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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "Foreword". Acta Linguistica Asiatica 2, n. 2 (23 ottobre 2012): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.2.2.5-6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is my pleasure to introduce this thematic issue dedicated to the lexicography of Japanese as a second or foreign language, the first thematic issue in Acta Linguistica Asiatica since its inception.Japanese has an outstandingly long and rich lexicographical tradition, but there have been relatively few dictionaries of Japanese targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign or second language until the end of the twentieth century. With the growth of Japanese language teaching and learning around the world, the rapid development of very large scale linguistic resources and language processing technologies for Japanese, a new generation of aggregated, collectively developed or crowd-sourced resources evolving in the context of the social web, a shift from static paper to constantly developing electronic resources, the spread of internet access on hand-held devices, and new approaches to the use of language reference resources stemming from these developments, dictionaries and other reference resources for learners, teachers and users of Japanese as a foreign/second language are being developed and used in new ways in different user communities. However, information about such developments often does not reach researchers, lexicographers, dictionary users and language teachers in other user communities or research spheres. This special issues wishes to contribute to the spread of such information by presenting some recent developments in this growing field.Having received a very lively response to our call for papers, not all papers selected for publishing could fit into this issue, and part of them will be included in the December issue of ALA, which is also going to be dedicated to Japanese lexicography.The first round of papers included in this issue presents a varied cross-section of current JFL lexicographical work and research. All papers in this issue point out the relative scarcity of appropriate reference works for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, especially when compared to lexicographical resources for Japanese native speakers, and each of the endeavours presented here confronts this lack with its own original approach. Reflecting the paradigm shift in Japanese language research, where corpus research is again playing a central role, most papers presented here take advantage of the bounty of newly available corpora and web data, most prominent among which is the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese developed by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics in Tokyo, and which is used by Mogi, Pardeshi et al. and Sunakawa et al. in their lexicographical research and projects, while Blin taps data for his research from the web, another increasingly important linguistic resource.The first two papers offer two perspectives on existing Japanese dictionaries. Tom Gally in his paper Kokugo Dictionaries as Tools for Learners: Problems and Potential points out the drawbacks of currently available Japanese dictionaries from the perspective of learners of Japanese as a foreign language, but at the same time offers a very detailed and convincing explanation of the merits of monolingual Japanese dictionaries for native speakers (kokugo dictionaries), such as their comprehensiveness, detailedness and quantity of contextual information, when compared to bilingual dictionaries, which make them a potentially useful resource even for an audience they are not targeting - foreign language learners. His detailed explanation of possible uses and potential hurdles and pitfalls learners may encounter in using them, is not only accurate and informative, but also of immediate practical value for language teachers and lexicographers.Toshinobu Mogi, in his paper Towards the Lexicographic Description of the Grammatical Behaviour of Japanese Loanwords: A Case Study, investigates the lexicographic description of loanwords in Japanese reference works and notes how information offered by currently available dictionaries, especially regarding the grammatical aspects of loanword use, is not sufficient for learners of Japanese as a foreign language. After pointing our the deficiencies of current dictionary descriptions and noting how dictionaries sense divisions do not reflect the frequency of different senses in actual use, as reflected in a large-scale representative general corpus of Japanese, he uses a fascinatingly detailed analysis of the behaviour of a Japanese loanword verb to describe a corpus-based method of lexical description, based on the correspondence between usage forms and senses, which could be used for the compilation of Japanese learners' dictionaries meant for the reception and production of Japanese.The second part of this special issue is composed of four reports on particular aspects of ongoing lexicographical work targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign language.Prashant Pardeshi, Shingo Imai, Kazuyuki Kiryu, Sangmok Lee, Shiro Akasegawa and Yasunari Imamura in their paper Compilation of Japanese Basic Verb Usage Handbook for JFL Learners: A Project Report, after pointing out - as other authors in this issue - the lack of a detailed and pedagogically sound lexicographical description of Japanese basic vocabulary for foreign learners, propose a corpus-based on-line system which incorporates insights from cognitive grammar, contrastive studies and second language acquisition research to solve this problem. They present their current implementation of such a system, which includes audio-visual material and translations into Chinese, Korean and Marathi. The system also uses natural language processing techniques to support lexicographers who need to process daunting amounts of corpus data in order to produce detailed lexical descriptions based on actual use.The next article by Marcella Maria Mariotti and Alessandro Mantelli, ITADICT Project and Japanese Language Learning, focus on the learner's perspective. They present a collaborative project in which Italian learners of Japanese compiled an on-line Japanese-Italian dictionary using a purposely developed on-line dictionary editing system, under the supervision of a small group of teachers. One practical and obvious outcome of the project is a Japanese-Italian freely accessible lexical database, but the authors also highlight the pedagogical value of such an approach, which stimulates students' motivation for learning, hones their ICT skills, makes them more aware of the structure and usability of existing lexicographic and language learning resources, and helps them learn to cooperate on a shared task and exchange peer support.The third project report by Raoul Blin, Automatic Addition of Genre Information in a Japanese Dictionary, focuses on the labelling of lexical genre, an aspect of word usage which is not satisfactorily presented in current Japanese dictionaries, despite its importance for foreign language learners when using dictionaries for production tasks. The article describes a procedure for automatic labelling of genre by means of a statistical analysis of internet-derived genre-specific corpora. The automatisation of the process simplifies its later reiteration, thus making it possible to observe lexical genre development over time.The final paper in this issue is a report on The Construction of a Database to Support the Compilation of Japanese Learners’ Dictionaries, by Yuriko Sunakawa, Jae-ho Lee and Mari Takahara. Motivated by the lack of Japanese bilingual learners' dictionaries for speakers of most languages in the world, the authors engaged in the development of a database of detailed corpus-based descriptions of the vocabulary needed by learners of Japanese from beginning to advanced level. By freely offering online the basic data needed for bilingual dictionary compilation, they are building the basis from which editors in under-resourced language areas will be able to compile richer and more up-to-date contents even with limited human and financial resources. This project is certainly going to greatly contribute to the solution of existing problems in Japanese learners' lexicography.
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Koyama, Toshiko, e Osamu Takeuchi. "Does Look-up Frequency Help Reading Comprehension of EFL Learners? Two Empirical Studies of Electronic Dictionaries". CALICO Journal 25, n. 1 (14 gennaio 2013): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v25i1.110-125.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two empirical studies were conducted in which the differences in Japanese EFL learners' look-up behavior between hand-held electronic dictionaries (EDs) and printed dictionaries (PDs) were investigated. We focus here on the relation between learners' look-up frequency and degree of reading comprehension of the text. In the first study, a total of 34 college students were divided into two groups. Each group was assigned a reading task with a quiz under two conditions: ED and PD. The frequency of looked-ups, the time the students needed for the task, and the quiz scores in each condition were statistically examined. The results showed: (a) the subjects in the ED condition looked up more words to comprehend the texts in a shorter period of time than those in the PD group and (b) no significant difference in the quiz scores between the groups. To further investigate these results under different conditions, a second study was performed with 31 university students whose English proficiency levels were higher than those in the first study. Despite the fact that the subjects and the text used in the second study were different, the results of the second study corresponded to the first. These findings indicate that, although EDs might enhance EFL learners' look-up behaviors, the increased look-up frequency does not necessarily ensure improvement in learners' reading comprehension. Some pedagogical implications are suggested based on the findings.
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Toyoda, Etsuko. "Usage and efficacy of electronic dictionaries for a language without word boundaries". EuroCALL Review 24, n. 2 (30 settembre 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.5662.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>There is cumulative evidence suggesting that hyper-glossing facilitates lower-level processing and enhances reading comprehension. There are plentiful studies on electronic dictionaries for English. However, research on e-dictionaries for languages with no boundaries between words is still scarce. The main aim for the current study is to investigate the usage and efficacy of e-dictionaries for Japanese language learners. This article reports the results of two studies concerning e-dictionaries: a survey study investigating the use of e-dictionaries (with a particular focus on e-glossaries that change a digital text into a hypertext) by L2 learners of Japanese, and a comparative study examining existing e-glossaries to evaluate whether they provide the optimal level of support for reading Japanese e-texts. The results of the survey showed that learners have their preferred e-dictionaries (in most cases, e-word dictionaries in which the user can look up individual words), and that few learners are aware of the existence of e-glossaries. The results of further study revealed that existing e-glossaries have various functions, but lack some requisite information crucial to the target language. This study suggests that technical issues revolving around the lack of spaces between words may be a reason for the lag in usage and efficacy of e-glossaries for languages without word boundaries.</p>
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MAEBO, Kanako. "A Survey of Register Labelling in Japanese Dictionaries: Towards the Labelling of Words in Dictionaries for Learners of Japanese". Acta Linguistica Asiatica 2, n. 3 (20 dicembre 2012): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.2.3.9-26.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Writing by learners of Japanese as a foreign language often contains words that do not fit the style of their context. One possible reason for this is the lack of information on word connotation and usage labels in existing dictionaries. The present study examines the current state of connotational information and register labels in Japanese learner’s dictionaries, Japanese language dictionaries and dictionaries of synonyms, and proposes a possible technique for analysing the words’ descriptions. The study reveals that Japanese learner’s dictionaries and dictionaries for Japanese native speakers use different register labels and assign them from a different perspective. In the case of synonyms, presenting them in their context of use appears to be more useful than only listing them. Finally, the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ - Gendai Nihongo Kakikotoba Kinkoo Koopasu) is used to show how corpora can be a very important linguistic resource for the analysis of lexical register.
