a form of mimetic labor in China today. Based on a year of ethnographic research in two vocational schools and theorized using Diane Elson’s value theory of labor, this essay analyzes China’s current regimes of human capital accumulation. I argue that these regimes structure nonelite education such that working-class youth generate value by laboring at the mimetic production of a school-like environment.
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Palmer, Bryan D. "“Mind Forg’d Manacles” and Recent Pathways to “New” Labor Histories". International Review of Social History 62, n. 2 (15 maggio 2017): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859017000141.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractSince the 1990s, labor history has been presented as “in crisis”. This negative evaluation is an overstatement. It has nevertheless prodded historians, often productively, to rethink the basic orientations of working-class history. This survey article explores three recent pathways to a “new” labor history: the turn to transnational and global study; the “new” history of capitalism; and the study of slavery as unfree labor. These new approaches to labor history highlight an old dilemma: how the structured determinations of laboring life are balanced alongside dimensions of human agency in understanding the complex experience of the working-class past. It is argued that we need to consider both structureandagency in the researching and writing of labor history. If an older “new” labor history accented agency, new pathways to labor history too often seem constrained by “mind forg’d manacles” that limit understandings of workers’ past lives by emphasizing structure and determination.
4
Velasco, Benjamin. "Using Marx to Understand the Working Class in the Philippines". Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives 2023, n. 1 (2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54096/rsfv2451.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the Philippines, service workers outnumber workers in industry and agriculture. Wage workers are the majority, but there is substantial nonwaged employment. Marxist categories as a relational theory of social classes can unpack these characteristics of the working class. Production relations and the labor theory of value are relevant concepts. The working class is defined by its situation—it is the propertyless mass who must sell their labor power in return for wages to the capitalist class who own the means of production. Thus, service workers are no less proletarian than industrial workers. Moreover, service workers engaged in the supply chain of commodity production—from engineers designing products to workers transporting goods to wholesale and retail employees laboring at the point of sale—all contribute to the creation of value and surplus value. Proletarianization subjugates sections of the working class and even independent producers to the industrial regime characterized by division of labor and mechanization of work. Capitalism simultaneously creates, destroys, and reconstitutes sections of the working class as it develops. For Marx, the working class is composed of the army of labor and the reserve army. The reserve army of labor is the nonwaged population or the urban and rural poor in the Philippines. They are the semi-proletariat, which connotes their similarity yet distinctiveness from the proletariat.
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Barnett, Lydia. "Showing and hiding: The flickering visibility of earth workers in the archives of earth science". History of Science 58, n. 3 (23 ottobre 2019): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275319874982.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This essay interrogates the motives of eighteenth-century European naturalists to alternately show and hide their laboring-class fossil suppliers. Focusing on rare moments of heightened visibility, I ask why gentlemen naturalists occasionally, deliberately, and even performatively made visible the marginalized science workers on whom they crucially depended but more typically ignored or effaced. Comparing archival fragments from elite works of natural history across a considerable stretch of time and space, including Italy, France, Switzerland, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Spain, and French, Spanish, and British America, this essay sketches the contours of a disparate group of people I term ‘earth workers’: laborers of very low social rank, such as quarrymen, shepherds, ditch-diggers, and fieldworkers, whose daily labor in and on the earth enabled the discovery of subterranean specimens. At the same time, archival traces of laboring lives ultimately reveal more about the naturalists who created them than they do about the marginalized laborers whose lives they faintly record. Cultural norms of elite masculinity and scholarly self-presentation in the Republic of Letters help us to understand why some eighteenth-century naturalists felt they had to publicly disavow a form of labor that would come to be recognized as a crucial and skilled part of scientific fieldwork in the modern era. Compared to other kinds of invisible labor that historians of science have brought into view, the social meaning of earth work rendered it uniquely visible in some ways and uniquely invisible in others.
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Atabaki, Touraj. "From ‘Amaleh(Labor) toKargar(Worker): Recruitment, Work Discipline and Making of the Working Class in the Persian/Iranian Oil Industry". International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547913000306.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe extraction of oil in 1908 and the ensuing construction of an oil refinery, shipping docks and company towns in southwest Persia/Iran opened a new chapter in the nation's labor history. Enjoying absolute monopoly over the extraction, production and marketing of the oil, the Anglo-Persian/Iranian Oil Company (APOC, AIOC, now British Petroleum—BP) embarked on a massive labor recruitment campaign, drawing its recruits primarily from tribal and village-based laboring poor throughout a region. But, in a region where human needs were few and cheap, it was no easy task to persuade young men to leave their traditional mode of life in exchange for industrial milieu with radically different work patterns. Those who did join the oil industry's work force were then subjected to labor discipline of an advanced industrial economy, which eventually contributed to the formation of the early clusters of modern Iran's working class.
7
Akgöz, Görkem, e Bridget Kenny. "Special Section on Productive Hierarchies in Global Perspectives: Gendered Skill, Labor Control and Workplace Politics". International Labor and Working-Class History 104 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547923000340.
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From the nineteenth century, when the new social question of women's factory labor came to preoccupy the (middle-class) public imagination, to the present times of globalized labor chains, discourses on gendered labor have been at once fluid and constitutive of labor hierarchies. These discourses and social relations affirm their centrality within processes of industrialization and workplace restructuring as well as in development policy, urban formation, and indeed, nation building. Depending on the political economy of the labor market, the images of laboring women accordingly oscillated between, for instance, helpless and exploited victims to national heroines in the service of developmental projects. At the same time, since the early nineteenth-century, the steadily accumulating social reform, labor inspection, or social scientific accounts of women's paid and unpaid labor testified to states’ and employers’ growing comfort with hiring what was and is still, in many ways, a cheap, easily exploitable category of workers, one whose profitability increased the more precarious their employment became. Such discourses and labor control practices were deeply racialized and classed. On the other side of the public imagination and employer's surveillance, women who engaged in paid work sometimes appropriated the discourses and reshaped the practices that were used to characterize their labor and judge their choices.
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Jaffe, J. A. "The “Chiliasm of Despair” Reconsidered: Revivalism and Working-Class Agitation in County Durham". Journal of British Studies 28, n. 1 (gennaio 1989): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385924.
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The role of evangelical religion in the social history of the English working class has been an area of both bewildering theories and un-founded generalizations. The problem, of course, was given a degree of notoriety by Elie Halévy who, according to the received interpretation, claimed that the revolutionary fervor characteristic of the Continental working class in the first half of the nineteenth century was drained from its British counterpart because of the latter's acceptance of Evangelicalism, namely, Methodism.It was revived most notably by E. P. Thompson, who accepted the counterrevolutionary effect of Methodism but claimed that the evangelical message was really an agent of capitalist domination acting to subordinate the industrial working class to the dominion of factory time and work discipline. Furthermore, Thompson argued, the English working class only accepted Methodism reluctantly and in the aftermath of actual political defeats that marked their social and economic subordination to capital. This view has gained a wide acceptance among many of the most prominent labor historians, including E. J. Hobsbawm and George Rudé who believe that Evangelicalism was the working-class's “chiliasm of despair” that “offered the one-time labour militant … compensation for temporal defeats.”There could hardly be a starker contrast between the interpretation of these labor historians and the views of those who have examined the social and political history of religion in early industrial Britain. Among the most important of these, W. R. Ward has claimed that Methodism was popular among the laboring classes of the early nineteenth century precisely because it complemented political radicalism.
