Tesi sul tema "Italian rite"

John Milton's Italian sonnets are more significant than they are generally thought to be. In spite of attempts to revive interest in them, they are among the poet's least valued works. In this dissertation, I demonstrate that the practices of publishing the sonnets out of their original order and including English translations along side of the original Italian alter readings of the sonnets by altering their context. These practices are largely responsible for the sonnets' poor reception. In addition to being altered by editorial practices and translations, the context in which the sonnets are received has been altered by changing views about Milton's biography. The present study, therefore, also involves an examination of the way biographical studies can affect interpretation. Reading the poems in their original order and considering their arrangement as purposeful and artistic expands the possibilities for interpretation. My particular reading of the sonnet sequence reveals Milton's self-conscious, retrospective portrayal of a rite of passage in which he prepares to assume a mature and public role. The sonnets show that new understandings of religious and secular love motivate the poet to represent his views in a public form. In his presentation and arrangement of Sonnets 1-7, the poet translates personal conflict into social and political action, and he uses the interplay of tbe English and Italian languages and traditions to dramatize his relationship and responsibility to his native land and the world at large.

Ce travail est le résultat d'une recherche croisée entre l'Italie et le Maroc, limité à un restreinte environnement géographique, à savoir, la ville de Maddaloni dans la région Campanie, et les deux provinces du Maroc, Beni Mellal et Khouribga, lieux d'où vient la plupart des migrants marocains qui vit dans le sud de l'Italie. Le but de la thèse était de comprendre les aspects de l’identité berbère à travers les rites et les rituels funéraires dans le contexte migratoire<br>This work is the result of a cross-search between Italy and Morocco, limited to one restricted geographical environment, namely, the city of Maddaloni in the region Campania, and the two provinces of Morocco, Beni Mellal and Khouribga, places from where comes the most of the Moroccan migrants who lives in southern Italy. The aim of the thesis was to understand aspects of Berber identity through rituals and funerary rituals in the migratory context

Il lavoro si propone di dare l’edizione critica e commentata della produzione poetica volgare di Baldassar Castiglione e Cesare Gonzaga. Esso ricostruisce dettagliatamente la fortuna e la tradizione dei testi, indagando il contesto storico e geografico in cui le liriche dei due mantovani furono diffuse. Sono affrontati problemi attributivi, con l’espunzione di un testo apocrifo assegnato dalla vulgata a Castiglione, e la pubblicazione di diversi inediti. Il corpus totale delle rime extravaganti si attesta così a 32 componimenti, comprese le sei poesie che compongono la piccola silloge dedicata ad Elisabetta Gonzaga dai due cugini. I testi con tradizione multipla sono dotati di due fasce di apparato, di tipo negativo, in cui si raccolgono le varianti di tradizione, rispettivamente sostanziali e grafico-morfologiche. Il commento discute i rari casi in cui è possibile attribuire le varianti redazionali all’autore. Seguono le ottave pastorali del "Tirsi". Il commento ai testi, attraverso il reperimento di modelli e luoghi paralleli, oltre ad illustrare la progressiva adesione alla rigorosa imitazione petrarchesca (da Rvf e Trionfi) proposta dal Bembo, mostra il rapporto dei due autori con la poesia cortigiana contemporanea.<br>The paper aims to give a critical and annotated edition of vernacular poems by Baldassar Castiglione and Cesare Gonzaga. It reconstructs in detail the history of the circulation and tradition of the poems, and it examinates the historical and geographical context in which the texts were copied and spread. Attribution problems are discussed, an apocryphal poem is expunged from Castiglione’s corpus, unpublished texts are published. The whole corpus is composed of 32 texts, including the little collection of six lyric poems dedicated to Elisabetta Gonzaga. The negative apparatus is divided into two parts, where text variants and morphological differences between the witnesses are shown. Lyric poems are followed by the eclogue ‘Tirsi’. A commentary is provided, where models and parallel places are illustrated, aiming to highlight how the two poets pursued a faithful imitation of Petrarch poetry, following Pietro Bembo’s teachings, and showing their debts with the XVth Century court poetry.

Il lavoro si propone di dare l’edizione critica e commentata della produzione poetica volgare di Baldassar Castiglione e Cesare Gonzaga. Esso ricostruisce dettagliatamente la fortuna e la tradizione dei testi, indagando il contesto storico e geografico in cui le liriche dei due mantovani furono diffuse. Sono affrontati problemi attributivi, con l’espunzione di un testo apocrifo assegnato dalla vulgata a Castiglione, e la pubblicazione di diversi inediti. Il corpus totale delle rime extravaganti si attesta così a 32 componimenti, comprese le sei poesie che compongono la piccola silloge dedicata ad Elisabetta Gonzaga dai due cugini. I testi con tradizione multipla sono dotati di due fasce di apparato, di tipo negativo, in cui si raccolgono le varianti di tradizione, rispettivamente sostanziali e grafico-morfologiche. Il commento discute i rari casi in cui è possibile attribuire le varianti redazionali all’autore. Seguono le ottave pastorali del "Tirsi". Il commento ai testi, attraverso il reperimento di modelli e luoghi paralleli, oltre ad illustrare la progressiva adesione alla rigorosa imitazione petrarchesca (da Rvf e Trionfi) proposta dal Bembo, mostra il rapporto dei due autori con la poesia cortigiana contemporanea.<br>The paper aims to give a critical and annotated edition of vernacular poems by Baldassar Castiglione and Cesare Gonzaga. It reconstructs in detail the history of the circulation and tradition of the poems, and it examinates the historical and geographical context in which the texts were copied and spread. Attribution problems are discussed, an apocryphal poem is expunged from Castiglione’s corpus, unpublished texts are published. The whole corpus is composed of 32 texts, including the little collection of six lyric poems dedicated to Elisabetta Gonzaga. The negative apparatus is divided into two parts, where text variants and morphological differences between the witnesses are shown. Lyric poems are followed by the eclogue ‘Tirsi’. A commentary is provided, where models and parallel places are illustrated, aiming to highlight how the two poets pursued a faithful imitation of Petrarch poetry, following Pietro Bembo’s teachings, and showing their debts with the XVth Century court poetry.

Plant tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular and gene networks (Gupta and Huang, 2014, Int J Genomics). Salinity impacts plants by causing osmotic stress and ion toxicity. Salt stress also causes the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (Munns and Tester, 2008, Annu Rev Plant Biol). Salt-stress perception and signalling are required for appropriate responses to these insults. Key components of the signalling pathways induced by salt stress are Ca2+ (Knight et al., 1997, Plant J), NO and the recently re-evaluated H2O2. Cereals are overall considered to be salt sensitive and, among them, rice is the most sensitive one. Two Italian rice cultivars, Vialone Nano (VN) and Baldo (B), were selected for their contrasting salt sensitivity, being VN more sensitive and B more tolerant. The analysis of the salt-stress responses in these varieties was performed both in plants and in suspension cell cultures established from their seeds. At the whole plant level, morphological, physiological and molecular analyses showed B being able to rapidly respond to the stress, by developing of an adaptive programme that allowed growth to resume. The components of the signal transduction pathway induced by salt stress were investigated in suspension cell cultures. The role of H2O2 and NO as signalling molecules in salt stress response was investigated in detail. In particular, the signature of H2O2 seemed to be important to determine the fate of the cells: acclimation in B versus programmed cell death in VN. Moreover, to study Ca2+ signalling, transformed plants harboring Ca2+ sensors of both Italian rice varieties were obtained. These plants will be used as a tool to compare calcium signatures induced by salt stress in the sensitive and tolerant variety.<br>La tolleranza delle piante allo stress salino è un sistema complesso di tratti fisiologici, vie metaboliche, e reti molecolari e geniche (Gupta e Huang, 2014, Int J Genomics). Nelle piante, lo stress salino causa due tipi di stress: uno stress osmotico e uno stress ionico. Un’alta salinità provoca anche una eccessiva produzione di dannose specie reattive dell'ossigeno (Munns e Tester, 2008, Annu Rev impianto Biol). La percezione e il signalling dello stress sono necessari per l’attivazione di una risposta adeguata. I componenti chiave delle vie di signalling indotte da stress salino sono Ca2+ (Cavaliere et al., 1997, pianta J), NO e H2O2. I cereali sono generalmente considerati sensibile al sale e, tra questi, il riso è il più sensibile. Due varietà di riso italiano, Vialone Nano (VN) e Baldo (B), sono state selezionate per la loro contrastante sensibilità al sale: VN è risultato essere il più sensibile mentre B il più tollerante. Le analisi delle risposte allo stress salino in queste due varietà sono state effettuate sia in pianta che in colture cellulari generate a partire da semi. A livello dell’intera pianta, analisi morfologiche, fisiologiche e molecolari hanno dimostrato che B è in grado di rispondere rapidamente allo stress, mettendo in atto un programma di adattamento che permette di riprendere la crescita. I componenti della via di trasduzione del segnale indotto da stress sono stati studiati in colture cellulari in sospensione. Il ruolo di H2O2 e NO, come molecole segnale in risposta allo stress salino, è stato studiato in dettaglio. In particolare, un diverso andamento nella produzione di H2O2 sembra essere importante per determinare il destino delle cellule: acclimatazione in B contro morte cellulare programmata in VN. Inoltre, sono state ottenute piante esprimenti sensori per il calcio per entrambe le varietà di riso italiano. Queste piante saranno uno strumento utile per studiare il signalling del calcio indotto da stress salino.