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Vuković-Stamatović, Milica, e Branka Živković. "Corpus-based Headword Selection Procedures for LSP Word Lists and LSP Dictionaries". Lexikos 32 (2022): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1713.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In compiling both Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) word lists for foreign language learners and LSP dictionaries, the headword-selection process is of paramount importance. LSP word lists and LSP dictionaries will function effectively if they contain appropriate terms and register items, i.e. the lexical items that end users need. In this paper, we first present corpus-based LSP word lists, with special emphasis on how they were compiled. In the process, the make-up and size of the specialised corpus are important, as is the choice of the headword selection methods used. Among the possible criteria are word frequency, keyness, specialised occurrence, range, and dispersion, as well as some non-corpus linguistic methods that are more rarely applied. A greater variety of methods is used for compiling headword lists for LSP dictionaries, and of the corpus linguistic methods, frequency is typically solely applied. The article compares headword selection procedures for LSP word lists and LSP dictionaries before discussing how they can mutually inform one another.
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Ejiri, Koichi, Niklaus Staeheli e Shiori Ooaku. "Word frequency distribution in Japanese text*". Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 1, n. 3 (gennaio 1994): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09296179408590019.
Testo completo
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Denisenko, Vladimir N., e Zhang Ke. "Graphically Loanword from the Japanese Language in Modern Chinese Language". RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2019): 740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-4-740-753.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is devoted to the study of Japanese loanwords in Chinese and their classification. Particular attention is paid to the lexical units in writing in Chinese characters, coming from the Japanese language as graphic loanwords in modern Chinese and Japanese, popular on the Chinese-language Internet. The material of the study is loanwords of Japanese origin, selected from dictionaries and scientific works on this topic, as well as word usage in messages on Russian and Chinese Internet forums. We distinguish between two types of Japanese loanwords in Chinese according to how they are borrowed: phonetic and graphic borrowed words. Graphic borrowed from the Japanese language, including the actual Japanese words spelled in Chinese characters, and words created by the Japanese using Chinese characters to convey tokens of other languages, as well as the words of the ancient Chinese language, rethought by the Japanese to create terms, then returned back to modern Chinese language, constitute a characteristic group of graphic loanwords in Chinese.
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Rudakova, Alexandra V. "Theoretical and applied problems of psycholinguistic lexicography". Journal of Psycholinguistic, n. 2 (27 giugno 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30982/2077-5911-2022-52-2-73-89.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical problems of a new direction – psycholinguistic lexicography. The accumulation of a large amount of factual experimental material required the development of principles for fixing the psycholinguistic description of the meaning of a word in lexicographic sources. The theoretical basis of the study was the ideas of Professor I.A. Sternin, the founder of the Voronezh Psycholinguistic School, about the possibility of describing the psychologically real semantics of a word based on the experimental data and about the formation of psycholinguistic semasiology, the main concept of which is the concept of the psycholinguistic meaning of a word (the meaning of a word represented in the linguistic consciousness of a native speaker), and the main method was that of semantic interpretation of experimental data. The paper shows the main differences between psycholinguistic and traditional explanatory dictionaries. The classification of types of psycholinguistic dictionaries was developed. Two types of psycholinguistic dictionaries were distinguished – associative dictionaries and semantic dictionaries. The principles of presentation of semantic material in psycholinguistic lexicographic sources have a number of distinctive features in comparison with associative dictionaries, the main of which is the indication of the degree of brightness of individual semantic features and individual meanings and their ranking in the descending order of the brightness index. The paper presents the general algorithm for creating a psycholinguistic semantic dictionary and the structure of its dictionary entry. An important issue of the psycholinguistic explanatory dictionary creation is the criterion for selecting its units. The following principles are proposed for the selection of dictionary units of this type of dictionaries: 1) word frequency; 2) social significance; 3) semantic instability; 4) semantic differentiation; 5) part-of-speech reference. A separate direction of psycholinguistic lexicography is represented by differential dictionaries, which contain a comparative description of the semantics of a word in a group language consciousness; various possibilities of constructing a dictionary entry of differential psycholinguistic dictionaries are shown, examples of fixing psycholinguistic meanings of words in differential psycholinguistic dictionaries of the Russian language are given.
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Siagian, Esra Nelvi Manutur, Liliana Muliastuti e Endry Boeriswati. "A need analysis of the high-frequency words (HFW) dictionary for the Indonesian language for foreigners (ILF)-1 learning". Forum for Linguistic Studies 5, n. 2 (18 agosto 2023): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.59400/fls.v5i2.1694.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This is a preliminary study of research development for creating a dictionary of high-frequency words (HFW). Thus, this study tries to analyze the need of the ILF learners as the users of a dictionary of HFW for their ILF learning. A list of high-frequency words should be used in ILF learning so that the learning objectives can be achieved effectively. Unfortunately, the word list is not yet available. The ILF learners, especially those at the beginner level, still have difficulty using the Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI). They prefer using translation apps to obtain the meaning of a word, even though these apps do not always help. Employing a descriptive survey, this study involved a total of 183 ILF teachers and learners. The data were gathered through Google-form questionnaires. In addition, interviews were administered with selected ILF teachers who had a teaching experience of more than 15 years. The findings revealed that the teachers and learners had different beliefs on the vocabulary forms needed for making a dictionary of HFW. The learners still did not understand the concepts of high-frequency words. According to the teachers, HFW was more needed for ILF learning. Meanwhile, for the learners, general words were more needed. Besides, digital dictionaries were more in demand than printed dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries were more needed than monolingual dictionaries. Both the teachers and learners believed that the dictionary of HFW should comprise sentence examples. They both agreed that the dictionary of HFW should provide information about the use of words in sentence examples, affixes, synonymous phrases, antonyms, word classes, and phonetics. Therefore, the results of this research analysis can be used as a basis for developing a dictionary that fits the needs of ILF-1 learners.
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Koreneva, Iuliia. "Composition of the word family with the root * svęt- in historical dictionaries of the Russian language". E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 21002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021021002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the word family with the root -свят/свящ- based on historical dictionaries of the Russian language, the purpose of the study is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the presentation of the words of this family in different dictionaries of the Russian language, namely, historical and modern. The statistical approach to lexical data demonstrates that the data obtained from five historical dictionaries contain a large number of words that no longer function in the modern Russian language, compared to certain dictionaries of modern Russian. I.I. Sreznevsky's Dictionary includes 105 words; Dictionary of Old Russian Language (11th–14th centuries) has 73 words; Russian Dictionary XI-XVII Centuries involves 210 words; Dictionary of the Russian Academy includes 61 words; Dictionary of the Church Slavonic language of 1847 has 150 words; Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Vladimir Dahl involves 124 words. When comparing quantitative data in all the historical dictionaries, the largest group comprises lexemes with the secondary root -свящ-. Moreover, all the words of this word family are not only etymologically related, but have the same root, since they maintain unity in their seme content that allows to analyze the semantic density of the root. In addition, a homogeneous stylistic marking of words of the word family also confirms their affinity, as all the words of this word family are genetically related to Church Slavonic and belong to the religious sphere. Graphs of the use of the words святой, святость (saint, sanctity) and свящeнный (holy) based on the Russian National Corpus demonstrate a decrease in the frequency of these words since the middle of the 19th century, and a comparison of the list of words of this word family from each historical dictionary with the modern linguistic consciousness directly indicates a drastic reduction in quantitative content of this word family, that occurred due to extralinguistic (historical and ideological) reasons.
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AKAMATSU, NOBUHIKO. "A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readers with different first language backgrounds". Applied Psycholinguistics 23, n. 1 (marzo 2002): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402000061.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study investigated word recognition among fluent readers of English as a second language (ESL). Specifically, the study examined whether ESL readers' first language (L1) affects the procedures underlying second language word recognition, with respect to the effects of word frequency and regularity on word recognition. The results revealed a similarity in word-recognition procedures between fluent ESL readers with various L1 backgrounds (i.e., Chinese, Japanese, and Persian). In processing high-frequency words, all the ESL groups recognized exception words as quickly as regular words; low-frequency exception words, on the contrary, took longer to recognize than low-frequency regular words.
