Articoli di riviste: "Kaluza-Klein Compactification"

1

Sochichiu, Corneliu. "Quantum Kaluza–Klein compactification". Physics Letters B 463, n. 1 (settembre 1999): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(99)00960-0.

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2

STRATHDEE, J. "KALUZA-KLEIN THEORY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 01, n. 01 (aprile 1986): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x86000022.

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Abstract (sommario):

Recent developments in Kaluza-Klein theory are reviewed. Starting with the concept of spontaneous compactification, the problem of determining the ground state geometry and its symmetry is discussed. While it is generally believed that only the zero modes can be relevant for low energy physics, it is possible in some cases to deduce the entire excitation spectrum. This is true when the internal space is a coset space. A technique is described for setting up harmonic expansions on coset spaces. Consistency in chiral Kaluza-Klein theories demands freedom from both gauge and gravitational anomalies. General features of the chiral anomalies are reviewed.

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3

Chakraborty, B., e R. Parthasarathy. "Dynamical compactification in Kaluza-Klein cosmology". Physics Letters A 142, n. 2-3 (dicembre 1989): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(89)90163-1.

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4

DURACHTA, J. W. "TOWARDS A CONSISTENT FOUR-DIMENSIONAL SUPERSTRING (I)". International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, n. 23 (30 settembre 1991): 4133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91002033.

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A Kaluza-Klein “compactification” Ansatz is applied to the D=10, N=1, heterotic, Green-Schwarz superstring to produce a D=4, N=4 theory. It is demonstrated that κ symmetry is preserved under the procedure, a necessary condition for the 4D theory to retain the consistency of the 10D one. This is the first time that the Kaluza-Klein scheme has been reported to have been applied to superspace.

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5

Lü, H., e C. N. Pope. "Domain Walls from M-Branes". Modern Physics Letters A 12, n. 15 (20 maggio 1997): 1087–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397001102.

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We discuss the vertical dimensional reduction of M-sbranes to domain walls in D=7 and D=4, by dimensional reduction on Ricci-flat four-manifolds and seven-manifolds. In order to interpret the vertically-reduced five-brane as a domain wall solution of a dimensionally-reduced theory in D=7, it is necessary to generalize the usual Kaluza–Klein ansatz, so that the three-form potential in D=11 has an additional term that can generate the necessary cosmological term in D=7. We show how this can be done for general four-manifolds, extending previous results for toroidal compactifications. By contrast, no generalization of the Kaluza–Klein ansatz is necessary for the compactification of M-theory to a D=4 theory that admits the domain-wall solution coming from the membrane in D=11.

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6

Farrera, Carlos M., Alejandro Granados-González, Héctor Novales-Sánchez e J. Jesús Toscano. "Quark-flavor-changing Higgs decays from a universal extra dimension". International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, n. 24 (30 agosto 2020): 2050141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20501419.

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Kaluza–Klein fields characterizing, from a four-dimensional viewpoint, the presence of compact universal extra dimensions would alter low-energy observables through effects determined by some compactification scale, [Formula: see text], since the one-loop level, thus being particularly relevant for physical phenomena forbidden at tree level by the Standard Model. This paper explores, for the case of one universal extra dimension, such new-physics contributions to Higgs decays [Formula: see text], into pairs of quarks with different flavors, a sort of decay process which, in the Standard Model, strictly occurs at the loop level. Finite results, decoupling as [Formula: see text], are calculated. Approximate short expressions, valid for large compactification scales, are provided. We estimate that Kaluza–Klein contributions lie below predictions from the Standard Model, being about 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller for compactification scales within [Formula: see text].

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7

Sarmadi, M. H. "Spontaneous compactification in quantum Kaluza-Klein theories". Nuclear Physics B 263, n. 1 (gennaio 1986): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(86)90034-9.

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8

KRASNIKOV, N. V. "MONOPOLES ARE NOT AN INEVITABLE CONSEQUENCE OF THE GRAND UNIFICATION". Modern Physics Letters A 03, n. 14 (ottobre 1988): 1379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732388001653.

