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1
Takano, Mariana Akemi. "The environmental kuznets curve for Brasil". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis depends upon the assumption that countries go
through a similar environmental impact trajectory as they experience income growth. This
dissertation establishes an empirical relationship between CO2 emissions and gross domestic
product per capita for Brazil over the period 1960-2014. The aim is to verify the existence of this
empirical relationship and determine the EKC format. Findings indicate that GDP is related to CO2
in an inverted U-shaped relationship and Brazil is current near to the turning point, which was
estimated in 12.205,13 USD. Indeed, from this point, CO2 emissions may decrease as GDP
increases. Also, results showed that Brazil, with its current import pattern, is not imposing
emissions to other countries. These conclusions may have strong policy consequences because it
suggests that decarbonization of the economy will spontaneously lead to positive economic
impact in the near future and would be not compromising economic growth; A curva ambiental de Kuznets para o Brasil
Resumo:
A teoria Environmental Kuznets Curve baseia-se no pressuposto que os países passam por uma
trajetória de impacto ambiental semelhante ao crescimento económico. Este estudo busca
estabelecer uma relação empírica entre as emissões de CO2 e o PIB per capita, aplicada ao Brasil
no período 1960-2014. O objetivo é verificar a existência desta relação empírica e determinar o
formato da EKC. Os resultados indicam uma relação em forma de U invertido entre o PIB e o CO2,
além de uma proximidade ao ponto de viragem, estimado em 12.205,13 USD. Com efeito, a partir
deste ponto, as emissões podem diminuir enquanto que o PIB aumenta. Os resultados também
demonstraram que o Brasil, com seu atual modelo de importações, não está impondo emissões
para outros países. Estes resultados podem ter grandes implicações, ao sugerirem que a
descarbonização da economia teria um impacto económico positivo, num futuro próximo, sem
comprometer o crescimento económico.
2
Lantz, Van. "Theoretical foundations for environmental Kuznets curve analysis". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0012/NQ61655.pdf.
Testo completo
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Birdyshaw, Edward Leon. "Property rights and the environmental Kuznets' curve /". view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3147814.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
4
Горобченко, Денис Володимирович, Денис Владимирович Горобченко e Denys Volodymyrovych Horobchenko. "A meta-analysis of environmental kuznets curve studies". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8156.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early stages of economic growth degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some level of income per capita, which will vary for different indicators, the trend reverses, so that at high income levels economic growth leads to environmental improvement. This implies that the environmental impact indicator is an inverted U-shaped function of income per capita. Typically, the logarithm of the indicator is modelled as a quadratic function of the logarithm of income. An example of an estimated EKC is shown in Figure 1. The EKC is named for Kuznets (1955) who hypothesized that income inequality first rises and then falls as economic development proceeds.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8156
5
Rossi, Jessica <1997>. ""The Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory”: il caso americano". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21652.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Il presente elaborato ha come fine quello di approfondire il concetto legato all'“Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory” (o “EKC Theory”), analizzandone l’origine, il postulato, i punti di forza e di debolezza. Si andrà, inoltre, ad evidenziare come la replicazione empirica della teoria attraverso modelli econometrici abbia determinato conclusioni eterogenee sulla validità o esistenza della teoria stessa.
La teoria EKC sostiene che, nonostante la crescita economica nelle sue fasi iniziali determini un rapido deterioramento della qualità ambientale, quest’ultima dimensione tenderà a rallentare fino al raggiungimento di un punto di svolta. In questo elaborato viene poi condotta un’analisi di stima di un modello ADL (o Autoregressive Distributed Lag) volto a verificare la presenza dell’EKC per gli Stati Uniti nel periodo campionario dal 1973 al 2021. La strategia utilizzata sfrutta la procedura a due passi di Engle-Granger , che permette di determinare l’equazione statica e l’equazione di breve periodo (o dinamica) attraverso la componente ECM (o Error Correction Mechanism). Infine, attraverso la capacità previsiva del modello specificato, la dinamica di aggiustamento della variabile endogena rispetto all’incremento unitario di ciascuna variabile esogena e il legame lineare tra le emissioni di CO2 e il singolo regressore, sarà possibile fornire una verifica empirica che escluda, o meno, la possibile esistenza della EKC per gli Stati Uniti nel periodo campionario prescelto.
6
Kidd, Jeremy Lynn. "Probing the Mechanics of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Theory". DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/260.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The theory of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) proposes to answer important questions regarding the connections between economic growth (development) and the environment. The theory postulates the environment need not always suffer as the economy develops, and it has generated strong support and opposition. Rather than attempting to defend or debunk EKC theory, this research challenges a practice engaged in by proponents and opponents alike. Simplifying assumptions are a necessary part of economic analysis, but this research shows that any assumptions may not be universally applicable. Utilizing, in turn, a simple one good model and then a more complicated two good model, it is discovered that the competing assumptions utilized by proponents and opponents of the EKC theory may both be valid, depending upon the conditions present in the system being analyzed.
7
Figueres, Fernando, e Elena Popova. "Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Intensity : a Global Survey". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15656.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Environmental Kuznets Curve is an inverted U-shaped relationship which demonstrates how environmental degradation increases as countries begin to develop and lowers as they become wealthier. The classical EKC measures the effects of GDP per capita (a country’s wealth) on pollu-tion. This paper is a study of the connection of a number of factors- GDP per capita, fossil fuels, al-ternative and nuclear energy, rural population and life expectancy at birth to the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Two econometric approaches are applied in order to test whether the variables have a more pronounced linear or quadratic form. Four income groups of countries are investigated in order to check if the state of development plays a crucial role in environmental deterioration. The results of the study point out that EKC does not apply for the chosen variables. From the regression for GDP, however, it can be concluded that EKC forms in 1990s.
8
Alves, Josà Reginaldo Sousa. "There is a curve to environmental kuznets south america?" Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8841.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
nÃo hÃEnvironment topic is increasingly at stake: it is simply of great significance especially insofar as its problems are mitigated by safeguard policies. These include the very source of them: economic growth which is closely related to environmental degradation. The impacts on nature are first and foremost caused by human behavior and its plea for economic growth. This study intends to determine in what extent there is actually a relationship between the emanations of CO2 and economic growth to the countries of South American concerning the 1980-2008Âs. That relation is described according to EKC or inverted - U developed by Kuznets. In that, one employes certain variables, indeed, they are functioning as variables of control and are the following: Economic opening, technological improvements, Scale Effect, Population density. With the descriptive statistics at hand, one ensures that the income (GDPpc) is in terms of variable of control the one which has the so-called higher correlation to the emanation of CO2pc. Furthermore that can be considered both the side effect and at the same time the solution to the environmental problem. In order one can measure this result, one estimates four panel data models, but only on the first one the relationship is perceived in terms of inverted - U. Yet one must be careful with the result mentioned, for the variables of control are not handled here. Indeed, one ends up by showing the EKC hypothesis is not reached achieved
Atualmente, o meio ambiente se constitui uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos entes pÃblicos e populaÃÃo, a rigor justificada pela relaÃÃo entre crescimento econÃmico e a degradaÃÃo ambiental. Uma vez que os impactos causados na natureza muitas vezes vÃm de aÃÃes humanas com o intuito do desenvolvimento da economia. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se existe uma relaÃÃo entre a emissÃo de CO2 e o crescimento econÃmico dos paÃses sul-americanos no perÃodo de 1980 a 2008 na forma de âUâ â invertido, como descrito pela Curva Ambiental de Kuznets (EKC). Para isto, utiliza-se como variÃveis de controle a abertura econÃmica, progresso tecnolÃgico, efeito escala e densidade populacional. A partir das estatÃsticas descritivas, verificou-se que a renda (PIBpc) à a variÃvel de controle que apresenta uma maior correlaÃÃo com a emissÃo de CO2pc, o que pode ser considerado tanto causa quanto soluÃÃo para o problema ambiental. Para aferir os resultados, estimam-se quatro modelos de dados em painel, sendo que somente no primeiro a relaÃÃo entre a emissÃo de CO2 e a renda ocorre o formato do âUâinvertidoâ, no entanto, este resultado deve ser visto com cautela em funÃÃo da ausÃncia de variÃveis de controle o que pode gerar estimativas enviesadas. Desse modo, conclui-se que a hipÃtese da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets, conforme proposta por Grossman e Krueger (1991), para os paÃses da AmÃrica do Sul, em relaÃÃo à emissÃo de CO2pc e o PIBpc, nÃo se verifica.
