Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Landeryou, Toby, Muriel Rabone, Fiona Allan, Rosie Maddren, David Rollinson, Bonnie L. Webster, Louis-Albert Tchuem-Tchuenté, Roy M. Anderson e Aidan M. Emery. "Genome-wide insights into adaptive hybridisation across the Schistosoma haematobium group in West and Central Africa". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, n. 1 (31 gennaio 2022): e0010088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010088.

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Abstract (sommario):
Schistosomiasis remains a public health concern across sub-Saharan Africa; current control programmes rely on accurate mapping and high mass drug administration (MDA) coverage to attempt disease elimination. Inter-species hybridisation can occur between certain species, changing epidemiological dynamics within endemic regions, which has the potential to confound control interventions. The impact of hybridisation on disease dynamics is well illustrated in areas of Cameroon where urogenital schistosomiasis, primarily due to Schistosoma haematobium and hybrid infections, now predominate over intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma guineensis. Genetic markers have shown the ability to identify hybrids, however the underlying genomic architecture of divergence and introgression between these species has yet to be established. In this study, restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was used on archived adult worms initially identified as; Schistosoma bovis (n = 4), S. haematobium (n = 9), S. guineensis (n = 3) and S. guineensis x S. haematobium hybrids (n = 4) from Mali, Senegal, Niger, São Tomé and Cameroon. Genome-wide evidence supports the existence of S. guineensis and S. haematobium hybrid populations across Cameroon. The hybridisation of S. guineensis x S. haematobium has not been demonstrated on the island of São Tomé, where all samples showed no introgression with S. haematobium. Additionally, all S. haematobium isolates from Nigeria, Mali and Cameroon indicated signatures of genomic introgression from S. bovis. Adaptive loci across the S. haematobium group showed that voltage-gated calcium ion channels (Cav) could play a key role in the ability to increase the survivability of species, particularly in host systems. Where admixture has occurred between S. guineensis and S. haematobium, the excess introgressive influx of tegumental (outer helminth body) and antigenic genes from S. haematobium has increased the adaptive response in hybrids, leading to increased hybrid population fitness and viability.
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Kopa Njueya, Adoua, Arnaud Tonang Zebaze, Lucas Kengni, Emile Temgoua, David Guimolaire Nkouathio e Stéphanie Dannou Chezie. "Assessment of Groundwater Mineralization Processes in Mbakaou Area (Adamawa Plateau – Cameroon), by Using Conventional Diagrams and Multivariate Statistical Analysis". European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2, n. 1 (23 febbraio 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2021.2.1.115.

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Abstract (sommario):
Management of groundwater require knowing their qualities and hydrogeochemical processes whereby these waters acquire their mineralization. The population of Mbakaou in Adamawa Plateau consumes groundwater from a doubtful quality water supply structures (wells, boreholes and catchments). This study was carried out to highlight groundwater quality and processes that govern water mineralization. So, to achieve this, 11 water samples were analyzed (1 rain water, 1 well, 3 springs and 6 boreholes). After analyzing the samples and comparing the obtained values to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, multivariate statistical analysis including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. Results show that these waters samples are fresh, generally of good quality compared to WHO standards and weakly mineralized (35 to 247.9 mg/l), due to the short residence time. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies is the main water type. Nitrates are the most common pollutants and reveal high vulnerability of saprolite aquifer than fractured aquifer. The groundwater mineralization is influenced by precipitation, base ion exchange process, anthropogenic activities and water-rock interaction through silicate weathering. The PCA analysis yielded three factors that explained 89.33 % of the total variance. Factor 1 (62.60 %), factor 2 (15.54 %) and factor 3 (11.19 %) made respectively the difference between water samples influenced by precipitation or water rock interaction from those influenced by both water-rock interaction with precipitation or anthropogenic activities and those for water rock interaction with ion exchange process.
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Talla, Emmanuel, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Pierre Biyanzi, Paul Sakava, Forche Peter Asoboe, Joseph Tanyi Mbafor, Nestor Fernand Fohouo Tchuenguem e Robert Ndjouenkeu. "Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, total polyphenols and flavonoids content of different extracts of propolis from Tekel (Ngaoundal, Adamawa region, Cameroon)". Journal of Phytopharmacology 3, n. 5 (25 ottobre 2014): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2014.3504.