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9

OSORIO, M. A. R., e M. A. VÁZQUEZ-MOZO. "STRING VARIATIONS ON KALUZA-KLEIN COSMOLOGY". Modern Physics Letters A 08, n. 34 (10 novembre 1993): 3215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393002142.

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We study the cosmological solutions of the two-dimensional Brans-Dicke equations considering a gas of c=1 strings in S1×ℝ as the source of the gravitational field. We also study the implications of the R-duality invariance on the solutions. To this purpose we conjecture that, as it happens for massless fields in finite boxes, the free energy of a gas of massless string excitations is not given by the corresponding toroidal compactification.

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10

Noguchi, Tatsuya, Masahiro Yamaguchi e Masakazu Yamashita. "Gravitational Kaluza–Klein modes in warped superstring compactification". Physics Letters B 636, n. 3-4 (maggio 2006): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.03.040.

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11

OHKUWA, YOSHIAKI. "THIRD QUANTIZATION OF KALUZA–KLEIN COSMOLOGY AND COMPACTIFICATION". International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, n. 23 (20 settembre 1998): 4091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98001918.

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We study on the third quantization of a Kaluza–Klein toy model. In this model time (x) is defined by the scale factor of universe, and the space coordinate (y) is defined by the ratio of the scales of the ordinary space and the internal space. We calculate the number density of the universes created from nothing and examine whether the compactification can be explained statistically by the idea of the third quantization.

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12

LEE, SANGMIN. "PREPOTENTIALS IN TORIC AdS4 COMPACTIFICATIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, n. 14n15 (20 giugno 2008): 2197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08040822.

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We address the question of determining the prepotential of the gauged supergravity resulting from a compactification of M-theory on AdS 4 × Y7. We make a concrete proposal for the prepotential in the case of toric Sasaki-Einstein Y7. Comparison with direct Kaluza-Klein computations show that the proposal is correct in certain cases, but requires modification in general.

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13

Darabi, F., e H. R. Sepangi. "On signature transition and compactification in Kaluza-Klein cosmology". Classical and Quantum Gravity 16, n. 5 (1 gennaio 1999): 1565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/16/5/307.

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14

Nakayama, A. "Consistent Compactification into MD xCP2 in Kaluza-Klein Theories". Progress of Theoretical Physics 73, n. 4 (1 aprile 1985): 959–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptp.73.959.

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15

Vasilevich, D. V. "Compactification of ten-dimensional Kaluza-Klein model and superstring". Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 72, n. 1 (luglio 1987): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01035700.

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16

Vakili, B., S. Jalalzadeh e H. R. Sepangi. "Compactification and signature transition in Kaluza–Klein spinor cosmology". Annals of Physics 321, n. 11 (novembre 2006): 2491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2006.04.016.

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17

Koikawa, T., e M. Yoshimura. "Observable consequences of dynamical compactification in Kaluza-Klein cosmology". Physics Letters B 150, n. 1-3 (gennaio 1985): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(85)90149-2.

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18

Granda, N., e E. Loaiza. "Spontaneous Compactification Induced by Gravitons and Scalar Field". International Journal of Modern Physics A 12, n. 28 (10 novembre 1997): 5007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x97002668.

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We evaluate the one-loop effective potential for the Einstein–Hilbert action coupled to a nonlinear sigma model in a Kaluza–Klein background space M4 × SN (M4 is the four-dimensional Minkowski space–time and SN is the N-dimensional sphere) for odd N. The computation is made in the harmonic and in the light cone gauges. The radius of compactification for some N was found.

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19

TRACAS, N. D. "GUT PRECURSORS IN SU(3)3-TYPE MODEL AND Ncolour>3". Modern Physics Letters A 19, n. 21 (10 luglio 2004): 1615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304013878.

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We investigate the SU (3)3 GUT model when signs of the model (precursors), due to low compactification scale, appear before the gauge couplings of the Standard Model get unified. The Kaluza–Klein state contribution seems to lead the gauge couplings to unification through a wide energy scale only in the case when the colour group is augmented to SU(4).

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20

Lee, H. C. "The light-cone gauge". Canadian Journal of Physics 64, n. 5 (1 maggio 1986): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-116.