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Zyskowski, Kathryn, e Kristy Milland. "A Crowded Future: Working against Abstraction on Turker Nation". Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 4, n. 2 (16 ottobre 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29581.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper examines digital labor and community through an ethnography of a discussion board supporting short-term digital contract workers on the Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). First, we give a thorough overview of mTurk, the crowdsourcing marketplace, and Turker Nation, a discussion board for workers on mTurk. We trace the experience of interacting with this infrastructure on mTurk as worker and employer. Following, we look at scholarship on software infrastructure and autonomous Marxist theorizations of contemporary work. We demonstrate how the labor of participating on the discussion board Turker Nation helps to counter the abstraction the infrastructure provides. We show how workers on Turker Nation use the platform to structure time, build socializing spaces at work and initiate collective organizing. In doing so, we argue that workers’ labor belies conventional class classification, such as white-collar and blue-collar labor and instead lays the groundwork for how to structure future digital workplaces. We argue that this laboring resists the assumed logic of capitalism for digital labor that subsumes and takes over workers’ lives and conclude by looking at the limitations of the community’s collective organizing in terms of agreeing on points to communicated to the public.
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Prager, Jonas. "Wage indexation and the Israeli labor market: the institutional imperative". International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, n. 3 (agosto 1986): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800030476.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Israel is a nation replete with contradictions; its economics, politics, and sociology often defy understanding. This Jewish state, located on the periphery of the Moslem world, has few natural resources of its own, while its neighbors to the south and east enjoy the benefits of oil wealth. It is geographically Middle Eastern, yet politically finds itself considered European. Its population is predominantly Asian and African, yet its political institutions and leadership, civilization, and national cultural figures are rooted in the West. Another contradiction, less obvious but no less puzzling, provides the subject of this article. In typical periods of inflation, real wages are eroded and the laboring class suffers from a reduction in its purchasing power. Yet in the inflationary economy characteristic of most of Israel's existence, the wage-earner has managed to escape the harm threatened by the ever-diminishing value of the currency. The ostensible explanation—indexed wage contracts— appear to be inadequate, for such agreements never provided full de jure coverage against inflationary erosion.
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Findlay, Eileen. "John D. French and Daniel James, eds., The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. vii + 320 pp. $54.95 cloth; $17.95 paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 57 (aprile 2000): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900302800.
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This is an invaluable volume, expanding Latin American women's and labor history in important thematic, methodological, and theoretical directions. The authors explore the lives, struggles, and consciousness of urban working women in Brazil, the Southern Cone, Guatemala, and Colombia. By and large, the essays develop a nuanced understanding of the relationship between gender and class in twentieth-century Latin America. They incorporate postmodern approaches to historical analysis as well as the classic concerns of labor history with material conditions, social relations, and working-class political consciousness. The contributors examine the multiple meanings of discourse and popular culture while insisting that it is indeed possible to recapture women's experience in some measure. They generally move beyond the dichotomy of celebrating women's heroism and denouncing sexism, instead showing how solidarity between laboring women and men could be intimately interwoven with male domination. Finally, several of the authors employ oral history in sophisticated ways, demonstrating that how a story is told can be just as important in shaping our understanding of history as the empirical detail it may seem to offer us.
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Brandon, Pepijn, Niklas Frykman e Pernille Røge. "Free and Unfree Labor in Atlantic and Indian Ocean Port Cities (Seventeenth–Nineteenth Centuries)". International Review of Social History 64, S27 (26 marzo 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000688.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractColonial and postcolonial port cities in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions functioned as crucial hubs in the commodity flows that accompanied the emergence and expansion of global capitalism. They did so by bringing together laboring populations of many different backgrounds and statuses – legally free or semi-free wage laborers, soldiers, sailors, and the self-employed, indentured servants, convicts, and slaves. Focusing on the period from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, a crucial moment in the establishment of the world market, the transformation of colonial states, and the reorganization of labor and labor migration on a transoceanic scale, the contributions in this special issue address the consequences of the presence of these “motley crews” on and around the docks and the neighborhoods that stretched behind them. The introduction places the articles within the context of the development of the field of Global Labor History more generally. It argues that the dense daily interaction that took place in port cities makes them an ideal vantage point from which to investigate the consequences of the “simultaneity” of different labor relations for questions such as the organization of the work process under developing capitalism, the emergence of new forms of social control, the impact of forced and free migration on class formation, and the role of social diversity in shaping different forms of group and class solidarity. The introduction also discusses the significance of the articles presented in this special issue for three prevailing but problematic dichotomies in labor historiography: the sharp borders drawn between so-called free and unfree labor, between the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, and the pre-modern and modern eras.
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Blanchette, Alex. "Herding Species: Biosecurity, Posthuman Labor, and the American Industrial Pig". Cultural Anthropology 30, n. 4 (2 novembre 2015): 640–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca30.4.09.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines microbial ecologies and industrial ontologies as they unfold in the animal worlds created by the American factory farm. Based in a hundred-mile radius region of the U.S. Great Plains—where some seven million hogs are annually manufactured from prelife to postdeath—it unpacks agribusiness managers’ varied modes of socio-ecological intervention once porcine overproduction causes disease to breach the indoor spaces of confinement barns. Maintaining the genetic potency of modern industrial animals requires managers to appraise how the pig has become intertwined with wind patterns, terrain gradations, and humanity. One result is that corporations are enacting intimate biosecurity protocols in workers’ domestic homes, a move that frames human sociality as a reservoir sheltering porcine disease. Workers are reimagined as a threat to the vitality of industrial hogs in ways that subtly alter the value of human livelihood and autonomy in this region. To situate how rural work became ambiguously posthuman, this essay develops a political economy of speciation. It inhabits managers’ abstract technologies that allow them to become attuned to the industrial pig as a fragile and world-defining species in need of new types of laboring subjectivity, while analyzing the postanthropocentric politics of class and value in a zone reorganized around forms of capitalist animality.
