Tesi sul tema "La clinique de l’enfant"
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Charles, Émilie. "Les préalables à l’émergence des échanges de regards spontanés avec l’autre chez l’enfant autiste". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4456&f=29084.
Testo completoEye contact and attention express an active investment in others during social interaction. The gaze movement reflects an instinctive game between corporality and otherness. It also introduces an intersubjective space. A glance directed to others makes perceptible the intangible characteristics of this relational movement between one and others. The goal of the present thesis work is to question and identify prerequisites that support the emergence of eye contact for the autistic child. Our study shows that autistic children do not practice mandatory eye-contact avoidance. The sensory integration difficulties identified in autism, which are related to modulation, adjustment and synchronization, prevent the gaze from being supported by other sensorialities. Whereas the other's eye acts like a mobile mirror allowing identification, the autistic child can't fully take advantage of it depending on the evolution of his sensorial integration. The physical and subjective construction of the child remains precarious, as do the learning of relational implicit and communication. Nevertheless, thanks to qualitative and systematic micro-analysis of relational exchanges within a semi-structured situation as part of a standardized evaluation test, we identified precursors to the emergence of spontaneous and intersubjective eye contact in autistic children aged 2 to 4 years. Those sensorimotor precursors of the investment of the own body and emotional sharing, can be mobilized in the transferential link, in order to support the relaunch of the gaze's participation in figuration processes, but also to promote increasingly spontaneous and intentional gazes in intersubjective communication. This suggests interesting therapeutic avenues
Delebarre, Mathilde. "Prédire l’infection sévère lors des épisodes de neutropénie fébrile post-chimiothérapie de l’enfant : développement d’une règle de décision clinique". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S018/document.
Testo completoPurpose: Chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (FN) is known to be a risk for severe infection and death in the absence of prompt and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Immediate hospitalization for rapid institution of empirical broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy has led to reduce the mortality. However, documented or severe infections occur in only 15-25% of cases. In 2012 paediatric guidelines suggested to adapt the management of FN episodes to the infectious risk. In a previous work, none of the published clinical decision rules (CDRs) to rule out severe infections have been validated and have only rarely been tested in an external set of children. The methodological standards used to derive and validate these CDRs were a real concern. A new CDR was previously derived as a scoring system in Lille to classify the patients at high or low risk of severe infection, with a dataset collected in 2 centers in Lille, in following methodological standards. Differences between solid tumours and blood cancers were observed in children with FN for numbers and types of infections. As a result, we considered relevant to build a decision tree model to predict the low risk for severe infection with a first division that could be the type of cancer. This new decision rule was already validated in an internal set of data, but required an external validation.The aim of this project was to calibrate the CDR as a decision tree and validate its performance a posteriori in an external set of patients, using prospectively collected data from multiple centers.Methods: the methodological standards of available CDRs were first analysed. The new CDR derived on a bicentric dataset was reused to calibrate the CDR as a decision tree, using Sipina software. A prospective multicentric observational protocol funded by 72000€ provided by “la Ligue Contre le Cancer” was developed for an external validation of the CDR to expect near 100% sensitivity (Se) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR) below 0.1. The ethical regulation was followed. Thirty-one centers were recruited in France (27/30 referent centers for management of children with cancer, and 4 proximity centers fit to manage children with FN). The CDR was not applied to the included patients, and remained confidential. The data were collected on an e-CRF “capture system”. The data were captured by an assistant of clinical research and controlled by a physician researcher after the monitoring of the data in all centers. The CDR was a posteriori applied on the dataset. The performance of the CDR between validation and derivation sets of patients was analysed in terms of Se, specificity (Sp) and negative LR.Results: the methodological standards of development of a CDR were not always followed for the development of the published CDR predicting infection for FN in children. Only one CDR followed all criteria and reached the highest level of evidence, but this CDR was built in a very different population from our and was not reproducible. A decision tree model of the CDR was built to distinguish children with FN at low risk of severe infection. For children with solid tumours, the CDR had 96% Se, 59% Sp, and a negative LR at 0.07. For children with blood cancers, the CDR had 99% Se, 52% Sp, and a negative LR at 0.03.For external validation, inclusions started in 2012 until May 2016. Of the 31 centers, 23 included 1806 cases (333 severe infections [18.4%]). The retrospective application of the CDR on all included case in ongoing. A national survey was also conducted as the same time to analyse the real management of children with FN in France in order to determine the type of management that could be proposed for low risk patients when the CDR will be tested in an impact study.Conclusion: the different steps for the construction and validation of the new CDR were conducted following standards. This CDR is in progress to reach the highest level of evidence
Costini, Orianne. "Développement atypique des praxies chez l’enfant : une approche neuropsychologique". Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0029/document.
Testo completoSpecific deficit in praxic (or gestural) development are diagnosed as Dyspraxia or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Understanding them proves problematic, both when defining the concepts of praxis/motor coordination and when providing a theoretical analysis of the deficits they cover. In the absence of theory specifically related to children, knowledge about atypical development of praxis is gleaned by applying « adult » models, without really understanding whether this is appropriate. The aim of this thesis is to explore the arguments underlying the hypothesis of a specific deficit in praxis development. Tasks were selected based on adult cognitive models of praxis processing in order to enable a comprehensive and theoretically analysis of gestures. We also examined different cognitive functions involved in the praxis development: perception (both visual and spatial), executive functions (planning, flexibility, inhibition) and oral comprehension. The performance of children diagnosed as dyspraxic or DCD is compared to those considered to show typical development in two studies: on groups and multiple case studies. Our results show various difficulties in producing gestures, mostly inconstant in case studies, and related to deficits that are not specifically gestural. Given the heterogeneity of the disorders that we found, this thesis is aimed at deconstructing the concept of specific deficit in praxis development in favour of an analysis that does not confuse gestural problems with other deficits made apparent through gesture
Siriot, Mathieu. "La clinique de l'enfant. De Pinel à Lacan". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REN20029.
Testo completoThe term deficit is currently at the forefront of the de-pathologization and de-psychiatrialization of the child and the adolescent. Institutions, called medical-social, which make deficit the watchword of the support they provide, are taking over from child psychiatry services. This shift of child pathology towards social services is reflected in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuals of Mental Disorders (DSM). The major clinical structures (childhood schizophrenia, psychosis and autism) have been erased in favor of a concept of deficits in children's intellectual and adaptive capacities, henceforth referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. However, this generalization of deficits is nothing more than a throwback to the early 19th century - when child psychiatry first saw the light of day with the clinical classification of idiots. The educational-behavioral and neuroscientific methods advocated today are more or less identical to those used two hundred years ago. There's nothing new or original about these approaches, which work to reject child psychiatry and psychoanalysis. In contrast, Freudian and later Lacanian psychoanalysis has always produced new knowledge about the child and its symptoms, taking into account the spirit of the times and the contemporary discourse. As early as the 1970s, Lacan had anticipated the decline of the Clinic and the generalization of the concept of deficit. Today, his latest teaching enables us, like no other practice, to find our bearings and bring out the most singular aspects of a subject
Galien, Jérôme. "La peur de mourir de l’enfant perturbateur : l’instabilité infantile psychogène et transitoire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10075.