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Abstract (sommario):
Five extracts of propolis of Adamawa Cameroon were obtained by percolation and maceration with five different solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and water, in order of increasing polarity. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the extracts and the total content in flavonoids and polyphenols were evaluated by photometric methods. The total flavonoid content was evaluated using the Neu reagent (2-aminodiethyl diphenylborinate) and quercetin as standard and the results varied from 0.84±0.02 gQE/100gRM in ethyl acetate extract to 1.52±0.06 gQE/100gRM in ethanol extract. The total polyphenol content was evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as standard and results varied from 2.32±0.37 gGAE/100gRM in the ethyl acetate extract which is the least to 8.64±0.47 gGAE/100gRM in the aqueous extract. The antiradical activities of the extracts were evaluated through their inhibition on DPPH• and IC50 values varied from 1.88 mg/mL in the aqueous extract which showed highest antioxidant power to 5.06 mg/mL in the ethyl acetate extract with the least antioxidant power. BHT and vitamin C were used as synthetic and natural standards respectively and they showed higher antioxidant power compared to the propolis extracts. Ferrous iron chelating capacities of the extracts were determined using potassium ferricyanide reagent and EDTA as standard. Using Stat Graphics software and Durbin-Watson statistics test, the extracts showed significant correlation between flavonoid content and polyphenol content with DPPH• scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract showed least ferrous ion chelating capacity while the methanol extract showed highest ferrous ion chelating capacity.
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Lumnwi, Modeste, Wilson Yetoh Fantong e Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe. "CHALLENGES OF POTABLE WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN BAFUT SUB-DIVISION, NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, n. 10 (31 ottobre 2018): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i10.2018.1192.

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Abstract (sommario):
Drinking water if not monitored could be a vehicle for diseases of public health concern in Bafut Sub-Division Cameroon. The present study sought to assess the challenges faced by community water supply schemes based on the evaluation of quality and quantity. This study was a cross sectional community survey marked by field survey involving mapping, discharge measurement, potable water samples collection (springs, streams, rain, wells and boreholes) and laboratory analysis. Twelve pipe born water supply schemes and thirty-eight water sources were appraised within two intervals (March-July 2015 and October 2017-March 2018). Chemical analysis was done using an Ion Chromatography and microbial analyses using the presumptive test method and standard plate count. Hospital registers were reviewed on prevalence of water borne diseases. The results showed that major challenges of water supply included; dilapidated pipes, spring inputs and climate variability. Hydro chemical faces were sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride water types. A total Coliform count of 43 to >1100 per 100ml was recorded for March and July 2015 and 0-236Tcfu in March 2018. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were probably responsible for high rate of water borne diseases. There is need to develop standardize integrated water management plan in this area.
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Dammi Djimi, Estelle Gaëlle, Akebe Luther King Abia, Placide Désiré Belibi Belibi, Patrice Takam Soh, Randy Nanga Che, Julius Numbonui Ghogomu e Joseph Mbadcam Ketcha. "Multivariate Statistical and Hydrochemical Analysis of Drinking Water Resources in Northern Cameroon Watersheds". Water 13, n. 21 (1 novembre 2021): 3055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213055.