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Meléndez-Badillo, Jorell A. "Mateo and Juana: Racial Silencing, Epistemic Violence, and Counterarchives in Puerto Rican Labor History". International Labor and Working-Class History 96 (2019): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547919000188.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractDuring the first three decades of the twentieth century, a cluster of self-educated workers that called themselves obreros ilustrados (enlightened workers) sought to dominate the means of knowledge production, reproduction, and documentation. The discourses produced by this group of working-class intellectuals did not challenge but complemented the elite's contempt towards the laboring masses. In order to be legible in the “Archive of Puertorriqueñidad”—an archive crossed by centuries of colonialism, slavery, and imperial violence—these ragged intellectuals created various layers of exclusions that silenced those individuals that unapologetically upheld their Blackness. These silencing practices not only had power in the moment in which they took place but also influenced later historical production. To explore these dynamics, this paper uses the stories of Juana Colón and Mateo Pérez Sanjurjo. Both were highly-respected Black illiterate labor organizers that were absent in the historical narratives obreros ilustrados wrote about the labor movement. Ultimately, this article seeks to create counterarchives by unearthing, imagining, and retelling the lives of those that were not deemed worthy of being represented in the historical record.
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Gao, Yuan. "The Human Tide". Radical History Review 2023, n. 147 (1 ottobre 2023): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-10637175.
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Abstract This article investigates how cultural workers from the 1950s to the 1970s served China’s hydraulic engineering campaign in artworks depicting human resource extraction. Focusing on Tian Han’s drama The Caprice of the Ming Tombs Reservoir (1958) and Jiang Yunchuan’s documentary Red Flag Canal (1970), the article tells two tales of Chinese hydraulic construction to analyze the theatrical and cinematic aesthetics of socialist labor reform and rural industrialization. In China’s history of transforming water from a natural threat to a natural resource, Tian Han and Jiang Yunchuan represent the Chinese cultural workers who used their works to mobilize the masses to navigate the hostile natural environment and overcome technological insufficiency, portraying the body as corporeal machine. This mode of cultural representation went beyond revolutionary culture’s conventional task of reinforcing class consciousness. Instead, it aimed to generate and maintain the energy of the infrastructure builders to change the nature of labor in socialist industrial planning. The Chinese cultural works on hydraulic engineering draw attention to the materiality of the laboring bodies often ignored in current infrastructure scholarship.
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Holmes, Douglas R., e Jean H. Quataert. "An Approach to Modern Labor: Worker Peasantries in Historic Saxony and the Friuli Region over Three Centuries". Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, n. 2 (aprile 1986): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500013827.
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The spread of manufacture in the European countryside initiated the formation of vital and complex rural laboring groups that defy neat classification. The nature of livelihood in these rural settings furthered an integration of diverse productive involvements rather than the creation of narrow occupational niches. In the course of their labor careers, men and women moved between agrarian and industrial pursuits—weaving linen cloth, spinning silk, raising livestock, digging potatoes, tending vineyards, making bricks, mining coal, casting iron, and forging steel. In this context, livelihood was not merely an individual concern; rather, it was part of a broader household strategy, rooted in a family-based agrarian holding. The maintenance of bonds to peasant agriculture fostered familial solidarity over working-class identity. These laborers saw their destinies in the immediacy of flesh-and-blood relationships among family and kin and not in more abstract social and political identifications.
17
Shedd, John A. "The State Versus the Trades Guilds: Parliament's Soldier-Apprentices in the English Civil War Period, 1642–1655". International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (aprile 2004): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904000079.
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During the English Civil War period, parliament freed apprentices who had left their masters to serve in parliament's armed forces, thereby nullifying the postwar efforts of companies to force disbanded soldiers to return and finish their seven years of training. In effect, legislation favoring apprentices undid the traditional cooperative relationship between the English state and the guilds. By freeing apprentices who had yet to complete labor contracts, parliament made more common the practice of renegade apprentices abandoning their masters to set up shop, a problem that had plagued the guild system since its inception. The many Civil War apprentices who took advantage of these innovative state benefits can remind us that we have been too inclined to associate the unraveling of the guild system and the rise of capitalism with the bourgeoisie rather than with the laboring classes.
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Smart, Devin. "Provisioning the Posho: Labor Migration and Working-Class Food Systems on the Early-Colonial Kenyan Coast". International Labor and Working-Class History 98 (2020): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791900019x.
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AbstractEngaging questions about social reproduction, migrant labor, and food provisioning, this article examines the emergence of a working-class food system on the coast of Kenya during the early decades of the twentieth century. Like elsewhere in Africa, labor migrants in Kenya's port city of Mombasa and on nearby plantations were provisioned with food rations, which were part of what Patrick Harries calls a “racial paternalism” that structured many labor relations during the colonial period. The article starts in rural Kenya, but then follows labor migrants to their places of employment to examine the formation of this new food system. In upcountry rural societies, women had primarily produced and then exclusively prepared their communities’ food. However, as migrants, men received a ration (posho) of maize meal or rice as part of their pay, used their cash wages to purchase foodstuffs from nearby markets, and some plantation workers were also able to grow their own vegetables on plots allocated by their employers. After acquiring their food through these wage-labor relations, men then had to cook their meals themselves. In addition the cuisine created by labor migration was one of extreme monotony compared to what these migrants ate in their rural communities, but I also show how food became a point of conflict between management and labor. The article demonstrates how workers successfully pressured their employers to improve the quantity and quality of their rations from the 1910s to the 1920s, while also raising their wages that allowed them to purchase better food. I additionally argue that during this period an “urban” or “rural” context did not fundamentally define how migrant workers acquired their food, as those laboring in both city and countryside received these rations. However, the article concludes by examining how after 1930, economic transformations changed Mombasa's food system so that workers became almost entirely reliant on cash and credit as the way they acquired their daily meals, while paternalism continued to infuse the food systems of rural migrant laborers. In sum, this article is a local study of coastal Kenya that is also concerned with global questions about how food provisioning fits into the social reproduction of working classes in industrial and colonial capitalism.
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Cantwell, Christopher D. "Sherri Broder,Tramps, Unfit Mothers, and Neglected Children: Negotiating the Family in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. 259 pp. $42.50 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 68 (ottobre 2005): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547905270230.
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With the relatively recent renovation of the American welfare system, the current dispute over faith-based organizations administering federal aid, and the wanton usage of the term family values in political discourse, few can deny that debate over the family, welfare, and the state remains heated. To add greater depth and nuance to this debate, Sherri Broder has delved into the complex relationships between the subjects and objects of social reform in late-nineteenth century Philadelphia. She explores how wealthy reformers, evangelical rescue workers, the labor movement, and laboring people “all drew on the discourse of the family”—which revolved around contested definitions of what constituted a tramp, unfit mother, or neglected child—“to define themselves variously as gendered members of different social classes, as respected family and community members, as political actors, and as people with claims on the state, the police, and public and private social services”(6). Utilizing local and national labor periodicals, the published works of charity organizations and individual reformers, and the institutional records of the Pennsylvania Society to Protect Children from Cruelty (SPCC) and the pseudonymous “Haven for Unwed Mothers and Infants,” Broder moves topically throughout five chapters dissecting different components of Philadelphia's discourse on the family.