Testo completoThe agitation of “disruptive children” disturbs or upsets their parents, family and teachers, and bad marks at school lead to disappointment in terms of hope for success. In such a context, the adults who take them for treatment mention terms such as “hyperactivity”, “concentration disorder”, or “behaviour disorder”. In just a few decades, these reasons for consulting have started to dominate at the Centre Médico-Psychopédagogique (Psychoeducational Health Centre) in Montpellier.Although we do not question the contribution of neurobiology, we have observed that“transitory psychogenic infantile instability” has become an epidemic. On the basis of our clinical experience, Freudian metapsychology, sociology and political science studies, we support the following thesis: “disruptive children” suffer from a what Winnicot calls a “deprived complex” and which he translates in terms of “fear of dying”. If there is manifest unruliness, it is to attract the attention of a potentially helpful adult and because the contemporary social systems make it easily detectable.The individual psychoanalytic approach to “disruptive children” is relevant but canremain suspended over long periods of time, giving way to the “management” attitude described by Winnicott. This makes regression possible, allowing the child to return to the continuity of a sense of being. In the transference, the psychoanalyst then plays the role of the “pliable medium” (Milner, Roussillon) subject to his patient’s omnipotence
Seressonn, Véronika. "Trouble spécifique du développement du langage oral ou dysphasie de l’enfant : Contributions de la clinique projective à l’étude du fonctionnement psychique dans une perspective psychodynamique". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H123.
Testo completoSpecific language impairment (SLI) or developmental dysphasia is not much studied in psychopathological psychodynamic approach, whereas it is the subject of many publications in neuropsychology. The meeting with children with specific language impairment in a Hospital Language Center fed from the questionings in particular relating to the articulation with psychic organization of the personality and the treatments to propose. This research task proposes to study psychic process in French-speaking children with SLI, aged 6 to 11. The central assumption is the transnosographical aspect of specific language impairment in the field of infantile psychopathology, in spite of the criteria of exclusion establish by French and international classifications. Our other assumptions rise from the review of the literature (neuropsychology, psycholinguistics and psychoanalysis) on language emergence and development. Thus, we sought to highlight which the developmental dysphasia (or SLI) results from introjections process failure and transitional symbolizations failure. To this end, each child underwent three projective tests: Rorschach, C. A. T/T. A. T and Scéno-test, analysed in a psychodynamic perspective, in order to clarify the problems and defensive mechanisms, by releasing at the same time the common features and the more singular aspects. Several cases studies will illustrate the clinical projective contributions to the study of psychic process of children with specific language impairment
Meilac, Cédric. "Expertise psychologique de l’enfant et de l’adolescent en enquête préliminaire : des facteurs d'influence à l'analyse séquentielle psychovictimologique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD008.
Testo completoThe practice of psychological examination - in the context of a criminal procedure - of the child or teenager who claims to have been a victim of sexual violence, is at the start of the present study. It raises the question of the standpoint – procedural, clinical and methodological – of the expert psychologist, as well as that of credibility. Leaving aside possible factors of influence and what the allegations might not be or be insufficiently in relation to a typical traumatic talk, we have focused our attention on what they might be or might reveal and illustrate about the psychological functioning of the author of the claims. Starting from a survey of the available literature, we have envisaged a clinical view of the allegation, based on a multidimensional model which encompasses all at once the cognitive-developmental, psycho-genetic, underlying, interrelational, circumstantial, procedural, syndromic, semiological and intrapsychic dimensions. Such model, which places the allegation process (referring or not to a traumatic experience undergone in reality) at the heart of a multidimensional and multifactorial analysis, considers the said analysis on a dynamic register, including the acquisitions validated in each of the fields referred to by the abovementioned dimensions. Starting from real psychological examinations and using a hypothetic-deductive approach, we have developed a tool which we call a sequential psycho-victimological analysis table, aiming at allowing the matching of elements belonging to distinct dimensions, to highlight and test hypotheses
Simon, Florent. "Proposition d’une nouvelle méthode de cotation et contribution à la validation du CAT (Children’s Apperception Test) pour l’approche clinique du développement de l’enfant et de sa personnalité". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0165/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this research is to develop a new method of rating and interpreting the Children’s Apperception Test (CAT). This new method wich we have called “la méthode des trois axes” is built on techniques from the academic “Ecole de Paris” for projective methods. It is based in part on the theory of Roussillon (1995, 1997) concerning the projective metapsychology of processes which describes the psychic path from the perception of the stimulus of the plate to the verbalization of the response. This grid is built with 3 axis of description, including 16 categories of rating and 83 items used to rate the responses in application to the ten plates of CAT. “La méthode des trois axes” was applied to 500 children in two groups : a group of “all-comers” met in school (n=380) and a group of patients in care institution (n=120). The data was analyzed using a descriptive approach based on three age groups : 3 years old, 4-6 years old and 6-12 years old. We also performed the assessment of inter-rater reliability on the rating with the method curently used (Boekholt’s method) and “la méthode des 3 axes” that we propose. On the basis of the results, we propose a theory of the CAT method, which consists of three parts: the test administration, the process rating manual and the interpretation manual which include normative references. This method will enable clinicians psychologists who use this tool to more accurately assess the psychic functioning of the child
Rasho, Abdul Rahman. "Le processus de victimité secondaire chez l’enfant victime d’agression à caractère sexuel : double approche, victimologie clinique, psychologie judiciaire : appréhension par le discours de professionnels du parcours socio-judiciaire". Rennes 2, 2009. https://hal.univ-rennes2.fr/tel-02083590.
Testo completoWith the aim to study the impact of social and judicial proceedings on the child victim of sexual abuse, this research deepens and clarifies the concept of secondary victimization. Part one: delimitations of the filed and course of study: clinical victimology. Definitions, statistics, interdisciplinary typology of sexual abuse. Cognitive and emotional development of children and impact of sexual abuse on them. The difficulties faced by the abused child, vulnerability of his psych-affective and cognitive structures; need for appropriate treatment. Part two: identification and analysis made by professionals from the socio-judicial environment, major symptoms identified in children assaulted; treatment of these data by the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). Through interviews with professionals, assessment of the impact of procedures on the child, destabilizing and helpful factors. The preferred audiovisual recording as a technique limiting the proliferation of interventions. The “Outreau” case as an example of the process of secondary victimization with victimized children, analysis of discourse of professionals of the socio-judicial world (source : Le Monde)
Briand, Valérie. "Traitement préventif intermittent (TPI) pour la lutte contre le paludisme au cours de la grossesse : effet sur la santé de la mère et de l’enfant au Bénin : essai randomisé, ouvert, comparant sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine versus méfloquine en traitement intermittent". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066412.
Testo completoZebdi, Rafika. "Contribution de la SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders), de la CBCL (Child Behavior CheckList) et de la Kiddie-SADS (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children) à l'évaluation des troubles anxieux chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire". Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100093.
Testo completoThe aims of this study were : 1) to examine if the self-report and other-report forms of the questionnaire Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), the Youth Self-Report (YSR), and the Child Behavior ChekList (CBCL) are good predictors of the different anxiety disorders diagnosed using the semi-structured interview Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children-Present version (Kiddie-SADS-P) on a French sample of referred children, 2) to check the ability of the SCARED to discriminate referred and non-referred children, 3) to study the influence of gender on the anxiety level, and 4) to evaluate the level of parent/child agreement in the assessment of these disorders. Method: 69 children aged 6 to 12 years, referred to a "RASED" (a psychological/educational support facility located in the French schools) were assessed using the Kiddie-SADS semi-structured interview, and the SCARED, CBCL and YSR questionnaires. The SCARED questionnaires (self-report and parent-report) were compared with a control group scores of 48 parent/child dyads selected from the same schools. Results: The self-reported SCARED anxiety scores are good predictors of anxiety disorders criteria, assessed using the Kiddie-SADS interview. Contrary to international studies, no difference between girls and boys appears in our sample. Because of the low levels of agreement between parent/child about levels of anxiety disorders the two assessments appear necessary to obtain a proper diagnosis
Docquir, Camille. "Le corps éprouvé, entre désir et douleur : étude psychodynamique comparative du trouble de conversion et du trouble douloureux chez l’enfant et l’adolescent". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H115.