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Abstract (sommario):
Watershed pollution by natural and anthropogenic activities remains a global challenge that requires careful and prompt attention. So, identifying possible pollution sources and studying the hydrochemistry of water resources would positively affect human health, especially in resource-limited communities and their economy. Water samples were collected during the rainy season in the North (R-NO) and Adamawa (R-AD) Region communities of Cameroon and assessed for physicochemical parameters using standard methods. The data were analysed using multivariate statistical and hydrochemical methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) retained seven and six principal components explaining 77.65% (R-NO) and 72.24% (R-AD) of the total variance, respectively. The drinking water sources assessed were highly, moderately, and lightly contaminated with turbidity, PO43−, Al3+, Fe2+, Mn2+, NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, and electrical conductivity (EC) from surface runoff and soil erosion sources. PCA and factor analysis (PCA/FA) revealed two main groups, distinguished by natural and anthropogenic sources, responsible for water quality variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped sampling sites into three clusters: low, moderate, and high pollution areas in the R-NO and unpolluted, low, and moderate pollution areas in the R-AD. The order of dominant cations was Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− for anions. Based on Piper diagram classification, watersheds studied were predominated by the Mg-Ca-HCO3 water type in 85% (R-NO) and 79% (R-AD) of water samples. The chemical composition of shallow and deep water was dominantly controlled by the dissolution of silicates and carbonate, reverse ion exchange, and precipitation of calcite. These results reveal that diffuse pollution predominantly impacted the study sites during the rainy season, and this should be the focus of policymakers when planning and implementing measures to protect drinking water sources, human health, and reduce water treatment costs.
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Milev, Borislav P., Maria A. Patras, Thorsten Dittmar, Gino Vrancken e Nikolai Kuhnert. "Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometrical analysis of raw fermented cocoa beans of Cameroon and Ivory Coast origin". Food Research International 64 (ottobre 2014): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.07.012.

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Alakeh, Mofor Nelson, Tangoh Frinde Adeline, Mbene Kenneth, Fai Joel Alongifor e Njoyim Estella Buleng Tamungang. "Effects of Effluent on Cultivated Soil Properties in Kedjoum Ketinguh, Northwest Region of Cameroon". East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 7, n. 1 (30 giugno 2024): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.7.1.2009.

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Abstract (sommario):
This study assessed the physicochemical and heavy metal properties of cultivated soils contaminated by effluent and uncontaminated soils in Mphiewen-Kedjoum Ketinguh, Northwest region of Cameroon, in the rainy and dry seasons respectively. In addition, the physicochemical and heavy metals properties of effluent from Mphiewen, responsible for contamination of Mphiewen soil were assessed. We hypothesized that heavy metals from the effluent affected the cultivated soil and plants grown on it. All analyses were carried out on the soil and effluent samples using standard analytical methods. The results revealed that, the soil samples had pH values ranging from 5.9 to 6.0. The effluent sample had pH value of 5.9 and 6.9 in rainy and dry seasons respectively. The organic matter levels in the soils were high and ranged from 5.0-8.92% in both seasons. Total nitrogen content in all the soils were low (N < 1%) and ranged from 0.1 to 0.3%. C/N ratios were high (ranging from 15 to 17), indicating that the organic matter was inadequately mineralized. Heavy metals analysis showed that the cultivated soil was contaminated by cadmium with total concentration of 3.7 mg/kg in the dry season, and chromium with total concentrations of 100.05 and 105.49 mg/kg in rainy and dry seasons respectively. Pearson correlation between some physicochemical properties of the contaminated soil and effluent physicochemical properties were all unity (r = 1.000; p < 0.01). This indicated that the effluent from the dumpsite was the main source of contaminant in the cultivated soil receiving the effluent. The problem of Cd and Cr toxicity in the contaminated soil can be solved by using various methods based on physical, chemical, and biological processes such as chemical precipitation, membrane separation, ion exchange, electrodialysis, phytoremediation, and surface adsorption
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Mvondo, S., J. F. Beyala Ateba, G. H. Ben-Bolie, P. Owono Ateba, A. Simo e H. F. Ekobena. "Dose estimates to the public due to 210Po ingestion via cocoa powder from Lolodorf high background radiation area, Cameroon". Radioprotection 53, n. 3 (11 giugno 2018): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/2018022.