9
Thompson, Alexi. "Three essays on the environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution". Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15073.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Jeff Peterson
This dissertation is composed of three chapters each investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for water pollution. The first chapter looks at downstream dependence, the second chapter looks at the effect water abundance has on an EKC for water pollution, and the third chapter looks at different ways to control for population across countries in an EKC empirical model. Of particular note a theoretical model is developed in the first chapter that links directly with the empirical EKC model and marginal effects of consumption and effort on pollution are derived. This model specification may be particularly useful in future EKC studies. In general, there is some evidence of an EKC although it appears to depend on the country.
10
Pepper, Jordan D. "An examination of the environmental Kuznets curve for methyl bromide /". View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131576463.pdf.
Testo completo
11
Andreoni, Valeria <1981>. "Economy and environment: Issues on transport externalities, CO2 responsibility and environmental Kuznets curve". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2351/1/Andreoni_Valeria_Tesi.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this thesis some of the most important issues presently debated on international sustainability are analysed. The thesis is composed of five independent studies that tackle organically the following issues: the maritime transport externalities, the environmental Kuznets curve, the responsibilities in the carbon dioxide emissions and the integrated approach that have to be used to translate the principles of sustainability into policy. The analysis will be instrumental to demonstrating that sustainability, being a matter of economy, society and environment, requires to be analysed in a transdisciplinary perspective. Using an integrated approach to analyse the relationships between economy and environment, this thesis highlight that sustainability management requires joint economic instruments, integrated analysis, societal behavioural changes as well as responsibilities shifting.
12
Andreoni, Valeria <1981>. "Economy and environment: Issues on transport externalities, CO2 responsibility and environmental Kuznets curve". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2351/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this thesis some of the most important issues presently debated on international sustainability are analysed. The thesis is composed of five independent studies that tackle organically the following issues: the maritime transport externalities, the environmental Kuznets curve, the responsibilities in the carbon dioxide emissions and the integrated approach that have to be used to translate the principles of sustainability into policy. The analysis will be instrumental to demonstrating that sustainability, being a matter of economy, society and environment, requires to be analysed in a transdisciplinary perspective. Using an integrated approach to analyse the relationships between economy and environment, this thesis highlight that sustainability management requires joint economic instruments, integrated analysis, societal behavioural changes as well as responsibilities shifting.
13
Кубатко, Олександр Васильович, Александр Васильевич Кубатко, Oleksandr Vasylovych Kubatko e Oleksandra Nilova. "Is economic growth a cause or cure for the environmental degradation: the case of environmental kuznets curve". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8201.
Testo completo
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Rashid, Shehryar. "The environmental Kuznets curve case for the USA and the BRIC countries". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31819.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (M. S.)--Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Ho, Chun-Yu; Committee Member: Nair-Reichert, Usha C.; Committee Member: Oyelere, Ruth Uwaifo. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
15
Allard, Alexandra, e Johanna Takman. "An Empirical Assessment of the N-Shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145340.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to combat global warming and climate change issues and facilitate economic prosperity in the same time, it is important to understand the possible tradeoffs between economic growth and environmental degradation. In this thesis, we evaluate the hypothesis of an N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Using panel data analysis, we investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions, GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, technological development, trade, and institutional quality for 74 countries over the period of 1994 to 2012. We find (i) evidence for the Nshaped EKC when using pooled OLS regressions for all income groups but upper-middleincome countries; (ii) heterogeneous results regarding the N-shaped EKC across income groups and quantiles when using quantile regressions; and (iii) a clear and consistent negative relationship between renewable energy and CO2 emissions, indicating the importance of promoting greener energy to combat climate change.För att bekämpa klimatförändringar och samtidigt möjliggöra ekonomiskt välstånd är det viktigt att förstå de möjliga avvägningarna mellan ekonomisk tillväxt och miljöförstöring. I denna uppsats utvärderar vi hypotesen om en N-formad miljökuznetskurva (EKC). Med hjälp av paneldataanalys undersöker vi förhållandet mellan koldioxidutsläpp, BNP per capita, förnybar energi, teknologisk utveckling, internationell handel och institutionell kvalitet för 74 länder under perioden 1994 till 2012. Vi finner (i) bevis för en N-formad EKC för alla inkomstgrupper förutom övre medelinkomstländer när poolad OLS används som skattningsmetod; (ii) heterogena resultat gällande en N-formad EKC, både mellan och inom de olika inkomstgrupperna, när vi använder oss av kvantilregressioner; och (iii) ett tydligt och konsekvent negativt förhållande mellan förnybar energi och koldioxidutsläpp, vilket pekar på vikten av att främja grönare energi för att kunna bekämpa klimatförändringar.
16
Ansuategi, Alberto. "Economic growth and environmental quality : a critical assessment of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis". Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326770.
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Li, Zhe 1974. "The environmental Kuznets curve reexamined for CO₂ emissions in Canadian manufacturing industries /". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80319.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recent studies of the environmental Kuznets curve raise questions regarding the relationship between environmental indicators and GDP and the fundamental reasons that explain this relationship. In response, this thesis presents one-sector and two-sector models to analyze the alternative causal relationships between an environmental indicator and GDP at different stages of economic development. These models analyze how economic scale, technology, preferences, and economic structure influence the causality and shape of the relationship. These theoretical studies are followed by two empirical studies. The first tests the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP in Canadian manufacturing industries. The second explores several factors as the fundamental causes that influence the CO2 emissions in the same industries. Factors, such as economic scale, preferences, technological progress, structural change, and energy input, are found to be crucial in the determination of CO2 emissions. The empirical results are positive, but there are data limitations. The empirical studies can be re-evaluated as more data becomes available.
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Stagl, Sigrid. "Delinking economic growth from environmental degradation? A literature survey on the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis". Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1490/1/document.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effect of economic growth on environmental quality is much under dispute. A number of empirical studies have made the claim that there exists in some income ranges a positive relation between per capita income and some measure of environmental quality. According to this inverted U-shaped pattern of different pollutants relative to per capita incomes in different countries which is also called the "Environmental Kuznets Curve" (EKC), environmental pressure increases up to a point as income goes up; after the turning point environmental quality improves as income keeps rising. Possible explanations for this pattern are seen in the progression of economic development, from clean agrarian economies to polluting industrial economies to clean service economies. This trend is enhanced through the transfer of cleaner technology from high-income countries to low-income countries and the tendency of people with higher income having a higher preference for environmental quality. Since this relationship is so fundamental to questions of economic development and sustainability it has provoked a vast load of research over the last seven years supporting but also heavily criticizing the results and conclusions. This paper gives an overview of the literature published on this topic to date and the conceptual, methodological and fundamental critique put forward. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
19
Forsén, Emil. "The environmental Kuznets curve : Investigating the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417882.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis describes the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation through an inverted U-shape where environmental degradation first increases with economic growth, to later stagnate and decline as economic growth reaches specific threshold limits. The aim of this study is to investigate the EKC hypothesis when environmental degradation is measured through a country’s renewable energy implementation. This is achieved through multiple scatterplots and a Granger causality test, and the key finding are (1) that a consensus regarding the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is missing, (2) that countries seems to significantly increase their consumption of renewable energy between US$ 30 000 - 50 000 when measured in real GDP per capita, (3) that the theoretical shape of the EKC holds for most countries, (4) a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to fossil fuel consumption for a panel of developing countries, and (5) a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to both fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption as well as a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to fossil fuel consumption for a panel of developed countries. When the EKC is measured though a country’s renewable energy implementation the hypothesis seems to hold for most countries. However, the decrease in environmental degradation is so far limited to developed countries with smaller economies and populations. These countries also need to ensure that decreases in environmental degradation is a result of underlying mechanisms like energy efficiency improvements and not other more counterproductive behaviors like outsourcing and deindustrialization.