Testo completoConversion symptoms have been considered “mysterious” by Freud until the end of his life. They still raise numerous questions. One of them deals with their relation to pain: whereas medically unexplained pain symptoms are sometimes considered to be conversion symptoms in the same way as sensorimotor symptoms, they can correspond to various pathogeneses (anxiety neurosis, hypocondria, psychosomatic symptoms...).We thus hypothesize that whereas sensorimotor symptoms result from a conversion mechanism (which might be underlied by various conflicts but necessarily imply a symbolical expression of these conflicts), pain symptoms, as for them, may range along a continuum extending from a conversive end characterized by this symbolical dimension to a non conversive end characterized by a more economical than symbolical dimension (including possibilities of moving from an end to another). On the conversive end, symptoms would be underlied by good abilities in psychical elaboration of excitation, strong and supple psychical envelopes and good abilities to rely on a psychical internal object. On the non conversive end, symptoms would be underlied by difficulties in psychical elaboration of excitation, fragile psychical envelopes and difficulties to rely on a psychical internal object.In order to test our hypotheses, we have met 27 children and adolescents (8 to 15 years old) diagnosed as having a conversion disorder or a pain disorder (DSM-IV-TR diagnoses), in the framework of a wide research set up by Dr Lisa Ouss at the Necker-Enfants malades hospital (Paris). Among these patients, 8 had exclusively sensorimotor symptoms, 11 had both sensorimotor and pain symptoms, and 8 had exclusively pain symptoms. We have gathered and analysed the data of clinical encounters and projective tests (Rorschach and TAT) of each patient in a psychodynamic way. We then have made intergroup comparisons.The results show that patients with sensorimotor symptoms (accompanied or not by pain symptoms) have significantly better abilities in psychical elaboration of excitation and significantly better abilities to rely on a psychical internal object than patients with exclusively pain symptoms, which tends to confirm our initial hypothesis. Yet there is no significant difference between the groups as far as psychical envelopes’ quality is concerned. The results also show that (pre)adolescents (11 to 15 years old) have significantly better abilities in psychical elaboration of excitation and significantly better abilities to rely on a psychical internal object than latent children (8 to 10 years old), and that girls have significantly better abilities in psychical elaboration of excitation, significantly better abilities to rely on a psychical internal object and significantly stronger psychical envelopes than boys
Charbachi, Noëlle. "Traumas interpersonnels dans l’enfance, empathie dyadique et violence conjugale envers la conjointe chez les hommes adultes d’une population clinique". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/104.
Testo completoKampougeri, Stavroula. "De l’enfant romantique gothique à l’enfant analytique en Angleterre". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20054.
Testo completoOur research concerns the influence of the gothic esthetic on the psychoanalytic production in England. Our starting point being classic English romantic texts concerning a notion of the child tinged with a certain gothic quality, we examine the extent to which this notion shaped the local reception of the psychoanalytical method, as well as which themes and conceptualizations bear witness to this influence, particularly concerning the distinctive interpretation of the superego in English psychoanalysis
Marin, Alexandrina-Carmen. "Le jeu, l'apprentissage et la religion : trois modèles sublimatoires dans le passage de l’enfance à l’adolescence à travers un groupe clinique villageois roumain et l’oeuvre littéraire de Ion Creangă". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD091.
Testo completoFrom a clinical practice with artistic mediations in a group of adolescents followed in a Romanian public school, we have chosen to address the problematics related to three sublimation : playing, religion, learning. Clinical research is completed by the study regarding the influence of these sublimation patterns in the literary works and biography of the classic Romanian writer, Ion Creangă. The clinical study highlights the existence of a disrupted psyche in relation to the traumas and family dysfunctions during the childhood of the subjects, disturbances that are enhanced by the puberty process itself. The various forms of mediation allow revealing archaic issues which are replayed during puberty. A glimpse at the overall effect of the interaction with the group, the clinician and the different categories of mediation - can be observed in the selected case studies.The difficulties of separation from childhood become clear both in clinical practice and in Memories from Childhood, the literary work of Ion Creanga. The foundation of the fa Ise-self is progressively destabilized through mediation and playing, and adolescents like Melania, Catalina, Mihaela, Tudor, Rare and Dorina express themselves more and more freely and spontaneous. The central hypothesis is that the mediation allows the ensemble of bio-psychological changes at puberty to happen without the typical violence of direct confrontations, but rather through a smooth transition
Montagne, Louise. "Génétique de l’obésité de l’enfant". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S013/document.
Testo completoObesity has become a major public health issue in industrialized countries as well as in developing countries, exposing obeses patients to many cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, osteoarthritis and cancer, and to an increasing mortality. The current worldwide obesity epidemic has largely been driven by recent changes in our lifestyle (easy access to a hypercaloric food, combined with a reduction of physical activity), however genetic differences have an appreciable role in the observed individual corpulence variation. In polygenic obesity, weight heritability is 70% and 5% of obesities are monogenic, due to a mutation of a single gene in the leptin-melanocortin pathway, regulating satiety. The use of next generation sequencing (NGS) has led to significant advances in disease awareness and provides better efficacy than conventional Sanger sequencing or DNA-chips with more accurate, faster and cheaper genetic diagnosis.During my PhD, we established a collaboration between the Pediatric departments and the Chromosomal Genetics Center at the Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul in Lille on the one hand and the laboratory UMR 8199 on the other hand, in order to apply the NGS to the genetic diagnosis of obese children followed in the service. We first studied 283 obese or overweight children referred to the Chromosomal Genetics Center for aetiological assessment of a developmental delay. The first genetic analyzes (karyotype, CGH array and analysis of the methylation profile for a Prader-Willi syndrome) were normal and the clinical phenotype was not explained. We identified two new deleterious mutations of SIM1 (c.886A> G / p.R296G and c.925A> G / p.S309G) in two Caucasian patients with different phenotypes. This work was published in "Obesity".We also developed an NGS-based protocol for the simultaneous detection of punctual mutations and structural anomalies of the genome, deletion or duplication (CNV for Copy Number Variation). We verified the ability of our personalized capture to detect the CNVs known in 40 patients of the Center of Chromosomal Genetics carrying intellectual disorders. The protocol was then applied to 29 obese children from Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital, enabling a certain number of them to identify causal genetic abnormalities in a single step and, consequently, improving their medical management.In conclusion, during my PhD, we showed the advantage of using the new sequencing technologies derived from the NGS during the genetic diagnosis for children suspected of syndromic or monogenic obesity, this being the first essential step for the emergence of a personalized medicine in the management of childhood obesity
Monlouis, Alain. "Socialisation dissociée de l’enfant guadeloupéen". Paris 8, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA082812.
Testo completoFrom the origin to the present the destabilization of guadeloupéen family is perpetuating itself from slavery, when the family has been separated, by chasing away the head of the family. Leaving the mother as so responsible. The father became abscent for a long time. The matriarchal ancestral system in order to instil a survival strategy stretches back to the mémory of our grand-mother and mother. This system will évolue and refered to as the matrifocal system. This dissociation will stems from the abscence of the father is exacerbated by another destabilizing facter, this franco-créole conflictuel diglossie. This double contraint witch our children suffer from the résulting failures, reflec in the childs life and éducation. A greater importance attached to the créole, the créole language is issued from créole culture may move to be one of the possible solution
Dupuis, Catherine. "Langage et parole chez l’enfant dysphasique". Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA070042.
Testo completoValla, Frédéric. "Évaluation nutritionnelle systémique de l’enfant en réanimation pédiatrique". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1281/document.