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Solorzano Gutiérrez, Alejandra. "Mapa de empatía en docentes del Centro de Atención Múltiple sobre la infraestructura educativa en San Felipe, Guanajuato." DIVULGARE Boletín Científico de la Escuela Superior de Actopan 8, n. 15 (5 gennaio 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/esa.v8i15.6455.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Este articulo tiene la finalidad de visualizar a través de un mapa de empatía como herramienta de cuestionamiento, una visualización y comprensión hacia los docentes sobre la situación física y emotiva en la que laboran dentro en el ámbito de la educación especial, área encargada de la atención del alumnado con capacidades diferentes, dimensionado dentro de una comunidad rural en el estado de Guanajuato, México. Los docentes ofrecerán una perspectiva ocupacional de su quehacer profesional dentro del salón de clases y las experiencias que asimilan de este y como la infraestructura educativa influencia en su labor.
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Chacón, Ramón D. "Rural Educational Reform in Yucatán: From the Porfiriato to the Era of Salvador Alvarado, 1910-1918". Americas 42, n. 2 (ottobre 1985): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007209.
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The majority of leaders who participated in the 1910 Mexican Revolution agreed that educational reform was essential if the laboring classes were to be assimilated into Mexican society. Despite these deepfelt concerns, in the arena of social reform, education during the years 1910-1920 played a tertiary role behind agrarian and labor reform, issues which received the greatest national attention. Thus, at the national level education failed to attract serious reform until the 1920s. There were, however, other reasons that explain the lack of support for educational change. The political instability that existed due to revolutionary internecine warfare, the shortage of revenues, and the lack of a national education policy further obstructed an educational reform movement. The shortcomings in governmental direction were compounded even more because in 1914 the central government adopted an educational policy of decentralization that gave the states control over education. This experiment in decentralization, lasting from 1914 to 1920, was a fiasco and left little doubt that the national government should assume control over education.
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Browder, Dorothea. "WORKING OUT THEIR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS TOGETHER: WORLD WAR I, WORKING WOMEN, AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE YWCA". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, n. 2 (aprile 2015): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000814.
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AbstractThis article examines how a group of Black and White YWCA staff members seized the opportunities of World War I to advance a racial justice agenda through Young Women's Christian Association programs for working women. First, they created YWCA program work for thousands of Black working women that paralleled the YWCA's Industrial Program, which followed YWCA segregation policies. Second, they made claims for social justice based on Black women's labor contributions, in contrast to both earlier reformers' focus on elite Black women and other wartime activists' focus on soldiers' service. Finally, in a period best known for White people's violent resistance to Black advances, they fostered a program culture and structures that encouraged White working-class women to view African American coworkers as colleagues and to understand racial justice as part of a broader social justice agenda. Arguing that interracial cooperation among working people was crucial to social progress, they made African American laboring women and White working-class allies both symbolically and literally crucial to wartime and postwar civil rights efforts. Their efforts contribute to our understanding of the changing discourse of “respectability” and the impact of World War I on the Black Freedom Struggle.
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León, Eloy. "Estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas en clases de evolución biológica". Telos 21, n. 1 (7 gennaio 2019): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36390/telos211.08.
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Las estrategias de enseñanza utilizadas por docentes en las clases de biología para que aprendan los estudiantes son diversas, desde las recomendadas para promover las habilidades cognitivas hasta aquellas que ayudan a comprender los fenómenos naturales. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo, se consideraron las estrategias de enseñanza propuestas por Díaz y Hernández (2002). La investigación tiene un alcance descriptivo. Además, el objetivo específico es identificar las estrategias utilizadas en las clases de evolución biológica por los docentes, ubicados en la ciudad de Maracaibo (Venezuela). Se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico de tipo por conveniencia, constituida por un total de 24 docentes, que laboran en colegio de media general del sector privado ubicados en la parroquia de Juana de Ávila específicamente en la zona norte de Maracaibo, para los puntos: Avenida Fuerzas Armadas, Milagro norte y Urbanización la Trinidad, tomados en cuenta bajo los siguientes criterios: licenciatura de Educación Mención Biología, localizados en la ciudad de Maracaibo (Venezuela), activos en la labor pedagógica y con un mínimo de dos años de experiencia impartiendo clases de evolución biológica en la materia de Biología a nivel de media general. La técnica utilizada para la recolección de los datos fue una encuesta; empleando el instrumento con escala de estimación, con cuatro alternativas de respuestas. Las ilustraciones y las preguntan intercaladas, tuvieron el mayor porcentaje para la opción Siempre y las gráficas presentaron el mayor porcentaje para la opción Nunca y con una media aritmética más baja.
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Brown, Carolyn. "Race and the Construction of Working-Class Masculinity in the Nigerian Coal Industry: The Initial Phase, 1914–1930". International Labor and Working-Class History 69, n. 1 (marzo 2006): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000032.
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This article examines the impact of the capitalist economy, colonial rule, and wage labor on African masculinity and how African ideas about manhood impacted behavior and expectations of work in the coal mines of the Enugu Government Colliery in southeastern Nigeria from 1914 until the great depression. These mines were a “site” where racism became a crucial part of British strategies to control African labor and is one of the first places African workers experienced the “colonial masculinity” of racist white bosses. Both the workplace and the development of the city of Enugu encouraged subordinate local men (local slaves, unmarried men, poor men) to challenge the hegemony of powerful elite rural men in the form of rural revolts by men pressed into the mines and waves of industrial protest against conditions in the mines. Coalminers' presence in and political ties to rural villages led them to push for increased wages used to enhance their standing as men in their communities. Also, both the material and ritual requirements of rural male status and the masculine ethos of coalmining figured critically in workers' assessments of a “just” wage and respectful working conditions. Finally, miners drew strength from their position as “modern,” self-improving rural men to challenge racist (the African “boy”) and emasculating treatment in the mines. At the same time working men drew strength from their jobs in a “modern” industry (and the income they generated) to challenge the power of authoritarian colonial chiefs and elite men in the rural village. The article suggests that by factoring race and masculinity into the analysis of African laboring men scholars can gain new insights into the consciousness of workers.
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Stavig, Ward. "Continuing the Bleeding of These Pueblos Will Shortly Make Them Cadavers: The Potosi Mita, Cultural Identity, and Communal Survival in Colonial Peru". Americas 56, n. 4 (aprile 2000): 529–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029837.