Arsenic (As) contamination of rice is an issue of global concern. Italy, although representing the European leader of rice production, is one of the countries mostly affected by As contamination of rice grain. Rice is mainly cultivated under continuous flooding, with the rapid depletion of oxygen in the soil. At the consequent highly reduced redox potentials, As is released into the porewater by the dissolution of iron-arsenic (Fe-As) minerals, and by the reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)], a soluble compound that is rapidly taken up by the plants. In the presence of sulfide, As(III) co-precipitate with the formation of AsnSn minerals. Microorganisms are known to actively oxidize and reduce As, as well as to convert inorganic to organic As via methylation. Furthermore, microorganisms that use Fe or sulfur for their metabolic activities indirectly influence As biogeochemistry in the environment. In this study, the role of two different practices, suggested to reduce As contamination in rice fields, in shaping rice rhizospheric microbial communities were investigated. Specifically, changes in the water management and use of sulfate (SO42-) as fertilizer were tested. To analyze the influence of the water regime in rice rhizosphere microbiota, a semi-field experiment was set up. Plants were grown in rice field soil from Pavia (containing 18 mg kg-1 of As) in box plots managed with three water regimes: continuous flooding, continuous flooding with 2 weeks of drainage before flowering, and watering after complete soil drying (“aerobic rice”). In rhizosphere soil and in rhizoplane, aioA, arsC, arsM and arrA genes, encoding for different types of As transformation, as well as 16S rRNA genes belonging to dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria (DFeRB) and Fe-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), were amplified and quantified with Real Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). To analyze the whole active bacterial community, RNA was reverse-transcribed and 16S rRNA was amplified and sequenced by 454-pyrosequencing. The presence of DFeRB and FeOB was also highlighted in rhizoplane samples from plants at flowering stage with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH). Furthermore, enrichment cultures of FeOB from roots cultivated under continuous flooding and from aerobic rice were set up on Fe(II) gradient tubes and exposed to either As(V) or As(III). Bacterial growth and related Fe(III) oxides were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS), and used for 16S rRNA gene clone library preparation. To test the effect of SO42- amendment on As dissolution into the porewater, a greenhouse experiment was set up with rice plants grown in single pots on rice field soil from Carpiano (MI) (containing 30 mg kg-1 of As). Different pots with and without plants and with and without 0.13 % (w/w) calcium sulfate (CaSO4) amendment were installed. Microbial As genes were quantified with RT-qPCR in i bulk and rhizosphere soil. In a similar experiment performed using rice field soil from Vercelli, the genome belonging to a new putative SO42--reducing species of the Nitrospirae phylum was isolated from a metagenomic library by differential genome binning. The phylogenetic affiliation of this species as well as its metabolic features were characterized by the analysis of specific marker genes and expressed proteins. In continuous flooding, active DFeRB, As(V)-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were stimulated, potentially contributing to the release of As into the porewater. The RT-qPCR quantification confirmed that DFeRB belonging to the genus Geobacter significantly increased when rice was cultivated under continuous flooding, in concomitance with a significant increase of As in the porewater over time. This supported the hypothesis that Geobacter, by dissolving Fe(III) minerals, promoted As solubilization. In aerobic rice, genera able to oxidize Fe(II) and/or As(III) were selected. Quantification with RT-PCR confirmed that aioA genes, encoding for As(III)-oxidase, were among the most abundant As genes, increasing when drainage was applied before flowering and in aerobic rice. In Fe(II) gradient tubes, As(V) promoted the enrichment of the nitrate-reducing FeOB genus Azospira from roots developed under continuous flooding, whereas As(III) addition inhibited the growth of FeOB. The SEM-EDS analysis revealed the presence of microorganisms covered by putative Fe encrustation as well as As-Fe oxides crystals. FISH analysis on rice rhizoplane confirmed the presence of FeRB belonging to the family Geobacteraceae and of both microaerophilic and nitrate-reducing FeOB, respectively belonging to the family Gallonellaceae and to the genus Thiobacillus. The addition of SO42- to rice field soil led, on the one hand, to a lower As release into the porewater, on the other hand, to a lower translocation of the metalloid in the plants. The bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial community was enhanced by the addition of SO42-, but the abundance of genes involved in As transformation did not change significantly. The analysis of a genome retrieved in a metagenomic library prepared on rice bulk and rhizosphere soil from a similar SO42--addition experiment, revealed the presence of a novel species belonging to the Nitrospirae phylum in Vercelli rice field soils. These microorganisms carry the whole genetic background for dissimilatory reduction of SO42- and nitrate. Through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, they likely use acetate as electron donor. Amendment of SO42- in the soil promoted the expression of SO42- respiration, whereas in the control treatments genes for nitrate respiration were expressed. These outcomes confirm and elucidate the role of the microbial community living in the rhizosphere of rice plants in decreasing As solubility when changes on the water regime are applied. Future research should be focused the possible role of endophytic bacteria on the decrease of As translocation when is rice plants are fertilized with SO42-.

The central challenge that humanity is facing is the need to meet the nutritional needs of a growing population. After the tremendous progress achieved during the green revolution, the yields of the primary cereal crops are now stagnating and the undergoing climatic changes represent a further threat. Among the technologies available to allow a further increase in yield, genetic improvement is the most promising. Plant breeding, though, is an expensive, time consuming and labour- intensive activity which relies on a thorough knowledge of the available germplasm for its efficient exploitation requiring the integration of the phenotypic expression with molecular data. The analysis of the interactions between genetic makeup, pedo-climatic conditions and management practices is thus essential to guide breeding programs aimed at improving the agronomic traits of the main herbaceous crops. Crop simulation modelling can be used to support such activities, via a cost- and time-efficient analysis of the performances of a wide range of phenotypes in different weather, soil and management conditions. The requirement is the minimum deviation between the phenotypic expression and its model representation, which should consider the known physiological limits and compensatory effects among traits. The lack of an extensive characterisation of available germplasm often impedes the availability of exhaustive data to support breeding programs via crop modelling. This applies to Italian rice agriculture, being characterized by a long history of cultivation with a vast varietal landscape. Crop model-based studies and services have already been developed in the area to support rice growers and local stakeholders, thus outlining a proficient case study for their implementation in breeding programs. This doctoral project aimed at analysing the morpho-physiological characteristics of the Italian rice germplasm mostly contributing to the yield increase in the 20th century, highlighting the evolutionary trends, and the associations with published molecular data. The released information enlarges previous findings and can be used to guide genetic improvement programs aimed at further improve current rice varieties. The field experimental activity produced ready-to-use quantitative data to further refine crop modelling capabilities in the area. Their integration in a crop model study allowed correlating yield component traits and model parameters, fostering the design of synthetic cultivars to facilitate and prioritize new breeding efforts.

Cette étude s’est inspirée de l’observation d’une pratique de guérison toujours vivante, bien qu’en voie de disparition ; cette dernière représente une intéressante niche anthropologique en ce qui concerne l’emploi d’une médecine paysanne encore répandue dans certaines zones de l’Italie du Nord, plus précisément de l’Émilie-Romagne, où l’on trouve encore aujourd’hui des femmes qui segnano (« marquent », à travers la pratique de la segnatura, la « marque ») des maladies telles que le feu de Saint Antoine, les brûlures, l’herpès, les entorses. Elles véhiculent ainsi un concept de guérison différent de la norme, mais susceptible de réflexions qui font dialoguer l’héritage des cultures anciennes avec le futur d’une médecine où il est toujours possible de s’interroger sur les droits du malade, sur le rôle du sujet dans le processus de guérison et sur des concepts très fortement liés aux façons d’affronter la maladie, comme l’importance de la confiance et la capacité de renforcer les liens interpersonnels<br>The present study is designed to examine the healing rite of "segnatura" that is part of the popular tradition of rural medicine. Up until 1950 there were many women that knew and practised this ritual form of healing to to cure herpes zoster (cold sores), burns and warts. The action combines symbolic gesture and ritual formula: it is called "segnatura" from the verb "segnare", to mark. The aim of the analysis is to explore the rite trough interviews. Now it represents a custom at constant risk of disappearance, but the heritage of ritual forms of healing can create a connection with the present, because it addresses the sick role and its needs<br>Questo progetto di ricerca nasce dall'osservazione di un antico rito di cura: la segnatura. Essa nasce nel contesto di una civiltà contadina ormai definitivamente tramontata, di cui rimane esile testimonianza votata a un oblio della memoria silenzioso, ma implacabile. Se un tempo il rito veniva utilizzato nei molti casi della vita quotidiana in cui era richiesto un intervento terapeutico in seguito a cadute, "Herpes zoster", bruciature, storte, oggi appare conosciuto e praticato in forme isolate. Alcuni ambiti di applicazione, quali la segnatura per ritrovare le cose perdute o per scacciare la paura, sono quasi del tutto scomparsi e nel corso della ricerca non vi si farà che un breve accenno. Ciò che resta del rito, tuttavia, non è solo una stimolante nicchia antropologica, bensì una riflessione, viva e attuale, sulla sua efficacia simbolica e sulla possibilità di mettere in discorso dinamiche di gestione della sofferenza in grado di contribuire al potere trasformativo della malattia

Nell’ultimo decennio della sua vita, Antonfrancesco Grazzini, o, come preferiva essere chiamato, il Lasca (22 marzo 1505-18 febbraio 1584)1, ricopiò più volte le proprie rime burlesche. Parte di questo suo lavoro, ci resta documentata nel codice Antinori 57 della Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana di Firenze: un collettore autografo di testi comici in ottava rima che reca il titolo, assegnatogli dall’autore stesso, di Stanze burlesche2. Codice importantissimo, perché latore di tutti i testi oggi a noi noti scritti dal Lasca in questo schema metrico, aggiungendone cinque sfuggiti all’unica edizione critica disponibile, opera, invero monumentale, di Carlo Verzone3. Il codice fu inoltre trascritto certamente dopo il 15804, forse dopo il 15815, rappresenta dunque la sistemazione più tarda (nella lezione dei testi e nella loro collocazione) che oggi ci sia nota di una porzione ampia della sua produzione. Per quanto dall’ordinamento dei testi in questa raccolta traspaia che alcuni agglomerati dovevano seguire un ordinamento già costituitosi in precedenti copie d’autore6, è difficile però intravedere un criterio generale di strutturazione dell’intero manoscritto, probabilmente perché non era intento dell’autore quello di creare una raccolta unitaria, ma solo un deposito, quanto più ampio possibile, della propria produzione burlesca in ottava rima.

2016 - 2017<br>This thesis is the result of the research work carried out during the three years of PhD in Public Sector Accounting at the University of Salerno under the supervision of prof. Tartaglia Polcini, and during the four months, at the University of Ghent under the supervision of prof. Johan Christiaens. The thesis represents a structured compendium of the results obtained from three empirical researches. However, it does not intend to offer a mere summary of these works, but to describe in detail, from a theoretical point of view, the phenomenon investigated, arriving in a consequential manner to the presentation of the results of the research conducted which represent its empirical developments. The PhD research activity has been mainly focused on Intellectual Capital (IC) which in recent years has gained momentum first in the private sector and, then, more vigorously, in the public sector as critical success factor. Intellectual Capital can be defined as “the collection of intangibles which allows an organization to transfer a collection of material, financial and human resources into a system capable of creating value for the stakeholders” European Commission (2006, p. 4). Due to its intangible nature, the IC has progressively acquired more relevance in public sector and in particular in University sector which, among public sector entities, have the highest degree of intangibility. In particular, Universities are basically knowledge-based institutions in which IC plays a crucial role as it is both the result of the research and development activities and the driver that leads to the creation of greater value from those activities... [edited by Author]<br>XVI n.s. (XXX ciclo)

The definition of food security provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) includes the quality of agricultural products as a principal pillar, intended as the production of nutritious food to allow people to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. In a world that is undergoing major physical, social, and economic transitions, the achievement of global food security is undermined by the projected increase of human population to 9 billion people by 2050. Nowadays, even if the current total food production would be capable to provide humankind with enough calories, the latest FAO statistics estimate that hundreds of millions of people live in hunger or lack a suitable supply of food. This is why the world governments are acting to meet the need of higher quality diets as a main objective. The challenge to improve the quality and the nutritional value of crop productions is also threatened by the climate change issue, with agriculture representing the most vulnerable economic sector due to the deep influence of weather conditions on the performances of cropping system. The only viable solution to gain information on the future trends of the qualitative aspect of crop production and to provide farmers and stakeholders in agriculture with effective adaptation strategies is the use of process based simulation models, which are capable to reproduce the responses of biophysical systems to changing boundary conditions. This doctorate gives answers to these research questions, by developing a reference methodological framework to assess the quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) –the first staple food crop in the world – in current and future climatic conditions. The first chapter presents a software library of models to simulate the dynamics of the main aspects of rice grain quality as a function of agro-meteorological conditions. This research product is released as a framework independent component, fostering extension with new models and reuse by third parties intended as collaborations between research entities. In the second chapter the performances of the rice quality models in reproducing observed field data of milling quality and functional properties of grains are tested in a multi-site and multi-year evaluation, prior to be used to assess climate change impacts. The third chapter deals with the development of a forecasting system targeting the simulation of qualitative and quantitative rice productions in Northern Italy, the main European producing area. This pilot study is realized by coupling the WARM rice model with rice quality models, taking the head rice yield, i.e., the percentage of entire grains as a case study. The fourth chapter presents the complete workflow to assess the climate change impacts on crop productivity in the Lombardy plain via the application of process based models at a fine spatial resolution. An exploratory analysis of the impacts of climate change on giant reed crop is performed to illustrate the potentialities of the methodology. This work led the basis to the last chapter, where a comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of climate change on rice milling quality and technological suitability is performed in Europe. The main sources of uncertainties in climate change projections were taken into account, i.e., General Circulation Models and emission scenarios, to give an ensemble of future weather scenarios as input data to the models. The implementation of remote sensing to detect rice sowing dates and the assimilation of local farmers management led to a tight adherence between simulated and real system. The main perspective of this work is the application of the methodological framework developed here in top producing rice countries, in order to allow moving a step forward the mere focus on the quantitative trends of crop production in a changing climate.