Testo completoMalnutrition at pediatric Intensive care unit (PICU) admission is frequent and associated with impaired outcomes. However, most studies have focused solely on a static definition. A holistic approach would improve the description of malnutrition: this would include both a static and dynamic assessment of nutritional status, together with body composition assessment and with malnutrition classified based on its patho-physiology and etiology. This holistic assessment of malnutrition has been applied and examined in four observational studies which included critically ill children older than 36 gestational weeks (corrected age). These found that malnutrition was frequent at PICU admission (27.3%) and faltering growth prior to PICU admission was associated with an increased length of PICU stay (+3 days). Critically ill children present at admission with decreased plasma levels of 6 micro-nutrients (Selenium, Copper, Zinc, Vitamin C, E and beta-carotene) involved in anti-oxidative stress pathways. Nutritional status deterioration during PICU stay, and associated muscle mass loss occurred frequently and were intense. This early phenomenon was associated with extended length of PICU stay. A profound critical illness related metabolic shift leads to malnutrition as an adaptive process. However, malnutrition may also negatively impact on outcomes in this setting. These studies have led to a clearer understanding of the underlying patho-physiology. This, combined with a more systematic and holistic nutritional assessment, will enable implementation and assessment of nutritional strategies aiming to improve the functional outcome of critically ill children
Benyahia, Karima. "Langage et éducation de la pensée chez l’enfant". Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA083482.
Testo completoSince on the one hand they are the relations between the words which make possible the significance, that on the other hand the children in school failure have of large gaps of comprehension, we suppose that this is related to a problem of language. Indeed, our experiment with the children in school difficulty, enabled us to note that much of them had evil to be expressed, owing to the fact that they were in a report of “word isolated” with the language. A solution with this problem, would be thus, to give them the possibility of recognizing the language in its logical sequence, by the means of texts and accounts. This report challenges us on the importance to allow the young children, as of the first years of the life, to approach the word in its context. The first reports with the language are decisive for their school future. However, much from adults more will encourage the young children to repeat isolated words, (names of the colors and animals for example) what goes against the movement of the thought. This design of the language makes us think of the syndrome psychotraumatic; the traumatized subject is blocked outside the event; incompetent to integrate it, it repeats isolated words. In fact, it is essential not to fix the child at the “isolated word” so that it can rise on the level of “the thought”. This said, the individual does not make use of the word to only think but it also makes use in its relation with the others and thus needs of it the language as well verbal as nonverbal such as the glance, the posture, the tone and the image. We were interested in particular in the images in the books for children. The illustration of the book alone does not make it possible to the child to understand. Without the accompaniment of the adult who speaks and invites the child with the word, the image alone is then a such isolated word
Guy, Audrey. "Personnalité maternelle et tempérament de l’enfant : liens spécifiques et effets modérateurs du sexe de l’enfant et du niveau de risque psychosocial". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5441.
Testo completoLizotte, Christian. "Étude des déterminants du savoir-faire physique chez l’enfant". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32778.
Testo completoSchwartz, Flora. "Raisonnement transitif et dyscalculie : étude par IRMf chez l’enfant". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1332/document.
Testo completoChildren who struggle to learn math despite normal intelligence and adequate schooling may suffer from dyscalculia. Although this learning disability may affect 3-7% of children worldwide, its causes remain poorly understood. Previous research has suggested that dyscalculia was due to a specific deficit in the processing of numerical magnitude that results from neural anomalies to the Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS). However, a growing body of studies has highlighted the domain-general deficits exhibited by children with dyscalculia. The goal of the present thesis was to investigate the neural relationship between math learning and a type of deductive reasoning, namely transitive reasoning (A>B, B>C, therefore A>C). In a first study, we used functional Magnetic Reasonance Imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in both typically developing (TD) children and chidren with dyscalculia while they listened to stories that included transitive relations. In a second study, we followed TD children longitudinally and to test whether brain measures of transitive reasoning could predict math improvement. First, the processing of transitive relations was associated with enhanced activity in the left IPS in TD children, but not in children with dyscalculia. Second, children with dyscalculia made more errors when processing transitive relations than TD peers. Third, IPS activity and behavioral performance was correlated with working-memory skill across all participants, suggesting that working memory impairments contribute to impaired transitive reasoning skills. Fourth, math gain in TD children was predicted by brain activity around the IPS during the processing of transitive relations. Therefore, the present findings show that measures of transitive reasoning are associated with math achievement. Our results further suggest that impaired neural processing of transitive relations in the IPS may contribute to math difficulties in dyscalculia
Gagnon, Mathieu. "Discrimination et reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles chez l’enfant". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24345.
Testo completoDissaux, Caroline. "Modélisation de la reconstitution osseuse en chirurgie de l’enfant". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD014/document.
Testo completoBackground and purpose: Alveolar cleft bone grafting is now widely accepted as one step of cleft surgical treatment. The peculiarity of this graft stands in its particular geometry: bone is placed in between two cortical surfaces. Methods: The objective of this research is first to get, trough literature, a better comprehension of graft history, graft materials and influencing factors of bone graft integration. Then this work aims to develop a model to simulate graft results according to the influence of different parameters, especially the effect of mechanical compaction on bone graft. Graft features are observed relying on magnitude of the applied force (0 to 50N). Cancellous human femoral and iliac bones are used. Micro-CT scanning and CFUs culture are performed. Results: Micro-CT scan gives a precise characterization of the structure of the graft depending of the applied compaction forces 0, 5, 20 and 50N. The number of CFUs (Colony Forming Units) shows a positive impact of compaction force on mesenchymal stem cells proliferation. Conclusion: This research tends to better understand the bone remodeling influenced by compaction forces in the alveolar cleft particular environment, with the ultimate objective to guide the surgical procedure
Prigent, Gaïd. "Développement morphosyntaxique complexe : comprendre et évaluer les acquisitions syntaxiques tardives, chez l’enfant tout-venant et chez l’enfant présentant des troubles sévères d’acquisition du langage". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100001/document.
Testo completoThe Construction and Usage-based Theory (CUT) argues that children develop their language, and more precisely morphosyntactic structures, thanks to the use of general cognitive processes by complexifying and generalizing their own prior productions and productions used in the input. These hypotheses have been tested in children with specific language impairment (SLI) in very few studies. Moreover, development of complex syntax is a little studied area in the literature. Thus, the current doctoral thesis focused on complex syntax difficulties of children with SLI using spontaneous language samples and experimental tasks. This work defines complexity as linguistics forms which are rare, long or nested and more generally cognitively costly. The results obtained show that children with SLI use frequent forms heard in the input productively, whereas complex forms, which are rare in the input are difficult for them. These children need to be exposed to more exemplars and practice settings to reach critical mass and making possible learning of constructions. Finally, this current doctoral thesis highlights a relatively obvious link between complex syntax difficulties and lack of generalization of construction schemas
Bélanger, Roxanne. "PRÉMATURITÉ, LANGUE ET PRONOSTICS NEURODÉVELOPPEMENTAUX CHEZ L’ENFANT PRÉMATURÉ NORD-ONTARIEN". Thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury, 2013. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/2124.
Testo completoAndriamaro, Frédérique. "Ruptures familiales et prise en charge de l’enfant à Madagascar". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100050.
Testo completoOne third of children under 18 years are not living with their two biological parents in Madagascar. Indeed, "family breakdowns" often lead to single parenthood (related to a divorce, parental separation or widowhood), to stepfamilies and to child fostering. This thesis addresses the family dynamics around these discontinuities, analyzing different patterns of care of children within the family. This perspective allows us to understand the processes that led to these failures but also to account for the complexity of decisions about support children according to the form of disruption experienced. Based on a previous analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data, semi-structured interviews were conducted in two regions of Madagascar (Antananarivo and Toliara) where the proportions of children not living with both parents are very different. An analysis of family histories highlights the various determinants of child care for each type of failure.and will show if there are standard models of care and socio-cultural specificities for the two regions. We also examine whether family solidarities remain in a context ofa growing economic crisis. In addition, we will highlight the role of grand-parenting in education and child fostering
Mosca, Sarah. "Regards croisés sur le placement de l’enfant chez un proche". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A017.