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Abstract (sommario):
210Po activity concentrations have been measured in Lolodorf high background radiation area in cocoa beans which are hand-processed into cocoa powder for breakfast purposes to estimate radiological dose to human. 210Po has been also measured in cocoa leaves and compared to the cocoa beans 210Po content. The analysis has been carried out by CANBERRA alpha spectrometry using ion-implanted silicon detectors. 210Po activity concentrations in cocoa beans varied from 2.31 ± 0.23 to 8.09 ± 0.56 Bq.kg−1, while these values varied from 21.7 ± 0.87 to 66.67 ± 1.58 Bq.kg−1 in cocoa leaves. The corresponding mean values are 4.96 ± 1.86 and 42.54 ± 16 Bq.kg−1 on a dry weight basis respectively. The obtained values confirm the fact that 210Po activity concentrations in cocoa leaves are high compared to the cocoa beans due to the deposition of 222Rn daughters in the atmosphere. The mean radiological doses to human were founded to be 0.227, 0.134, 0.083 and 0.062 mSv/year for children 2- to 7-year-olds, 7- to 12-year-olds, 12- to 17-year-olds and for adult respectively. Ingestion of cocoa powder by the most exposed group ages (children) might not exceed the recommended dose limit for members of the public, which is 1 mSv/year.
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Yves Mann Elate Lea Mbassi, Marie Solange Evehe, Wilfred Fon Mbacham e John Payne Muluh. "Identification and partial purification of thermally stable peroxidase isoenzymes from seedlings of Vigna sp. (V) landrace Vn". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, n. 3 (30 dicembre 2021): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.3.0706.

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Abstract (sommario):
Several soluble peroxidase isoenzymes are expressed in a landrace of Vigna sp. cultivated in the north of Cameroon (landrace called Vn in previous study) during seed germination. There are at least two cathodic peroxidases and eight major anodic peroxidases as shown by their electrophoretic migration at pH 7.4 under native conditions. These isoperoxidases are more expressed in roots than in shoots. They have different thermal stability, so that heat inactivation kinetics of crude peroxidase extracts from roots do not fit the first-order model. The slow and intermediate migrating groups of anodic isoperoxidases retains a substantial activity after ten minutes of incubation at 80°C and 85°C. An anodic isoperoxidase (named A6 in this study) shows in addition to this great thermal stability, a high activity in seedlings and is expressed both in roots and shoots. The combination of those characteristics makes this isoperoxidase a potential candidate for biotechnological applications. Three major anodic isoperoxidases, of which A6 and another thermostable isoperoxidase, were successfully separated from each other by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, after precipitation of total proteins by ice-cold acetone. This offers the prospect of being able to characterize these isoperoxidases individually in future studies.
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Adolphe, Kouoh Sone Paul-Michel, Tagne Guy Merlain, Lekene Ngouateu René Blaise, Belibi Belibi Placide Desire, NdiNsami Julius, Kouotou Daouda, Ghogomu Numbonui Julius, Anagho Gabche Solomon e Ketcha Mbadcam Joseph. "Kinetics and equilibrium studies of the adsorption of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution onto modified natural and synthetic iron oxide". International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 4, n. 3 (20 giugno 2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v4i3.4721.

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Abstract (sommario):
<p>The present paper reports on the kinetic and equilibrium studies of the adsorption of Nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution onto modified natural iron oxide (NAT) from Mbalam (East Region of Cameroon) and synthetic iron oxide (SYNTH). The parameters investigated using batch techniques include, the contact time, adsorbent mass, pH and initial metal ion concentration. The experimental results obtained showed that, the optimum pH of 6 for bothadsorbents with an equilibrium time of 30 minutes was sufficient. The kinetic data correlated well with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models for both the adsorbents based on the correlation coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>) obtained. The adsorption processes followed both the Langmuir and the Tempkin adsorption models for the natural iron oxide, whereas the Freundlich and Tempkin adsorption models fitted well the adsorption data for the synthetic iron oxide. The maximum quantity of Nickel(II) ions adsorbed was 250 mg/g for the two adsorbents. These results revealed a high adsorption capacity of natural iron oxide which is comparable to that of synthetic iron oxide.</p>
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Tesi sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Kelly, Robert Francis. "Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis and influence of liver fluke co-infection in Cameroon, Central Africa". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29560.