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Mills, Julianne H. "Economic Prosperity, Strong Sustainability, and Global Biodiversity Conservation: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243432252.
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Wermelinger, Martin. "What's the Impact of the Environmental Sector? A Simultaneous Estimation of the Extended Environmental Kuznets Curve /". St. Gallen, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/03413796001/$FILE/03413796001.pdf.
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Tarrafa, Ingride Stouge. "Economic growth and environmental degradation : an analysis on GDPpc and CO2pc emissions". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22791.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mestrado Bolonha em Econometria Aplicada e PrevisãoThe continuous growth in GHG emissions derived from human activity has stirred the debate on if it is possible to combine an ever-growing economy with sustainability values, environmental equality and justice. Whether climate change should be tackled from an eco-modernist perspective, or an economic de-growth perspective is important to help define future policy. Therefore, this MFW aims at estimating forecasted values of the GDPpc and CO2pc and conclude whether the theoretical framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve holds for these series in a selected group of countries. With this objective, an empirical analysis was made on both series where it became apparent how big fluctuations in these variables might be related to the economies dependency on the industry and export of fossil fuels. Moreover, three different models frameworks were applied to these series, with all presenting evidence on good predictive capabilities. Through cross validation, a model was select that would best fit to the data, being that forall series the chosen model was an ARIMA. The forecasted values from these models are aligned with the perspective that is drawn from past values, but do not corroborate the EKC hypothesis, with an average increase in CO2pc emissions predicted for the USA, for example. Thus, allying strong environmental policy to prosperity and economic and social development should be of greater focus to countries worldwide.
O crescimento contínuo das emissões de gases com efeitos de estufa derivados da atividade humana tem agitado o debate sobre se é possível combinar uma economia em crescente com valores de sustentabilidade e igualdade e justiça ambiental. Se as mudanças climáticas devem ser enfrentadas através de uma perspetiva eco-modernista, ou uma perspetiva de redução do crescimento económico, é importante para ajudar a definir políticas futuras. Assim, este TFM visa estimar valores de previsão para o PIBpc e CO2pc e concluir sobre se o quadro da teoria da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets se verifica para estas séries de uma seleção de países. Com este objetivo, foi elaborada uma análise empírica sobre estas séries, na qual ficou aparente do quão as grandes flutuações destas variáveis poderão estar relacionadas com a dependência de uma economia da indústria e exportação de combustíveis fósseis. Além disso, três diferentes modelos foram aplicados a estas séries, sendo que todos apresentaram evidência de uma boa capacidade preditiva. Através de validação cruzada, um modelo foi selecionado considerando que se encaixaria melhor nos dados, sendo o modelo escolhido para todas as séries um ARIMA. Os valores previstos a partir destes modelos estão alinhados com a perspetiva que se obtém dos valores passados, mas não corrobora com a hipótese da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets, com um aumento médio nas emissões de CO2 previsto para os EUA, por exemplo. Assim, aliar políticas ambientais fortes à prosperidade e ao desenvolvimento económico e social devem ser de maior foco para os países em todo o Mundo.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Kwon, O.-Sung. "Economic growth and the environment : the environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development in an endogenous growth model /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7467.
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Yan, Kejia. "The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions based on dynamic environmental Kuznets curves (EKC)". Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/411260.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The world has been overwhelmed by extreme weather in recent years, with rising global temperatures, air pollution, floods, droughts, rising sea levels, species extinctions, a shortage in water resources, and air pollution no longer just a warning from scientists, but the cause of countless increase in diseases and deaths. The loss of human life, property damage, ecosystem destruction and species extinction caused by environmental degradation is gradual, comprehensive and to a degree, irreversible. Addressing global environmental degradation is a matter of urgency. However, environmental degradation and economic growth are inextricably linked and can even be said to be interdependent to some extent. Politicians, under some pressure, may be willing to take a stand at an international level to address environmental issues, but countries will only be proactive if environmental governance does not affect their economies. With rapid economic growth stimulated by industrialisation, population spread, health care, education, transportation, technology and defense also develop rapidly. Politicians cannot afford the political and developmental costs of addressing the degradation of the environment at the expense of economic growth.
While politicians can be seen to be making choices between economic development and environmental degradation at international climate conferences, the fact is that the relationship between economic development and environmental degradation has not been fully clarified. Does economic growth necessarily pollute the environment? Is it possible to address the issue of environmental degradation without affecting economic development? Motivated by these factors, this study proposes a dynamic EKC (environmental Kuznets curve) hypothesis to explain the true relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth. This thesis analyses in detail how this relationship unfolds in various sectors of the economy, and provides policy recommendations which address environmental degradation without harming the economy.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Dept Account,Finance & Econ
Griffith Business School
Full Text
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Peuckert, Jan Verfasser], e Knut [Akademischer Betreuer] [Blind. "Developing Systems of Environmental Innovation in Emerging Economies. Challenging the Environmental Kuznets Curve / Jan Peuckert. Betreuer: Knut Blind". Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034134906/34.
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Oliveira, Rejane Corrêa de. "Curva de Kuznets Ambiental para a Amazônia Legal". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3955.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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O desmatamento das florestas tropicais é um elemento importante na questão das mudanças climáticas. No Brasil, o desmatamento provocado por focos de calor torna o país um grande emissor mundial de dióxido de carbono, um dos gases causadores do efeito estufa. Há a preocupação de que, com o avanço do desenvolvimento, a pressão sobre as florestas tropicais aumente. Dentro deste contexto, esse trabalho investigou a hipótese da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA) para a região da Amazônia Legal, isto é, se existe uma relação na forma de “U” invertido entre um índice de degradação ambiental (área desmatada anual) e o crescimento econômico (indicado pelo PIB per capita), em nível municipal, no período 20012006, utilizando um modelo para dados em painel com dependência espacial. Variáveis explicativas adicionais foram incluídas, tais como: rebanho bovino, culturas agrícolas (soja e cana-de-açúcar), extração vegetal e silvicultura, densidade populacional, crédito rural e área de floresta pré-existente. Devido ao histórico de ocupação, extensão da área e características geográficas, existe a indicação de diferenças intrarregionais importantes. A heterogeneidade espacial do parâmetros foi tratada em conjuntos de modelos com regimes espaciais distintos (macrozonas e estados). A heterogeneidade espacial extrema foi tratada pela estimação de regressões ponderadas geograficamente (RPG). Os resultados da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais sugerem a existência de “clusters” em um padrão Alto-Alto (municípios com altos valores de desmatamento próximos a municípios com desmatamento também elevado) na região do Arco do Povoamento Adensado e Amazônia Central. Os resultados econométricos indicam a presença de efeitos não-observados, sendo mais adequada a estimação por efeitos fixos. O modelo global que melhor se ajusta aos dados é o modelo de erro espacial com transbordamentos espaciais; para este, foi verificada a relação da CKA na forma de “N” invertido, indicando que a área desmatada anual é maior para baixos níveis de PIB per capita, sendo decrescente à medida que o PIB aumenta, depois volta a crescer, e para níveis de renda mais elevados, torna-se decrescente. As variáveis relacionadas ao rebanho bovino, crédito rural e a existência de floresta anterior são consideradas significativas em 5%. Para os diferentes regimes espaciais, os seguintes resultados são encontrados: a) no conjunto de modelos para as três macrozonas (Amazônia Ocidental, Amazônia Central e Arco do Povoamento Adensado), a CKA não é verificada em nenhuma de suas formas; b) no conjunto de modelos que considera um regime espacial para cada estado, a hipótese da CKA é verificada na forma de “U” invertido para Mato Grosso, e na forma de “U” para o estado do Pará e monotônica crescente para o Maranhão; nos demais estados, a hipótese da CKA não é verificada. No nível extremo de heterogeneidade espacial, a estimação por regressões ponderadas geograficamente resulta em parâmetros calculados para cada município, sendo possível representar em mapa as diferentes formas encontradas para a CKA, concentradas nas porções central e nordeste da Amazônia. Os resultados mostram diferentes relações entre desmatamento e PIB per capita municipal, assim como diferentes relações do desmatamento com as demais variáveis explicativas, revelando a heterogeneidade do espaço amazônico.