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The exploitation of Andean villagers under the forced labor regime for the mines of Potosi is almost as infamous as the silver they extracted from the cerro rico is famous. Established by Viceroy Toledo in the 1570s, the mita, as the system of forced labor was known, remained in place until the smoke and shot of Latin American independence struggles were in the air. For over two centuries, Spain forced thousands upon thousands of naturales (a common colonial term for indigenous people) from communities throughout the southern Andean highlands to lend their muscle and sweat, and all too often their blood and their lives, to keep Potosi's veins open and flowing. Through this work the mitayos and their communities not only drove the colonial economy, but also were a major force in sustaining the Spanish empire and in helping forge the modern world's dominant economic system. Conversely, mita exploitation threatened the very survival of the communities subject to it. The mita was so onerous that virtually all indigenous peoples subject to the labor draft, regardless of ethnicity or class, raised an almost continuous voice of protest from their communities against the mita and its abuses. Tensions created by the mita also severely strained the bonds that linked community, curaca, and the state, which were primary ingredients in the social glue that kept colonial Andean society from coming apart. To avoid descending into the mines, and to escape such horrors as laboring over mercury vapors, many people permanently fled their communities, giving up the status of originarios (community members with rights such as access to land and subject to state obligations) to become forasteros (indigenous person not living in community of origin, or descendant of the same, without communal rights but exempt from many state obligations). In this way the mita, one of the few forces that had potential for uniting Andean peoples in opposition to the state also fractured them. Communal solidarity was severely strained and neither the shared experience of the mita nor the commonality of experience in Potosi created sufficient cohesion to overcome the ethnic and regional differences that divided them.
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Gimovsky, Alexis C., Brianne Whitney, Dennis Wood e Stuart Weiner. "Fetal myocardial index during labor". Prenatal Cardiology 6, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2016): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcard-2016-0007.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: The Myocardial Performance Index (MPI) is a Doppler derived myocardial function tool and can be used to evaluate systolic and diastolic function in fetuses. The objectives of this study were to investigate the MPI during labor and compare it to values in non-laboring women. METHODOLOGY: 40 women with uncomplicated, term, singleton pregnancies were recruited to this prospective observational study at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Controls were a retrospective cohort of women > 34 weeks who underwent third trimester fetal echocardiography. Fetal left and right sided isovolumic contraction time, isovolumic relaxation time and ejection time were recorded before, during and after contractions. Right and left sided MPI was then calculated. RESULTS: Laboring patients and non-laboring patients were comparable for age, race, gravidity and parity. During labor the average left MPI was 0.63 ± 0.17 and the average right MPI was 0.62 ± 0.20. The coefficient of correlation between MPI and cervical dilation was 0.15 for left MPI Index and 0.14 for right MPI. When comparing non-laboring to laboring women, the average left MPI for non-laboring women was 0.34 ± 0.04, p = <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial Performance Index is a non-invasive, easily attainable measure of cardiac function that can be obtained during labor and does not change with cervical dilation. MPI is significantly different between laboring and non-laboring women. The fetal MPI may help define fetal status in labor.
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Tweedy, Amy J. "Laboring lesbians: Queering emotional labor". Journal of Lesbian Studies 23, n. 2 (14 gennaio 2019): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2019.1521646.
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Money, Duncan. "Race and Class in the Postwar World: The Southern African Labour Congress". International Labor and Working-Class History 94 (2018): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754791800011x.
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AbstractUnderstandings of class have often been highly racialized and gendered. This article examines the efforts of white workers’ organizations in Southern Africa during the 1940s to forge such a class identity across the region and disseminate it among the international labor movement. For these organizations, the “real” working class was composed of white men who worked in mines, factories, and on the railways, something pertinent to contemporary understandings of class.The focus of these efforts was the Southern African Labour Congress, which brought together white trade unions and labor parties and sought to secure a place for them in the postwar world. These organizations embodied the politics of “white laborism,” an ideology which fused political radicalism and white domination, and they enjoyed some success in gaining acceptance in the international labor movement. Although most labor histories of the region have adopted a national framework, this article offers an integrated regional labor history.
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Schulzke, Marcus. "Laboring in Cyberspace". International Journal of Technoethics 2, n. 3 (luglio 2011): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2011070105.
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This paper examines property relations in massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs) through the lens of John Locke’s theory of property. It argues that Locke’s understanding of the common must be modified to reflect the differences between the physical world that he dealt with and the virtual world that is now the site of property disputes. Once it is modified, Locke’s theory provides grounds for recognizing player ownership of much of the intellectual material of virtual worlds, the goods players are responsible for creating, and the developer-created goods that players obtain through an exchange of labor or goods representing labor value.
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Tanjung, Wiwi Wardani, Tetty Misbah e Eva Yusnita Nasution. "Effect of SP6 Acupressure on First-Period Labor Pain". International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) 3, n. 1 (31 luglio 2023): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55299/ijphe.v3i1.503.
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The process of labor begins with uterine contractions that cause pain and discomfort in laboring mothers. The main problem in laboring mothers is pain. Pain is a single sensation caused by a specific stimulus that is subjective and different for each individual. One of the non-pharmaceutical therapies for overcoming labor pain is acupressure. The aim is to determine the effect of SP6 acupressure on labor pain during the first stage at the Midwife Clinic Nelly M. Harahap Padangsidimpuan City. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental research method (pseudo-experiment) using a Pretest posttest only design. The number of samples in this study was 20 respondents. sampling method using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately. The results of the study found labor pain before the SP6 Acupressure action in laboring mothers at time I with a mean of 6.65 and after the SP6 Acupressure action in laboring mothers at time I with a mean value of 3.05. This study concludes that there is an effect of Acupressure SP6 on labor pain at time I with a p-value of 0.002. It is recommended that laboring women gain knowledge and experience in the implementation of Acupressure SP6 on labor pain at stage I.
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Sulistyowati, Nining. "Music Therapy Reduces Pain In Labor". Jurnal EduHealth 14, n. 02 (16 giugno 2023): 940–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54209/jurnaleduhealth.v14i02.2310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Labor and birth are normal physiological processes. Labor pain is a physiological condition. Pain that occurs can affect the mother's condition in the form of fatigue, fear, worry and cause stress. then an effort is needed to reduce pain in laboring mothers, one of which is Music Therapy. Music therapy can be done by laboring mothers. Music therapy is useful in laboring mothers in reducing labor pain. This study aims to determine the effect of classical music therapy on labor pain in the first stage. This type of research is quantitative research with quasy experimental Designs with One Group Pretest Posttest design. The population in this study were all 30 laboring mothers. Sample technique using total sampling. With a sample of 30 respondents. The research was conducted from March to April 2023. Data analysis used wilcoxon test. The results of the study obtained the pain intensity of respondents before the intervention was averaged 3.20 with a standard deviation of 0.610. While the average pain intensity of respondents after the intervention was 2.47 with a standard deviation of 0.507. From the statistical test, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect between pain intensity before intervention and after intervention (p value = 0.000 <0.05). From the results of this study, it is known that music therapy is effective in reducing the intensity of pain in labor phase I.
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Miklaucic, Shawn. "Histories of Labor, Laboring With History". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 1, n. 2 (maggio 2001): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153270860100100207.
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Pardo Pedraza, Diana. "Sensory Co-laboring". Environmental Humanities 15, n. 3 (1 novembre 2023): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-10745968.