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Some aspects of recent development in the light-cone gauge and its special role in quantum-field theories are reviewed. Topics discussed include the two- and four-component formulations of the light-cone gauge, Slavnov–Taylor and Becchi– Rouet–Stora identities, quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics, renormalization of Yang–Mills theory and supersymmetric theory, gravity, and the quantum-induced compactification of Kaluza–Klein theories in the light-cone gauge.

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21

Bamba, Kazuharu, Davood Momeni e Ratbay Myrzakulov. "Kaluza–Klein reduction and Bergmann–Wagoner bi-scalar general action of scalar–tensor gravity". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 12, n. 10 (25 ottobre 2015): 1550106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887815501066.

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We examine the Kaluza–Klein (KK) dimensional reduction from higher dimensional space-time and the properties of the resultant Bergmann–Wagoner general action of scalar–tensor theories. With the analysis of the perturbations, we also investigate the stability of the anti-de Sitter (AdS) space-time in the (D ∈ 𝒩)-dimensional Einstein gravity with the negative cosmological constant. Furthermore, we derive the conditions for the dimensional reduction to successfully be executed and present the KK compactification mechanism.

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22

Kirillov, Alexander A., e Vitaly N. Melnikov. "Compactification of extra dimensions in quantum inhomogeneous Kaluza-Klein cosmological models". Physics Letters B 389, n. 2 (dicembre 1996): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(96)01276-2.

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23

Srivastava, S. K. "Cosmological compactification in Kaluza-Klein model and time-dependent cosmological term". International Journal of Theoretical Physics 31, n. 12 (dicembre 1992): 2103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00679970.

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24

Eingorn, Maxim, Seyed Hossein Fakhr e Alexander Zhuk. "Kaluza–Klein models with spherical compactification: observational constraints and possible examples". Classical and Quantum Gravity 30, n. 11 (1 maggio 2013): 115004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/30/11/115004.

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25

Buchbinder, I. L., P. M. Lavrov e S. D. Odintsov. "Unique effective action in Kaluza-Klein quantum theories and spontaneous compactification". Nuclear Physics B 308, n. 1 (ottobre 1988): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90048-x.

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26

Bagrov, V. G., I. L. Buchbinder e S. D. Odintsov. "Effective action and spontaneous compactification in Kaluza-Klein quantum R2-gravity". Physics Letters B 184, n. 2-3 (gennaio 1987): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(87)90568-5.

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27

MATSUMOTO, SHIGEKI, JOE SATO, MASATO YAMANAKA e MASATO SENAMI. "PRODUCTION RATE OF SECOND KK GAUGE BOSONS IN UED MODELS AT LHC". International Journal of Modern Physics A 24, n. 18n19 (30 luglio 2009): 3515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x09047132.

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We calculate the production rates of the second Kaluza-Klein (KK) photon γ(2) and Z boson Z(2) at the LHC including all significant processes in the minimal universal extra dimension (MUED) model. For discrimination of the MUED model from other TeV scale models in hadron collider experiments, γ(2) and Z(2) play a crucial role. In order to discuss the discrimination and calculate their production rates, we derive effective Lagrangian containing KK number violating operators. We show that KK number violating processes are extremely important for the compactification scale larger than 800 GeV. We find that, with an integrated luminosity of 100 fb-1, γ(2) and Z(2) are produced 106 - 102 for the compactification scale between 400 GeV and 2000 GeV.

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28

SHARMA, PREET, ANDREAS TZIOLAS, ANZHONG WANG e ZHONG CHAO WU. "SPACE–TIME SINGULARITIES IN STRING AND ITS LOW DIMENSIONAL EFFECTIVE THEORY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, n. 02 (20 gennaio 2011): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11051408.

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Space–time singularities are studied in both the (D+d)-dimensional string theory and its D-dimensional effective theory, obtained by the Kaluza–Klein compactification. It is found that space–time singularities in the low dimensional effective theory may or may not remain after lifted to the (D+d)-dimensional string theory, depending on particular solutions. It is also found that there exist cases in which space–time singularities appearing in high/low dimensional space–times do not necessarily happen on the same surfaces.