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HMELJAK SANGAWA, Kristina. "The learner as lexicographer: using monolingual and bilingual corpora to deepen vocabulary knowledge". Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.2.53-65.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Learning vocabulary is one of the most challenging tasks faced by learners with a non-kanji background when learning Japanese as a foreign language. However, learners are often not aware of the range of different aspects of word knowledge they need in order to successfully use Japanese. This includes not only the spoken and written form of a word and its meaning, but also morphological, grammatical, collocational, connotative and pragmatic knowledge as well as knowledge of social constraints to be observed. In this article, we present some background data on the use of dictionaries among students of Japanese at the University of Ljubljana, a selection of resources and a series of exercises developed with the following aims: a) to foster greater awareness of the different aspects of Japanese vocabulary, both from a monolingual and a contrastive perspective, b) to learn about tools and methods that can be applied in different contexts of language learning and language use, and c) to develop strategies for learning new vocabulary, reinforcing knowledge about known vocabulary, and effectively using this knowledge in receptive and productive language tasks.
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Abdelzaher, Esra M. "An Investigation of Corpus Contributions to Lexicographic Challenges over the Past Ten Years". Lexikos 32 (2022): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1714.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study explores the role of corpus linguistics in addressing lexicographic challenges over the past ten years. It examines 25 studies published from 2012 to 2021 that employed corpus solutions to solve lexicographic problems. Challenging tasks are either relevant to the macrostructure or the microstructure of dictionaries. In the past decade, lexicographers made extensive use of corpus tools to create dictionaries and improve existing ones. This effort included compiling general and specialized headword lists, identifying idiom variations, detecting collocational patterns, identifying and ordering words senses and differentiating polysemous words and near-synonyms. Frequency, keyword extraction, and word sketches are among the most effective aids for lexicographers. According to the investigated studies, almost all dictionaries may benefit from corpus tools at the macro and microstructure levels.
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Allen, David. "The prevalence and frequency of Japanese-English cognates: Recommendations for future research in applied linguistics". International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 57, n. 3 (25 settembre 2019): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2017-0028.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Research has demonstrated that cognates are processed and acquired more readily than noncognates regardless of whether the languages share a common script or etymological background (e. g., Japanese and English). Very little research, however, has focused on the prevalence and frequency of cognates in orthographically distinct languages. Using Japanese word frequency data, the present study demonstrates that between 49 % and 22 % of the most common 10000 words in English are cognate in Japanese, depending on the frequency threshold used. The analysis is extended to the Academic Word List (Coxhead 2000), which is shown to be between 59 % and 30 % cognate. Finally, a lexical familiarity study revealed that Japanese cognate frequency was a reliable indicator of whether the word was known to the majority of Japanese speakers. Based on the findings and drawing upon research in psycholinguistics, a number of recommendations are put forward for future studies in applied linguistics.
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Hamouda, Arafat. "A Study of Dictionary Use by Saudi EFL Students at Qassim University". Studies in English Language Teaching 1, n. 1 (4 febbraio 2013): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v1n1p227.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>Dictionaries are an indispensable tool for learning a foreign language in general. Dictionaries provide students with valuable information in all aspects of language. They include phonological, morphological, syntactical and semantic information in addition to etymological and usage information. Unfortunately, there is currently a paucity of research on dictionary use by EFL learners and very little is known about the behavior and preferences of dictionary users and the complex operation involved in a dictionary consultation. The main objective of this study is to identify types of dictionaries used by Saudi students, the frequency of dictionary use, and the lexical information examined while using a dictionary. Two data-collection instruments were used in this study, namely a questionnaires and interviews. The results of the questionnaire show that Saudi students do not take full advantage of the different dictionaries available, and that they are not trained on how to make full use of the dictionaries. For example, most of them pay attention only to the definition or meaning of a word while neglecting the pragmatic aspect of the word, collocations as well as word formation knowledge. Results also indicated the superiority of the e-dictionary over the other types of dictionaries. Another more important finding was that participants favored bilingual dictionaries over monolingual dictionaries particularly when finding meaning of unknown words. Other information such as pronunciation, usage, and examples was of secondary importance. The final conclusion reached reported some difficulties that the students face when they use dictionaries. The results suggest that failure to locate the right entry is a common problem among Saudi EFL students. The implications of these and other findings are discussed and suggestions made regarding the importance of teaching dictionary skills in educational settings.<em></em></p>
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Golev, Nikolay D. "Lexicographizing as a Method of Describing Vocabulary: Revisiting the Theoretical Legacy of Olga Blinova". Voprosy leksikografii, n. 21 (2021): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/21/1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article develops the idea formulated by Olga Iosifovna Blinova, professor of Tomsk State University, according to which lexicography is one of the methods of studying vocabulary. The material of the study included: (1) theoretical works by Olga Blinova, (2) her lexicographic works, (3) lexicographic experiments of the author of the article and their theoretical understanding, (4) works of other authors on related issues. The main research method used in the article is a comparison of concepts and principles of their implementation in different authors to identify the features of Blinova’s lexicographic theory and practice. The author interprets lexicographizing of a word as a specific approach to the description of its semantics, as a way of its modeling, which consists in its discretization – transformation of continuous semantic space of the language into notional quanta, clots of meaning. In the study, this method is contrasted with other methods of language modeling found in applied language descriptions: in the methods of language teaching, in translation and in compilation of computer programs on a linguistic basis in particular. Much attention is paid to the concept of lexical parameterization, which occurs in the process of lexicographic modeling of the semantic reality of the language. The most important principle of semantics modeling is the parameterization of the meaning of a word and vocabulary in general. The article discusses the features of parameterization in explanatory dictionaries against the background of their opposition to other types of dictionaries: encyclopedic, motivational dictionaries, dictionaries of everyday interpretations of words and frequency dictionaries. To identify these features, the definitions of words in explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries are analyzed. Such important trends in modern lexicography as overcoming the absolutization of the discreteness of semantics and its simplified definition are analyzed. The article explores the tendency of lexicography to an antropocentric modeling of semantics in dictionaries, a particular manifestation of which is the representation of the content of a word as a conceptual content. In more detail, the article highlights the specifics of the motivational dictionary – one of the main lexicographic works by Blinova, who developed the concept of this type of dictionary and implemented it in practice by creating the Motivational Dialect Dictionary. The final section of the article analyzes Blinova’s idea about the possibility of implementing a project of a complex dictionary, in which the meaning of each word is considered in the mirror of a set of parameters which together give a systematic idea of the functioning, semantics and linguistic connections of the word. The article draws conclusions about the role of Blinova’s theoretical heritage for semasiology, dialectology and lexicography of the Russian language.
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Moschini, Ilaria. "The "Face with Tears of Joy" Emoji. A Socio-Semiotic and Multimodal Insight into a Japan-America Mash-Up". HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business, n. 55 (29 agosto 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v0i55.24286.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The blog site of the Oxford Dictionaries features a post dated November 16 2015, which announces that, “for the first time ever”, their “Word of the Year” is not a word, but a pictograph: the “Face with Tears of Joy” emoji. The term emoji, which is a loanword from Japanese, identifies “a small digital image or icon used to express an idea or emotion in electronic communication” (OED 2015). The sign was chosen since it is the item that “best reflected the ethos, mood, and preoccupations of 2015”. Indeed, the Oxford Dictionaries’ President, Caspar Grathwohl declared that emojis are “an increasingly rich form of communication that transcends linguistic borders” and reflects the “playfulness and intimacy” of global digital culture. Adopting a socio-semiotic multimodal approach, the present paper aims at decoding the many semantic and semiotic layers of the 2015 “Word of the Year”, with a special focus on the context of cultures out of which it originates. More in detail, the author will focus on the concept of translation as “transduction”, that is the movement of meaning across sign systems (Kress 1997), in order to map the history of this ‘pictographic word’ from language to language, from culture to culture, from niche discursive communities to the global scenario. Indeed, the author maintains that this ‘pictographic word’ is to be seen as a marker of the mashing up of Japanese and American cultures in the discursive practices of geek communities, now gone mainstream thanks to the spreading of digital discourse.