Nella tesi si approfondisce in cosa consistano effettivamente le pratiche e le esigenze funebri dei musulmani, valutando in che misura esse siano compatibili con la legislazione statale dei Paesi occidentali (esaminando in particolare i casi di Italia, Francia e Svizzera). Nell'affrontare il tema si è adottata una prospettiva di tipo interdisciplinare, considerando la questione delle sepolture islamiche sia dal punto di vista del diritto musulmano (per definire in che misura e secondo quali modalità possano essere effettuati gli adattamenti richiesti dalla presenza di comunità musulmane in contesti non islamici), sia dal punto di vista del diritto statale laico, nel più ampio quadro dei rapporti tra Stato e religioni attualmente vigenti nei Paesi considerati.

Nella tesi si approfondisce in cosa consistano effettivamente le pratiche e le esigenze funebri dei musulmani, valutando in che misura esse siano compatibili con la legislazione statale dei Paesi occidentali (esaminando in particolare i casi di Italia, Francia e Svizzera). Nell'affrontare il tema si è adottata una prospettiva di tipo interdisciplinare, considerando la questione delle sepolture islamiche sia dal punto di vista del diritto musulmano (per definire in che misura e secondo quali modalità possano essere effettuati gli adattamenti richiesti dalla presenza di comunità musulmane in contesti non islamici), sia dal punto di vista del diritto statale laico, nel più ampio quadro dei rapporti tra Stato e religioni attualmente vigenti nei Paesi considerati.

This dissertation focuses on the Rime of Vittorio Alfieri (1749-1803), aiming to enlighten, through a thematic, stylistic and philological commentary of the lyrical works in their entirety, the most significant aspects of the corpus, which counts more than 450 texts, composed during the poet's entire life and included for the most part in the two collections of Rime (1789) and Parte seconda (1799) prepared by the author himself. Although selections of Alfieri's poems have been repeatedly and effectively investigated from several perspectives, little has, however, been done to provide an encompassing commentary of the Rime, a lack which can be mainly ascribed to the problematical state of the critical edition, largely outdated by further discoveries of unknown poems after its first publication in 1933 and prepared by collating together only a few of the surviving manuscripts and the editiones principes. The chronological method of analysis, allowed by the constant presence in the autographs of date and time of composition for each poem, and the renewed study of the manuscripts and the first editions have resulted in the overcoming of the issues connected with the complex tradition and in the developing of a wide and detailed analysis of the whole lyrical production, which thus has been profitably read as a diary in verses, a lyrical autobiography formed by fragments written day by day before the Vita scritta da esso.

Nella ricerca condotta sulle Osservazioni muratoriane alle Rime petrarchesche, si è tentato di mettere in luce la ‘scienza del commento’, ad esse sottesa, cui contribuivano gli snodi teorici, l’accertamento filologico, le strategie argomentative, i debiti esegetici. Tra difesa e riforma della poesia, il commento muratoriano si pone infatti, in piena età arcadica, al vertice della coniunctio tra esigenza conoscitiva e visione morale. Il «buon cammino» del Muratori, passando per le vie del Petrarca, sanciva di fatto una superiore giurisdizione letteraria, a cui rimettere come ad un foro esterno, censure e difese: colpisce, infatti, il suo vaglio tecnico-argomentativo delle Rime del Petrarca, valutate secondo concordanze, rinvii a commenti storici, connessioni intertestuali, analogie contenutistiche e stilistiche, struttura metrica, uso delle immagini di fantasia e loro mescidazione rispetto al verosimile. È insomma l’idea di un commento ‘ben proporzionato’, situato oltretutto in una zona di percorrenza mista, tra riuso e canonizzazione (come dimostra la sua ricezione nelle storiografie letterarie della seconda metà del XVIII secolo), diviso tra attenzione all’usus scribendi dell’autore e appelli collaborativi al lettore, quello che, grazie al Muratori, in piena età arcadica, riporterà al centro il petrarchismo: un petrarchismo potenziato, promosso ad insegnamento attivo e a sistema storicocritico che il buon gusto ridisegnava secondo nuove coperture normative ed esigenze metodologiche, ordinandolo, secondo uno stilema tipico della riflessione filosofico-religiosa muratoriana, ad una ‘regolata lettura’.

Nella ricerca condotta sulle Osservazioni muratoriane alle Rime petrarchesche, si è tentato di mettere in luce la ‘scienza del commento’, ad esse sottesa, cui contribuivano gli snodi teorici, l’accertamento filologico, le strategie argomentative, i debiti esegetici. Tra difesa e riforma della poesia, il commento muratoriano si pone infatti, in piena età arcadica, al vertice della coniunctio tra esigenza conoscitiva e visione morale. Il «buon cammino» del Muratori, passando per le vie del Petrarca, sanciva di fatto una superiore giurisdizione letteraria, a cui rimettere come ad un foro esterno, censure e difese: colpisce, infatti, il suo vaglio tecnico-argomentativo delle Rime del Petrarca, valutate secondo concordanze, rinvii a commenti storici, connessioni intertestuali, analogie contenutistiche e stilistiche, struttura metrica, uso delle immagini di fantasia e loro mescidazione rispetto al verosimile. È insomma l’idea di un commento ‘ben proporzionato’, situato oltretutto in una zona di percorrenza mista, tra riuso e canonizzazione (come dimostra la sua ricezione nelle storiografie letterarie della seconda metà del XVIII secolo), diviso tra attenzione all’usus scribendi dell’autore e appelli collaborativi al lettore, quello che, grazie al Muratori, in piena età arcadica, riporterà al centro il petrarchismo: un petrarchismo potenziato, promosso ad insegnamento attivo e a sistema storicocritico che il buon gusto ridisegnava secondo nuove coperture normative ed esigenze metodologiche, ordinandolo, secondo uno stilema tipico della riflessione filosofico-religiosa muratoriana, ad una ‘regolata lettura’.

La tesi fornisce un testo critico e un commento alle "Rime" di G. G. Trissino. Anzitutto, un’introduzione generale prende in esame la raccolta nel suo insieme e ne individua le connessioni con la poesia petrarchista di inizio Cinquecento. Segue il testo critico, fondato sull’editio princeps (1529), di cui si cercano di correggere le oscillazioni ortografiche grazie a un esame della maggior parte degli esemplari della stampa conservati e tramite un confronto con le altre opere trissiniane. Uno snello apparato critico rende conto delle lezioni sostituite. Un’introduzione a ogni singolo testo ne riassume il contenuto, ne individua le strutture logico-sintattiche e, quando possibile, tenta di stabilire la cronologia e le circostanze di composizione, ricorrendo soprattutto agli scambi epistolari; ne analizza inoltre la struttura metrica, anche in relazione ai passi della "Pωεtica" corrispondenti. Il commento in senso stretto individua e discute possibili loci similes, rintracciati a partire da un corpus di svariati autori: a tale scopo, si è in parte ricostruita una biblioteca trissiniana, soprattutto a partire dai testi citati nella "Pωεtica". Fornisce inoltre una parafrasi dei luoghi meno perspicui: talvolta, nel caso di problemi esegetici, si fa ricorso al resto della produzione trissiniana per rafforzare o addirittura confermare una determinata congettura interpretativa.