The tropical deforestation is a main issue on the global climate change discussion. In Brazil, the deforestation caused by hot spots is responsible for large emissions of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. There is always a concern about the increasing pressure over the forest as development advances. Within this context, this work aims to investigate the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis applied to Legal Amazon region: whether there is an inverted “U” relationship between an environmental degradation index (annually deforested area) and economic growth (GDP per capita) at municipal level from 2001 to 2006, using a panel data model with spatial dependence. Some other variables mentioned in the literature were considered to explain deforestation: cattle size, soybean and sugar cane crops, vegetal extraction and forestry products, population density, rural credit, and previous forest area. Additionally, there can be important intra-regional differences due to occupation history, large area and geographical aspects. The spatial heterogeneity of coefficients was considered by studying spatial regimes into two sets (macro-regions and states). The extreme coefficients spatial heterogeneity was considered by estimating the model using geographically weighted regressions (GWR). The Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) shows the presence of clusters in a High-High pattern (municipalities with high deforestation values near municipalities with high values for the deforested area also) in the Densely Populated Arch and Central Amazon. The econometric results reveal the presence of unobserved effects, being the fixed effects estimate the most appropriate one. The global model (considering the whole region) that fits the data well is the spatial error model with spillovers; for this model, the EKC relationship appears to have an inverted “N” shape, so the annual deforested area is higher for lower incomes, it decreases when GDP per capita increases, then it goes back to increase, and for higher income levels it decreases again. The variables related to cattle size, rural credit and previous forest area seems to affect the deforested area. When the spatial heterogeneity is considered by means of different spatial regimes, the following results are found: a) for the three macro-regions set of models (Occidental Amazon, Central Amazon and Densely Populated Arch), none of the shapes for the EKC relationship is verified; b) for the nine states set of models, the EKC hypothesis is found in an inverted “U” shape for Mato Grosso state, a “U” shape for Pará state and increasingly monotonic shape for Maranhão state, whereas for the other states the EKC is not found. For the extreme level of spatial heterogeneity, the geographically weighted regressions show local coefficients: it was possible to map the different shapes for EKC found mainly in central and northeastern portions of Amazon. The results show different local relationships between deforestation and GDP per capita at municipal level, and also different local relationships between deforestation and the additional variables.
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Ávila, Ednilson Sebastião de. "Evidências sobre curva ambiental de Kuznets e convergência das emissões". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96131/tde-08122011-102440/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nos últimos anos, os impactos da poluição no meio ambiente se tornou um tema de grande relevância, uma vez que níveis desmedidos de emissões têm sido responsáveis por alterações ambientais. Muitos autores se dedicaram a estudar a relação existente entre o crescimento econômico e a poluição. Destes estudos, surgiram duas abordagens distintas: Curva Ambiental de Kuznets e convergência das emissões. A Curva Ambiental de Kuznets postula a existência de uma relação no formato U invertido entre emissões e renda. Desta forma, à medida que renda alcança um certo nível, a taxa de crescimento das emissões se reduz. Já a convergência das emissões implica em uma taxa de crescimento equilibrado no longo prazo, o que leva ao estado estacionário das emissões. Neste contexto, Brock e Taylor (2010) desenvolveram um modelo alternativo que liga estas duas metodologias. O modelo presume que, quando as emissões convergem ao estado estacionário, implicitamente ocorre o movimento descrito pela Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. O objetivo deste trabalho é estimar os dois modelos separadamente com o intuito de verificar se os resultados apontam para uma mesma direção. As estimações da CAK foram sensíveis ao modelo escolhido. Quando se utiliza a renda e a renda ao quadrado como explicativas, os coeficientes estimados apontam para uma curva no formato U invertido, com ponto de inflexão de US$ 792.805,60. Já a estimação do modelo com as variáveis renda, renda ao quadrado e renda ao cubo apresentou uma curva no formato N, e o ponto de inflexão obtido foi de US$ 6.168,88. A estimação do modelo convergência proposto por Brock e Taylor (2010) apontou evidências que ocorre convergência condicional das emissões per capita, para a maioria das estimações realizadas.Recently the impacts of pollution on environment became a relevant topic, as great levels of emissions are responsible for environmental change. Many researchers started to study the relationship between economic growth and pollution. Two distinct approaches followed from these studies: the Environmental Kuznets Curve and the convergence of emissions. The Environmental Kuznets Curve assumes the existence of an inverted U relationship between emissions and income. As the income grows and reaches a threshold level, the growth rate of emissions goes down. The convergence of emissions implies a steady state of emissions in the long run. In this context, Brock and Taylor (2010) built an alternative model that makes a bridge between both methodologies. The model assumes that as there is convergence of emissions towards steady state, there is as a result a path similar to an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The purpose of this research is to estimate both models separately in order to verify if the results point to the same conclusions. The estimates of the Environmental Kuznets Curve were sensitive to the model chosen. As we use income and income squared as independent variables, the estimated coefficients point to an inverted U curve with a turning point at US$ 792,805.60. The estimates of the model with the variables income, income squared and income cubic reveals a N curve with a turning point at US$ 6,168.88. The estimates of the convergence model proposed by Brock and Taylor (2010) pointed to conditional convergence of emissions per capita for most of the cases.
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Abrahamsson, Robin, e Rasmus Augustsson. "Economic Development and CO2 emissons : A comparison of High- and Middle-income economies". Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49592.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between economic development and pollution in the middle- and high-income countries for the period between 1960 and 2014. The study is conducted by first testing the environmental Kuznets curve, an economic theory that income has an inverted U-shape relationship with environmental degradation. Later, the Revised environmental Kuznets curve is tested, an economic theory that countries undergoing economic development at a later period will have a lower peak of environmental degradation compared to countries undergoing economic development at an earlier period. Empirical tests of carbon dioxide (CO2) per capita and income (GDP per capita) were conducted in two different panel tests containing middle-income countries in one and high-income countries in the other. The observed relationship shows that a country's early economic development degrades the environment until what is called the turning point is reached, after which the environment improves with further economic development. Thus, the expected inverted U-shape is observed for both MIE and HIE. Furthermore, the tests tell us that the turning point for MIE is significantly lower than for HIE, which is the expected result.
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Efraimsson, Sanna. "Environmental Policies and the EKC : To what extent can national environmental policies contribute to the EKC theory? Sweden and EU". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this thesis is see if national policies regarding aimed at combating climate change could work even if international ones, such as the Kyoto Protocol, are considered to fail. The question was if environmental policies could be included as an explanatory variable for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The environmental polices of interest were the market-based instrument, environmental taxes. First, the hypothesis whether or not Sweden fit the EKC theory is tested, and this proves to be the case when looking at the years 1800-1996. Second, a hypothesis was tested to see if environmental taxes can help decreasing carbon emission intensity further once a country has reached its turning point. Comparing Sweden to six other countries from the European Union show that this is the case, although environmental taxes must be one of many tools and cannot work alone. The study shows that the role of taxes were significant, thus showing their importance for the work on climate change. It is also observed that national policies do work, while regional, or international, ones are harder to conduct. The importance of national policies is enhanced since they will be guiding countries when deciding whether or not to commit to international policies.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Olha Danylo, Steffen Fritz, Ian McCallum, Michael Obersteiner e Linda See. "Economic Development and Forest Cover: Evidence from Satellite Data". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4823/1/wp215.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We use satellite data on forest cover along national borders in order to study the determinants of deforestation differences across countries. We combine the forest cover information with data on homogeneous response units, which allow us to control for cross-country geoclimatic differences when assessing the drivers of deforestation. Income per capita appears to be the most robust determinant of differences in cross-border forest cover and our results present evidence of the existence of decreasing effects of income on forest cover as economic development progresses.(authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Choi, Jaesung. "The Relationship between Water Pollution and Economic Growth Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Case Study in South Korea". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26617.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis reviews relationships between economic growth and water pollution in South Korea using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Both national perspective (pooled data) and regional perspective (each river) are used to reveal the EKC theory. Given that the small sample covers four rivers and the period of 1985-2009, Fixed-effects model with a robust standard error is chosen for removing econometric problems.