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Abstract (sommario):
Despite Africa accounting for ~20% of the global cattle population, prevalence estimates and related risk factors of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, are still poorly quantified in many countries across the continent. Control of bTB in Africa is difficult due to poor monitoring of cattle movements and limited abattoir surveillance. Also M. bovis is zoonotic and risk factors for transmission include living in close contact with cattle and consumption of unpasteurised milk. Cattle keeping is integral to some rural populations in Cameroon and understanding the epidemiology of bTB in cattle populations is important both to bovine and public health. Detection of bTB in cattle is difficult due to variability of immune responses to M. bovis infection. The interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assay maybe useful to estimate bTB prevalence and identify bTB risk factors in Cameroon. However its performance can vary at different stages of bTB pathogenesis and in different cattle populations. Recently Fasciola hepatica co-infections have been reported to suppress IFN-γ responses in M. bovis infected cattle but the potential effect with F. gigantica co-infections on bTB prevalence estimates in Cameroon is unknown. An abattoir study was conducted in Cameroon to assess the performance of the IFN-γ assay. In 2012-13; 2064 slaughtered cattle were sampled from Bamenda abattoir (North West Region; NWR) and Ngaoundere abattoir (Vina Division; VD). Individual animal data was collected from routine meat inspection including identification of bTB and Fasciola pathology. Cattle were also tested for bTB using the IFN-γ assay and an M. bovis antibody ELISA. In the absence of a gold-standard diagnostic, the IFN-γ assay was compared to other diagnostic tests to assess agreement and identify factors that affected performance of the assay. Agreement between IFN-γ assay, TB lesion identification and an M. bovis antibody ELISA was poor-moderate, probably partly related to differences in immune response detected. A presence of Fasciola gigantica also increased the odds of false negative IFN-γ assay results. On further investigation co-infected cattle had increased odds of TB lesions and reduced IFN-γ responses that potentially could lead to ~20% reduction in test sensitivity. In an attempt to take into account the potential impact of F. gigantica, when estimating bTB prevalence, an antibody ELISA was developed to detect the exposure in live cattle. To highlight the awareness of disease in cattle-rearing communities, estimate prevalence and identify risk factors of bTB in cattle populations; two cross-sectional studies were conducted in 2013. A stratified clustered cross-sectional study of pastoral cattle herds, in the NWR and the VD, sampled 1448 pastoral cattle reared by 100 pastoralists. A smaller cross-sectional study sampled 60 dairy cattle from 46 small-holder co-operative dairy farmers. Individual animal data and herd-level data were collected and animals were screened by both the single comparative intradermal skin test (SCITT) and IFN-γ assay. Awareness of zoonotic TB was low yet consumption of raw milk was high in cattle-keeping communities highlighting the need for accurate bTB prevalence estimates. Despite the high awareness of the clinical presentation of bTB, clinical signs identified by pastoral herdsmen were not associated with cattle being bTB positive. The SCITT was used to compare two manufacturers cut offs for the IFN-γ assay, ≥0.05 and ≥0.1, and highlighted that these two diagnostics may detect different populations of bTB positive cattle. Using the IFN-γ assay at ≥0.1, bTB prevalence was highest in dairy cattle (21.67%) and was also present in pastoral cattle in the NWR and VD (11.33% and 6.55% respectively). Importantly, as F. gigantica is endemic in Cameroon and its influence could mean the true prevalence of bTB could be higher. Female pastoral cattle were at lower odds of being IFN-γ assay positive potentially due to immunosuppressive factors had lower odds of disease. Husbandry practices also decreased the odds of being IFN-γ assay positive such as drinking from streams, antelope and contact with herds at grazing. Age increased the odds of pastoral cattle being IFN- assay positive potentially being a confounder to chronicity of bTB and other co-infections may influence IFN-γ responses. Dairy cattle herds had different risk factors for being IFN- positive likely due to differences in husbandry practices. Considering the potential risk to public health of M. bovis this thesis highlights the extent of bTB across two major cattle keeping regions in Cameroon and the public health risk in cattle-rearing communities. Furthermore the relationship between Fasciola co-infection and IFN- responses to M. bovis described has potential implications for bTB diagnosis in cattle populations where the parasite is present across the globe.
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Tebit, Denis Manga. "Characterisation of primary isolates and infectious molecular clones of human immunodeficiency virus type I from Cameroon". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964676850.