Testo completoIn the French child protection system, formal kinship care is rarely pronounced (7% of Out-of-home care). They represent a special figure of delegation to relatives or friends. In this perspective, we consider the kinship care as a family reconfiguration since the protection of childhood displaces and transfers to others adults than the parents, the child custody. These situations allow us to think differently about family transformations. Thus, our research crosses different fields, the parenthood and the protection of childhood. In the specific context of placement, we interogate parenting sharing between different actors. To do this, we cross the differents views of the institution and of the families concerned. A total of 65 interviews were conducted: 31 with social workers in charge of the educational follow-up of children in care and 34 with parents and carers concerned. Our thesis highlights a reconfiguration of family roles with the daily of the kinship care. The carers take on a substitute family role, upsetting places around the child: grandparents, aunts, etc. assume the role of mother and/or father. This transformation of family roles is not accepted in the same way by social workers: some parental substitutions are acceptable and others are not. The different treatment depending on the parents’ status: if it is considered by the social worker as vacancy or not. In this perspective, the relationships between the various actors of the kinship care(family and professional) are analyzed in terms of triad and no longer in a duality between parents and professionals. Therefore, kinship care reconfigures relations between parents and relatives, but also between them and social workers. These situations then question the consideration of placement in terms of multi-parenthood by child protection
Mazza, Mainpin Aurore. "Le travail dans l’accueil familial : quels enjeux pour l’enfant accueillant ?" Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1028.
Testo completoIf the foster care concerns at first foster children displaced from a family to another, it constitutes a singular event for the entire family but mainly for children of foster parents. Our research aims to understand the particularity of these potential fraternal experiences between children (fostered and fostering), beyond the traditional relational configurations derived from filiation. Specifically, to the extent that the foster care is instituted at the intersection of work and family spheres, we seek to understand how these fraternal experiences are invested by the dimensions of work and then how child of foster parents, as a teenager, lives the foster care system. Various types of data (quantitative and qualitative) were collected from 45 teenagers aged from 11 to 18 years. From the perspective of triangulation, we have articulated a statistical analysis of questionnaires, a lexical metric analysis of our entire corpus and finally a qualitative content analysis of four interviews. Even if children of foster parents present anxiety and depression scores lower than the population of the same age, our results show that receiving a child in foster care at home is a complex life experience, changing relational, family and personal balances. How fostering children speak their experience clearly shows the existence of a singular dynamic professional socialization, but also a certain risk of feeling overwhelmed with relationship problems and contrasting family memberships. Finally, we highlight two postures and opposing conceptions of foster care, as children think and live the relationship with the foster child from a perspective of care or service delivery
Mallet, Jeremie. "Le cancer chez l’enfant : du phénomène corporel à sa subjectivation". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20013.
Testo completoA sacred figure of the 21st century, the child, when affected by a cancer pathology, is bound to carry the burden of cultural symbols and of the anxiety - inducing social discourse resulting from them. Sometimes considered a victim, sometimes a hero, an ill child is in fact an object under the influence of the Other ; a control acting through the disease itself, but also by the legitimate anguish of parents, the medical corps and the therapeutic measures that are necessary to reach the desired cure. With particular attention to the singularity of the discourse that we met in the paediatric oncology clinic (children aged 4 to 9 years old), and specifically to the psychological processes involved in the symbolization and in the development of their personal and subjective theories surrounding their condition, we believe that this development of a “signification” – acting as a psychological healing attempt following an incursion into reality – also defines the subject’s involvement in the disease, which frees them from being mere objects Furthermore, when these children show a puzzling symptom or feel the need to find the answer to a question, especially in the afterwardsness of intensive treatments – like a real point altering the constructed signification surrounding the disease – we believe that changing this objectification is possible thanks to analytical work around this signification, which can be deconstructed and reconstructed through the significant’s ambivalence, metaphors and metonymy. An attempt to define a new way of existing marked by the experience with the disease, rather than being prevented by it
Brasme, Jean-François. "Délais diagnostiques des cancers de l’enfant : distribution, déterminants et conséquences". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T062/document.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis was to study the distribution, determinants and consequences of time to diagnosis of cancer in children, through a systematic review of the literature and an analysis of lawsuits in France and Canada, and two population-based studies of tumors with particularly long diagnosis delays: medulloblastoma and Ewing sarcoma.The systematic review did not identify any significant decreases in time to diagnosis during the studies. Long times to diagnosis were associated with older age, histological type and location of the tumor. Associations between time to diagnosis and severity of the disease varied. Only a third of the court-appointed experts (n = 56) provided testimony concordant with the available medical literature.The median time to diagnosis of children with medulloblastoma in the area of Paris (n = 166) was 65 days. Diagnosis delays were paradoxically associated with less frequent metastasis and favorable histology, but not with survival, or sequelae.The median time to diagnosis of children with Ewing sarcoma in France (n = 436) was 70 days. Diagnosis delays, related with older age and tumor location, were not associated with tumor size, presence of metastasis, surgical outcome, or survival.For some tumors, an association between time to diagnosis and severity of the disease is well established (e.g. retinoblastoma), or highly probable. For others, the lack of demonstrated associations could tone down the perception of the supposed consequences of diagnosis delays - but does not exempt from trying to reduce them, in order to alleviate their psychological consequences
Poirel, Nicolas. "Traitement visuel global-local et identification chez l’enfant et l’adulte". Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2033.
Testo completoA visual scene has different hierarchical levels of structure, from the most local elements to the largest global level of organization. To study the mechanisms that underlie global and local perception, Navon (1977) used compound stimuli, consisting of large letters composed of a suitable arrangement of small letters. In adults, two very reproducible effects were found: a global advantage and a global interference. These have been called the “global precedence effect” (GPE). This thesis aimed at studying interactions between global-local and identification processes. In a first experiment, we used compound stimuli composed of objects and non-objects. We showed that the global precedence effect could be inversed depending on the meaningfulness of the stimuli. In a second experiment we found, first, that the global level was always processed faster than the local level, irrespective of the meaningfulness of the material. Second, we found that the interference effect occurred only with meaningful stimuli. These results suggest that the GPE involves, on the one hand, “sensory mechanisms” and, on the other hand, “cognitive mechanisms”. We also studied how global and local processes evolve during childhood, according to the meaningfulness of the stimuli. We found evidence for an evolution from local preference at 4 years of age to adult-like global preference at 9 years of age. Moreover, we found that the effect of identification processes during the global-local task evolves during childhood. Finally, a forth study revealed that the way in which people deal with global and local information varies according to the inter-individual characteristic of field dependency. All these results underscore the fact that looking for meaning is crucial in the perception of visual scenes
Bouazza, Naïm. "Pharmacocinétique et pharmacodynamie des inhibiteurs de la transcriptase inverse chez l’enfant". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P646.
Testo completoLarge physiological variations are observed throughout the development of children, these variations are involved in all steps of the fate of the drug. These physiological changes induce a high interindividual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters in children. Thus, it is important to study the pharmacokinetics of various compounds administered in children as well as the variation of associated parameters. For this purpose, population pharmacokinetics seems to be well adapted. The population approach unlike conventional pharmacokinetic studies can be performed with very few blood samples per patient obtained at different times, which presents a great interest in terms of ethics in children. The pharmacology of many antiretroviral drugs remains unknown in children and very few information is available on the effectiveness of currently recommended pediatric doses. A population pharmacokinetic model of lamivudine in children has been performed and we found that the youngest children were potentially underexposed with the recommended dose and an appropriate dosage has been proposed. For the first time, doses for newborns have been proposed as well; indeed the current lamivudine doses are based on physiological maturity assumptions derived from adults. Pediatric doses for tenofovir were proposed also for the first time thanks’ to population modeling. In the last part of this thesis we use the population approach to perform a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model linking the concentrations of lamivudine, didanosine and efavirenz to virologic efficacy in children. A composite score has been derived from the model and provided a high predictive performance to treatment failure. This score seems to be very useful in the therapeutic management of HIV-1 infected children
Vaillant, David. "De l’homme historique à l’enfant atemporel dans les romans de Tournier". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37376.