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Abstract Demining has not been an exclusively human affair. Mine detection dogs have been indispensable in the work of detection and in the slow but essential effort to regain trust in mine-suspected landscapes. Famously renowned for their extraordinary sensory perception, physical strength, and mental traits, they are part of human-nonhuman units training and working together to perceive explosives’ odors. This article considers the role of these units, known in Colombia as binomios caninos, in the strenuous task of mine clearance. Drawing on eighteen months of ethnographic engagement with global and local humanitarian demining efforts in Colombia, it examines detection choreographies and daily interactions, proposing to think of their joint work in terms of sensory co-laboring. Bringing anthropological work on collaboration between worlds, sensory labor, and animal work into dialogue, this composite term foregrounds detection as labor and as a result of human-nonhuman cooperation. It also highlights the asymmetrical field in which these collaborators converge and the divergent desires, affects, and attachments that mobilize their participation in demining. Mine detection is conceptualized as a sensory task through which dogs and humans intra-act, both together and apart. Recognizing this partial connection allows us to rethink how humans and other creatures are ontologically reconstituted and how overlapping histories of warfare and humanitarianism, legacies of animal behavioral practice, and instrumental-affective interactions shape these reconstitutions.
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Roy, Indrajit. "Class Politics and Social Protection: A Comparative Analysis of Local Governments in India". Journal of South Asian Development 14, n. 2 (2 luglio 2019): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174119854606.
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Dramatic differences in the quality of human life are a prominent feature of today’s world. In response, many governments and international development agencies have begun to formulate and implement agendas for social protection. Nevertheless, the outcomes of such initiatives remain vastly varied.What explains such variations? In this article, I direct attention to the role of class politics in shaping the implementation of social protection by local governments that implement India’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Based on a synthesis of official data, interviews with beneficiaries of social protections and elites, and direct observations in two Indian States, the author illustrates the ways in which variations in class politics influence the supply of employment works.This article departs from existing analysis of factors that favour the implementation of social protections, namely commitment of bureaucrats and politicians, political party linkages and clientelism, and civil society activism. It also nuances extant class-focused analysis which tend to adopt a polarized model of class conflict between dominant classes and the laboring poor. This article, by contrast, appreciates the conflicts within dominant classes, and emphasizes the role of coalitions and competitions between elite fractions.Where elite fractions successfully co-opt or eliminate one another, they successfully sabotage the labour-friendly MGNREGA. On the other hand, where elite fractions conflict with one another, labour-friendly programs such as the MGNREGA have a chance of being implemented. However, the transformative aspect of the program’s intent, in terms of dissolving the relations of power that bolster poverty, appears to be more in evidence in localities where precarious elites align with the laboring poor to challenge the influence of the entrenched elites. As we examine alternative means of addressing the dramatic differences in the quality of life that continue to blight the contemporary world, the imperative to analyze class politics becomes greater than ever before.
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Sharp, Lesley A. "Laboring for the Colony and Nation". Critique of Anthropology 23, n. 1 (marzo 2003): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x03023001813.
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Throughout the colonial era in Francophone Africa, male youth were prime targets for exploitative labor practices, and Madagascar stands as an especially pertinent example, where young men and boys were regularly forced to serve the French empire as foot soldiers and corvée laborers. Their work efforts – and lives – were essential to the defense of France in wartime; further, it is they who built the complex infrastructure that simultaneously served the needs of the island’s domestic army, foreign-owned plantations and a colonial administrative network. Colonial policies were driven, too, by the ideological assumption that manual labor would prove transformative to Malagasy, among whom such experiences were believed to implant a new enthusiasm for capitalist production. From a Malagasy perspective, however, enforced labor practices were simply poorly disguised forms of enslavement. The legacy of these oppressive practices proved troubling to subsequent efforts at nation building where, again, youth – and especially, educated secondary students – were conceived of as embodying the future of the independent state. This article explores the interconnectedness of nationalism, labor ideology and youth culture, where secondary school students’ politicized understandings of the past prove central to their contemporary readings of personal and national independence in Madagascar.
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Fareed, Perveena, Suzaira Bashir e Sameer Ahmed Lone. "Hazards and benefits of elective induction of labor at term". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, n. 9 (27 agosto 2020): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203831.
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Background: The objective of this study was to compare the rates of caesarean section and neonatal outcome in patients with elective induction of labor compared to patients with spontaneous onset of labor.Methods: Authors studied 200 patients with 100 in elective induction group and 100 in spontaneous onset laboring group. Two groups were compared with respect to demographic profile, basic examination, ultrasound findings, P/A, P/V findings, duration of labor, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome.Results: Various parameters like age residence, per abdominal findings were comparable in two groups. Labor was not prolonged in study group compared to control group. Rate of caesarean section remained high in induction group (21%) in comparison to spontaneous laboring group (4%). Rate of instrumental deliveries did not differ significantly between the groups. 5 min Apgar score did not vary significantly; however, the NICU admission was higher in induction group compared to spontaneous laboring group. Duration of hospital stay was longer in study group.Conclusions: Elective induction of labor has higher rates of caesarean deliveries. NICU admission was also longer in induction group.
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Tussey, Christina Marie, Emily Botsios, Richard D. Gerkin, Lesly A. Kelly, Juana Gamez e Jennifer Mensik. "Reducing Length of Labor and Cesarean Surgery Rate Using a Peanut Ball for Women Laboring With an Epidural". Journal of Perinatal Education 24, n. 1 (2015): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.24.1.16.
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ABSTRACTOne strategy for reducing the primary cesarean surgery rate and length of labor is using a peanut-shaped exercise ball for women laboring under epidural analgesia. A randomized, controlled study was conducted to determine whether use of a “peanut ball” decreased length of labor and increased the rate of vaginal birth. Women who used the peanut ball (n = 107) versus those who did not (n = 91) demonstrated shorter first stage labor by 29 min (p = .053) and second stage labor by 11 min (p < .001). The intervention was associated with a significantly lower incidence of cesarean surgery (OR = 0.41, p = .04). The peanut ball is potentially a successful nursing intervention to help progress labor and support vaginal birth for women laboring under epidural analgesia.
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Hickman, Louise, e Cynthia Bennett. "Access Work: Laboring with Non-Innocent Authorization". Interactions 30, n. 4 (28 giugno 2023): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3603494.
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This forum focuses on the conditions and futures of the labor underpinning technology production and maintenance. We welcome standalone articles as well as interviews and conversations about all tech labor within the global supply chain of digital technologies. --- Seyram Avle and Sarah Fox, Editors
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Davies, Jeremy, Roshan Fernando, Andrew McLeod, Sonia Verma e Philip Found. "Postural Stability following Ambulatory Regional Analgesia for Labor". Anesthesiology 97, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2002): 1576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200212000-00033.