The research regarding the figure of Francesco Coppetta dei Beccuti and his work started from the retrieval of his bibliography (even previous twentieth century ones), for better place the poet within the context of his contemporaries and within those seasons when it was greater the interest on him (overall the eighteenth century when abbot Cavallucci printed two volumes of his poems). Beside these activities I’ve wondered, from one hand, about the Coppetta’s personal life verifying the reliability of opposite information about his activities, and on the other hand, about his role within the lyrics of the late sixteenth century. Starting from the uselessness of the only existing modern edition of his rhymes (Chiorboli, Laterza 1912), I proceeded a new classification of the manuscript – since the lack of a complete recensio, and inspired by the philological process of the editor who adopted the principle of the bon manuscript (through the comparison of two codex, editio princeps and eighteenth century prints) that causes the loss of many poems. The presence of small groups of Coppetta’s rhymes within many mixed manuscript, made harder the recensio and made me collect lots documents (some of them were critical for the reconstruction of the tradition of rhymes). For these reasons I viewed more than 115 manuscript and around 30 prints, visiting some from the most important library in Italy and in foreign country, and when they weren’t available I acquired the photo reproductions. Only forty, among this huge number of documents, were basic for text recovery (the other ones help me solve many problem regarding the text transmission). A few of those documents are remarkable because they are unknown to nineteenth century student: manuscript 1610 Biblioteca Civica di Treviso (with three unpublished poems as shown in my essay in «Filologia italiana»), ms. Campori Appendice 1498 (γ. T. 2.4) Biblioteca Universitaria Estense Modena, ms Fondo Principale, MM 693 (Σ , Fila I sopra, 2) Biblioteca Civica “Angelo Mai” Bergamo (containing a large unpublished poem), manuscript Magliabechiano VII 898 Biblioteca Nazionale Firenze (with a sonet addressed to Vittoria Colonna), ms. Magliabechiano VII 1393 Biblioteca Nazionale Firenze (with the same large poem aforecited), manuscripts 2875 and 3329 Biblioteca Comunale Augusta Perugia, codex A I 12 Biblioteca Jacobilli Foligno (monographic on Coppetta but reported as other author in IMBI), manuscripts S. M. XXVIII 1.2 and 1.3 Biblioteca Governativa dei Gerolamini Napoli, codex 103.32 Archivo y Biblioteca Capitulares di Toledo. Besides these unpublished manuscripts I found an interesting print Epitaphiorum libellus printed in Perugia (Bini 1536) containing a first draft of one of Coppetta’s sonnet that is one of the most important evidence of the spreading of his rhymes. Meanwhile I collected the document following a bipartite division composed by group β, that was in turn bipartite, containing few documents (10 manuscripts and 2 prints) that come from an antigraph probably drafted before 1550, lators of a text later modified by the author (like the translation of Contesa delle armi d’Achille where the rearrangement is wide), and another group α, that include most of the remaining documents (17 manuscripts and 2 prints), whose antigraph probably drafted around 1550 that had an extraordinary diffusion as evidenced by the five branch in which we can divide the documents of this group. Starting from the antigraph of this last group Coppetta would drafted a new edition (adding new poems, rearranging others and putting in series in a way closer to group α but even different at the same time) from which descend the codex 665 from Biblioteca del Seminario Vescovile Padova, whose importance, already underlined by Armando Balduino when he discovered it, is corroborated by the finding of a letter (cc. 132v - 134v manuscript 1812 from Biblioteca Augusta Perugia) in which the savant Angelo Battaglini describes a sixteenth century codex, therefore prior the manuscript in Padova that was written immediately before or after the prefacer letter dated 1599, that he found in Biblioteca Zeladiana Rimini (unfortunately not available) and that contains, after the sonnets of Spini and Porcilaga that exist in the 1580 Venetian princeps, the incipits of the poems with the same seriation of the manuscript in Padova which report a couple of annotation and the same mistakes in the incipit. For these reasons I choose not to follow the theme regulation featured in the Laterza edition, which always seems quite weak since the lyrics production is so influenced by stereotypical images, and to divide the rhymes in two: the arrangement of the manuscript from Padova (author’s sylloge) followed by the remaining rhymes. For better understanding the different branches I set up a few table and a system of references. The presence of extra textual apparatus seem meaningful to explain the complexity of Coppetta’s rhymes tradition, that indeed, although they don’t have any deficiencies (such as different versions), reveal a certain kind of interference between them , that it can be explained only using those type of tools. I then decided to set the apparatus in three sections; the first one reserved to the actions of the author on his rhymes; the second one is the real philological apparatus; and the last one is relative to lectiones singulares deemed extremely important in a so cohesive tradition. Talking about the rhymes, I decided to include only the ones where the author was unmistakable, even if they were proved by one manuscript or print (also the ones accepted by Chiorboli were in one manuscript or in Cavallucci’s edition). I gathered in a small specific part the uncertain poems ascribed to Coppetta that are hard to believe for usus reasons and for extrinsic factor.<br>La ricerca attorno alla figura di Francesco Coppetta dei Beccuti e alla sua produzione lirica ha preso le mosse dal reperimento della bibliografia relativa all'autore (non solo quella, invero limitata a pochi contributi, novecentesca, ma anche dei secoli precedenti), per poterne meglio inquadrare la figura anche e soprattutto nella considerazione dei contemporanei e nelle stagioni in cui maggiore fu l'interesse nei suoi confronti (il Settecento soprattutto, quando vennero editi ben due volumi delle sue poesie, l'ultima delle quali, a cura dell'abate Cavallucci, fondamentale anche per le molte ed erudite note di commento). Accanto a questa attività ci si è, anche, interrogati, da un lato sulla figura di Francesco Coppetta dei Beccuti, cercando di integrare le scarse notizie relative alla sua persona e alla sua opera e verificando l'attendibilità di alcuni contrastanti dati sulla sua attività, dall'altro, anche attraverso lo studio del confezionamento delle sillogi riportanti le rime del Beccuti, e in particolare di alcune miscellanee che paiono ascrivere al magistero coppettiano la successiva lirica perugina del pieno e tardo Cinquecento. Partendo dalla considerazione dell'inservibilità dell'unica edizione moderna disponibile delle sue rime (Chiorboli, Laterza, 1912) – giudizio dettato sia dalla mancanza di una recensio completa, sia dal procedimento filologico messo in campo dallo studioso che ha adottato il criterio del bon manuscrit temperandolo parcamente per mezzo del confronto con altri due codici, la princeps e con le stampe settecentesche, sia, e in conseguenza a ciò, dalla presenza di molteplici componimenti non inseriti nel novero delle sue rime e da un discernimento non sempre meditato tra le rime dubbie e le certe – si è proceduto a un nuovo regesto dei manoscritti. L'operazione di recensio è stata oltremodo complicata dalla presenza in molti manoscritti miscellanei di sparuti gruppi di rime del Coppetta, il che ha portato all'acquisizione di molti testimoni, alcuni dei quali fondamentali per la ricostruzione della tradizione delle rime. Si è così giunti a visionare ben 115 testimoni manoscritti e una trentina di stampe, compiendo numerose missioni presso le più im portanti biblioteche italiane ed estere ed acquisendo, là dove non fosse possibile, il materiale in fotoriproduzione. Da questa enorme numero di testimoni è stato possibile isolarne una quarantina di fondamentali per la ricostruzione dei testi (senza trascurare gli altri che a volte hanno permesso di risolvere alcune problematiche inerenti la trasmissione dei testi). Tra questi vanno annoverati alcuni testimoni sconosciuti agli studiosi di lirica del Cinquecento e coppettiana in particolare: il codice 1610 della Biblioteca Civica di Treviso (ricco di tre inediti e oggetto di un articolo in uscita nel prossimo numero di Filologia italiana), il manoscritto Campori Appendice 1498 (γ. T. 2.4) della Biblioteca Universitaria Estense di Modena, il codice Fondo Principale, MM 693 (Σ , Fila I sopra, 2) della Biblioteca Civica “Angelo Mai” di Bergamo (contenente un componimento inedito in 114 ottave), il manoscritto Magliabechiano VII 898 della Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze (che riporta un sonetto in lode di Vittoria Colonna), il codice Magliabechiano VII 1393 della Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze (che, tra l'altro, riporta lo stesso componimento in 114 ottave succitato), i manoscritti 2875 e 3329 della Biblioteca Comunale Augusta di Perugia, il codice A I 12 della Biblioteca Jacobilli di Foligno (monografico del Coppetta e indicato sotto un altro autore nell'IMBI), i manoscritti S. M. XXVIII 1.2 e 1.3 della Biblioteca Governativa dei Gerolamini di Napoli, il codice 103.32 dellì Archivo y Biblioteca Capitulares di Toledo. Accanto a queste testimonianza manoscritte inedite, alle quali molte altre potrebbero essere aggiunte, si è anche reperita un'interessante stampa, Epitaphiorum libellus, uscita a Perugia presso Bini nel 1536, contenente quella che si è potuta identificare come una prima redazione di uno dei sonetti del Coppetta, nonché la più alta testimonianza della circolazione delle sue rime. Nel frattempo si è provveduto alla collazione dei testimoni che si allineano secondo una tradizione bipartita composta da un ramo β, a sua volta bipartito, con pochi testimoni (10 manoscritti e due cinquecentine) che rimontano a un antigrafo già probabilmente redatto intorno alla fine degli anni '40 e latori di un testo in più punti poi modificato dall'autore (come nel volgarizzamento della Conetsa delle armi d'Achille dove il rimaneggiamento interessa interamente alcune ottave) e un secondo ramo α, in cui stanno i numerosissimi testimoni restanti (17 manoscritti e due cinquecentine), il cui antigrafo fu redatto probabilmente nei primi anni '50 e che ebbe una straordianria diffusione come testimoniano i cinque rami nei quali si possono organizzare i testimoni di questa famiglia. Dall'antigrafo di questa famiglia Coppetta avrebbe poi tratto una nuova redazione (con l'inserimento di alcuni componimenti, il rimaneggiamento di altri e in generale un nuovo ordine, vicino a quello testimoniato da α, ma al contempo autonomo nelle scelte messe in campo) da cui discenderebbe il codice 665 della Biblioteca del Seminario vescovile di Padova, il cui rilievo, già sottolineato da Armando Balduino all'atto della scoperta dello stesso, viene avvalorato dal rinvenimento alle cc. 132v - 134v del ms. 1812 della Biblioteca Augusta di Perugia di una lettera in cui l'erudito Angelo Battaglini descrive un codice del Cinquecento pieno, per cui antecedente il manoscritto padovano che è stato scritto subito prima o subito dopo la lettera prefatoria datata 1599, da lui rinvenuto nella Biblioteca Zeladiana di Rimini (purtroppo non recuperato) che riporta, dopo i sonetti dello Spini e del Porcilaga presenti nella princeps veneziana del 1580, gli incipit dei componiemnti nella stessa seriazione del manoscritto padovano di cui oblitera anche alcuni errori negli stessi incipit oltre che un paio di didascalie. Per tali ragioni si è pensato di superare l'ordinamento tematico che caratterizza la seriazione della stampa laterziana, che, per una produzione lirica così soggetta alla stereotipia delle immagini, appare sempre labile, partendo le rime in due: l'ordinamento del manoscritto padovano, silloge d'autore, cui seguono le rime nella tradizione extravagante, che l'utilizzo di un sistema di rimandi e la presenza di alcune tabelle permettono di seguire nelle diverse ramificazioni. Proprio l'utilizzo di apparati extratestuali appare significativo nel dare conto della complessità della tradizione delle rime del Coppetta; esse, infatti, se appaiono non sconciate dalla presenza di lacune, varianti difformi ed altro, pur tuttavia rivelano, nella trasmissione spesso non lineare che le caratterizza, un grado di interferenza che solo l'utilizzo di tali strumenti ha potuto chiarire. Si è poi deciso di strutturare l'apparato in tre fasce: la prima riservata alle possibili varianti d'autore, a proposito delle quali si è agito in senso molto restrittivo in modo da evitare che in questa zona dell'apparato potessero trovare posto anche lezioni non d'autore, ma testimoniate magari da una zona estesa della tradizione; una seconda fascia occupata dall'apparato negativo vero e proprio, e infine una terza zona relativa alle lectiones singulares giudicate estremamente importanti nell'ambito di una tradizione così compatta. Per quanto riguarda le rime si è deciso di accettare tutte quelle per le quali non sussistessero problemi attributivi anche se testimoniate da un solo manoscritto o stampa (d'altro canto anche molte di quelle accettate da Chiorboli sono presenti in un solo manoscritto o nella sola stampa Cavallucci), limitandosi a rifiutare solo quelle per le quali i problemi attributivi e una serie di altre considerazioni spingessero a tale decisione. In un settore, invero esiguo, specifico si sono relegate le rime dubbie, componimenti attribuiti a Coppetta, ma che appate difficile ascrivergli per questioni di usus o per fattori estrinseci.

This thesis deals with the two partially interlocking aspects of female patronage and female spirituality in Italian art during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. My aim has been to expand the knowledge of this subject not through a detailed examination of one female patron, her spirituality, and how it affected her commissions, but through a number of representative examples in order to show the breadth and diversity of women's influence over art, both active and passive. I have therefore surveyed previous assumptions on female patronage and the opportunities that existed for it, taking a number of smaller examples so as to lay a base for my later arguments. One of the main problems that emerged was a misunderstanding of the clothes depicted as being worn both by the subjects of the paintings and by the donors, and also the subjective use of clothes in order to put across a message. This aspect also bears on the variety of women's religious experience which underlies the whole of this investigation. It forms a base for my chapters on commissions by and for the Poor Clares and the female Vallombrosan order. Finally, I have looked at two examples of lay female patronage only one of which takes a woman as its subject, and examined the reasons for the choice of subject in relation to the spiritual influences of the commissioner and also the ways in which the direct influence of the patron can be assessed. My research has indicated that both lay women and nuns were not only capable of paying for ambitious projects but that they could also positively affect their iconography. Women's influence over art during this period, and the impact of their spirituality on it, both actively and passively, has only previously been investigated in a few instances. The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of the female patronage and female spirituality in art and to show that women's influence over art was present in many spheres of society and was not an exception to the rule.