Testo completoL'enfant, dans l'oeuvre romanesque de Michel Tournier, agit comme principe de résolution des contraires, qui sont à l'origine de la disharmonie existant chez les protagonistes: Robinson Crusoé, Abel Tiffauges et Paul Surin, les trois personnages principaux de Vendredi ou les limbes du Pacifique, Le Roi des Aulnes et Les Météores respectivement. Leur destinée consiste justement à résoudre cette dualité. L'accomplissement de ce destin est caractérisé par une progression à travers le temps. D'ailleurs, la dualité présente chez ces trois héros se manifeste surtout dans la variation de la dimension temporelle. En effet, ils alternent, dans des conditions régulières et spécifiques, entre un état historique et un état atemporel. Lorsque les protagonistes atteignent une sphère où ni l'historicité ni l'éternité n'existent, accomplissant de la sorte leur destin, un enfant, concret ou abstrait, apparaît sous des signes angéliques et solaires. L'enfant, à qui Tournier confère un grand pouvoir de synthèse, symbolise alors l'unité retrouvée, la parfaite plénitude. fr
Boutrid, Nada [Verfasser]. "La petite taille de l’enfant et ses differentes etiologies / Nada Boutrid". München : GRIN Verlag, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180739264/34.
Testo completoRampal, Virginie. "Contribution à l’analyse quantitative, morphologique etfonctionnelle du membre inférieur de l’enfant". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0052/document.
Testo completoClinical examination and standard X-rays of the lower limbs and feet have biases related to reproducibility and to 2-dimensional projection of a 3D object. The 3Dreconstruction of the anatomical segments from biplanar images acquired in a standingposition should make possible to get rid of these biases, at the cost of moderate irradiation. The 1st part of this work asked the question of the use in current clinical practice of the reconstructions in 3D resulting from this system, and allowed validationof the reproducibility of these while giving reference values of the measured parameters in 3D. The 2nd part consisted in the adaptation of a model of reconstruction of the feet of the adult to those of the child, and aimed to check the reproducibility of the data obtained, and to report preliminary values of parameters of measurements. Finally, the 3rd part studied the feasibility of a complete analysis of pathological foot (congenital clubfoot) combining clinical examination, radiological morphology (EOS® images) andfoot function with gait analysis. We conclude that while this combined analysis appears to be critical, difficulties remain, particularly in the choice of the model for walkinganalysis, with the current full-scale models being overwhelmed by uncertainty related tothe placement of markers
Tobón, Berrio Luz Estela. "Les droits de l’enfant face aux punitions corporelles dans la famille". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100157.
Testo completoThe research aimed to characterize corporal punishment as an educational phenomenon in tension with the rights of the children, from the social representations of ordinary parents. The study included parents from bi-parental families, excluding the population in economic risk, living in Colombia. The approach involved a multidisciplinary perspective -family education, theory of social representations and legal consciousness studies (LCS)-. The gathering of data is performed with two instruments: the associations networks and semi-structured interviews. The first one allows to reach the construction of the semantic context of the representation. The prototypical analysis of networks made with the EVOC 2003 software led to the exploration of the representational structure. Five objects of representation were examined for the characterization of their content and structure: Punishments-rewards, Children’s rights, Parental authority, Family education, Boys-girls. This approach searched for a deep understanding of the phenomenon of corporal punishment from the point of view of the actors. The treatment of the interviews by the Atlas.ti software was made using conceptualizing categories. This analysis allowed deepening the knowledge of representational elements and their link with stories of everyday life from the parents. The obtained narratives exposed the participants' reconstruction of the discourses emerging from tradition, the legal field, and the learned field; which would be integrated to the social thought network. The examination of the reformulation of the legal discourse and the social representation of children’s rights opens the way to understanding the construction of special legality by the parents on a daily basis
La investigación tuvo por objetivo caracterizar el castigo físico en tanto fenómeno educativo en tensión con los derechos de los niños desde las representaciones sociales de los padres ordinarios. El estudio se desarrolló en Colombia con madres y padres de familias biparentales. Éste se inscribe en una perspectiva multidisciplinaria - educación familiar, teoría de las representaciones sociales y estudios de la consciencia del derecho -. La recolección de los datos se realizó a través de dos instrumentos: las redes de asociaciones y las entrevistas semi-estructuradas. El primero permite alcanzar la construcción del contexto semántico de la representación. El análisis prototípico de las redes con el software EVOC 2003 conduce a explorar la estructura representacional. Cinco objetos de representaciones fueron examinados para la caracterización de su contenido y estructura: Castigos- premios, Derechos de los niños, Autoridad de los padres y madres, Educación en la familia, Niños-niñas. Esta aproximación busca la comprensión del castigo físico desde la perspectiva de los actores. El tratamiento de las entrevistas en el software Atlas.ti se realizó con la ayuda de categorías conceptualisantes. Dicho análisis permite acceder al conocimiento de los elementos representacionales y su relación con las narrativas acerca del cotidiano de los padres. Los relatos recogidos exponen la reconstrucción realizada por los participantes de los discursos emergentes de la tradición, el campo jurídico y de origen experto, los cuales estarían integrados en la red de pensamiento social. El examen de la reformulación del discurso jurídico y la representación social de los derechos de los niños abre la vía a la comprensión de la legalidad particular construida por los padres en el cotidiano
Adjadji, Anani Guy. "L’enfant et la violence dans le roman africain de l’ère postcoloniale". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL047.
Testo completoViolence, war, poverty and precariousness are typical terms, which are repeatedly present in different discourses about the African continent, be it in the media or in the social sphere. In literature, these expressions also dominate the publications of both the colonial and the post-colonial era. Therefore, this work has the main objective of analysing the portrayal of postcolonial violence in selected works published by African French-speaking authors, but without taking into account the figure of the dictator. It emphasizes the issue of children, most especially child soldiers. Moreover it analyses the narrative methods used by the authors, by means of which a child or teenager becomes the main figure in the context of extreme violence. Two novel publications of Ahmadou Kourouma and one of Emmanuel Dongala form the basis of this dissertation. These are works of two authors who, starting in the year 2000, created new structures in the history of French African literature by their intensive writing about the military use of children. It turned out that in their novels, the voice of a child offers a particular view from the lower class of society on postcolonial violence. In addition, the dissertation establishes a causal relationship between postcolonial and colonial violence
Pinard, Fanny. "La connaissance des situations et des règles d’expression de colère chez l’enfant". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23332.
Testo completoHamdi, Leila. "Recherche de facteurs de risque immunologiques associés au lymphome hodgkinien de l’enfant". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114844/document.