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Background The safety of mobilization following low-dose regional analgesia in parturients remains controversial. Previous studies have demonstrated preserved balance function despite clinically elicited sensory deficits. The aim of this study was to use the Balance Master 6.1, a device capable of real-time analysis of ambulation, to score the performance of basic maneuvers following initiation of low-dose combined spinal-epidural analgesia in laboring women compared with pregnant and nonpregnant controls. Methods Using the Balance Master, balance function during the performance of several simple tasks, including walking and standing up from a sitting position, was evaluated in a prospective, controlled, observational study with 50 laboring women after combined spinal-epidural analgesia compared with 50 pregnant and 50 nonpregnant controls. Results Nonpregnant women scored significantly better results in 6 of the 13 measured balance function parameters compared with both the combined spinal-epidural and pregnant control groups. Compared with the nonpregnant subjects, the pregnant groups generated less force standing up from the sitting position (P < 0.0001), walked more slowly (P = 0.0067), and took shorter steps (P < 0.0001). They also took longer to step up onto and over a 20-cm-high obstacle (P < 0.0001), and they generated less force while stepping up. Initial spinal analgesia in laboring women did not significantly affect performance in comparison to the pregnant controls. Thirty-four percent of women in the combined spinal-epidural group required supplemental epidural analgesia following the initial spinal injection (n = 17) before testing; they had significantly impaired balance function in four tests compared with those receiving a spinal injection only (n = 33). Conclusions Being pregnant at term significantly affects balance function, although initial low-dose spinal-epidural analgesia does not impair function further. Subsequent supplemental epidural analgesia may have a detrimental effect on balance, but properly designed studies are awaited to confirm this. This study supports the practice of allowing laboring women with initial low-dose spinal-epidural analgesia to ambulate, but indicates that further studies need to be conducted on the effects of subsequent epidural supplementation.
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Tissot van Patot, Martha C., Andrew J. Murray, Virginia Beckey, Tereza Cindrova-Davies, Jemma Johns, Lisa Zwerdlinger, Eric Jauniaux, Graham J. Burton e Natalie J. Serkova. "Human placental metabolic adaptation to chronic hypoxia, high altitude: hypoxic preconditioning". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): R166—R172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2009.
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We have previously demonstrated placentas from laboring deliveries at high altitude have lower binding of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) to DNA than those from low altitude. It has recently been reported that labor causes oxidative stress in placentas, likely due to ischemic hypoxic insult. We hypothesized that placentas of high-altitude residents acquired resistance, in the course of their development, to oxidative stress during labor. Full-thickness placental tissue biopsies were collected from laboring vaginal and nonlaboring cesarean-section term (37–41 wk) deliveries from healthy pregnancies at sea level and at 3,100 m. After freezing in liquid nitrogen within 5 min of delivery, we quantified hydrophilic and lipid metabolites using 31P and 1H NMR metabolomics. Metabolic markers of oxidative stress, increased glycolysis, and free amino acids were present in placentas following labor at sea level, but not at 3,100 m. In contrast, at 3,100 m, the placentas were characterized by the presence of concentrations of stored energy potential (phosphocreatine), antioxidants, and low free amino acid concentrations. Placentas from pregnancies at sea level subjected to labor display evidence of oxidative stress. However, laboring placentas at 3,100 m have little or no oxidative stress at the time of delivery, suggesting greater resistance to ischemia-reperfusion. We postulate that hypoxic preconditioning might occur in placentas that develop at high altitude.
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Sharma, Sudha, Vinay Menia, Jyoti Bedi e Sonica Dogra. "Labor Analgesia: An Unmet Right of Laboring Women in India". Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 5, n. 1 (2013): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1214.
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ABSTRACT Labor pain has been described as one of the worst pain experienced by women in their lives. Medical science has made a continuous effort in this field to find a better method to alleviate the pain of labor. Since the historical use of ether for labor analgesia (1847) various pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods for labor analgesia have been evolved, each having its own merits and demerits. But even today the hunt by medical science continues to find an ideal method for labor analgesia (simple, cheap, effective, easily available, and free of side effects). To date neuroaxial/regional analgesia remains the gold standard method for labor analgesia. More than 5 decades have passed since the establishment of its effectiveness and safety profile but even today it is not available to most laboring women in India, and the concept of labor analgesia is like a fairy tale story to them. High patient load in hospitals, high cost of equipment and poor doctor/patient ratio are important obstacles for this. Thus, providing labor analgesia which is a right of every woman remains an unmet need. How to cite this article Sharma S, Menia V, Bedi J, Dogra S. Labor Analgesia: An Unmet Right of Laboring Women in India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2013;5(1):26-32.
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Ban, Zhuo. "Laboring Under the Cross". Management Communication Quarterly 31, n. 2 (29 novembre 2016): 230–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318916680905.
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This study used Bakhtinean dialogism and contrapuntal analysis to examine how organizational identity in a Christian house church in China emerged through the interplay of competing discourses. I identified three sets of tensions: (a) religiosity versus secularity, (b) profit versus service, and (c) labor versus management. Church organizers and core members used many strategies to mitigate these tensions, including selection, separation, integration, and transcendence. Marginalized workers further complicated this discursive tension in resistance to a managerial monologue. The collective identity of the house church emerged from the interplay of competing discourses and was marked with complexity, contradictions, and dynamism. This research offers empirical evidence of how identity is constructed through interactions among diverse organizational members. It also contributes to the literature by focusing on the resistive voices of workers and subsequently expands the typology of tension management strategies beyond tension reduction and consent.
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Ayu Nurjannah, Triastika, Kurniaty Ulfah e Chris Sriyanti. "EFFECTIVENESS OF NIPPLE STIMULATION ON LABOR PROGRESS : EVIDENCE BASED CARE REPORT". INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERPROFESSIONAL HEALTH COLLABORATION AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT 5, n. 2 (3 giugno 2024): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.34011/icihcce.v5i2.299.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Prolonged labor is labor that lasts more than 24 hours for primigravida and or 18 hours for multigravida. Prolonged labor is one of several causes of maternal and newborn mortality. As labor progresses, contractions become more frequent, longer and stronger in intensity. Adequate contractions are needed so that labor can take place normally. Nipple stimulation is one way that can be used in increasing uterine contractions. Nipple stimulation causes the breasts to become aroused which causes the intensity of uterine contractions due to the stimulation of the receptors to loosen. This action can be stopped if the contractions experienced have become strong and prolonged. This method is a cost beneficial and effective alternative to induction and augmentation of labor. Objectives:To evaluate effectiveness of nipple stimulation on labor Method: Electronic database literature searches, namely Pubmed and Google Scholar. Result: Two articles were selected from the literature search and then critically reviewed. Based on the study of Gulbahtiyar Demirel and Hanan Ibrahim et al, it was found that nipple stimulation is effective in reducing the induction of elective labor and there is an effect of nipple stimulation on the progress of labor in laboring women. Conclusion: In this case, nipple stimulation was effective on the progress of labor in laboring mothers.