Empirical results demonstrate that the EKC theory explains water quality change in South Korea, depending on the types of water pollutants and their generated regional characteristics. The Han River does not show inverted-U shapes for BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), but the Geum River (BOD), the Yeongsan River (BOD and COD), and the Nackdong River (COD) show inverted-U shapes. At the national perspective, BOD and COD might show inverted-U shapes; therefore, the EKC relationship cannot always be generalized between economic growth and environmental pollution.
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Lopes, Guilherme Byrro. "Um estudo sobre a Curva Ambiental de Kuznets e a convergência da Pegada Ecológica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96131/tde-26092013-151544/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A relação entre economia e meio ambiente tem sido cada vez mais explorada, dado que o crescimento econômico pode ter efeitos prejudiciais sobre a natureza, contudo existe a possibilidade de conciliar crescimento com preservação do meio ambiente. A coleta e divulgação de indicadores ambientais permitiram relacioná-los com a renda per capita, o que motivou a investigação de uma hipótese conhecida como Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. O trabalho tem por finalidade estimar, através de dados em painel não estacionário, a relação entre o indicador de pressão ambiental e crescimento de renda per capita e, através da análise de dados em painel estático e dinâmico, a convergência da pegada ecológica entre os países como resultado da evidência direta e indireta, respectivamente, da existência de uma Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. A vantagem da análise está na abrangência da pegada ecológica como indicador ambiental em relação às emissões de poluentes, possuindo um caráter original por não ter sido empreendida anteriormente. Os fundamentos teóricos da análise de convergência estão no Modelo de Solow verde desenvolvido por Brock and Taylor (2010).The relationship between economy and environment has more and more been explored, and given the potential harm that economic growth might have on nature there is a possibility to conciliate growth and environment preservation. The gathering and publishing of environmental measures allowed to establish their relationship with per capita income in an investigation of the hypothesis known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. This work estimates the relation of environmental pressure and income per capita and also the convergence of the ecological footprint among countries, as a direct and indirect, respectively, result of the existence of a Environmental Kuznets Curve, by using static, dynamic and non-stationary panel data techniques. The advantage of this analysis is that the ecological footprint is a broader environmental index than pollution indexes. The theoretic foundation of the convergence analysis is the Green Solow model, presented by Brock and Taylor (2010).
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Somov, Margarita Yuri. "AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY, POLLUTION, AND INCOME IN THE U.S. COUNTIES". UKnowledge, 2004. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/415.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The concept of economic development has broadened to include environmental quality and population health. Interactions between income and pollution, income and health, and pollution and health have been studied separately by researchers from various disciplines. This study attempts to unify several different research strands and analyze simultaneous interactions between population health, measured by the infant mortality rate, pollution, and income in one endogenous system. Socioeconomic, racial, and rural urban disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are analyzed. The simultaneous equation system, estimated using the two-stage least squares method, tests whether pollution effects on infant mortality are outweighed by income effects. The study finds that income is a stronger determinant of infant mortality than pollution. Evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve is ambiguous. Disparities in infant mortality, pollution, and income are correlated with counties rural-urban status, income inequality, and ethnic diversity. Regional patterns identify wide geographical differences in levels of pollution, income, and infant mortality. The Southeast region stands out as a region with the highest infant mortality rate, relatively high levels of air pollution and chemical releases, and low per capita incomes.
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Hanson, Lundström Elenor. "Kuznets in Sweden? : A study of the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and income". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7879.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), economic growth will eventually cause carbon dioxide emissions to decrease. Is this the case in Sweden? A time series covering the period 1800-1995 is used to analyze the relation between carbon dioxide emissions and income per capita in Sweden. The empirical results indicate that an EKC for carbon dioxide is highly likely to exist in Sweden for the examined period. To take the analysis further, a cross-section data set is employed to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, income per capita and 4 other potentially influential variables in 75 countries. Only carbon intensity of energy is significant for carbon dioxide emissions. This implies that the utilized energy source is of importance, and it is crucial to separate energy consumption from carbon dioxide emissions. Emissions is a matter of structural aspects such as the type of industry and production a country comprise, and what type of energy that is consumed; not merely the quantity of energy. Sweden has experienced a shift in production techniques and in energy supply, and the energy-efficiency has improved during the past 100 years. It is consequently plausible to believe that it is not a critical income per capita which decreases CO
2 emissions – it is the “right” energy sources, energy efficiency and improved technology.
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Jordan, Benjamin Raines. "Sustainability at multiple scales: interactions between environment, economic and social indicators at the country, city and manufacturing facility scale". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43717.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The simplicity of the Environmental Kuznets (EKC) curve concept motivated this study of the relationships between environmental, economic and social indicators at the country, city/regional and manufacturing facility scale. The study builds on almost 20 years of research on the EKC, which has shown conflicting results for confirmation of the EKC hypothesis that the environment first degrades, then improves, with increasing economic wealth.
Most EKC studies use country-scale income or GDP as the primary economic indicator of interest; this study experiments with city/regional GDP at the local scale and a country-scale "market maturity" indicator commonly used by the corporation studied.
The manufacturing facility scale analysis is new territory in the EKC literature. Firm-scale studies in the past have been just that, evaluating firm environmental performance across a specific industry. This effort evaluates manufacturing facility performance within the same firm across a set of 21 countries of interest to the corporation.
This study is unique in a few other ways. Including multiple scales in the same study is not common in the EKC literature. Typically, a study would focus on one or a few indicators at one specific scale. The actual environmental and social outcome variables used here are also somewhat unique. Generally speaking, the results reported here will fall into the "mixed" bucket relative to the 20 years of existing EKC literature; however, a possible research platform is established based on the possible nesting of multiple scales within the same research effort.
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Ochirkhuyag, Myagmersuren. "Water Management in Mongolia". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160459.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The world experiences large-scale ecosystems degradation in an every part of the planet - in rich as well as in and poor parts. Unstable economic conditions together with weak law enforcements make low income countries face more severe forms of natural destruction. This draws the attention on the need to design economic policies that are environmentally sound and while at the same time ensuring the well-being of their inhabitants in economic, social and natural settings. A number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have experienced a unique historical period of transition from communist regimes to free democratic societies. This has been followed by numerous effects on their financial situations as economic hardships caused by the collapse of economies injected by the assistance from the Soviet and committees of socialist countries mutually aiding each other, opening up of opportunities as private ownership and market liberations. Not all countries succeeded in liberalizing their economic structures and reforming economic and political environments. Simultaneously, the natural environment underwent various effects, both positive and negative, after the Iron Curtain fell and exposed destructing effects of command and control economy. Mongolia has experienced all the hard aspects of the transition and started to climb up on the income ladder from the low income to the lower middle-income list of the World Bank, but also seen many negative price aspects of development. Water resources have been severely degraded in recent years due to anthropogenic impact. However, there are reforms taking place in water sector institutions that have recently attracted wide attention nationwide.This thesis will give detailed picture on current state of water resources in the country and the system that coordinates them. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is used as an approach to highlight the relationship between water resource quality and income per capita in Mongolia. This is followed by a detailed discussion on water institutions development and the coordinating mechanisms badly needed among sectors involved. The research suggests that collaborative actions are important if sustainable water management is to be reached. More generally, I recommend further research issues on the generated topic as my thesis is one of the first discussions coupling the EKC and institutional theory aspects together.