Testo completoHodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) is one of the most frequent lymphomas occurring in childhood. In young children, there is a high predominance in boys and frequent association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Cohort studies have shown that patients affected by several immune deficiency syndromes - e.g. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), functional deficit of Fas/FasL pathway and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) - are risk factors of HL. We intend to search for qualitative and quantitative immune deficiencies as susceptibility factors to child's HL in a prospective study related to Euronet –PHL C1 protocol. Eighty-three patients at diagnosis of HL have been analysed. Median age of the study population is 13 years, (5-18 years). Gender-ratio M/F is 1.1 with a larger male predominance before the age of 10 (gender-ratio of 3). The search for a defect of NKT population that would be suggesting of XLP was negative in all patients. A moderate expansion of circulating TCRαβ+ double negative cells (DNT) has been detected in 5 patients. This expansion has been further explored in the hypothesis of a defect of Fas/FasL pathway by plasmatic quantification of Fas ligand and Il-10. This led to the exclusionof the diagnosis of ALPS. An unexpected high frequency of B-cell lymphopenia has been detected in 31 out of 83 patients (37%). Peripheral B cell lymphopenia was associated with the following poor prognostic factors: advanced stages (p<0.04), low hemoglobin (p<0.06) and B symptoms (p<0.01). B-cell lymphopenia was not statistically correlated with morphology (subtype, amount of tumor cells and necrosis). Remarkably, B-lymphocytic counts were significantly higher in patients with in situ EBV (<0.05).Only a B lymphopenia with low IgG level suggesting DICV was detected. We extended the analysis to all the 395 patients included in the protocol EURONET, so we identified 4 patients with CVID. These cases will be further explored by molecular analyses. In parallel, the specific T-cells response against EBV was studied by flow cytometry in 15 patients and ELISPOT assay in 9 patients with HL. Flow cytometry , suggested a decrease in production of IL-2 by CD4 T cells in patients with high EBV viral load in response to EBV latent and lytic-cycle peptides and autologous lymphoblatoid cells lines compared to controls or patients with LH-EBV-. The ELISPOT-IFNγ assay was used to determine the frequency of T cells that produced IFNγ in response to peptides. One patient demonstrated inappropriate EBV-specific T-cell IFNγ production (<10 IFNγ secreted T cells and >1,000 EBV copies per 250000 PBMCs). These cases will be further explored by molecular analyses.Our findings confirm the known epidemiological data of HL now mainly associated to NS subtype in children and adolescents and EBV status in HL at this age. We show that peripheral B cell lymphopenia in paediatric and adolescent HL patients is frequent and associated with poor prognosis factors. We confirm the association between CVID and HL
Ajrouche, Roula. "Facteurs de risque des leucémies aigues de l’enfant : analyse de l’enquête ESTELLE". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T044.
Testo completoThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the following factors: 1) conception by assisted medical procreation (AMP), 2) maternal folic acid supplementation, 3) factors related to early stimulation of the immune system, and 4) the history of allergy were related to the risk of childhood acute leukemia (CL). The data were obtained from the national registry-based case-control study, Estelle, carried out in France in 2010-2011. Population controls were recruited by random digit dialing, with quotas on age and sex. The sample included 636 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 100 cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and 1421 controls less the 15 years old and frequency matched on age and sex. The data were collected by telephone interview of the mothers, using the same standardized questionnaire for cases and controls. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using unconditional regression models adjusted for age, sex, maternal education, parental socioeconomic status , and potential confounders. We did not observe any increase in CL risk in children who were conceived with difficulty (OR=0,9[0,7-1,2]) or with the use of any fertility treatments (OR=0,8[0,5-1,1]). Preconceptional folic acid supplementation was inversely associated with CL (OR=0,7[0,5-1,0]), without subtype-specificity. Early common infections before 1 year (OR=0,8[0,6-1,0]), attendance to day-care before 1 year (OR=0,7[0,5-1,0]), breastfeeding (OR=0,8[0,7-1,0]) and regular contact with pets in the first year (OR=0,8[0,7-1,0]) were inversely associated with ALL. However, the mode of delivery was not associated with ALL. Finally, reported history of eczema, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, asthma or asthmatic bronchitis treated with anti-histaminic was inversely associated with CL. Our findings do not suggest that fertility treatments are risk factors for CL. They suggest that folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of CL. They also support the hypothesis that some conditions promoting the maturation of the immune system may decrease the risk of ALL
Badillo, Solveig. "Etude de la variabilité hémodynamique chez l’enfant et l’adulte sains en IRMf". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112279/document.
Testo completoIn fMRI, the conclusions of experimental paradigms remain unreliable as far as they supposesome a priori knowledge on the neuro-vascular coupling which is characterized by thehemodynamic response function modeling the link between the stimulus input and the fMRIsignal as output. To improve our understanding of the neuronal and vascular changes inducedby the realization of a cognitive task given in fMRI, it seems thus critical to study thecharacteristics of the hemodynamic response in depth.This thesis gives a new perspective on this topic, supported by an original method for intra-subjectanalysis of fMRI data : the Joint Detection-Estimation (or JDE). The JDE approachmodels the hemodynamic response in a not parametric and multivariate manner, while itjointly detects the cerebral areas which are activated in response to stimulations deliveredalong an experimental paradigm.The first contribution of this thesis is centered on the thorough analysis of the interindividualand inter-regiona hemodynamic variability from a population of young healthyadults. This work has allowed to validate the JDE method at the group level and to highlightthe striking hemodynamic variability in some cerebral regions : parietal, temporal, occipitallobes, motor cortex. This variability is much more important as the region is involved in morecomplex cognitive processes.The second research axis has consisted in focusing on the study of the hemodynamic orga-nizationof a particularly important cerebral area in Humans, the language system. Becausethis function embeds the reading learning ability, groups of healthy children of 6 and 9 yearsold respectively, who were in the process of learning or of strenghting reading, were chosen forthis study. Two important methodological contributions have been proposed. First, a multi-sessionsextension of the JDE approach (until now limited to the processing of mono-sessiondata in fMRI) was worked out in order to improve the robustness and the reproducibility ofthe results. Then, a new framework was developed to overcome the main shortcoming of theJDE approach. The latter indeed relies on a prior parcellation of the data in functionally ho-mogeneousregions, the choice of which is critical for the subsequent inference and impacts thehemodynamic results. In order to avoid this a priori choice, the finalized alternative combinesthe results from various random data fragmentations by using “consensus clustering”.Finally, a second extension of the JDE approach was developed in order to robustly estimatethe shape of the hemodynamic response at the group level. So far, this model was validatedon simulations, and we plan to apply it on children data to improve the study of the BOLDresponse temporal characteristics in the language areas. Thus, this PhD work proposes onone hand new methodological contributions to characterize the hemodynamic response infMRI, and on the other hand a validation and a neuroscientific application of the proposedapproaches
Duong, Hong Phuoc. "Comment optimaliser le diagnostic et le traitement des infections urinaires de l’enfant". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/277110.
Testo completoDoctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Fayolle, Sophie. "Perception du temps et émotions chez l’adulte et l’enfant : étude des mécanismes". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL018/document.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis was to study more precisely the influence of emotions on time perception, and above all to try to identify the underlying mechanisms, still unknown to this day. For this, I conducted 6 studies organized around 2 axes. The goal of Axis 1 was to identify the mechanisms involved in the effect of emotions on the duration judgment of emotional stimuli in a temporal bisection task. The goal of Axis 2 was to develop new induction methods in order to observe more robust effects.The results reveal a subjective lengthening of time, with different types of highly arousing emotional stimuli. This effect appears with several types of threatening stimuli and a wide range of durations, ranging from 0.3 to 8 s. It also appears similarly in adults and children, at least from the age of 5. Moreover, this time dilatation is not accompanied by an improvement in time sensitivity, even when temporal discrimination was difficult. All of these data suggest a robust effect of highly arousing emotions on time perception, which would be explained mainly by automatic mechanisms, and would cause the acceleration of the internal clock. In a situation of danger, this clock acceleration would allow the individual to react as quickly as possible. When time goes faster, the individual is prepared to act quicker. However, further studies are still needed to resolve the issue of automatic processes and the absence of attentional effects
Rechtman, Elza. "Cognition sociale et cerveau social dans les troubles du développement de l’enfant". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB005/document.
Testo completoAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormal social interactions. Eye-tracking studies have objectively reported social perception abnormalities in ASD, characterized by a decrease of gaze towards social stimuli. Brain imaging studies, using PET and SPECT methods, have revealed a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CSF) at rest in the temporal regions, particularly in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), in children with ASD. Nowadays, it is possible to measure rest CBF with MRI using arterial spin labeling (ASL) sequence. In this thesis, we confirmed the decreased in rest CBF within the STS in children with ASD using MRI-ASL, which could allow its use as a biomarker in ASD. We also suggest that rest CBF could be a more relevant index for studying basic brain function in ASD. In addition, we performed a cross-sectional eye-tracking study using the same stimuli over a wide age-range and showed the impact of age on social perception in ASD and in typical development. Finally, we showed social perception abnormalities, using eye-tracking, and cortical functioning abnormalities within the STS using MRI-ASL, in children with posterior fossa arachnoid cyst. A better understanding of the social difficulties underlying this disorder could have a major impact on patient outcome
Bonaventure, Audrey. "Facteurs de risque des leucémies aiguës de l’enfant et interactions gènes-environnement". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T008.