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29

Boehnlein, Amber. "Search for Large Extra Dimensions Using the DØ detector". International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, supp01b (settembre 2001): 860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0100831x.

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We have searched for the effects of Kaluza Klein gravitons predicted in theories of large spatial extra dimensions (LED). Analyzing angular and invariant mass distributions of photon and electron pairs in 127 pb -1 of data, we find complete agreement with expectations from the Standard Model. There were no anomalous events found that are characteristic of virtual graviton exchange. We set lower limits on the compactification scale of large extra dimensions between 1.0 and 1.4 TeV for the number of extra dimensions between 2 and 7.

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30

KIKKAWA, KEIJI, e HUMITAKA TAMURA. "DYNAMICAL GAUGE FIELD INDUCED BY THE BERRY PHASE MECHANISM". International Journal of Modern Physics A 10, n. 11 (30 aprile 1995): 1597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x95000760.

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Some part of the local gauge symmetries in the low energy region, say, lower than GUT or the Planck energy, can be an induced symmetry that can be described with the holonomy fields associated with a topologically nontrivial structure of partially compactified space. In the case where a six-dimensional space is compactified by the Kaluza-Klein mechanism into a product of the four-dimensional Minkowski space M4 and a two-dimensional Riemann surface with the genus g, Σg, we show that, in a limit where the compactification mass scale is sent to infinity, a model Lagrangian with a U(1) gauge symmetry produces the dynamical gauge fields in M4 with a product of g U(1)'s symmetry, i.e. U(1)×···×U(1). These fields are induced by a Berry phase mechanism, not by the Kaluza—Klein mechanism. The dynamical degrees of freedom of the induced fields are shown to come from the holonomies, or the solenoid potentials, associated with the cycles of Σg. The production mechanism of kinetic energy terms for the induced fields is discussed in detail.

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31

LACQUANITI, V., e G. MONTANI. "GEOMETRY AND MATTER REDUCTION IN A 5D KALUZA–KLEIN FRAMEWORK". Modern Physics Letters A 24, n. 20 (28 giugno 2009): 1565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309030904.

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In this paper we consider the Kaluza–Klein field equations in the presence of a generic 5D matter tensor which is governed by a conservation equation due to 5D Bianchi identities. Following a previous work, we provide a consistent approach to matter where the problem of huge massive modes is removed, without relaxing the compactification hypotheses; therefore we perform the dimensional reduction either for metric fields and for matter, thus identifying a pure 4D tensor term, a 4D vector term and a scalar one. Hence we are able to write down a consistent set of equations for the complete dynamics of matter and fields; with respect to the pure Einstein–Maxwell system we now have two additional scalar fields: the usual dilaton one plus a scalar source term. Some significant scenarios involving these terms are discussed and perspectives for cosmological applications are suggested.

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32

ALESCI, EMANUELE, e GIOVANNI MONTANI. "CAN GRAVITATIONAL WAVES BE MARKERS FOR AN EXTRA-DIMENSION?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, n. 06 (giugno 2005): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805006717.

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The main issue of the present paper is to fix specific features (which turn out being independent of extradimension size) of gravitational waves generated before a dimensional compactification process. Valuable is the possibility to detect our prediction from gravitational wave experiment without high energy laboratory investigation. In particular we show how gravitational waves can bring information on the number of Universe dimensions. Within the framework of Kaluza–Klein hypotheses, a different morphology arises between waves generated before than the compactification process settled down and ordinary 4-dimensional waves. In the former case the scalar and tensor degrees of freedom cannot be resolved. As a consequence if gravitational waves having the feature predicted here were detected (anomalous polarization amplitudes), then they would be reliable markers for the existence of an extra dimension.

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Giang, Bui Thi Ha, Dao Thi Le Thuy, Nguyen Van Dai e Dang Van Soa. "Radion Production in e\(^+\)e\(^-\) Collisions". Communications in Physics 25, n. 1 (11 maggio 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/25/1/5078.