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Flores, Rousbell Jusselff Gamez. "Teste da hipótese da curva de Kuznets ambiental para os países do BRICS". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/18276.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorNa presente dissertação se fez um resgate histórico do debate sobre a relação entre crescimento econômico e sustentabilidade ecológica; é complementado com uma análise empírica usando a hipótese da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA) para desvelar a relação entre crescimento econômico (o renda per capita) como indicadores de sustentabilidade: Emissões de CO2 (modelos tipo A), Pegada Ecológica em termos per capita (modelos tipo B), a Extração Total de Materiais (Modelos tipo C) e Poupança Liquida Ajustada (Modelos Tipo D) além da influência de outros fatores como a densidade populacional o uso de energia per capita, a abertura comercial, área de terra usada em agricultura, as emissões de metano e emissões de outros gases de efeito estufa como os subprodutos de hidroflurocarbonetos (HFC), perfluorocarbonetos (PFC) e hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6). A análise se fez mediante séries temporais em Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários para os Países BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul) com dados anuais no período de 1980 até 2011 exceto a Rússia, que pela disponibilidade dos dados a análise foi feita apenas para o período de 1992-2011.Segundo os resultados, se testou a hipótese da CAK em forma de “U invertido” apenas para Rússia e Índia nos Modelos tipo A e para Índia nos modelos tipo C. a CKA em formato de N apenas se tem evidencias para Índia nos modelos tipo B e para África do Sul nos modelos tipo D. Em todos os casos resultou que existe uma relação entre crescimento econômico e os indicadores de sustentabilidade usados nessa pesquisa; tal relação estabelece que os países estão num estágio de expansão econômica que causa pioras no meio ambiente e que acordos como o protocolo de Quito e leis ambientais não tem sido suficientes para regular o crescimento econômico orientado a um desempenho ecologicamente sustentável dos países BRICS.
In the present dissertation a historical rescue of the debate on the relation between economic growth and ecological sustainability was made; it´s Complemented with an empirical analysis using the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) to unveil the relationship between economic growth (GDP per capita) and indicators of sustainability: CO2 emissions (type A models), the per capita ecological footprint (type B models), the total extraction of materials (Type C models) and the adjusted savings (Type D models), in addition, the influence of other factors such as population density, per capita energy use, trade liberalization, land area used in agriculture, methane emissions and emissions of other greenhouse gases such as byproducts of hydrofurocarbon (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The analysis was done using time series in Ordinary Least Squares for the BRICS Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) with annual data in the period from 1980 to 2011 except for Russia which for the availability of the data the analysis was made only for the period 1992-2011. According to the results we tested the inverted U-shaped EKC only for Russia and India in Models A and for India in models type C. The N-shaped EKC only has evidence for India in type B models and for South Africa in type D models. In all cases it is concluded that there is a relationship between economic growth and the sustainability indicators used in this research; This relationship establishes that countries are in a stage of economic expansion that causes worsening in the environment and that agreements such as the Quito protocol and environmental laws have not been enough to regulate economic growth oriented to an ecologically sustainable performance of BRICS countries.
Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Brufao, Camila Albornoz. "A RELAÇÃO ENTRE CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO E AS EMISSÕES DE CO2: UMA ANÁLISE DA CURVA DE KUZNETS AMBIENTAL PARA PAÍSES DESENVOLVIDOS E EM DESENVOLVIMENTO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6623.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe present study aims to analyses the relationship between the growth of income per capita and CO2 emissions per capita in developed countries - the United States and Germany - and developing countries - Brazil and China - between 1971 and 2009 based on the hypothesis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (CKA) in its two versions, the CKA in the form of inverted U and the CKA in the form of N. The first suggests that as the income growth occurs in many countries, environmental damage tends to decrease, showing an inverted-U format. The second, on the other hand, suggests that the growth of countries per capita income take at one point to the environmental damage reduction, after reaching a very high level, the causes of environmental damage re-grow and the curve presents a new turning point and resumes an upward trajectory. It is expected that developed countries show a U-shaped inverted curve since reached such a level of income that allows them to grow with reduced environmental damage, or presenting a curve-shaped N since reached a level of income even higher which made its return emissions to be positive after a period of income growth with reduced environmental damage. Developing countries on the other hand, are expected to show linear monotonic increasing, as have not yet reached the level of income that allows them to have access to technologies that make their production processes cleaner making it grow through growth CO2 emissions and can present the descending portion of the curve. The results vary from one country to another. In some, the relationship between income growth and CO2 emissions has a curve shaped inverted-U, in others, in the shape of N, or even none of these.
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre o crescimento da renda per capita e as emissões de CO2 per capita em países desenvolvidos Estados Unidos e Alemanha e países em desenvolvimento Brasil e China entre 1971 e 2009 tendo como base a hipótese da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA) em suas duas versões, a CKA em formato de U-invertido e a CKA em formato de N. A primeira sugere que, à medida que o crescimento da renda ocorra nos diversos países, os danos ambientais tendem a diminuir, apresentando, assim, um formato de U-invertido. A segunda, por outro lado, sugere que, embora o crescimento da renda per capita dos países leve, em certo momento a uma diminuição de danos ambientais, após alcançar um nível muito elevado, esse aumento da renda faz com que os danos ambientais voltem a crescer, que a curva apresente um novo ponto de inflexão e retome uma trajetória ascendente. Espera-se que os países desenvolvidos apresentem uma curva em formato de U-invertido, dado que alcançaram um nível de renda tal que lhes permite crescer com diminuição dos danos ambientais, ou ainda apresentem uma curva com formato de N dado que alcançaram um nível de renda ainda mais elevado que fez com que o as suas emissões voltassem a ser positivas após um período de crescimento da renda com diminuição dos danos ambientais. Dos países em desenvolvimento por outro lado, se espera que apresentem relação linear monotônica crescente, dado que ainda não atingiram o nível de renda que lhes permite ter acesso a tecnologias que tornem os seus processos produtivos mais limpos fazendo com que cresçam por meio do crescimento de emissões de CO2 e possam apresentar o trecho decrescente da curva. Os resultados obtidos variam de um país para outro. Em alguns, a relação entre crescimento da renda e emissões de CO2 apresenta uma curva em formato de U-invertido; em outros, em formato de N ou, ainda, nenhum desses.
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Papaleo, Maria Carmela. "Issues in Environmental Economics: Sustainability and Eco-efficiency". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1953.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
2013 - 2014This thesis deals empirically with various research questions in environmental economics. In particular the issues of sustainability and eco-efficiency are approached on three different data-sets. The first paper deals with the analysis of eco-efficiency for 103 provincial (NUTS 3 - Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics 3) capitals of Italy throughout 2000-2008. It focuses on the link among economic growth, energy consumption and air pollution, modeling cities as territorial units that ought to promote growth, while at the same time minimising its environmental impact. Subsequently, the eco-efficiency of this panel of provincial capitals is measured through panel estimates of an input-distance function. Within this procedure, considering some environmental control variables, the paper evaluates if environmental best practices correspond either to those municipalities that adopt environment-friendly policies or to cities characterised by a particular urban context. The evidence points to the existence of a significant link between economic development, energy consumption and air pollution at the provincial capital level. The most ecoefficient provincial capitals are also among the wealthier, which is consistent with an Environmental Kuznets Curve. The second paper investigates the Ecological Footprint indicator by focusing on the notion of sustainable development and then of carrying capacity of land. The impact of man on nature is explored through an empirical analysis of the growth rate of population, and the percentage of urban and rural population, in Europe. The level of CO2 emissions per inhabitant in the EU is compared with that of developing countries. Through a sectoral approach, the total CO2 emissions per capita from fuel combustion, electricity and heat production, manufacturing industries and construction, transport and other sources are separately appraised. The third paper studies the relationship between rice production and methane emissions. Rice farming is believed to be a major anthropogenic source of methane emissions, which are measured emissions at both country and world levels of aggregation. It presents a quantitative estimation of the statistical relationship between rice production dynamics and methane emissions with regression estimates computed (country-wise and globally) over a large set of countries. The evidence only partly validates the expectation of a positive statistical influence of rice production on methane emissions. In fact a Kuznetstype evidence shows up: increasing rice production is correlated with fewer emissions. This negative relationship holds for a measure of countries sufficient to emerge significantly also at the world level. [edited by Author]
XIII n.s.