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Senko, Elena V., e Louise V. Tsakhilova. "Word-formation activation of Japanese borrowings in the modern Russian language". Neophilology, n. 23 (2020): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-23-429-438.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Problematics of the work is connected with the study of the borrowing process, which, due to the process of globalization taking place at all Russian society’s levels of life, is highlighted as a factor of modern language development. As a subject of research, lexical units translated into the Russian language system from the Japanese language are considered. Research source are dic-tionaries of foreign words, neographic reference books, as well as explanatory dictionaries reflect-ing language changes. In addition, data were used from the Russian National Corpus and electronic media, which most actively provide the entry of a foreign language into the Russian language. The material is Japanese foreign-language lexemes representing different versions of the common language – the standard (literary language) and the substandard. The aim of the research is to show the functional changes in the system of the modern Russian language on the example of Japanese words that are included in the Russian lexical fund and which strengthen their derivative activity as an indicator of their creative abilities’ growth in the recipient language. It has been established that the word-formation activation of Japanese borrowings in the modern Russian language certainly reflects the processes of internationalization and globalization in speech culture and society, as well as the active combination of native and foreign combat elements characteristic of modern media production. It is noted that at present it is the sphere of Internet communication that protects the functioning of dictionary innovations and thereby activates the lexical dynamics of the Russian language, emphasizing the corresponding side of its Internetization.
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SATOŁA-STAŚKOWIAK, JOANNA. "ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПАНДЕМИЯТА ОТ COVID-19 ПРЕЗ 2020 Г. ВЪРХУ БЪЛГАРСКАТА, ЧЕШКАТА И ПОЛСКАТА ЛЕКСИКА / THE INFLUENCE OF THE 2020 COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BULGARIAN, CZECH AND POLISH LEXIS". Journal of Bulgarian Language 68, n. 03 (30 settembre 2021): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.68.21.03.07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article discusses the linguistic consequences of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, such as the emergence of new words and/or an increase in the frequency of use of some already existing words. The paper is based on material from Bulgarian, Czech and Polish. A frequency approach is applied. Although, the outlined linguistic processes are global in nature, several key aspects differentiate the three chosen languages. The linguistic data were collected using online resources, including the National Corpus of Polish, the Czech National Corpus, the Bulgarian National Corpus, the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian Parallel Corpus, popular word browsers and digital dictionaries, media texts and some of the most recent scientific publications. Keywords: pandemic, lexis, word of the year, neologisms, frequency of use, Bulgarian language, Czech language, Polish language
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Sobkowiak, Włodzimierz. "Beyond the year 2000: Phonetic-access dictionaries (with word-frequency information) in EFL". System 22, n. 4 (novembre 1994): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0346-251x(94)90007-8.
Testo completo
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Allen, David. "Cognate frequency and assessment of second language lexical knowledge". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, n. 5 (22 giugno 2018): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781063.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Few studies have investigated different-script cognate effects in language assessment contexts. This paper examines the impact of Japanese cognates in a test of English receptive lexical knowledge that is widely used for placement purposes in second language learning contexts. Specifically, the present paper utilizes Japanese cognate frequency to predict test accuracy. 1. Does Japanese cognate frequency influence response accuracy? 2. Does the effect vary by English word frequency and/or lexical proficiency? Design/methodology/approach: Seventy Japanese-English bilinguals completed the multiple-choice English VLT. Data and analysis: Accuracy data for 150 target items and 150 distractor items were analysed separately (10,500 data points in each analysis). Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used with Japanese cognate frequency as the primary predictor and English word frequency and lexical proficiency as covariates. Findings/conclusions: A strong facilitatory cognate frequency effect was observed on both the selection of targets and the rejection of distractor items. This effect was marginally greater for lower proficiency learners. The English word frequency effect was also greater for lower proficiency test takers in the distractor analysis. Originality: The paper is the first to utilize cognate frequency to estimate the cognate effect in different-script languages in language testing. Significance/implications: The study provides robust evidence for the Japanese-English cognate effect in a test of lexical knowledge. This finding is broadly in line with the predictions of the bilingual interactive activation plus model of bilingual lexical processing. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the proportion of Japanese cognates in the test is significantly greater than the proportion of cognates in the language in general, indicating that it may over-estimate Japanese learners’ knowledge of English lexis. Test designers and users are thus recommended to be aware of the impact of cognates when making inferences about language ability based on such tests of lexical knowledge.
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Patroeva, Natal’ia V. "Language of Mikhail Lomonosov in the mirror of writer’s dictionaries". Voprosy leksikografii, n. 23 (2022): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/23/4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the article is to analyze the scientific linguistic dictionaries of the early 21st century that describe the poetic and scientific heritage of Mikhail Lomonosov and the rhetorical system he proposed, in terms of the heuristic possibilities that these lexicographic experiments provide to the researcher of the Lomonosov language and style. The research material is five editions of the academic Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov, the dictionary Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures, the second volume of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century. The main methods are general scientific (analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive, comparative, quantitative) and specific philological (contextual, comparative-descriptive, functional-descriptive, etc.). The analysis showed that a series of vocabulary materials created by the project team of the Institute of Linguistic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, made an important contribution to the comprehensive description of Lomonosov’s poetry in terms of its metric and stanzaic repertoire, the rhyming system and the lexical and grammatical design of verse endings, presentation of individual groups of vocabulary participating in the formation of the scientific and odic styles of the middle of the 18th century. Using the example of the lexicographic description of the word azure, the author of the article reveals the rich informative potential that a researcher can extract from Volumes 1-5 of the Dictionary of the Language of M. V. Lomonosov. The data of the dictionary show the frequency the word has, the range of its meanings, grammatical variants, the genre and stylistic range of the use of the word in Lomonosov’s works, the word’s participation in the rhyme lexicon, the rhythm-metric organization of Lomonosov’s poetic experiments. The analysis of the lexeme azure allows the author of the article to come to the conclusion that it was not Lomonosov’s poetic practice but his scientific work that contributed to the consolidation in the general literary use of the feminine gender of azure. Comparison of the Rhetoric of M. V. Lomonosov. Tropes and Figures and the materials of the Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the 18th Century proves the closest connection between the rhetorical theory set forth in the Rhetoric and Lomonosov’s own poetic practice: all the tropes and figures Lomonosov described are found, albeit with varying frequency, in his poetry. In addition to the devices of “decorated” speech presented in the Rhetoric, Lomonosov also uses others that are not mentioned in the Brief Guide to Eloquence as special phenomena, and this confirms the idea of the poverty of any classifications in comparison with real literary practice. Lomonosov dictionaries make it possible to present in a systematized form many features of the idiostyle of the poet and scientist, to highlight the stages of the formation of general literary, general poetic, genre and individual norms of the era of linguistic reforms, to clarify and check many of the theoretical principles concerning the evolution of Russian literature. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Khokhlova, Maria V. "Attributive Collocations in the Gold Standard of Russian Collocability and Their Representation in Dictionaries and Corpora". Voprosy leksikografii, n. 21 (2021): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/21/2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article discusses how collocations are represented in Russian dictionaries and how information about them can be covered in a collocation database that is being developed. Such a resource (gold standard) can be in demand when developing applications for teaching or learning Russian as a foreign language and solving other theoretical and applied issues. The aim of the study was twofold: firstly, to analyze how explanatory and specialized dictionaries of the Russian language represent collocations and hence to what extent their data coincide with each other, and, secondly, to investigate how these dictionary collocations are reflected in text corpora. This allows tracing the relation between manually collected data and modern corpora. For the study, the author used the disambiguated subcorpus and the main corpus of the Russian National Corpus (RNC) with a volume of 6 million and 321 million words, respectively, as well as the large Internet corpus ruTenTen with a volume of more than 14.5 billion words. The author considered attributive phrases built according to the “adjective/participle + noun” model. She analyzed 120 collocations with different dictionary index, i.e. the number of dictionaries in which this phrase is given. The following hypothesis was tested: high collocation frequencies correspond to the fact that the item is recorded in several dictionaries. In the analysis, nonparametric analogues of analysis of variance (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were used to assess the statistical significance of differences in quantitative data. The frequencies of collocations in corpora of different volume and in different dictionaries were compared. In total, more than 15 thousand examples were processed, less than 0.5% of them were presented in four of the six reviewed dictionaries (five printed and one electronic). The results show data heterogeneity, items selected for a dictionary do not coincide with their frequency characteristics and thus word combinations turn out to be low-frequency. About 34% of the examples are absent in the RNC corpus with removed ambiguity, and about 12% of analyzed collocations are rare (less than 0.01 ipm) even in the ruTenTen corpus. The presence of collocations in several dictionaries indicates their higher frequencies and hence reproducibility in speech. Explanatory dictionaries and collocation dictionaries show the smallest intersection of data. The results show that the amount of data is a crucial issue, and the very phenomenon of collocability should be studied on large corpora.