À quelques exceptions près, dans le canon littéraire italien comme dans la réception que lui réserva la critique, la poésie de Volponi occupe une place secondaire par rapport à sa production narrative. Cela apparaît comme une contradiction, car l’auteur se considérait avant tout comme un poète. Une contradiction qui va de pair avec une biographie fort riche, qui fait de Volponi un homme et un écrivain à mi-chemin entre participation et dissidence, entre ordre et désordre. À la lumière de tout ceci, nous nous sommes interrogé sur la place que Volponi attribue à la poésie, à partir des notions mêmes d’ordre et de désordre : depuis les conquêtes scientifiques du début du XXe siècle ces derniers ne sont plus deux concepts en opposition entre eux, mais les deux faces nécessaires de toute organisation naturelle complexe, y compris humaine. Dès lors, nous avons adopté l’interaction complexe entre ordre et désordre comme clef de lecture de la poésie volponienne. Une complexité que nous avons observée au niveau tout d’abord biographique, d’où émergent les schèmes fondamentaux de la poésie de Volponi qu’on retrouve thématisés au fil de ses livres de poésie, à travers lesquels Volponi montre toujours une volonté claire de construction progressive d’un seul et unique Livre. À cette construction contribuent les outils poétiques empruntés par le poète, car ils varient en fonction de l’organisation qu’ils sont appelés à exprimer. Enfin, nous nous sommes penché sur la réflexion que mène Volponi au sujet de la poésie pour en conclure qu’à ses yeux elle n’est pas un genre littéraire, mais une force créatrice chargée de mettre en relation l’homme et la matière et les hommes entre eux<br>Despite a few exceptions, Volponi’s poetry remains in the background as opposed to his narrative production, both in the Italian literary cannon and in the way it was received by critics. This seems to be a contradictory statement because the author considered himself as a poet primarily. This contradiction is inextricably linked to a very rich biography based on a plethora of life experiences and which makes Volponi a man and a writer at a crossroads between participation and dissidence, between order and disorder. I raise thus the question of the status assigned to poetry by Volponi. It was first necessary to redefine the notions of order and disorder to answer it: the scientific achievements of the beginning of the 20th century demonstrated that these two concepts are not antithetic anymore but that they are two necessary sides of any complex natural organization, including the human organization. I chose this complex interaction between order and disorder as a key to reading Volponi’s poetic work. First this complexity is to be found in Volponi’s biography, that shapes the fundamental frameworks of his poetry, frameworks which are then used as topics in each of his poetry books. In these works, the poet always clearly shows his will to elaborate progressively towards the one and only Book. Indeed, the poetic tools resorted to by the poet contribute to this elaboration because they vary according to the organization which they are meant to express. Finally, I tackled the problem of Volponi’s own reflection about poetry which leads him to conclude that poetry is not a literary genre, but a creative strength meant to connect man and matter but also man and man

The thesis analyses the phenomenon of trafficking and the system of exploitation of prostitution involving Nigerian women in three distinct Italian contexts: Milan, Naples, and the Domizio coastal area (in the Campania region). The study examines the role played by the religious dimension in determining or not conditions of vulnerability. To this end, we tried to understand both the functions covered by the traditional rites, known as “juju rites”, practiced on women on behalf of the criminal organization by local priests (the native doctors), and the roles played by the pastors of the Nigerian Pentecostal churches present in many Italian cities. Gender is the second dimension of analysis taken into consideration, in relation to the criminal markets involved and their management, the determination or not of conditions of subordination-exploitation and the ability to emerge and recognize the status of "victim of trafficking” by the institutions responsible for combating the phenomenon and protecting the actors (women but also men) directly involved. The basic hypothesis that drives the research is that it is not possible to understand the criminal phenomenon of the Nigerian trafficking and, more generally, the female-dominated criminal system that coordinates its management, if we do not try to understand (as far as possible) the religious dimension, that is the spiritual world on which most Nigerians seem to base their choices, whether they are inserted in a criminal or completely legitimate context.

Rice is the most important food crop in the world, representing the main source of caloric intake for more than one third of the world’s population. Although a great part of the global rice production comes from the developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh, northern Italy plays a relevant role in terms of rice production providing about 50% of the total European paddy rice production. Due to the nature of the area devoted to rice growth, characterized by large availability of water and an efficient water distribution net, rice in Italy developed in the last two centuries as a water demanding crop, completing its growth cycle under submersion. However in the last decades also these regions experienced a reduction in water availability, with consequences on production and quality. The development of new varieties able to cope with water scarcity is therefore becoming of utmost importance for a sustainable rice cultivation in Italy. This study aims at identifying new alleles with added value for the improvement of drought resistance in Italian rice. The EMS-induced genetic variability in drought-related candidate genes was then explored in a TILLING population developed in the Italian rice variety Volano. The Volano TILLING platform was validated through the screening of three relevant target genes. A mutation density of 1/374 kb was estimated, proving the effectiveness of this approach for targeted rice crop improvement of Italian germplasm. The collection, currently consisting of 1860 mutant lines that are being enlarged with new mutagenized lines, represents an interesting source of variation exploitable in terms of response to drought stress and directly of use for targeted breeding programs. The mutant lines identified, affecting genes shown to be involved in plant drought escape and avoidance strategies, not only are relevant for Volano breeding programs, but represent a powerful genetic material in view of breeding for drought improvement in Italian rice. The second part of the work aimed at understanding the genetic determinants of root system architecture in the Italian rice germplasm, considering the profound implications of root development on the ability of the plant to cope with water deficits. The first Genome-Wide Association study on root traits was then performed on a germplasm collection including local accessions representing the genetic diversity of rice cultivated in Italy and a set of foreign varieties from temperate areas adapted to Italian climatic conditions. Whole genome genotyping was performed at Cornell University using the GBS (Genotyping-by-Sequencing) approach, a novel NGS strategy previously applied with success to maize and barley that uses libraries based on reducing genome complexity by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes. In parallel, a thorough phenotypic screening for root morphological features was performed under controlled greenhouse conditions using a novel root phenotyping method that combines an optimized plant growing system (plastic cylindrical baskets coupled with PVC pipes) with an efficient imaging analysis (WinRHIZO image analysis software). The results of genome-wide association analyses performed on a first set of root phenotypic traits were very encouraging. All the detected significant associations were co-localizing with root QTLs previously identified in bi-parental mapping populations. Moreover, four of the detected regions co-localized with drought-avoidance QTLs, strongly supporting the hypothesis of their possible involvement in plant ability to cope with water scarcity. This work provides an initial study paving the way towards improvement of Italian rice varieties in terms of drought resistance.

The essay is an interdisciplinary work linking History of Religion and Archaeology. The work is based on the study of the finds from a unique archaeological Italian Bronze Age site. The evidence in question has been recently excavated on the outskirts of the modern town of Noceto, Parma province, in northern Italy. It is dated to the end of the local Middle Bronze Age, which corresponds roughly to the 14th century BCE, and belongs to the local so called Terramare culture.   The site consist of a large wooden basin, which once stood in a relatively dominant position within a local Bronze Age village. The basin has been always completely filled with water. Thanks to the particular environmental conditions in the pool, organic material of cellulosic nature, such as wood, preserved very well. We therefore have very precise data about the structure itself and about an astonishing number of finds that have been retrieved from the basin. The basin was apparently used for a limited period of time, which has been estimated of a few generations or a maximum of 100 years. It was apparently used as a sort of “offer place” and hundreds of finds have been sunk in its water. Although depositions in wet areas are very common all over Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the Bronze Age, no other built structures such as the Noceto’s basin are known so far. Noceto provides strong indications of religious nature, since no productive activities or every day practices could be detected in connection to it.   With an eye to the debate on the materiality of religion, the aim of the essays is in the first place to investigate and discuss how the religious nature of the place can be understood, when working solely on the results of the religious activities that once have taken place around its margins. Secondly, the aim is also to attempt using the evidence from Noceto to discuss more broadly issues of Bronze Age religion.   The analysis of the material is carried out considering deposition rituals from the point of view of performance and agency theories. It is argued that the finds from the pool acted as indexes of agency and were part of performative event that linked together the people carrying out and/or watching the ritual, the place and the divine expressed by the place.   Considering that the significance of ritual performance has been seen, among other things, in the transformative power that is contextually assigned to rituals, it is believed that the finds from Noceto’s basin likely embodied an attempt to establish or secure positive transformations possibly in people life and in fundamental productive activities such as for instance agriculture. The sacred role of water during the Bronze Age has been addressed by several scholars, but it is generally connected to the ritual “usage” of particular places such as wetlands, caves, rivers and so on. Noceto’s basin provides the possibility for the first time to analyse an attempt to artificially and magnificently bring the sacred into a settlement area and thus possibly create the premises for more controlled or regular/regulated religious activities.<br>Uppsatsen är ett tvärvetenskapligt arbete som länkar samman religionshistoria och arkeologi. Arbetets fokus ligger på de arkeologiska fynden som grävdes fram från en unik rituell anläggning från Norra Italien. Anläggningen i frågan befinner sig i utkanten av staden Noceto, i Parma-provinsen. Den är daterad till slutet av den lokala mellersta bronsåldern, vilket ungefär motsvarar 1400-talet f. Kr.   Anläggningen är en stor träbassäng, som en gång stod i en relativt dominerande position innanför ett boplatsområde. Bassängen har från början varit helt fyllt med vatten. Tack vare de speciella miljöförhållandena i poolen, organiskt material, såsom trä, har bevarats mycket bra. Vi har därför precisa uppgifter om själva strukturen och om ett förvånande antal fynd som fanns i bassängen. Anläggningen användes tydligen under en begränsad tidsperiod, som uppskattats av några få generationer eller maximalt c:a 100 år. Det arkeologiska materialet från poolen tyder på att det har haft en funktion som offer-plats och att hundratals objekt har sänkts i sitt vatten. Fastän deponeringar i våta områden är vanliga över hela Europa och Medelhavsområde under bronsåldern, liknande byggnader till Nocetos bassängen är än så länge inte kända. Nocetos pool ger starka bevis av religiös karaktär, eftersom tecken på produktiva verksamheter eller vardagsaktiviteter inte kunde upptäckas i den.   Med hänsyn till debatterna om religions materialitet är syftet med uppsatsen i första hand att undersöka och diskutera hur platsens religiösa natur kan förstås, om man bara arbetar med resultaten av de religiösa aktiviteterna som ägde rum kring den under bronsåldern. För det andra är målet också att försöka använda bevis från Noceto för att diskutera mer allmänna frågor kring bronsålderns religion och religiositet.   Materialet har analyserat med utgångspunkt i performance och angecy teorier. Det hävdas att fynd från poolen fungerade som indexes of agency och var ett grundläggande element av de rituella performansen som genomfördes vid bassängen.   Med tanke på att en grundläggande funktion i rituella performansen anses ligga bland annat i den transformativa kraften som tillskrivs ritualer, är förslaget att fynden från Nocetos bassäng uttrycker ett försök att åstadkomma positiva omvandlingar möjligen i människolivet och/eller i grundläggande produktiva aktiviteter såsom till exempel jordbruk. Den heliga rollen av vatten under bronsåldern har tagits upp extensivt. Särskilda platser, som våtmark, grottor, floder, källor och så vidare, har används för att deponera offer. Nocetos bassäng ger möjlighet för första gången att analysera ett försök att skapa en helgedom i ett bosättningsområde och därigenom att även skapa förutsättningar för möjligtvis kontrollerade eller regelbundna religiösa aktiviteter.