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We analyse the potential of the e+e− collisions to search for the radion in theRandall-Sundrum model, where compactification radius of the extra dimension isstabilized by the radion, which is a scalar field lighter than the graviton Kaluza- Klein states. The radion production in the high energy e+e− colliders withpolarization of e+, e− beams was studied in detail. Numerical evaluation showsthat if the radion mass is not too heavy with the mass order of GeV then thereaction can give observable cross section in high energy colliders with the highdegree of polarization.

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34

KOBAKHIDZE, ARCHIL, e ANCA TUREANU. "GAUGE COUPLING UNIFICATION IN ORBIFOLD GUT'S". International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, n. 21 (20 agosto 2006): 4323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032472.

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We discuss Kaluza–Klein (KK) decomposition in five-dimensional (5D) field theories with orbifold compactification. Kinetic terms localized at orbifold fixed points, which are inevitably present in any realistic model, modify the standard KK mass spectrum and interactions of KK modes. This, in turn, can significantly affect phenomenology of the orbifold models. As an example, we discuss gauge coupling unification in N = 1 supersymmetric 5D orbifold SU(5) model. We have found that uncertainties in the predictions of the model related to modification of the KK masses are large and essentially uncontrollable.

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Basile, Ivano, Salvatore Raucci e Sylvain Thomée. "Revisiting Dudas-Mourad Compactifications". Universe 8, n. 10 (19 ottobre 2022): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8100544.

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Superstring theories in ten dimensions allow spacetime supersymmetry breaking at the string scale at the expense of controlled Minkowski backgrounds. The next-to-maximally symmetric backgrounds, found by Dudas and Mourad, involve a warped compactification on an interval associated with codimension-one defects. We generalize these solutions by varying the effective field theory parameters, and we discuss the dimensional reduction on the interval. In particular, we show that scalars and form fields decouple in a certain range of dimensions, yielding Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. Moreover, we find that the breakdown of this effective description due to light Kaluza-Klein modes reflects the swampland distance conjecture, supporting the consistency of the picture at least qualitatively.

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Visinescu, M. "Massless Kaluza-Klein Gauge Fields and Space-Time Compactification Induced by Scalars". Europhysics Letters (EPL) 4, n. 7 (1 ottobre 1987): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/4/7/001.

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37

Heil, A., N. A. Papadopoulos, B. Reifenhäuser e F. Scheck. "Scalar particle-monopole scattering in Kaluza-Klein theory with fixed-point compactification". Physics Letters B 173, n. 2 (giugno 1986): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90236-4.

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38

LINARES, ROMAN. "BIANCHI IX GROUP-MANIFOLD REDUCTIONS OF GRAVITY". Modern Physics Letters A 20, n. 40 (28 dicembre 2005): 3115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305018670.

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We exhibit a new way to perform the group-manifold reduction of pure Einstein gravity in the vielbein formulation when the compactification group manifold is S3. The new Bianchi IX group-manifold reduction is obtained by exploiting the two three-dimensional Lie algebras that the S3 group manifold admits. As an application of the new reduction we show that there exists a domain wall solution to the lower-dimensional theory which upon uplifting to the higher-dimension turns out to be the self-dual (in the nonvanishing components of both curvature and spin connection) Kaluza–Klein monopole.

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SOA, D. V., D. T. L. THUY, N. H. THAO e T. D. THAM. "RADION PRODUCTION IN γe- COLLISIONS". Modern Physics Letters A 27, n. 23 (24 luglio 2012): 1250126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231250126x.

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We analyze the potential of Compact Linear Colliders (CLIC) based on the γe- collisions to search for the radion in the Randall–Sundrum (RS) model, where compactification radius of the extra dimension is stabilized by the radion, which is a scalar field lighter than the graviton Kaluza–Klein states. The radion production in high energy γe- colliders with the polarization of the electron beams are calculated in detail. Numerical evaluation shows that if the radion mass is not too heavy with the mass order of GeV, then the reaction can give observable cross-section in future colliders at the high degree of polarization.

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40

LACQUANITI, VALENTINO, e GIOVANNI MONTANI. "ON THE ADM DECOMPOSITION OF THE 5-D KALUZA–KLEIN MODEL". International Journal of Modern Physics D 15, n. 04 (aprile 2006): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271806008309.