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Homoródi, Réka, e Katarzyna Osmólska. "An analysis of the relationship between Carbon-Dioxide Emissions and Gross Domestic Product For 139 countries within the time period 1985-2004". Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-3110.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this dissertation would be to find the relationship between CO2 emission and GDP. We found that in case of the majority of countries the CO2 emission is related to national income and follows an inverted-U shaped curve. In our analysis we used the regression technique on 139 countries within the time period 1985-2004 to model and analyze the mentioned relationship and define the variables, that describe it. As it will be proved, Environmental Kuznets Curve validate the model and our hypothesis confirm other researches, therefore the inverse-u relationship proves to be correct.
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Kollertová, Petra. "Analýza konceptu Environmentální Kuznetsovy křivky". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The environmental protection is often in conflict with catching up the highest economic level of the country. In some developed countries the higher economic level means also the higher pollution of the environment. Indeed, this is applied only till one point -- the turning point -- from which the trend is applied vice-versa, the higher the economic prosperity of the country, the lower the pollution of the environment. This phenomenon is in environmental economics called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the EKC, from detailed description of the theoretic and econometric framework, factors influencing the EKC, to crucial studies which were published in this area of economics. In connection with the factors influencing EKC the thesis underline the important role of the environmental regulation and state or international ecologic policy, which the work is dealing in initiate part with. The aim of the work is to analyze if the EKC hypothesis is valid in reality or not. Furthermore the diploma thesis targets also the situation of the developing countries -- if they have to go through the same path as nowadays developed countries or if they on the contrary use their experiences.
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Mádr, Marek. "Environmentální Kuznetsova křivka v České republice". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75225.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis addresses the subject of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). EKC is a model expressing the relationship of economic development and environmental damage. The chosen topic is relevant in connection with ongoing discussions relating to global warming and the impact of human activity on this phenomenon. The concept would give us many clues to the future development of pollution not only in developing countries. The paper examines whether research into the relationship of economic development the country and harming the environment makes sense. The paper also seeks to contribute to confirm or refute the concept of the EKC for specific situations. Specifically, the EKC model validation for selected indicators of environmental pollution in the Czech Republic. The main methods of work are research of literature and empirical analysis. Searches of papers and other publications relating to the concept of EKC is shown in the first part. The second part is devoted to empirical testing EKC for various pollutants in the Example of the Czech Republic. Main result of a literature research is that empirical validation of EKC model makes sense. The work with results of those researches has to be very careful. Main output of own research is verifying the validity of EKC model for selected air pollutants in Czech Republic.
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Kowitz, Paul [Verfasser]. "Capacity Building und die Environmental Kuznets Curve : Makroquantitative und qualitative Analyse des Entwicklungs-Umwelt-Verhältnisses unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des umweltpolitischen Kapazitätsaufbaus / Paul Kowitz". Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1069047147/34.
Testo completo
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Schlageter, Abigail. "Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for 𝑪𝑶𝟐 Emissions: What Can We Learn About the Pollution-Income Relationship and Pathways Toward Sustainable Development". Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109171.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis advisor: Christopher MaxwellReducing carbon dioxide emissions and strengthening the economies of developing countries are among the most pressing issues within Sustainable Development. In order to enact effective policies to move toward Sustainable Development Goals, a deep understanding of the pollution-income relationship, and how it differs between developed and developing countries, is imperative. Using advanced panel data analysis techniques, and using the IPAT and EKC models, my results find that the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic development differs for developed and developing countries. Additionally, my analysis uses carbon dioxide emissions, a global pollutant, to proxy environmental quality. My results, however, oppose those of existing literature which use local pollutants as the proxy. This may suggest that the utility gained from reducing local pollutants differs from the utility gained by reducing global pollutants. Further exploration of the differing pollution-income relationship for local and global pollutants serves as an area for future research
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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Yang, Haoyuan, e Qian Zhang. "How Effective is the Kyoto Protocol in Impelling Emission Reduction". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15762.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Kyoto Protocol is one of the most important international climate change treaties aimed at fighting global warming. On January 1st 2005, the protocol was enforced with its first commitment period 2008-2012. However, the effectiveness of reducing CO2 emission has long been debated. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically as-sess the impact of the Kyoto Protocol on carbon dioxide reduction across countries, whether the protocol led significant difference after entering force in 2005. The data used in this thesis cover 37 Annex B countries and 148 non-annex B countries from 1990 to 2007. The models are constructed on the basis of the various contributing fac-tors to CO2 emissions and the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. The main find-ing is contrary against the result expected. The insignificant dummy variable cannot indicate that there is a “structural break” of CO2 emissions reduction after the Kyoto Protocol was implemented. The conclusion is that political agreements such as Kyoto Protocol cannot show critical effects on reducing carbon dioxide. The underlying main driving factors of CO2 emission are energy use, electricity from coal source, fossil fuel burning, in other words, industrialization. And the technology develop-ments cannot keep in pace with finding a new energy source and effectively control-ling CO2 emissions in the short run.
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Pereira, Frantiesca Cheiran. "Desflorestamento no estado do Mato Grosso e a expansão da fronteira agrícola : uma análise econométrica". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149317.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O objetivo desta dissertação foi estudar os determinantes do desflorestamento e verificar empiricamente se a Expansão da Fronteira Agrícola no estado de Mato Grosso segue uma trajetória ao encontro da Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. O método utilizado para testar essa hipótese foi o de dados em painel econométrico. Este estudo se justifica devido à temática ambiental e ao caráter multidimensional do tema, como o abordado pelas ciências sociais. Os principais resultados apontam que inicialmente o uso e a ocupação da área causam desflorestamento, mas sem que ocorra crescimento do PIB per capita, em um segundo estágio, caracterizado pela instalação de atividades econômicas rentáveis, crescem tanto o desflorestamento como o PIB per capita e somente em um terceiro momento a degradação ambiental diminuirá. Esta última fase, quando verificada apenas pelo resultado econométrico induziria a um erro de interpretação, desfeito pela complementação da espacialização do processo da Expansão da Fronteira Agrícola.The aim of this thesis was tostudy the determinants of deforestation and verify empirically if the expansion of the agricultural boundary in the State of Mato Grosso follows a trajectory to meet the environmental Kuznets Curve. The method used to test this hypothesis was the econometric panel data. This study is justified due to the environmental subject and the multidimensional character of the theme, as discussed by social sciences. The main results show that using and as well performing occupation of the area cause deforestation, nevertheless without per capita GDP increasing, in a second stage, characterized by the installation of profitable economic activities, increasing both the deforestation as the GDP per capita and only in a third environmental degradation will decrease. This last phase, when checked only by the econometric results, leads to an wrong interpretation, undone by complementing the definition of the agricultural boundary process expansion.