Nei tre decenni che precedettero l'ingresso dell'Italia nel conflitto europeo (il cui primo atto di guerra, a Triplice non ancora denunciata, fu proprio l'occupazione del succitato porto albanese e dell'antistante isolotto di Saseno) una corposa letteratura di viaggio (opera di intellettuali, politici, pubblicisti) inondò il mercato editoriale, contribuendo a volgarizzare presso il grande pubblico le ragioni di tanto interesse per le vicende di quella parte della penisola balcanica. Il recupero di questi scritti (indispensabili per ricostruire i contenuti del messaggio all'epoca veicolato) e la loro integrazione con quanto teorizzato da marina ed esercito, permette di analizzare logiche e finalità di una questione di lungo periodo, che regime fascista e regno del sud avrebbero ereditato e sviluppato, ciascuno a proprio modo. Soprattutto, esso permette di capire quale ruolo ricoprissero il possesso di Valona e dell'Albania nel più ampio disegno di egemonia italiana sull'Adriatico e sul Mediterraneo, evidenziando l'esistenza di due diversi indirizzi della cosiddetta “questione adriatica”: l'uno legato esclusivamente alla Dalmazia; l'altro deciso a non transigere su entrambe.<br>In the three decades that preceded the entrance of Italy in the European conflict (whose first act of war it was the occupation of the Albanian port of Vlore and the nearby island of Saseno) a substantial travel literature (made by intellectuals, politicians publicists) flooded the publishing market, helping to volgarizzare to the general public the reasons for so much interest in the history of that part of the Balkan peninsula. The recovery of these writings (essential to rebuild the contents of the message conveyed at the time) and their integration with the theorized by army and navy allows you to analyze the logic and purposes of a long-term issue. Most importantly, it allows you to understand what role played the possession of Vlore and Albania within the wider picture of Italian hegemony on the Adriatic and the Mediterranean, highlighting the existence of two different addresses of so-called "Adriatic question": the one linked exclusively to Dalmatia; the other decided not to compromise on both sides.

Cette thèse montre, de manière critique, systématique et détaillée, les particularités locales du culte d’Aphrodite en Sicile et en Italie du Sud. Cette étude se propose également de comparer l’interaction entre les traditions religieuses et les coutumes de la population indigène et celles des Grecs immigrés, des Phéniciens-Puniques installés dans l’Ouest de la Sicile, et par la suite celles des Romains dans leur progression vers le Sud de l’Italie. L’objectif de l’étude est une analyse critique des sources archéologiques, épigraphiques, numismatiques et littéraires, compte-tenu de leurs différentes valeurs, afin d’évaluer systématiquement leur attribution à la déesse, est la reconstitution d’une vue d’ensemble du culte d’Aphrodite dans l’Occident grec. Les particularités locales du culte sont examinées en distinguant topographiquement les sanctuaires. Cela permet de dessiner le caractère spécifique du culte, ses aspects et sa fonction pour voir la complexité de la déesse dans le culte et dans le rituels qui dépasse l’image érotique que l’on a très souvent d’elle. Son champ d’intervention est beaucoup plus vaste et inclut des aspects et fonctions divers qui ne visent pas directement la beauté et l’amour, mais des aspects sociaux et politiques.

Par définition, une sépulture est :" le lieu ou ont été déposés les restes d'un ou plusieurs défunts, et où il subsiste suffisamment d'indices pour que l'archéologue puisse déceler dans le dépôt la volonté d'accomplir un geste funéraire ; de manière plus restrictive, structure constituée à l'occasion de ce geste funéraire. " ( J. Leclerc, J. Tarrête in A. Leroi-Gourhan (dir. ), 1988). Notre recherche a tenté de définir à l'aide de données nombreuses et variées (aménagements architecturaux, documents anthropologiques, mobilier. . . ) les différents critères qui déterminent une pratique funéraire et ainsi mieux cerner le comportement des hommes préhistoriques face à la mort. La méthodologie appliquée a permis de mettre en évidence certains faits, en particulier les éléments concordants et discordants des modes funéraires des régions de l'aire méditérraneo-tyrrhénienne ( Corse, Toscane, Ligurie). Les résultats apportés démontrent une évolution non linéaire des gestes pratiqués. Si l'inhumation individuelle semble être privilégiée aux périodes les plus anciennes, l'apparition de sépultures collectives révélant des pratiques secondaires au cours de périodes plus récentes ne fera pas complètement abandonner ce type de dépôt<br>A burial is "the place where the remains of one or a several lates where deposited, and where enough signs are left so that the archaeologist can detect in the deposit the will to achieve a funerary gesture ; in a more restrictive way, this is a structure constitued for this funerary act. " (J. Leclerc, J. Tarrête in A. Leroi-Gourhan (dir. ), 1988). Our research tried to define using several and varied data (architectural installations, anthropological documents, furniture. . . ) the various criteria which determine a funerary practice. It also allows to understand in a better way prehistoric men behavior in the face of death. The methodology we applied made it possible to highlight a certain number of facts, in particular the funerary modes' concrdant and discordant elements of the Mediterranean Tyrrhenian areas (Corsica, Ligury, Tuscany). The produced results show a nonlinear evolution of the practised gestures. If the individual burial seems to be privileged at the oldest periods, the appearance of collective burial displaying secondary practices during more recent periods won't completely make us give up this type of deposit

Dans la littérature et l'art commémoratifs garibaldiens, de l'unité au fascisme, le récit relatif à la révolution des Chemises rouges reflète l'existence d'un mythe politique moderne. C'est-à-dire un mythe fondateur qui s'attachait à transmettre rituellement une nouvelle vision du monde, et dont l'intelligentsia bourgeoise s'était faite la répétitrice. Peu importe le support dans lequel il s'insérait, il racontait toujours la fin violente d'un âge du monde suivie d'une nouvelle genèse, d'un recommencement absolu sous l'égide du novus dux : Giuseppe Garibaldi. Il révélait au fil des générations transalpines comment, à partir d'un sacrifice collectif, l'Italie et une lignée d'Italiens avaient commencé à exister. Un Garibaldi déifié en tant que père créateur laïc trônait ainsi dans les œuvres de façon à légitimer l'unité politique et le pouvoir libéral en place depuis 1860, et de façon à stimuler ou à renforcer le sentiment d'appartenance nationale des Italiens. Toutefois, au-delà de sa fonction étiologique, ce mythe cosmogonique qui s'était élevé au rang de croyance laïque, assumait une fonction paradigmatique. Au cours des rituels, il enseignait pacifiquement le code sacré de conduite sociale en demandant aux Italiens de se vêtir des nobles vertus civiques et humaines de Garibaldi. Mais, lorsque le contrôle de la religion profane tombait entre les mains de ministres moins pédagogues que belliqueux, comme les fascistes ou les communistes, le mythe exhortait les Italiens à imiter les valeurs héroïques, patriotiques et guerrières du père de la patrie. Il cristallisait ainsi leur rêve d'un nouveau commencement accessible par l'action violente<br>In the Garibaldi commemorative literature and art, from Italy's Unity to fascism, the story relating to the RedShirts' revolution reflects the existence of a modern political myth. That is to say a cosmogonical myth which attempted to ritually transmit a new vision of the world, and of which the intellectual middle-class preached. In whatever conceptions it appeared, the myth related a violent end of one world era followed by a new genesis, by a total new start thanks to a new messiah : Giuseppe Garibaldi. It explained with the passing Italian generations how, from a collective sacrifice, Italy and its line of descendants have begun to exist. Garibaldi, glorified as a secular father creator, reigned in all these conceptions so as to justify the political Unity and the liberal power which existed since 1860, and so as to stimulate or intensify Italian patriotic feelings. However, beyond its etiological function, this cosmogonical myth, which was raised to the rank of secular belief, took on another paradigmatic function. In the rituals, it peacefully taught to Italians the sacred code of social behaviour, asking them to abide by noble, civic and human virtues of Garibaldi. But, when the control of the secular religion fell into the hands of preachers more belligerent than pedagogic, the myth urged the Italians to copy the heroic, patriotic and warlike virtues of the father of their fatherland. The myth crystallized like that their dream of a new start obtainable by violence

L’objet de la recherche est le phénomène dit du tarentisme ou « danse de la tarentule », considéré dans son actualisation dans les sociétés contemporaines de l’Italie du sud. L’aire géographique concernée est celle du Salento, une zone spécifique de l’Italie du sud dans la région des Pouilles. La perspective d’étude adoptée est celle de l’ethnoscénologie qui permet une orientation méthodologiquement interdisciplinaire tout en adoptant une approche nouvelle par rapport à la littérature particulièrement riche sur le sujet. L’analyse des rapports entre la musique, la danse, et les « transes » selon des catégories opératoires d’ordre plus général comportera une remise en question de notion comme « transe », « rituel », « thérapie », « maladie », « cure ». En effet aujourd’hui ce qui n’est pas radicalement remis en question, et donc n’est pas historiquement relativisé, est le concept même de maladie et corrélativement celui de cure. Notre étude est une contribution à la révision critique des notions qui n’ont toujours pas été relativisées et replacées dans le contexte historique<br>The geographical area concerned is the Salentino, a specific zone in the south of Italy situated in the region of the Pouilles. The dialect (the Salentino) is usually used today alternately with the Italian language. The studied theme is the phenomenon known as tarentisme or the dance of the tarentula which can be observed in the Pouilles which has been rehearsed each year since centuries for the Saint-Paul and Saint-Pierre festivals, is above all a dance destined to expulse, through the music, an animal symbol (the tarentula) from a person, most often a woman, who presents herself and is considered to be “possessed” by a spider spirit. The geographical area concerned is the Salentino, a sordid region situated in a specific zone in the south of Italy. The perspective study adopted is ethnology which methodically permits an interdisciplinary orientation by adopting a completely new approach in relation to much literature on the subject. The tarentisme appears today as a phenomenon which has profoundly changed. Since a few years in the south of Italy there is a large recovery of what is known as Pizzica or music connected to the tarentisme