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Our purpose is to recast the KK model in terms of ADM variables. We examine and solve the problem of the consistency of this approach, with particular care about the role of the cylindricity hypothesis. We show in detail how the KK reduction commutes with the ADM slicing procedure and how this leads to a well-defined and unique ADM reformulation. This allows us to consider the Hamiltonian formulation of the model and moreover it can be viewed as the first step for the Ashtekar reformulation of the KK scheme. Moreover, we show how the time component of the gage vector arises naturally from the geometrical constraints of the dynamics; this is a positive check for the autoconsistency of the KK theory and for an Hamiltonian description of the dynamics which will take into account the compactification scenario; this result enforces the physical meaning of the KK model.

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CHO, Y. M., e I. P. NEUPANE. "WARPED BRANE-WORLD COMPACTIFICATION WITH GAUSS–BONNET TERM". International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, n. 15 (20 giugno 2003): 2703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03015106.

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In the Randall–Sundrum (RS) brane-world model a singular delta-function source is matched by the second derivative of the warp factor. So one should take possible curvature corrections in the effective action of the RS models in the Gauss–Bonnet (GB) form. We present a linearized treatment of gravity in the RS brane-world with the Gauss–Bonnet modifications to Einstein gravity. We give explicit expressions for the Neumann propagator in arbitrary D dimensions and show that a bulk GB term gives, along with a tower of Kaluza–Klein modes in the bulk, a massless graviton on the brane, as in the standard RS model. Moreover, a nontrivial GB coupling can allow a new branch of solutions with finite Planck scale and no naked bulk singularity, which might be useful to avoid some of the previously known "no-go theorems" for RS brane-world compactifications.

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42

ALESCI, EMANUELE, e GIOVANNI MONTANI. "PHENOMENOLOGY FOR AN EXTRA DIMENSION FROM GRAVITATIONAL WAVES PROPAGATION ON A KALUZA–KLEIN SPACE–TIME". International Journal of Modern Physics D 14, n. 01 (gennaio 2005): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271805005931.

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In the present work we analyze the behavior of 5-dimensional (5-d) gravitational waves propagating on a Kaluza–Klein background. We face separately the two cases in which the waves are generated before and after the process of dimensional compactification respectively. We show that if the waves are originated on a 5-d space–time which fulfills the principle of general relativity, then the process of compactification cannot reduce the dynamics to the pure 4-d scalar, vector and tensor degrees of freedom. In particular, while the electromagnetic waves evolve independently, the scalar and tensor fields couple to each other; this feature appears because when the gauge conditions are split, the presence of the scalar ripple prevents the 4-d gravitational waves from becoming traceless. The phenomenological issue of this scheme consists of an anomalous relative amplitude of the two independent polarizations which characterize the 4-d gravitational waves. Such profile of polarization amplitudes, if detected, would outline the extra dimension in a very reliable way, because a wave with non-zero trace cannot arise from ordinary matter sources. We discuss the above mentioned phenomenon either in the case of a unit constant value of the background scalar component (when the geodesic deviation is treated with precise outputs), or assuming such background field as a dynamical degree. Only qualitative conclusion are provided here, because the details of the polarization amplitudes depend on the choice of specific metric forms. Finally, we perturb a real Kaluza–Klein theory showing that in this context, while the electromagnetic waves propagate independently, the 4-d gravitational waves preserve their ordinary structure, while the scalar plays for the role of source.

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43

BUCHBINDER, I. L., e S. D. ODINTSOV. "SPONTANEOUS SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING AND EFFECTIVE ACTION IN SUPERSYMMETRICAL KALUZA-KLEIN THEORIES AND STRINGS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, n. 17 (20 ottobre 1989): 4337–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89001825.

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The one-loop effective action (EA) for arbitrary supersymmetric theory with broken supersymmetry on the background Rb × Td−n, where Rn, Td are n-dimensional curved space-time and d-dimensional torus, is obtained. Vilcovisky-De Witt EA in d = 5 (super)gravity on the background R4 × T1 at nonzero temperature is calculated with accuracy to linear curvature terms. Vacuum energy for open and closed superstrings with broken supersymmetry on the background M4 × T6, where M4 is Minkowski space, is also obtained. The question of the possibility of spontaneous compactification in models under consideration is analyzed.