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Carvalho, Terciane Sabadini. "A hipótese da curva de kuznets ambiental global e o protocolo de Quioto". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2008. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2859.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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As questões sobre o meio ambiente, ano após ano, vêm desempenhando um destacado papel no debate global sobre o futuro do planeta. Devido à liberação de enormes quantidades de CO2 na combustão de energias fósseis, as suas emissões são classificadas como uma das forças motrizes por trás do fenômeno do aquecimento global. Em todo o mundo, as emissões dos gases de “efeito estufa” (GEE) estão aumentando, apesar dos esforços comuns para implementar acordos internacionais, como o Protocolo de Quioto. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação visa investigar a hipótese da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental (CKA) global e a sua relação com o Protocolo de Quioto. Portanto, um de seus objetivos é verificar se existe uma relação na forma de U invertido entre um índice de degradação ambiental global (emissões de CO2 per capita) e o crescimento econômico (medido pelo PIB per capita) para uma amostra de 167 países durante o período de 2000-2004, utilizando um modelo de efeitos fixos com dependência espacial. Outro objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar o papel do Protocolo de Quioto como uma política global, a fim de reduzir as emissões. Para isso, uma variável dummy, representando os países que ratificaram o Protocolo, é adicionada do lado direito da regressão. Além disso, mais três variáveis são colocadas no lado direito da regressão: nível de comércio, consumo de energia e densidade populacional. Os resultados da Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE) revelaram que as emissões de CO2 per capita não são distribuídas aleatoriamente, bem como identificou uma série de países que emitem mais do que os outros países: Estados Unidos, Canadá, Austrália, Barein, Brunei, Kuwait, Luxemburgo, Emirados Árabes Unidos, Trinidad e Tobago e Aruba. A AEDE encontrou a existência de clusters, mostrando que o padrão Baixo-Baixo ocorre principalmente nos países mais pobres africanos e asiáticos, enquanto o padrão Alto-Alto aparece essencialmente nos países europeus e países do sudoeste asiático. Os resultados econométricos, a princípio, sugerem a existência de uma CKA na forma de “N” e não de “U” invertido, encontrando os seguintes “pontos de inflexão”: US$ 12.262,44 e US$ 27.083,33. As demais variáveis explicativas também apresentaram os sinais esperados e todas exibiram um coeficiente altamente significativo. Cerca de 80% da amostra não possuem renda acima do ponto de inflexão calculado, ou seja, a grande maioria dos países se encontraria na primeira parte ascendente da curva, revelando que no intervalo de renda observado para os 167 países, muitos exibem uma curva monotonicamente crescente. Isso parece confirmar e ilustrar a natureza global do impacto do dióxido de carbono, revelando que há pouco incentivo para as nações tomarem ações unilaterais para reduzir suas emissões, e que ações multilaterais estão sendo desenvolvidas lentamente. Outra questão importante é o coeficiente negativo e estatisticamente significativo para a variável dummy dos países que ratificaram o Protocolo de Quioto, revelando a importância de acordos internacionais na redução do montante global das emissões de carbono per capita. Portanto, o crescimento econômico sozinho não pode substituir políticas que aspirem a redução das emissões de CO2. Este resultado sugere que políticas internacionais podem ajudar a reduzir as emissões de GEE, mas é preciso que mais países se comprometam nessa redução. Portanto, crescimento econômico por si só não garante a cura para os problemas relacionados ao meio ambiente. As políticas ambientais têm papel fundamental na inversão da trajetória dos poluentes que seguem a CKA.
Over the years environmental issues have been playing a remarkable role in the global debate about the Earth future. Due to the release of huge amounts of CO2 in the combustion of fossil fuels, its emissions are classified as one of the driving forces behind the global warming phenomenon. Worldwide, emissions of the "greenhouse effect" gases (GHG) are increasing, despite the joint efforts to implement international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol. In this context, the present dissertation is aimed at investigating the Global Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and its relationship with the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, one of its objectives is to verify whether there is an inverted U shaped relationship between an index of global environmental degradation (per capita CO2 emissions) and economic growth (measured by per capita GDP) for a sample of 167 countries over the period 2000-2004, using a fixed effect model with spatial dependence. Another objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the role of the Kyoto Protocol as a global policy in order to reduce emissions. To do so, a dummy variable, representing the countries that have ratified the Protocol, is put in right hand of the regression. Besides, another three variables are inserted in the right hand of regression: the trade level, energy consumption and population density. The findings from Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) revealed that per capita CO2 emissions are not randomly distributed, as well as identified a number of countries that emit more than the other countries, namely, United States, Canada, Australia, Bahrain, Brunei, Kuwait, Luxembourg, United Arab Emirates, Trinidad and Tobago and Aruba. The ESDA analysis found the existence of clusters, showing that the low-low pattern occurs mainly in the poorest countries Asian and African, whereas the High High pattern appears mainly in European countries and countries in Southeast Asia. The econometric results, in principle, suggest the existence of a CKA in the form of "N" rather than "U" inverted, finding the following "turning points": US$ 12,262.44 and US$ 27,083.33. The other explanatory variables also showed the expected signs and all exhibited a highly significant coefficient. Around 80% of the sample did not have income above the “turning point” calculated, that is, the vast majority of countries are in the first upward part curve, revealing that in the range of income observed for the 167 countries, many have a curve monotonically increasing. This seems to confirm and illustrate the global nature of the carbon dioxide impact, revealing that there is little incentive for nations takes unilateral actions to reduce their emissions, as well as multilateral actions are being developed slowly. Another important issue is the negative coefficient, and statistically significant, for the dummy variables of the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, showing the importance of international agreements on reducing the overall amount of per capita carbon emission. Therefore, economic growth alone cannot replace policies that aspire to reducing CO2 emissions. This result suggests that international policies can help reduce GHG emissions, but we need more countries to commit such reduction. Therefore, economic growth alone does not guarantee a cure for the problems related to the environment. Environmental policies have key role in reversing the trajectory of pollutants that follow the CKA.
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Lindmark, Magnus. "Towards environmental historical national accounts for Sweden : methodological considerations and estimates for the 19th and 20th centuries". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-61872.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
New questions in a changing economy demands development of both contemporary and historical national accounts. One such question concerns economic and environmental relationships. From a national accounting perspective this issue has been approached in terms of environmental accounting. The aim of this study is to investigate how proposals for integrated environmental and economic accounting can be used for an extension of the Historical National Accounts for Sweden and for examining the long-term relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation and resource depletion. This issue is approached through methodological considerations and estimates of iron ore and timber depletion and discharge of pollutants. The conclusions are that it is possible to construct environmental historical national accounts, but that the lack of historical data and theoretical difficulties cause a high level of abstraction and other problems concerning the series. The empirical investigations show that the 19th century can be considered a period of depletion intensive growth. Furthermore, there seems to be evidence of a correlation between changes in the natural resource net prices and previous periodizations of Swedish economic development. Concerning pollutants, the analyses shows an increase of the aggregated discharges until the late 1960s. However, the pollution intensity of growth has fallen throughout the period, possibly in a pattern of long trend periods.digitalisering@umu
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Dalberg, Terry, e Felix Svensson. "Forest Cover and Economic Development : A cross-country study on the relationship between forest cover and economic development in South America". Thesis, Jönköping University, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53087.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ongoing deforestation is an urgent, global issue with both direct and indirect impacts on a nation’s future development. This as change in forest cover and economic development provides an intuitive link between each other. Deforestation is driven by the expectations of economic return through exploitation of natural resources in search for economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between change in forest cover and economic development in South America between 1991 and 2019. Even if deforestation is considered widely studied, it remains an empirical question how it relates to economic development. This study uses the framework of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Deforestation (EKCD), an economic theory which suggest that economic development has an inverted U-shaped relationship with deforestation. By using a fixed effect model, we find evidence of a U-shaped relationship between forest cover and income (GDP per capita). Our results indicate that a country’s forest cover decline as income raises until a turning point is reached, after which forest cover increases together with advancing economic development. Hence, provide empirical evidence of the existence of a U-shaped EKCD in South America. Furthermore, the study is conducted using average data and the turning point therefore is also an average for the continent
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Kövendi, Esther, e Olivia Nagy. "The Effect of Entrepreneurship, Technology, and Innovation on the Environmental Kuznets Curve : An investigation of the N-shaped EKC and its relation to business activities in developed and developing countries". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176575.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the impact of entrepreneurship, technology, and innovation on the Environmental Kuznets Curve, using data from 2006-2016. Most studies either focus on the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions or the relationship between business activities and economic growth. We aim to expand research by connecting the two streams and proposing a way to make economic activities more sustainable. By applying quantile regression to our panel data and grouping countries in peer groups, we can see how the impact of the independent variables vary across the CO2 emissions distribution. We found evidence for an N-shaped EKC relationship in developed countries, whilst an inverted N-shape in developing countries. Our results confirmed that renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on environmental degradation. We also found evidence that entrepreneurship increases CO2 emissions in developed countries, suggesting that policies should incentivise a greener business model. On the contrary, we found that innovation increases emissions in developing countries and decreases emissions in developed countries.Keywords Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, Renewable energy, Technology,Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Sustainable development