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Шаров, С. А. "NOT ONLY SIZE MATTERS: ISSUES IN CREATING FREQUENCY DICTIONARIES FROM CORPORA". Russkii iazyk za rubezhom, n. 6(283) (12 gennaio 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37632/pi.2020.283.6.002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье рассматриваются проблемы создания частотных словарей для преподавания языка с учетом таких параметров, как источники корпусов, собственно частотность слова, зависимость от длины документов, тематическое и жанровое разнообразие корпусов. Приводятся примеры проблем с частотными списками и даются рекомендации для практического применения частотных словарей. Отмечается, что помимо размера корпуса на содержание частотных словарей влияют слова, популярные внутри длинных документов, поскольку они приводят к выбросам частот, а также соответствие тем и жанров, представленных в корпусе, целям обучения, так как корпуса из разных предметных областей и жанров могут радикально отличаться друг от друга. The paper discusses the issues in creating frequency dictionaries aimed at language teaching, while taking into account such parameters as sources of corpora, actual word frequencies, document length consideration, as well as variation in topics and genres. It provides examples of problems with frequency lists and gives recommendations for practical use of frequency dictionaries. In addition to the size of the corpus, the frequency dictionaries are influenced by words that are frequent within long documents, since they lead to frequency bursts, as well as by the link between the topics and genres in a corpus to the learning objectives, since corpora from different subject areas and genres can produce radically different frequency profiles.
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Niitemaa, Marja-Leena, e Päivi Pietilä. "Vocabulary Skills and Online Dictionaries: A Study on EFL Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Knowledge and Success in Searching Electronic Sources for Information". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, n. 3 (1 maggio 2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study reported in this article examined Finnish EFL learners’ ability to search for lexical items and information in online dictionaries and on websites. The study was conducted as part of a project investigating upper secondary school students’ digital skills in relation to language learning. The motivation behind the study was that in Finland, the high-stakes school-leaving examinations, including foreign language tests, are currently being digitalized. The aim of the study was to uncover the relationship between word recognition skills and the learners’ ability to find lexical items and information in a series of online vocabulary tasks when the choice of the digital sources was not controlled. The results showed, for example, that overall word recognition skills and recognition of low-frequency vocabulary correlated positively with success rates in finding individual words in online dictionaries and factually accurate information on webpages, but not with finding appropriate collocations. Moreover, to succeed in 50% of the look-ups required scoring a minimum of 60% in the vocabulary levels test.
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Josic, Nedjo. "A view of Serbian authored lexicography". Juznoslovenski filolog 78, n. 2 (2022): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2202697j.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Serbian authored lexicography today slightly lags behind the achievements typical of foreign, primarily Russian linguistic scene. The existing dictionaries encompass the poetical works of Petar II Petrovic Njegos (Dictionary of the Language of Petar II Petrovic Njegos), poetry of Milan Rakic (Dictionary of the Poetry of Milan Rakic) and the opus of stories of Laza K. Lazarevic (Dictionary of Stories of Laza Lazarevic). Dictionaries to do with the language of these men of letters are of descriptive kind, and they heavily rely on the lexicographic achievements related to the Belgrade school of lexicography. The dictionaries had an aim to present not only the entire lexicon, individual lexical profile of the said authors, but also their linguistic (lexical) idiosyncrasy. Lexicon of Adjectives in the Serbian Prose of the Twentieth Century does not fit into the mainstream of Serbian authored lexicography. In terms of expertise, the Lexicon showed certain shortcomings, but it is undeniably original and has practical relevance for studying the prose writers of the 20th century. Since the advent of new forms of presenting the lexis of particular authors (concordance and word frequency dictionaries), the field of Serbian authored lexicography has been greatly expanding.
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Li, Wenchao. "Morphosyntactic Complexity in Old Japanese". European Journal of Statistics and Probability 10, n. 2 (15 febbraio 2022): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejsp.2013/vol10n21428.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Old Japanese (592–794 AD) had a uniquely complex writing system: variant Chinese; classical Chinese; man'yōgana; senmyoo gaki. This study takes a mathematical linguistic approach, employing word length and dependency distance as metrics of the lexical and syntactic complexity of Old Japanese. We find that the distribution of Japanese dependency directions is balanced, indicating that Japanese is neither a strongly head-initial nor strongly head-final language. Neither an advcl relation nor a cc relation are detected, suggesting that syntactic structure in Old Japanese is simpler than Modern Japanese. Among all the dependency relations, 46.3 per cent were of an adjacent relationship, rendered by case, mark, and det (with DD = 1), while nsubj, advmod, obl, and acl were long-distanced and presented a diverse range, with nsubj, for example, ranging from 1 to 29. Mean dependency distance and frequency fit a power law function (y = axb) well. Among texts, Senmyōgaki bears a relatively short mean word length, while Kojiki presents the longest word length. The mean word length-frequency distributions of Bussokusekika and Fudoki fit the Cohen-binomial model and Senmyō fits the Palm-Poisson model. The distribution of mean word length and their frequencies supports Zipf’s (1949) principle of least effort: shorter words tend to be more frequently used
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Yamada, Jun, e Yuriko Kayamoto. "Valency, secondary frequency, and lexical access: A Japanese study". Applied Psycholinguistics 19, n. 1 (gennaio 1998): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010596.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis study examines the effect of valency (defined as the associative value that represents the number of two-kanji words containing in first or second position the first-positional kanji of the word) on the recognition of two-kanji words in Japanese. Lexical decisions were 24 ms faster for words in the high-valency condition than in the low-valency condition, but were 26 ms slower for nonwords in the high-valency condition than in the low-valency condition. While these results suggested a significant interaction between valency and wordness, a regression analysis indicated that the frequency and valency of the first constituent kanji are significant factors for word recognition, and that the frequency of the first constituent kanji is a significant factor for nonword recognition. The secondary-frequency effect hypothesis is put forth to explain the effects of valency and other variables on lexical decision time.
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Satoła-Staśkowiak, Joanna. "Wpływ pandemii na polską, bułgarską i czeską leksykologię w roku 2020 i na początku 2021". Językoznawstwo 15, n. 1 (dicembre 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5137.15/2021_02jss.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The influence of the pandemic on Polish, Czech and Bulgarian lexicography in 2020 and early 2021 I discuss the linguistic consequences of the current pandemic, such as the emergence of new words and/or an increase in the frequency of use of some pre-existing words, and issues linked to communication. The paper refers to the Polish, Bulgarian and Czech languages. A frequentative approach is applied. Although the outlined linguistic processes are global in nature, several key aspects differentiate the three chosen languages in terms of frequency (including the occurrence of words and functions of speech). The linguistic data was gathered using online resources, including: The National Corpus of Polish, the Czech National Corpus, the Bulgarian National Corpus, the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian parallel Corpus (co-authored by the author of this paper), popular word browsers (frazeo.pl, slowanaczasie) and digital dictionaries (miejski.pl), journalism and information programs, and some of the most recent academic literature. Keywords: pandemic, lexicology, word of the year, neologism, conspiracy theory, frequency of use, the year 2020, Polish language, Bulgarian language, Czech language
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Mudrochová, Radka. "Some observations on the composition by blending in contemporary French from Petit Robert". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 73, n. 1 (1 giugno 2022): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2022-0015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the composition by amalgam in current French by focusing on the one hand on the notion of amalgam in linguistics and on the other hand on the use and the frequency of use of the chosen amalgams in the diatopic variation of French. The notion of amalgam and / or of portmanteau word does not seem obvious and the explanations or definitions offered by dictionaries as well as by works on lexicology are not unanimous and differ from one another. Before presenting the results of a more detailed research, we therefore find it essential to frame the contribution in a theoretical context dealing with the notion of amalgam, or even of portmanteau word, which allows us to better understand the whole problem.
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van der Meulen, Marten. "Are We Indeed So Illuded? Recency and Frequency Illusions in Dutch Prescriptivism". Languages 7, n. 1 (22 febbraio 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010042.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 2005, Arnold Zwicky posited two misapprehensions about language: the Recency Illusion, or the false idea that certain language variation is new, and the Frequency Illusion, the erroneous belief that a particular word or phrase occurs often. Since their conception, these concepts have received widespread attention in popular scientific linguistics, but quantitative research investigating their application is scarce. The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical investigation of Zwicky’s proposed illusions. It does so by collecting statements about recency (‘this word is new’) and frequency (‘this construction occurs often’) from a database of Dutch prescriptive publications (1900–2018). I assessed their accuracy by comparing them to linguistic sources, including dictionaries, and usage corpora and other data. Our research showed that recency statements were rare, but that frequency statements, especially using high frequency terms such as vaak (‘often’), were commonplace. Compared to usage, most prescriptive recency and frequency statements for both lexis and grammar indeed constituted Zwickian illusions. This seems partly due to genuine erroneous or unsupported beliefs by authors, but also partly to prescriptive genre conventions and rhetorical choices. Our explorative research highlights the complex usage–prescriptivism interface, and argues for more research into this aspect of language perceptions.