Questa tesi studia e valuta le tecniche agronomiche legate alla coltivazione del riso biologico nell'area del Nord Italia. Il finanziamento principale di questa tesi deriva dal progetto MIPAAF "Risobiosystems", iniziato nel 2017 e terminato nel 2020. Gli studi presentati sono collegati alla strategia europea di produzione alimentare sostenibile "Farm to Fork", che è il fulcro del Green Deal europeo per rendere i sistemi alimentari equi, sani e rispettosi dell'ambiente, incoraggiando l'espansione del settore dell'agricoltura biologica (Commissione europea 2020). Come riportato in letteratura, l'agricoltura biologica è in grado di ridurre l'impatto ambientale dell'agricoltura evitando l'uso di composti di sintesi (es. fertilizzanti, pesticidi) e favorendo pratiche (es. rotazione delle colture, leguminose, fertilizzanti organici, sovescio, verde pacciamatura.) in grado di aumentare lo stock di carbonio nel suolo e prevenire gli impatti ambientali indiretti dovuti alla produzione industriale di input (Acuna et al. 2018). Concentrandosi sul settore del riso, è stato osservato che il sistema organico è in grado di aumentare la capacità di stoccaggio del carbonio nel suolo (Komatsuzaki e Syuaib, 2010) e il contenuto di materia organica, facilitando la preparazione del suolo (Mendoza, 2004) e favorendo la successione ecologica e l'eterogeneità temporale delle comunità biologiche nel suolo (Martínez-Eixarch et al. 2017). Il lavoro di tesi una raccolta di articoli pubblicati o in corso di revisione, ogni capitolo riporta il mio contributo, e ogni connessione con altri lavori che sono stati avviati ed ancora in corso. Il capitolo I (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102739 ) rivela la mancanza di ricerca scientifica e informazioni sulla risicoltura biologica, soprattutto in Europa e in Italia. Lo studio presenta principalmente tre tecniche innovative di gestione delle erbe infestanti in risaia che possono essere considerate modelli adattabili nel loro contesto per la coltivazione del riso biologico. Questi modelli sono alla base di una lotta sostenibile contro i problemi ecologici e ambientali grazie al rigoroso divieto di sostanze chimiche come gli erbicidi. Nel lavoro emergono le metodologie la cui efficacia è stata ampiamente testata. In particolare la tecnica della “pacciamatura verde” utilizza colture di copertura (cover-crops) che controllano efficacemente le erbe infestanti grazie a quattro meccanismi principali. Il primo consiste nella parziale inibizione della germinazione delle erbe infestanti grazie alla competizione per l'acqua, i nutrienti e l'ombreggiamento, fenomeni causati dalla presenza di colture di copertura. La seconda consiste nell'effetto pacciamatura quando le cover-crops vengono sminuzzate o poste a terra con la semina del riso. Il terzo è rappresentato dai fenomeni di allelopatia che insorgono tra cover crops ed erbe infestanti (questo aspetto sarà approfondito nel Capitolo II, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030324 , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356 -020-10140-4 ). Allo stesso tempo, il quarto meccanismo è legato all'accumulo di composti fitotossici a seguito della fermentazione provocata dall'acqua di immersione della risaia: l'ambiente anaerobico che si crea porta alla formazione di acidi organici come acido acetico, butirrico e propionico acido. L'allelopatia è un aspetto interessante offerto dalle piante in questa particolare agrotecnica. L'allelopatia generalmente produce e rilascia metaboliti secondari, generando effetti inibitori contro le specie vegetali vicine. La germinazione, la crescita e la riproduzione delle piante bersaglio possono così essere compromesse; questi aspetti sono stati approfonditi nel Capitolo II, partendo dall'esperienza degli agricoltori biologici. Lo studio mirava a definire l'azione inibitoria del Lolium multiflorum Lam., utilizzato come coltura di copertura prima della semina del riso nei confronti dell'Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch è una delle principali infestanti del riso. Il Capitolo III si concentra sulla valutazione dell'impatto ambientale della coltivazione del riso biologico attraverso l'LCA considerando gli scenari produttivi e gli agrotecnici descritti nel Capitolo I. L'approccio LCA è stato adottato perché è largamente utilizzato per valutare l'impatto ambientale del processo agricolo. Tuttavia, da un punto di vista LCA, l'agricoltura biologica non è una risposta ovvia ai problemi ambientali perché LCA definisce la funzione del sistema studiato utilizzando una 'unità funzionale', che dovrebbe essere una misura precisa di ciò che il sistema offre ma non è in grado di considerare ad esempio effetti indiretti. Inoltre, studi LCA esprimono gli impatti per unità di un prodotto per impostazione predefinita. Tuttavia, l'agricoltura biologica generalmente emette meno inquinanti per unità di terra occupata rispetto all'agricoltura convenzionale (un approccio basato sulla superficie); può però avere impatti maggiori per unità di prodotto a causa delle sue rese inferiori per unità di superficie (van der Werf, 2020).<br>This thesis studies and evaluates the agronomical techniques associated with organic rice cultivation in the Northern Italy area. The study funding is from the Italian MIPAAF project "Risobiosystems", which started in 2017 and ended in 2020. The studies presented are connected to the European sustainable food production strategy "Farm to Fork," which is the core of the European Green Deal to make food systems fair, healthy and environmentally friendly, encouraging the expansion of the organic agriculture sector (European Commission 2020). As reported in the literature, organic farming is capable of reducing the environmental impact of agriculture by avoiding the use of synthetic compounds (e.g. fertilisers, pesticides) and by promoting practices (e.g. crop rotation, leguminous cultivation, organic fertilisers, green manure crops, green mulching.) able to increase the soil carbon stock, and prevent the indirect environmental impacts due to the industrial production of inputs (Acuna et al. 2018). Focusing on the rice sector, the organic system was observed able to increase the soil carbon storage capacity (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib, 2010) and organic matter content, facilitating the soil preparation (Mendoza, 2004) and promoting the ecological succession and temporal heterogeneity of the macrophyte communities into the soil (Martínez- Eixarch et al.; 2017). The thesis is a collection of articles published or under review associated with the organic rice production connected with Risobiosystems project results. Each paper explains my work and contribution, and each Chapter gave rise to new and ongoing studies. Chapter I (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102739) reveals the lack of scientific research and information about organic rice farming, especially in Europe and Italy. The studies mainly propose three different weed management techniques in the paddy field that can be considered models that can be standardised on farms specialising in their use. These models are the basis of a sustainable fight against ecological and environmental problems thanks to the strict avoidance of chemicals such as herbicides. Value is given to methodologies whose effectiveness has been widely tested. The green mulching technique uses cover crops that effectively control weeds thanks to four main mechanisms. The first consists of the partial inhibition of weeds' germination thanks to competition for water, nutrients, and shading, which are phenomena caused by the presence of cover crops. The second consists of the mulching effect when the crops are chopped or placed on the ground with rice sowing. The third is represented by the phenomena of allelopathy that arise between cover crops and weeds (this aspect will be further explored in Chapter II, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9030324, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10140-4 ). At the same time, the fourth mechanism is linked to the accumulation of phytotoxic compounds following the fermentation caused by the submersion water of the paddy field: the anaerobic environment that is created leads to the formation of organic acids such as acetic acid, butyric and propionic acid. Allelopathy is an interesting aspect offered by plants in this particular agrotechnical. Allelopathy generally produces and releases secondary metabolites, generating inhibitory effects against nearby plant species. The germination, growth and reproduction of target plants can thus be impaired; these aspects were deepened in Chapter II, starting from the organic farmers' experience. The study aimed to define the inhibitory action of Lolium multiflorum Lam., used as a cover crop before rice sowing against Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch is one of the main rice weeds. Chapter III focuses on evaluating the environmental impact of organic rice cultivation through LCA considering the production scenarios and the agrotechnics described in Chapter I. The LCA approach was adopted because it is largely used to assess the environmental impact of the agriculture process. However, from an LCA viewpoint, organic agriculture is not an obvious answer to environmental problems because LCA defines the function of the studied system using a 'functional unit', which should be a precise measure of what the system delivers but is not able to consider for example indirect effects. Furthermore, LCAs express impacts per unit of a product by default. However, organic agriculture generally emits fewer pollutants per unit of land occupied than conventional agriculture (an area-based approach); it may have higher impacts per unit of product due to its lower yields per unit area (van der Werf, 2020).

"Que pensez-vous faire avec Rome? Cela nous inquiète tous. A Rome on ne peut pas y être sans avoir des intentions cosmopolites". Cette question, posée par l'historien allemand Thedodor Mommsen au ministre des finances Quintino Sella, explique bien les objectifs et les contenus de mon travail de recherche: analyser l'opération réalisée dans l'Italie libérale de 1870 (année de la brèche de la Porta Pia) à 1921 (année du rite du soldat inconnu) sur la réalité historique et sur le mythe de Rome, dans le cadre de la tentative de construction d'une religion civile pour l'Italie unifiée. Au centre de la'analyse les manifestations publiques liées à la représentation du pouvoir, les monuments, les politiques urbanistiques qui dessinèrent le visage de la nouvelle capitale en relation aux histoires et aux mémoires universelles évoquées par la ville éternelle: que ce soit celles liées à la Rome Chrétienne - par rapport à laquelle, suite à la fin du pouvoir temporel, il s'était déterminé un rapport de compétition politique et symbolique - ou celles en relation avec la Rome antique<br>"What would you do with Rome? This problem worries all of us. It's not possible to stay in Rome without having cosmopolitan purposes". That was the question the German historian Theodor Mommsen asked the Italian minister of the Exchequer Quintino Sella. This question explains very well the objectives and subjects of my research work, analysing the historical reality and the myth of Rome as an operation put into practice by the ruling class. The operation was related to the construction of a civil religion in Italy after the national unification from 1870 (the Breccia di Porta Pia's year) to 1921 (the Unknown Soldier Rite's year). The object of the analysis concerns public manifestations related to the representations of political power, monuments and town-planning politics, which have designed the appearance of a nex capital. This appearance was born through a comparison between universal histories and memories evoked by Eternal town, both connected to Christianity and Antiquity. After the temporal power's fallan, the new capital have had a relation of political and symbolical competition with the old Pope's town

Cette étude s'appuyant sur une base de données, tient compte d'un questionnement des achéologues : Qu'elles sont les diverses pratiques funéraires rencontrées dans les nécropoles en Italie aux trois premiers siècle de l'Empire ? En plaçant le mort au centre de ces recherches, l'analyse propose d'examiner dans une première partie les différentes nécropoles retenues pour l'élaboration de la base de données. Ces choix sont expliqués par un accès à la documentation et par un souci de répartition géographique dans les diverses provinces italiennes. La seconde partie s'attache à définir les divers rites funéraires pratiqués, leur origine et dresse un état des lieux des nombreuses structures funéraires employées. La troisième partie engage à regarder les différents objets constituant le mobilier funéraire afin de mettre en évidence des disparités en fonction de la situation géographique et chronologique du complexe, de l'âge, et du sexe du défunt.

La catacombe saint-jean est un des plus vastes cimetieres tardifs de cyracuse et un des plus homogene, nonobstant les principes antagonistes qui inspirent son developpement. La rigueur du projet original apparait dans la creation d'une large galerie axiale, qui reprend le trace d'un ancien aqueduc. De decumanus maximus est flanque de 5 cardines sur les parois desquels s'ouvrent de profonds arcosolis a sepultures multiples. Le cimetiere ne fut donc concu, a l'origine (fin iiie - debut ive siecle), que pour recevoir un type unique de tombes, particulierement adapte aux besoins d'une communaute chretienne socialement homogene. Mais le developpement coherent de la region meridionale fut rapidement bloque par la creation de vas- tes rotondes, qui ne furent pas creusees a partie de la galerie d (seul acces possible), mais bien depuis la surface, comme le prouve le parfait alignement sur un axe est-ouest (calque sur la dacastra- tion de la neapolis), et l'equidistance de 60 pieds entre leurs lu- cernaires. Ces rotondes sont donc un temoignage architectural de la precoce conversion, des le regne de constantin, de l'aristocratie syracusaine. Le developpement ulterieur perdit ainsi sa coherence i- nitiale. L'extension maximale de la catacombe fut atteinte des la fin du ive s. , et deux generations plus tard commenca son ababdon.