Testo completoThe aim of this thesis was to analyze the associations between several environmental (maternal consumption of tobacco, alcohol or caffeinated drinks during pregnancy) and medical (history of asthma or eczema) factors and childhood acute leukemia, and to study genetic polymorphisms suspected to modify those associations.The analyses were performed using data from the national population-based case-control ESCALE study conducted in 2003 and 2004. Information about medical history and maternal consumptions during pregnancy was obtained through a standardized telephone interview with the mothers. The genetic polymorphisms were selected using a candidate approach based on their functionality, in genes involved in the metabolism of tobacco (CYP1A1*2, CYP2E1*5, NQO1*2, EPHX1 and NAT2*5), alcohol (CYP2E1*5, ADH1C*2) or caffeine (NAT2*5), and in allergy (IL4, IL4R, IL10 and IL13). Biological samples consisting of blood for cases and saliva for controls allowed for the genotyping of 370,000 SNPs in the cases and 4,500 SNPs in the controls. Where the candidate polymorphisms were not available from the genotyping, genotypic imputation was used to infer those. In total, data was available for 493 acute leukemia cases and 442 controls of European origin. Maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy and, to a lesser extent, cola soda drinking, was positively associated with childhood leukemia in the ESCALE study. No significant association was observed with maternal smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Carrying two NAT2*5 alleles was associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Odds Ratio OR=1.9 [1.3-2.7]), although the analyses showed no association with the other candidate alleles involved in metabolism. There was no significant interaction between the candidate genetic polymorphisms and maternal consumptions of tobacco, alcohol or caffeinated drinks during pregnancy. However, the candidate alleles of CYP2E1, NQO1 and EPHX1, three enzymes involved in benzene metabolism, seemed to interact together.The variant alleles in IL13, IL4, IL10 and IL4R genes were not associated with childhood leukemia. A history of asthma or eczema was more frequently reported in controls than in cases (OR=0.7 [0.6-0.9]). This inverse association was mostly observed in children carrying a variant haplotype regulating the expression of IL10 (p for interaction=0.08), and carrying two reference alleles for IL13-rs20541 (p for interaction=0.06).As a conclusion, these results suggest a role of maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy in childhood leukemia that had already been reported in a previous French study of the same research team, and needing in-depth study and replication. However, no association was observed with maternal smoking or alcohol drinking, even after taking into account the candidate genetic polymorphisms. The gene-gene interaction of the three enzymes involved in benzene metabolism is interesting and needs to be investigated in other studies. Finally, the inverse association between childhood acute leukemia risk and medical history of asthma or eczema seems to be limited to the children with specific polymorphisms of interleukins IL10 and IL13, which could reflect underlying biological mechanisms. Those hypotheses should be further tested in other studies, such as the ESTELLE study, that has been recently conducted by the team
Ben, Othman Nadia. "La recherche d’un droit fondamental de l’enfant à la filiation : approche comparée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA080083.
Testo completoIs there a fundamental right of the child to filiation? This question has been asked to the French administration and the French judge with regard to both French and foreign children (in particular from the Maghreb), for whom the establishment of a filiation link has proven to be difficult or impossible. Even today, the traditional conceptions of filiation in France and in the Maghreb are sometimes an obstacle to the recognition of a fundamental right of the child to filiation. These traditional conceptions are perceptible through the formulation and/or interpretation of both national provisions of positive law and international instruments with a universal vocation. .../...This thesis aims to demonstrate that it is possible to guarantee a fundamental right of the child to filiation, in France as in the Maghreb, by searching in the laws and instruments in force - national as well as international - but also in the jurisprudence, the constitutive elements of such right. .../...In France, the recent debates on the filiation of children born under X, resulting from surrogacy, or from AMP, show that in spite of the recent scientific progresses, it remains difficult for certain categories of children to assert their right to filiation. That is all the more true because international instruments do not sufficiently guarantee the fundamental nature of the right to filiation. In the case of Algeria and Tunisia, there are indisputable textual sources pleading in favor of the recognition of a fundamental right to filiation of the child. In Moroccan law, although the family code expressly prohibits the establishment of natural paternal filiation, it seems that this problem can be circumvented through the procedure of recognition. .../...The study of these different legal systems also shows that, beyond their differences, there are convergences that should be better considered when deciding upon certain matters with a transnational dimension. The sources of Muslim law, on which the family law legislation of the Maghreb countries is based, do not contradict our analysis and reveal to what extent the existing political and jurisprudential interpretations to deny the child the right to filiation are more based on moral conservatism than on the existence of prohibitive sacred norms. This comparative work shows that guaranteeing the child's right to parentage requires a paradigm shift in both the drafting and interpretation of parentage laws
Leboulanger, Nicolas. "Évaluation de nouvelles méthodes peu invasives d’exploration des voies aériennes supérieures de l’enfant". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066100.
Testo completoThe management of obstructive diseases of the pediatric upper airway (UA) is currently based on the evaluation of the obstruction during an endoscopy with general anesthesia. This procedure has a significant morbidity. The difficulty of quantifying UA obstruction and its impact with simple and accurate tools emphasizes the importance of evaluating new techniques. The objective of this work was to study new methods of exploration, minimally or non- invasive, of these obstructive diseases: the acoustic reflection method (ARM) and measurement of work of breathing. The ARM is based on the analysis of the reflection of a pressure wave in the UA. The work of breathing studies the load imposed on the respiratory muscles during breathing. We demonstrated that the MRA was applicable in children over 2 years, with a standardized technique. Measurements on children with cystic fibrosis and mucopolysaccharidosis were conducted, to assess the UA resistance and its evolution during the course of the disease. In younger children, when the ARM is possible, we demonstrated in infants with a Robin sequence having an increase in the work of breathing that noninvasive ventilation was able to reduce the load imposed on respiratory muscles and to improve the clinical course. Non- or minimally invasive techniques exploring the UA in children are promising because simple, safe, and potentially complementary to other more invasive tests. Their achievement is routinely possible in many cases
Riva, Miléna. "Attention spatiale et lecture de mots parafovéaux chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire et l’adulte". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05H116.
Testo completoAlthough word reading benefits from some automatism, spatial attention plays a meaningful role in word identification. The improvement of reading skills may be accompanied with an evolution of the attentional demands or of the attentional control in reading. The first goal of this thesis was to investigate the evolution of the role of spatial attention in reading in school-age children in comparison with young adults. Attention plays a greater role in parafoveal words identification than in foveal words. Yet, when presenting parafoveal words, right visual field (RVF) words are better identified than left visual field words. Spatial attention might play a role in this RVF superiority in reading, in relation to hemispheric specialization and reading direction. When subjects attend a parafoveal word, an attentional biasin favour of the RVF develops. The second goal of this thesis was to investigate the attentional bias hypothesis. We conducted parafoveal word identification experiments in school-age children and in young adults, using several attentional paradigms (simultaneous distractor, distractor preceding the word presentation, probe at the word location). Results first showed that the attentional demandsin reading decreased with age, probably because of the evolution of the interaction between the attentional control and the reading systems. Moreover, RVF superiority for words may be explained, at least partially, in children and adults, by the RVF attentional bias. This RVF superiority is found in school-age children as in adults, even though some age-related modifications in attentional strategies have been found