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East, Martin. "Calculating the lexical frequency profile of written German texts". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 27, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2004): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.27.1.03eas.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Measures of lexical richness aim at quantifying the degree to which L2 writers are using a varied and large vocabulary. One method for calculating lexical richness is the Lexical Frequency Profile, or LFP (Laufer & Nation, 1995). The LFP, calculated by a computer programme, provides a detailed picture of vocabulary use measured against several frequency lists of words. This paper reports on a small-scale study to investigate the effectiveness of calculating the LFP of written texts of German. This study formed part of a larger study to investigate the impact of dictionaries on students’ writing. Six subjects completed two timed writing tasks in examination conditions, one with and one without a bilingual dictionary. It was envisaged that the LFP might be helpful in determining if the presence of the bilingual dictionary made a difference to students’ lexical sophistication. A calculation of the LFP was carried out using two context-specific lists. Figures were calculated for the number of word tokens and word families. It was concluded that, although using the computer programme with German texts presented some difficulties not present when using the software with English frequency lists, the LFP showed itself to be a valuable diagnostic tool that was able to differentiate between proficiency levels in German and to provide useful information about lexical richness in German texts.
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DARCHUK, Nataliia. "Automatic frequency dictionaryof connectivity by Lina Kostenko and Mykola Vinhranovsky". Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, n. 73 (1) (2023): 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2023.1.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the description of the linguistic support for the automatic arrangement of the word combinations of the text in the electronic dictionary, as well as to the comparative linguistic analysis of the obtained author’s dictionaries of the word combinations of the poetic text of Lina Kostenko (total volume of 30,057 word usages) and Mykola Vinhranovskyi (total volume of 20,317 word usages), placed in the Corpus of the Modern Ukrainian Language. The purpose of the analysis is to identify common and different phrases in functioning, with the establishment of the parameterization of the author’s style. The relevance of the topic is obvious in connection with the need to establish the grammatical and lexical valence of words, typical partlanguage conjunctiveness, laws of combinatorics of word combinations of various types and degrees. The novelty lies both in the approach itself, that is, in the possibility of automatically creating an alphabetic-frequency dictionary, and in the method of implementation: the phrase dictionary is part of the syntactic representation of a sentence in the form of a model – a graphic representation of a dependency tree, which is also an interesting tool for characterizing syntactic categories – predicativeness, order etc. The task of the parser was to identify all types of conjugation – predicative, subjunctive and consecutive – of each word in the text. Since the lexical-grammatical nature of a word determines its ability to combine with other words, word combinations are divided into noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, verb and adverb. The article deals with simple binary phrases with or without a preposition, which can be extended into complex ones, because the analysis of the content structure is required to determine their composition. The perspective of the project is in further use in the semantic analysis of the text, as well as a finished product for linguistic research on the syntax of the Ukrainian language.
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Higginbotham, G., I. Munby e J. Racine. "A Japanese Word Association Database of English". Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 4, n. 2 (2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v04.2.higginbotham.et.al.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this paper, two word association (WA) studies are presented in support of recent arguments against the use of native-speaker (NS) norms in WA research. In Study 1, first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) WA norms lists were developed and compared to learner responses as a means of measuring L2 proficiency. The results showed that L2 norms provided a more sensitive measure of L2 lexical development than did traditional NS norms. Study 2 was designed to test the utility of native norms databases in predicting the primary WA responses of Japanese learners to high-frequency English cues. With the exception of only extremely frequent cues, it was shown that native norms were not successful in predicting learner responses. The results of both studies are discussed in terms of cultural and linguistic differences, geographic distance, and dissimilarities in word knowledge between respondent populations. Finally, a proposal is made for the construction of a Japanese WA database of English responses (J-WADE). The methods by which it will be developed, key features, and employment in future research are outlined.
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Shirshikov, Vladislav B., Olga V. Kobzeva e Olga N. Skuybedina. "Verbal representation of kinemas in the lexicography and space of a literary text (based on the material of Russian and French literature of the XIX–XX centuries)". Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education 1, n. 6 (novembre 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.6-21.068.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article analyses the verbalization of kinemas: the choice of ways and means of their verbal representation in literary texts and dictionaries. Russian -Russian and French-language literature of the 19th and 20th centuries of different genres (dramatic, epic (novels, novellas, short stories, detective stories, plays), as well as Russian-French explanatory dictionaries) were used as the material for the study. The authors used the following contexts: descriptions of verbal representations of kinemas, extracted from modern and classical Russian and French-language literature of the XIX–XX centuries. The analyzed material in lexicography allows us to draw the following conclusions: the frequency of verbalization of the kineme in the Russian language with the reference word "eyes"(250; 45%); in the French language, the most frequent are kinemas with the reference word "hand" (154; 34,2%). The study of modern and classical fiction gives grounds to state that in French texts the frequency of verbalization of kinemas containing a description of gestures is 40%, in Russian texts 30,7%. The most representative are complex RRCS in Russian fiction — 42,4%, and in French texts there is a clear predominance of verbalization of kinemas containing a description of facial expression — 44,2%. It should be noted that the national speech behavior of an individual is determined not only and not so much by his psychological mood and communication conditions, but by his belonging to a certain linguistic and cultural community, which has its own cultural space, cultural interior of the situation, and all this is consistently reflected in the literary text.
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Chun', Yumi. "Lexicographic portrait of the noun “age”". Филология: научные исследования, n. 10 (ottobre 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.10.36538.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lexicography actively studies the integral description of words in order to understand not only the historical change in definition of the work, but also the functionality of certain words. This article describes the lexicographic portrait of the noun “age”, as well as examines the use of co-occurrence denoting the age of a person in the modern Russian language. Working with different types of dictionaries (historical, explanatory, word-forming, associative, and synonym), the author analyzes the changes in the semantics, development of word-formation and co-occurrence capacity of the linguistic unit based on the integral description. The noun “age” has numerous co-occurrence as it has appeared in the Russian language long ago, which also entailed changes in its definition. This author examines co-occurrence of the noun “age” used in dictionaries, as well as conducts their classification by biological, social, psychological, and mixed characteristics. Leaning on the Russian National Corpus, the article examines the use of the noun “age” in the modern Russian language, and its classification by the aforementioned characteristics. The conclusion is made on the frequency of the use of these characteristics.
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Isomae, Jun’ichi. "The Conceptual Formation of the Category “Religion” in Modern Japan: Religion, State, Shintō". Journal of Religion in Japan 1, n. 3 (2012): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118349-12341236.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The Japanese word shūkyō was originally a coined word occurring in Chinese Buddhist dictionaries, but it became used as the translation for the English word “religion” when the English word was transmitted to Japan from the West after the opening of the country at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time, a new kind of Japanese language treating Shintō and Buddhism as ‘religions’ was born, with Christianity forming the axis, but while still intertwined with Buddhism and Shintō. Bearing in mind the Protestant influence on acculturation processes in Japan at the beginning of the Meiji period, this paper aims to offer an overview of how the term “religion” became embedded in Japan and how the Meiji government dealt with the competition of Shintō against Christianity and Buddhism. In that context it touches upon crucial historical and social developments such as the clash between science and religion of the late 1870s and the opposition between the state and religion in the early 1890s, together with well-known incidents such as the Uchimura Kanzō affair. The paper focuses in particular on the period from the end of the early modern Edo regime through the end of the Meiji period and analyzes how views of religious issues underwent transition within Japan.
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MIWA, KOJI, TON DIJKSTRA, PATRICK BOLGER e R. HARALD BAAYEN. "Reading English with Japanese in mind: Effects of frequency, phonology, and meaning in different-script bilinguals". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, n. 3 (20 novembre 2013): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000576.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Previous priming studies suggest that, even for bilinguals of languages with different scripts, non-selective lexical activation arises. This lexical decision eye-tracking study examined contributions of frequency, phonology, and meaning of L1 Japanese words on L2 English word lexical decision processes, using mixed-effects regression modeling. The response times and eye fixation durations of late bilinguals were co-determined by L1 Japanese word frequency and cross-language phonological and semantic similarities, but not by a dichotomous factor encoding cognate status. These effects were not observed for native monolingual readers and were confirmed to be genuine bilingual effects. The results are discussed based on the Bilingual Interactive Activation model (BIA+, Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002) under the straightforward assumption that English letter units do not project onto Japanese word units.