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44

Elizalde, E., e Yu Kubyshin. "Possible evidence of Kaluza-Klein particles in a scalar model with spherical compactification". Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 27, n. 22 (21 novembre 1994): 7533–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/27/22/024.

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45

Odintsov, S. D. "Compactification and spontaneous symmetry breaking in the ??4 theory with Kaluza-Klein background". Soviet Physics Journal 31, n. 9 (settembre 1988): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00895973.

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46

TANAKA, IZUMI, e SEIJI NAGAMI. "GAUGE GROUP AND TOPOLOGY CHANGE". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 08, n. 06 (settembre 2011): 1225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887811005622.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of topology change in the initial universe. In this study, the concept of G-cobordism is introduced to argue about the topology change of the manifold on which a transformation group acts. This G-manifold has a fiber bundle structure if the group action is free and is related to the spacetime in Kaluza–Klein theory or Einstein–Yang–Mills system. Our results revealed the fundamental processes of compactification in G-manifolds. In these processes, the initial high symmetry and multidimensional universe changes to present universe by the mechanism which lowers the dimensions and symmetries.

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47

BELYAEV, V. M., e IAN I. KOGAN. "MASSLESS FERMIONS IN KALUZA-KLEIN MODELS: SU(N) GAUGE FIELDS, ZN SYMMETRY AND STABILITY OF THE METASTABLE VACUUM". Modern Physics Letters A 07, n. 02 (20 gennaio 1992): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392000057.

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Kaluza-Klein model on M4×S1 with SU (N) gauge fields and Nf fermions in fundamental representation is considered. It is noted that on one-loop level the lowest state of this theory corresponds to effective four-dimensional theory which has no massless fermions. This statement does not depend on fermion boundary conditions. The state with mass-less four-dimensional fermions is metastable. It is shown that this metastable states can be stabilized by effects of classical gravitation. The same problem of metastability of states with zero fermionic modes can appear in more realistic superstring compactification models and these effects of classical gravitation can resolve this problem of metastability.

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Cheng, Hsin-Chia. "Universal Extra Dimensions at the e- e- Colliders". International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, n. 16 (30 giugno 2003): 2779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03016240.

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Universal Extra Dimensions (UEDs) with compactification radius near the TeV scale provide interesting phenomenology at future colliders. The collider signals of the first Kaluza-Klein (KK) level are very similar to those of a supersymmetric model with a nearly degenerate superpartner spectrum. The heavier first level KK states cascade decay to the lightest KK particles (LKP), which is neutral and stable because of KK-parity. The signatures involve missing energy and relatively soft jets and leptons which can be difficult for detection. The KK electron signal in e-e- collisions is free from the problematic two photon background therefore provides a unique opportunity for a detailed studies of the KK electrons in the Universal Extra Dimension scenario.

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49

MATSUDA, SATOSHI, e SHIGENORI SEKI. "COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT PROBING SHAPE MODULI THROUGH LARGE EXTRA DIMENSIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, n. 15 (20 giugno 2006): 3095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06031399.

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We consider a compactification of extra dimensions and numerically calculate Casimir energy which is provided by the mass of Kaluza–Klein modes. For the extra space we consider a torus with shape moduli and show that the corresponding vacuum energy is represented as a function of the moduli parameter of the extra dimensions. By assuming that the Casimir energy may be identified with cosmological constant, we evaluate the size of extra dimensions in terms of the recent data given by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) measurement and the supernovae observations. We suggest that the observed cosmological constant may probe the shape moduli of the extra space by the study of the Casimir energy of the compactified extra dimensions.

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50

Nath, Pran, Youichi Yamada e Masahiro Yamaguchi. "Probing the nature of compactification with Kaluza–Klein excitations at the Large Hadron Collider". Physics Letters B 466, n. 2-4 (novembre 1999): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(99)01141-7.

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