This thesis aims to demonstrate and account for the role played by the Italian state institutions in the rise of Fascism. It is based on a case-study of Bologna's police forces. While most historical accounts of Italian Fascism mention the collusion of the police and judiciary with the Fascist movement during the period 1920-22, my thesis attempts to provide a clearer definition of the part played by the prefect, Questore, Regie Guardie and Carabinieri during the years of serious and prolonged civil disturbance and to provide convincing motives for such conduct. I hope to demonstrate that there are many hypothetical explanations for the connivance of Bologna's police forces with local squadristi. These range from anti-Socialism and opportunism to numerical weakness, the physical, psychological and moral pressure of Fascism and the ambiguous attitude of the central government towards Mussolini's movement. I aim, above all, to show that the relationship of Bologna's police forces with the provincial Fascist movement may be linked back to several traditional internal and external factors inherent in Italian policing, the most crucial of which was Italy's weak and outmoded police system itself, and that from an institutional point of view Fascism may be considered a 'revelation' of Italy's past in spite of the 'revolutionary' desires of many of its exponents for an end to Liberal politics and a break with the past.

L’elaborato presenta una proposta di traduzione del racconto “Sete Dias de Juventude” della scrittrice portoghese Rita Ferro, contenuto all’interno della raccolta di racconti Picante - Histórias Que Ardem Na Boca, pubblicata nel 2011 dalla casa editrice portoghese Casa das Letras. La traduzione è seguita dall’analisi e dal commento della stessa, che ne evidenziano le soluzioni traduttive e le differenze linguistiche riscontrate durante la stesura dell’elaborato.

La thèse porte sur les pratiques funéraires de l'époque romaine dans les Champs Phlégréens, région volcanique située à l'Ouest de Naples. Les limites chronologiques sont définies par l'obtention de la civitas sine suffragio par la ville de Cumes au IIIe s. av. J.-C. et par la prise de la cité par les Goths au VIe s. apr. J.-C. La thèse s'organise en trois parties. La première recense les monuments et les tombes plus modestes fouillés dans la région. 269 notices détaillent de nombreux contextes mais la documentation s'avère souvent insuffisante pour traiter le sujet. Dans la deuxième partie, une documentation de première main est présentée. Deux secteurs de la nécropole de Cumes sont décrits et analysés en suivant un plan chronologique. Chaque contexte bénéficie d'une description archéologique détaillée et le lecteur trouve également les travaux des anthropologues (Henri Duday et Stephan Naji) dont le travail est central. La chronologie est fondée sur l'étude du mobilier qui est présenté à la fin de chaque chapitre. Dans la troisième partie, l'architecture des tombes et les pratiques funéraires sont abordés. L'architecture d'abord avec l'évolution du paysage péri-urbain, l'évolution des monuments et l'organisation spatiale des espaces. Les pratiques sont traitées de manière à décrire les gestes durant les funérailles, la mise au tombeau et les commémorations. Les découvertes archéologiques sont interprétées à la lumière des sources disponibles (textes, inscriptions, documents iconographiques). la documentation complémentaire est intégralement disponible dans un second volume de 316 pages<br>The dissertation addresses funerary practices during the Roman period in the Phlegraean Fields, a volcanic region located West of Naples. Chronological boundaries are defined from the acquisition of the civitas sine suffragio by the city of Cumae in the third century before Christ, to the conquest of the city by the Goths in the sixth century of our era. The dissertation is organized in three parts. The first lists the most modest monuments and tombs excavated in the region. 269 forms detail numeroux contexts but the documentation is often insufficient to deal with the topic. In the second part, a firsthand documentation is presented. Two areas of the Cumae necropolis are described and analyzed following a chronological outline. Each context benefits from a detailed archaeological description and the reader can also finds the central anthropological studies (by henri Duday ans StephanNaji). Chronology is based on the analyses of artifacts presented at the end of each chapter. In the third part, tomb architecture and funerary practices are discussed. First the architecture with the evolution of the peri-urban landscape and monuments as well as the spatial organization of space. Practices are discusses by describing the funerals, the entombment, and commemorations. Archaeological discoveries are interpreted from available sources (texts, engravings, iconographic documents). Supplementary documentation is fully accessible in a second 316 pages volume

L'étude des pratiques cultuelles féminines dans l'Italie antique constitue un domaine attrayant depuis une vingtaine d'années. Cela dit, alors que les lieux de culte présents sur le sol de Rome forment des terrains d'investigation très privilégiés avec l'avantage d'une documentation littéraire, ceux des cités des régions alentours, telles que le Latium et l'Étrurie, seulement connus à travers l'analyse de certaines catégories d'offrandes, le sont beaucoup moins. Or, entre le IVe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle apr. J.-C., la façon de demander l'aide divine se précise grâce à l'emploi d'offrandes plus spécialisées : les ex-voto anatomiques et les figures anthropomorphes. Ce travail se propose donc d'utiliser à bon escient celles mises au jour dans les aires sacrées du Latium et de l'Étrurie méridionale et de les compléter par des témoignages littéraires afin de reconstituer des pratiques cultuelles qui auraient pu être effectuées par les femmes en leur sein. À la lumière de vestiges archéologiques impliquant la sphère féminine, il s'agit véritablement de reconsidérer le rapport que les femmes entretenaient avec la religion tout autant que leur participation à la vie de leur communauté. Dépassant les préjugés véhiculés par des sources partiales, masculines et tardives faisant état de personnes dont la nature les rendait incapables de composer avec la religion, c'est une nouvelle vision des femmes que nous proposons de réviser<br>The study of female cultural practices in Ancient Italy has been an attractive area for the last twenty years. Although places of worship, present in Roma, have been really privileged themes with the advantage of literary materials, those of cities of surrounding areas, such as the Latium and the Etruria, only famous through the analysis of some offering types, are much less. However, between the fourth century B.C. and the first century A.D., the way to ask for the divine help is becoming clearer, thanks to the use of more specialized offerings: the anatomical ex-voto and the anthropomorphic figures. This works intends to use, in the right way, those discovered in the sacred areas of the Latium and the southern Etruria and to complete it with the literary testimonies, so as to re-build cultural practices that could have been done by women on their own. In the light of archaeological remains, implying the female sphere, it is about to really re-think the relation that women maintained with the religion, as well as their participation in their communities. Going beyond prejudices inherited by biased and ancient sources as well as male world; considering persons whose nature made them incapable of coping with the religion; it is a new vision of women that we intend to review

Lors de processions publiques de groupes isolés ou de la population entière (fêtes religieuses ou civiques, funérailles, entrées princières) aux 14ème-16ème siècles, des représentations symboliques telles que bannières (gonfaloni) de groupes laïcs contribuaient à la formation d'identités collectives. Sans les images portables et leurs effets cognitifs sur tous les observateurs et participants de ces déplacements rituels, les rassemblements publics seraient désordonnés et l'impression d'unité et de purification au sein de la collectivité serait impossible à obtenir. Étant donné que les situations de conflit et d'exclusion s'insèrent fréquemment au sein de l'expérience liminelle des rituels, cette étude réexamine l'harmonie idéaliste de la représentation littéraire et picturale des processions. Parce que de nombreuses bannières servaient aussi de tableaux d'autel, cette recherche se penche également sur la notion de mobilité et d'immobilité rituelles<br>During public processions of single groups or of the whole population (religious or civic feast days;. Funerals; and princely entries) in the 14 th-16th centuries, symbolic representations such as banners (gonfaloni) of lay groups contributed to the formation of collective identities. Without "moving pictures" and their cognitive effects on the observers and participants of such rituals, orderly public gatherings would not have created unit y and purification in the urban sphere. Since conflict and exclusion were frequently part of the liminal experience of rituals, this study revisits the idea representation of harmony that literary and pictorial representations of collective motion tend to offer. Because many banners also served as altarpieces, this work also investigates both ritual mobility and immobility, and the status of cult objects

Source de fantasme depuis le XVIIIe siècle, la question de la fonction des cistes prénestines reste ouverte comme le suggèrent des études récentes. Cette étude en propose une réévaluation. Elle revient sur un écueil méthodologique important qui consiste à traiter les cistes prénestines comme une catégorie homogène et à usage unique. Des considérations typologiques, iconographiques, iconologiques et historiques nous permettent d’approfondir le rôle pratique et symbolique des cistes. La réalisation d’une typologie des conteneurs affirme ainsi leurs potentialités d’usage et la diversité sociale et ethnique des propriétaires. L’approche iconique permet, quant à elle, de confirmer le rapport des cistes au passage. De nombreuses images témoignent d’une association d’idée entre cistes, beauté et mort. Cette relation s’exprime d’ailleurs à travers un langage funeste et eschatologique raffiné gravé sur les cistes. Pour reprendre le schéma d’A. Maslow, les cistes répondaient à cinq besoins fondamentaux : physiologique (usage lors de la toilette et des rituels), de sécurité (protection d’une classe d’âge), d’appartenance (bien élitiste), de reconnaissance (beauté maîtrisée) et de réalisation de soi (culture hellénique)<br>A source of imagination since the l8thcentury, the question of the use of Praenestine cistae remains an open one, as recent studies have suggested. This thesis proposes a reevaluation of the question by moving beyond the methodological stumbling block that has treated the Praenestine cistae as if they were a homogeneous category of objects with a single usage. A combination of typological, iconographic, iconological, and historical considerations allows us to deepen our understanding of the practical and symbolic role of these cistae. The creation of a typology of these containers thus affirms the possibilities for their use and the social and ethnic diversity of their owners. An iconic approach allows us to confirm the relationship of the cistae with rites of passage. Numerous images attest to a conceptual association between the cistae, beauty, and death. This relationship is expressed furthermore through a refined language relating to death and eschatological matters that is engraved on the cistae. Employing the schema of A. Maslow, the cistae correspond to five fundamental needs: psychological needs (usages relating to personal hygiene and rituals), the need for security (protection of a certain age grade), needs of belonging (an elite object), the need for recognition (the mastery of beauty), and the need for self-realization (Hellenic culture)

Gli studi sull’adolescenza, sotto varie prospettive, si sono moltiplicati negli ltimi 50 anni a ritmo quasi esponenziale. Le ricerche antropologiche, la psico-pedagogia, la psichiatria clinica e psicodinamica, la genetica, le neuroscienze, la sociologia, le audience studies, celebrity studies e marketing, gli studiosi di ricostruire l’identikit dell’adolescente che spesso assume tratti contraddittori. A partire dagli anni ’50 la cinematografia coglie e valorizza le tendenze della cultura adolescenziale proponendo un set variato di produzioni riconducibili al genere teen movie. Il lavoro presente si propone di esplorare le adolescenze e gli adolescenti della contemporaneità, così come esse vengono raccontante nel genere cinematografico del teen movie hollywoodiano e della sua risposta nell’ambito produttivo italiano.<br>In the last 50 years the number of studies on adolescence and teenagers has been growing exponentially. From different perspectives and in many fields of research, from anthropology to neurology, from genetics to sociology, marketing and cultural studies, scholars try to trace the identikit of the contemporary teenager. Since the early 50's cinematography captures and highlights trends in teen culture, proposing a set of varied productions belonging to the teen movie genre. The present work aims to explore the contemporary adolescences and teens, the way teen films of Hollywood and the new Italian teen movies reflect them through a narratological lens.