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Liao, Xianwen, Yongzhong Huang, Changfu Wei, Chenhao Zhang, Yongqing Deng e Ke Yi. "Efficient Estimate of Low-Frequency Words’ Embeddings Based on the Dictionary: A Case Study on Chinese". Applied Sciences 11, n. 22 (21 novembre 2021): 11018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112211018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Obtaining high-quality embeddings of out-of-vocabularies (OOVs) and low-frequency words is a challenge in natural language processing (NLP). To efficiently estimate the embeddings of OOVs and low-frequency words, we propose a new method that uses the dictionary to estimate the embeddings of OOVs and low-frequency words. More specifically, the explanatory note of an entry in dictionaries accurately describes the semantics of the corresponding word. Naturally, we adopt the sentence representation model to extract the semantics of the explanatory note and regard the semantics as the embedding of the corresponding word. We design a new sentence representation model to encode sentences to extract the semantics from the explanatory notes of entries more efficiently. Based on the assumption that the higher quality of word embeddings will lead to better performance, we design an extrinsic experiment to evaluate the quality of low-frequency words’ embeddings. The experimental results show that the embeddings of low-frequency words estimated by our proposed method have higher quality. In addition, both intrinsic and extrinsic experiments show that our proposed sentence representation model can represent the semantics of sentences well.
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Herbst, Thomas. "Mariusz Piotr Kamiński. Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries." Lexikos 32 (2022): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1694.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book must be the most thorough and comprehensive up-to-date account of restricted vocabularies of the English language. In the Introduction, the author formulates six research questions, which partly aim at the design of different restricted vocabularies, and, partly focus on the effectiveness of definitions based on restricted vocabularies. Chapter 1 traces the development of restricted vocabularies back to the 17th century and outlines important stages such as Isaac Pitman's and Kaeding's shorthand systems. The author then makes a distinction between (a) the frequency-based objective approach taken by scholars such as Thorndike and Horn, (b) a more pedagogically oriented approach associated with Harold Palmer and Michael West, and (c) a logical approach attributed to Ogden and Richards, and discusses the pros and cons of each of them. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a very detailed outline and critical discussion of Michael West's famous and influential General Service List. He comes back to the GSL after outlining a number of word list projects that were designed for pedagogical purposes in Chapter 2, which also deals with human-computer communication projects and Wierzbicka's theory of a semantic metalanguage.
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Saifudin, Akhmad. "Konseptualisasi Citra Hara ‘Perut’ dalam Idiom Bahasa Jepang". Japanese Research on Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 1, n. 1 (28 novembre 2018): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jr.v1i1.2130.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hara simply means belly, but for Japanese people it means more than physical. Hara is a concept, an important concept related to Japanese human life. This paper discusses the conceptualization of hara image for Japanese people. The study utilizes 25 idioms that contain hara ‘belly’ word that are obtained from several dictionaries of Japanese idioms. This paper is firmly grounded in cognitive linguistics, which relates linguistic expressions to human cognitive experience. The tool for analysis employed in this paper is the “conceptual metaphor theory” pioneered by Lakoff and Johnson. This theory considers human perception, parts of the body, and people’s worldview as the basis for the structure of human language. The analysis of this paper results that metaphorically, hara ‘belly’ is an entity and a container, which contains important elements for humans, such as life, mind, feeling, mentality, and physical. The concept of hara 'belly' for Japanese people is to have a spiritual, psychological, social and cultural, biological, and physical image. Keywords: conceptualization, conceptual metaphor, hara ‘belly’, idioms, imagee.
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TRAPATEAU, NICOLAS. "Lexical diffusion in the making: the lengthening of Middle English /a/ during the eighteenth century and across the diasystem of English". English Language and Linguistics 24, n. 3 (11 maggio 2020): 527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674320000155.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A long /aː/ in pre-fricative and pre-nasal contexts in words such as fast, answer or after is one of the most distinctive phonological features of British RP and, to a certain extent, of Southern Hemisphere varieties of English (Trudgill 2010). The lengthening of /a/ has been particularly gaining ground from the eighteenth century onwards (Beal 1999; Jones 2006). The pronouncing dictionaries published between the eighteenth century and the present day allow us to trace its lexical diffusion (Labov 1994) across the whole lexicon. Drawing on the statistics of the ARCHER corpus, the lexical sets of the ECEP database, the full electronic edition of Walker's dictionary (1791), Wells’ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2008) and the Macquarie Dictionary (2015), this article examines the role played by the phonetic environment, word frequency, phonetic analogy and isolated lead words like draught or master in the spread of the lengthening of /a/. The results show that word frequency per se has no clear effect on /a/ lengthening in either pre-fricative or pre-nasal environments in eighteenth-century sources. The article also offers a possible relative chronology of the spread of that phenomenon to each phonetic environment within the bath set.
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Simon, Adam F., e Michael Xenos. "Dimensional Reduction of Word-Frequency Data as a Substitute for Intersubjective Content Analysis". Political Analysis 12, n. 1 (2004): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mph004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper presents a method for using dimensional reduction in the analysis of political content. We draw inspiration from latent semantic analysis (LSA) theory, which posits that factor analysis can successfully model human language. We suggest that the factor analysis of word frequencies generated from any political text—for example, open-ended survey responses—provides adequate content analysis categories and can substitute for more commonly practiced techniques. The method proceeds in three steps: data preparation, exploratory factor analyses, and hypothesis testing. This method may produce other benefits by allowing the data to speak more clearly in the development of coding dictionaries while avoiding the problems of inferential circularity common in other data-driven approaches. We demonstrate the method using responses collected in the execution of an experimental design dealing with the topic of partial-birth abortion and assess the demonstration by presenting a human coding of the same material.
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Leikuma, Lidija. "POSSIBILITIES FOR PRESENTING THE LATGALIAN LANGUAGE MATERIAL IN THE TRANSLATING TRILINGUAL DICTIONARIES". Via Latgalica, n. 5 (31 dicembre 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2013.5.1643.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article presents the conclusions the author has come to during the implementation of the project “Development of Research Infrastructure for Education in the Humanities in Eastern Latvia, Lithuania”) the code name of which is “LLIII-207 HipiLatLit”. On the basis of 1,000,000 (one million) word usage instances of “Frequency Dictionary of the Written Sources of the Lithuanian Language” (“Dažninis rašytinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (Compiler A. Utka; http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/publikacijos/Dazninis_zodynas.pdf) an original translating dictionary containing 10,000 units has been compiled. For the most frequently used words of the base (Lithuanian) language the counterparts have been given in the two standardised variants of the Latvian language – the Latvian literary language and the Latgalian written or literary language. The ways of searching and possibilities of fi nding the equivalents are shown by the insight into the laboratory of creation of the electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian- Latgalian Dictionary”, focusing on the Latgalian part of the dictionary in more detail. Since a wide-scale and linguistically correct collection of the Latgalian vocabulary is still not available, in the process of the development of the dictionary it was necessary to deal with a number of theoretical and practical problems. For solving of these problems the conclusions of the Latvian (Alīse Laua, Ruta Veidemane, Liene Roze, Inta Freimane) and non-Latvian (Valery Berkov, Vladimir Dubichinski, Evalda Jakaitienė) lexicologists and lexicographers have been applied. In the project much has been done for clearing up and specifying the semantic counterparts of the base language in accordance with the qualities of the corpus. The linguistic processing of the selected lexemes and homogeneous interpretation of the material needed multiple checking of the material as it is given in dictionaries and scrupulous comparison. The semantic structure coincides for unambiguous words, i.e. vocabulary of general use, for other cases translating and explaining equivalents have been searched for. Nowadays not everything corresponds any longer to the recordings in the earlier lexicographic sources (“The Lithuanian-Latvian dictionary” (1995), “The Latvian Literary Language Dictionary” (1972–1996)) – the languages have been changing. Also the Latgalian part of the dictionary presents the changes of the lexical composition and word meanings. It has been tried to display it with appropriate markings as to the restrictions of the word usage. Although in the Latgalian language at times there are no necessary terms or names for the abstract concepts, however, it is possible to find the necessary counterparts for everything. The lexicographic finish of the material enclosed is explained in more detail. The most important dictionaries for the project under implementation have been actualised. Up to now, two translating trilingual dictionaries have been published (Jānis Kurmins “Słownik polsko łacinsko łotewski” (1858) and Eduards Kozlovskis “Krìwu- Latgališu-Wòcu wòrdinica” (1918)) where one of the languages is Latgalian; topical entries of these dictionaries have been dealt with in more detail. Also other developments have been analysed, namely those containing the Latgalian vocabulary, critical comments being given on potential neologisms, namely nonce-words. The majority of the collections of the Latgalian vocabulary are not extensive, and their producers have generally not been the Baltic linguists. The two former lexicographic sources have a normative nature: Pīters Strods “Pareizraksteibas vōrdneica" (1933) and Mikelis Bukšs and Juris Placinskis “Latgaļu volūdas gramatika un pareizraksteibas vōrdneica” (1973). In selecting the Latgalian counterparts for the new dictionary both the former normative sources have been taken into account and traditions have been observed, the area of the usage of lexemes, the significance of the word or the form, the frequency of the usage, etc. have been respected. The possibilities of the Latgalian language to present the semantic counterparts for the relevant lexemes of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages have been characterised in more detail. In compliance with the base language both the equivalent Latgalian vocabulary and that one having no direct equivalent have been shown, the principles for selection of synonyms and word variants have been explained, the necessity of inclusion of the word variants in the translating dictionary has been substantiated. The less the language has been cultivated, the higher number of variants it has, although the option of choice of variants is unsatisfactory mostly for practitioners. Some uncertainty in the Latgalian language at the moment is inevitable: due to uncertain status of the language and the variable use as regards the intensity of utilisation, the language has been standardised and codified deficiently up to now. In this article a special attention has been paid to the analysis of the very material of the Latgalian language, to the synonyms of the Latgalian equivalents, the explanations as regards indications of the restrictions on the word usage. Occasionally more detailed comments have been given for the relevant examples. Due to the rich use of marking “The Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” differs from the traditional translating dictionaries where appropriate signs are used less frequently, however, cultivation of the language is promoted just by evaluation of the vocabulary layers, analysis of potentials, predictions of the further changes. Such problem situations as, for example, usefulness of inclusion of a greater number of Slavisms, a lack of consequence as to indications of the stylistic shade of colloquial speech, the uncertain coherence between the colloquialisms and barbarisms have been discussed in the article. The place of the literarisms has been dealt with in the system of the Latgalian language, their fitting and “inevitability" nowadays have been analysed. Some of the uncertainties remained in the development of the dictionary have been outlined. Evaluation has also been provided for the selection of the Latgalian vocabulary, thus giving new, clearer and more certain impulses as to the content for cultivators of the Latgalian language. The compiled electronic “Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian Dictionary” will be useful both for practical use and research in lexicology and lexicography. Its Latgalian part can be used as a basis for the further lexicographic developments.