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Mardiansyah, Imas, Diliani Sariningsih, Intan Putri Utami, Nurhayati Nurhayati e Franciscus Xaverius. "The Effect of Jaripunktur on During Pain The Active Phase in Laboring Mothers at Independent Midwifery Clinics Y in Cimahi City". Asian Journal of Health and Applied Sciences 3, n. 1 (24 maggio 2024): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53402/ajhas.v3i1.410.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Labor pain is a major problem that is generally felt and experienced by all laboring women during the labor process. If not promptly addressed, this pain can induce excessive anxiety and fear in mothers during labor. This of course can cause labor to be prolonged and labor pain to feel more intense. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Jaripunktur (finger meridian points, LI 4 and SP 6) on pain during active phase I in laboring women at INDEPENDENT MIDWIFERY CLINICS Y in Cimahi City. The study was implemented through a Quasi-Experimental approach, utilizing a control group design with pre-test and post-test on two groups. The statistical analysis employed is the Wilcoxon test, with the p-value <0.05. This research involved a total of 38 participants, all of whom were working mothers in the first stage of labor, split into two groups of 19 each for the intervention and control groups respectively. The study took place from November 17 to December 17, 2022, utilizing questionnaires for collecting data. Findings indicated that Jaripunktur's application positively influenced analgesia during the first stage of labor in the mothers studied. Given this study, midwives or other healthcare workers should apply Jaripunktur to women in active stage I labor.
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Hyvönen, Ari-Elmeri. "Labor as Action: the Human Condition in the Anthropocene". Research in Phenomenology 50, n. 2 (22 luglio 2020): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341449.
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Abstract The Anthropocene has become an umbrella term for the disastrous transgression of ecological safety boundaries by human societies. The impact of this new reality is yet to be fully registered by political theorists. In an attempt to recalibrate the categories of political thought, this article brings Hannah Arendt’s framework of The Human Condition (labor, work, action) into the gravitational pull of the Anthropocene and current knowledge about the Earth System. It elaborates the historical emergence of our capacity to “act in the mode of laboring” during fossil-fueled capitalist modernity, a form of agency relating to our collectively organized laboring processes reminiscent of the capacity of modern sciences to “act into nature” discussed by Arendt. I argue that once read from an energy/ecology-centric perspective, The Human Condition can help us make sense of the Anthropocene predicament, and rethink the modes of collectively organizing the activities of labor, work, and action.
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Posner, Paul W. "Laboring Under Chávez: Populism for the Twenty-first Century". Latin American Politics and Society 58, n. 3 (2016): 26–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00317.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis analysis addresses two interrelated questions: what were labor conditions like under Hugo Chávez? and what do those conditions suggest about the relationship between populism and leftism in Latin America? The answer to the first question is unequivocal. Despite its socialist rhetoric, the Chávez regime fragmented and weakened organized labor, undermined collective bargaining, and exploited vulnerable workers in cooperatives. Thus the regime's primary foible was not its radical leftism but its pursuit of populist control at the expense of the leftist goals of diminishing the domination of marginalized groups and expanding their autonomous participation in civil society. This appraisal of labor politics under Chávez indicates substantial tension between the realization of these leftist goals and populist governance. It further suggests the need to distinguish more clearly between leftism and populism and their respective impacts on democracy.
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Yang, Fan, Lina Chen, Bolun Wen, Xiaodi Wang, Lele Wang, Kaiyuan Ji e Huishu Liu. "Golgi Reassembly Stacking Protein 2 Modulates Myometrial Contractility during Labor by Affecting ATP Production". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 12 (14 giugno 2023): 10116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210116.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The mechanism of maintaining myometrial contractions during labor remains unclear. Autophagy has been reported to be activated in laboring myometrium, along with the high expression of Golgi reassembly stacking protein 2 (GORASP2), a protein capable of regulating autophagy activation. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of GORASP2 in uterine contractions during labor. Western blot confirmed the increased expression of GORASP2 in laboring myometrium. Furthermore, the knockdown of GORASP2 in primary human myometrial smooth muscle cells (hMSMCs) using siRNA resulted in reduced cell contractility. This phenomenon was independent of the contraction-associated protein and autophagy. Differential mRNAs were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Subsequently, KEGG pathway analysis identified that GORASP2 knockdown suppressed several energy metabolism pathways. Furthermore, reduced ATP levels and aerobic respiration impairment were observed in measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR). These findings suggest that GORASP2 is up-regulated in the myometrium during labor and modulates myometrial contractility mainly by maintaining ATP production.
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Faue, Elizabeth. "The Laboring of American Journalism: The Other “Labor Beat”". Journalism & Communication Monographs 22, n. 1 (10 febbraio 2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637919898272.
Testo completo
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Young-Hyman, Trevor. "Cooperating without Co-laboring". Administrative Science Quarterly 62, n. 1 (23 giugno 2016): 179–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839216655090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
I examine how different distributions of ownership and governance rights in firms affect the optimal organization of cross-functional project teams for knowledge-intensive work. I analyze multi-method data from two competing automated manufacturing equipment engineering firms with contrasting formal power structures, one a worker cooperative with ownership and governance rights distributed across occupations and the other a conventional firm with ownership and governance rights concentrated in the hands of several senior workers in one occupational group. Contrary to prior research, my findings suggest that when collective tasks are uncertain and complex, the benefits of cross-functional interactions depend on organizations’ formal power structure: cross-functional interactions improve teams’ productivity in the context of concentrated ownership and governance rights but not when ownership and governance rights are widely distributed among workers. Fieldwork at the two firms revealed three mechanisms by which dispersed formal power decreases the productivity benefits of cross-functional interaction: it reduces status distinctions among team members, increasing the labor hours required to resolve conflicts; boosts participation in oversight and coordination processes outside teams so that workers have more access to information and less need for cross-functional interactions; and increases the distribution of knowledge-management technology, which increases workers’ autonomy and reduces the value of cross-functional interactions.
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Khader, Nawrah, Virlana M. Shchuka, Anna Dorogin, Oksana Shynlova e Jennifer A. Mitchell. "SOX4 exerts contrasting regulatory effects on labor-associated gene promoters in myometrial cells". PLOS ONE 19, n. 4 (18 aprile 2024): e0297847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The uterine muscular layer, or myometrium, undergoes profound changes in global gene expression during its progression from a quiescent state during pregnancy to a contractile state at the onset of labor. In this study, we investigate the role of SOX family transcription factors in myometrial cells and provide evidence for the role of SOX4 in regulating labor-associated genes. We show that Sox4 has elevated expression in the murine myometrium during a term laboring process and in two mouse models of preterm labor. Additionally, SOX4 differentially affects labor-associated gene promoter activity in cooperation with activator protein 1 (AP-1) dimers. SOX4 exerted no effect on the Gja1 promoter; a JUND-specific activation effect at the Fos promoter; a positive activation effect on the Mmp11 promoter with the AP-1 dimers; and surprisingly, we noted that the reporter expression of the Ptgs2 promoter in the presence of JUND and FOSL2 was repressed by the addition of SOX4. Our data indicate SOX4 may play a diverse role in regulating gene expression in the laboring myometrium in cooperation with AP-1 factors. This study enhances our current understanding of the regulatory network that governs the transcriptional changes associated with the onset of labor and highlights a new molecular player that may contribute to the labor transcriptional program.