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Shestakova, Larisa L. "Ideographic Dictionaries as desiderata of Author Lexicography". Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 26, n. 2 (2024): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2024.26.2.023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article presents an analytical review of dictionaries created within the framework of ideographic author lexicography as a particular direction of general author lexicography and the most productive in terms of modelling artistic images of the world. An analysis of the scholarly literature dealing with the issues of this direction is also proposed. The aim of the study is to identify the typological features of dictionaries of the selected variety, to characterise the principles of compiling such dictionaries and to identify the approaches proposed in dictionary projects. The main method of the study is dictionary criticism, which includes the description of dictionaries, their analysis and scholarly evaluation. The interest in the ideographic form of the dictionary representation of the author’s language was born in the Russian lexicography at the turn of the twenty-first century. At present, the number of such dictionaries is small in relation to the demand and desirability of their use, which is explained by the general commitment of lexicographers to the traditional alphabetic form of the description of the author’s language. The analysis of the available dictionaries makes it possible to divide them, taking into account the different typological characteristics, mainly into monographic and summary dictionaries (representing the language of one or more authors). The dictionaries of the first group demonstrate the possibility of modelling fragments of the world view of a single author with the inclusion of different lexical arrangements: the entire vocabulary of the French poems of F. Tyutchev; occasional units of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin; figurative nominations in the poetry of A. Gorodnitsky. This makes it possible to predict the expansion of the composition of objects of interpretation in “one-author” ideographic dictionaries. At the same time, the form of a summary dictionary is relevant in the description of figurative means for recreating fragments of a general artistic image of the world. The article emphasises that in order to assess the degree of expression of the ideographic base in author lexicography, it is important to take into account dictionaries of other types that contain an ideographic component (for example, in the form of thematic word lists as part of frequency dictionaries of the writer’s language). The observations made during the analysis of scholarly publications on the subject of the study indicate possible vectors of the development of ideographic author lexicography. One of them relates to the use of the method of poetic ideography developed by scholars of the Ural Semantic School.
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Nakamura, Hiroko, e Bettina Begole. "Effects of L1 and L2 Communication Apprehension on Speaking Skills of Japanese University Students". English Language Teaching 16, n. 5 (17 aprile 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v16n5p1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study explores the effect of communication apprehension in both L1 and L2 on proficiency in word stress of Japanese university students. Two structured, closed-ended questionnaires, the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA) and the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) were utilized along with speaking scores. A target word in an exclamatory sentence was used to examine word stress that affects intelligibility in spoken English. Acoustic correlates of the differences between stressed and unstressed syllables were investigated with four acoustic parameters: fundamental frequency (fo) range, fo slope, duration, and intensity. Results showed that of the four parameters, word stress represented by fo range and fo slope showed a significant negative correlation with L1 communication apprehension. In addition, speaking scores were related to L1 communication apprehension and word stress proficiency represented by fo range. These findings also suggest the effect of communication apprehension on English prosody as demonstrated by fo. In addition, speaking scores were related to L1 communication apprehenison and proficiency in word stress represented by fo range. These findings suggest the effect of communication apprehension on English speaking skills.
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Stubbe, Raymond, e Kosuke Nakashima. "Examining Katakana Synform Errors Made by Japanese University Students". Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 9, n. 1 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v09.1.stubbe.nakashima.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Laufer (1988) introduced the concept of synform errors, where second language (L2) learners confuse a word for a different but similar looking or sounding L2 word. Stubbe and Cochrane (2016) reported that of 1,187 commonly repeated errors on a Japanese to English non-contextual translation test, 461 were synform errors (39%). This study introduces the concept of katakana consonant pairing synform errors, where Japanese learners of English can confuse one English word for another because some English consonants have no Japanese equivalent, for example, l and v. Words containing these consonants can be transcribed into katakana using the closest Japanese consonant sound: r, b, respectively. This can result in katakana pairings (l-r, v-b), which may lead to confusion for the Japanese learners. “Vest” may be interpreted as “best,” for instance. In the present study, English students at one Japanese university (N = 235) were given a Japanese to English non-contextual translation test containing the lower frequency member of 30 such katakana pairs (“vest” being a much less frequent word than its pair “best,” for instance). Thirty words not having a katakana partner (e.g., shade) from the same JACET8000 frequency levels were also tested. The study results suggest that katakana consonant pairing synform errors are problematic for these Japanese university students. Implications for the classroom and vocabulary assessment are presented.
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Allen, David. "A Procedure for Determining Japanese Loanword Status for English Words". Vocabulary Learning and Instruction 9, n. 1 (2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7820/vli.v09.1.allen.b.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Japanese loanwords are mainly derived from English. These loanwords provide a considerable first-language (L1) resource that may assist in second-language (L2) vocabulary learning and instruction. However, given the huge number of loanwords, it is often difficult to determine whether an English word has a loanword equivalent and whether the loanword is likely to be widely known among the Japanese. This article demonstrates an efficient method of answering these two questions. The method employs corpus frequency data from the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese, from which the existence and frequency of loanwords in Japanese can be determined. Following the guidelines presented herein, researchers will be able to use data from the corpus themselves to check cognate frequency, thereby determining the cognate status of items used in research.
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Kruythoff-Broekman, Astrid. "Dyslexie en Het Elektronisch Woordenboek". Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 79 (1 gennaio 2008): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.79.07kru.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the use of electronic dictionaries by students with dyslexia. As opposed to what is known about paper dictionaries, the electronic dictionary used in this study was frequently consulted during the reading of a digital text in a foreign language. Students with dyslexia were also able to utilize this resource. They searched for high-frequency words significantly more than non-dyslexic students with the same vocabulary. Because the electronic dictionary was easy to manage, some students used it as a reading machine. Students with dyslexia and non-dyslexic students spent the same amount of time reading a digital text. The range of the reading vocabulary of the students, in contrast to the dyslexia factor, appeared to influence the reading tempo and word retention. To stress upon vocabulary growth appears to be an important goal in the intervention of reading problems.
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Nika, Oksana, e Svitlana Hrytsyna. "Frequency Dictionary of 16th Century Cyrillic Written Monument". Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2019): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2019-0058.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The article presents the algorithm of the frequency dictionary to an original ancient text, “Otpys” (“Response”) by Kliryk Ostrozkyi (the Cleric of Ostroh) of the late 16th century. Until now, no historical corpus of text of the Ukrainian language has been created; therefore the drafting of metagraphical texts with their subsequent processing in accordance with linguistic tasks can fill this gap. The peculiarity of creating a frequency dictionary based on one written monument is in using the model of frequency dictionaries and describing the specifics of processing the ancient text. These specifics is based on a deep understanding of the state of language in the end of the 16th century and consists in the unification of graphic and spelling variants, as well as in the formation of stems and lemmas. Work results are presented in the form of a Frequency Dictionary of Word Forms of “Otpys” by Kliryk Ostrozkyi according to the frequency decrease and a Frequency Dictionary of “Otpys” by Kliryk Ostrozkyi according to the frequency decrease.