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Martin, Jemo. "Fitting soybean and cowpea genotypes into cropping systems on low-available phosphorus and high aluminium acid soils of southern Cameroon". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976692589.

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Ndemah, Rose Ngeh. "Towards an integrated crop management strategy for the African stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize systems in Cameroon". [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=95820554X.

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Chabi-Olaye, Adenirin. "Roles of inland valleys and maize cropping systems in the management of stem borers and their natural enemies in the humid forest of Cameroon". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976147122.

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Sharp, Thomas. "The international possibilities of insurgency and statehood in Africa : the U.P.C. and Cameroon, 1948-1971". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-international-possibilities-of-insurgency-and-statehood-in-africa-the-upc-and-cameroon-19481971(3e20db11-3e3a-4f71-89ee-07493c102cc5).html.

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Abstract (sommario):
Amongst Western political scientists and policy-makers, a perceived economic and political ‘crisis’ of the African state since the 1980s has produced a terminology of ‘weak states’, ‘quasi-states’ and ‘failed states’. Such terminology, however, represents a narrow and pathological understanding of the African state, one that has reduced its post-independence trajectory to a series of deviations from an ideal-typical – and largely Eurocentric – model of statehood. The normative standards of this ‘strong’ and ‘successful’ ideal of statehood have, predominantly, been defined by a government’s ability to exercise complete domestic authority, and to provide for the full welfare and development of its population. Within this paradigm, armed conflict, and a government’s reliance on foreign aid, are both seen to represent a country’s ‘lack’ of statehood. The application of these universal standards to Africa has tended to ignore the distinct historical context from which independent African states emerged. Using the example of French Cameroon, this thesis firstly establishes such a historical context, one that was significantly shaped by the limiting and shallow development efforts of colonial administrations. Importantly, however, this context was also constituted by new opportunities for international support that emerged during the post-war period, represented by the newly formed U.N., an increasing number of independent (and former colonial) states, as well as former colonial powers. It is a context that necessitates a more specific set of standards to analyse the exercise of statehood in Africa. The thesis consequently identifies one such standard – or function – of statehood: the ability to control access to external resources, through a claim to represent an internationally recognised state. It is a function in which recourse to external aid, and even armed conflict, become understandable as rational strategies that reinforce statehood in an African context, rather than negate it. The original contribution of the thesis, however, proceeds from identifying this function in a group that was excluded from the institutions, and even territory, of the Cameroonian state. That group was the Union des Populations du Cameroun (U.P.C.); a nationalist party that waged a guerrilla insurgency against Cameroon’s colonial and independent governments, and whose leadership predominantly remained in exile. By locating the U.P.C.’s history within this logic of African statehood, the thesis offers an alternative reading of the party’s campaign, and a means of understanding the relationship between its armed and diplomatic struggles. By examining how the U.P.C. competed with Cameroon’s government to successfully perform a fundamental function of African statehood, the thesis enables a more detailed analysis of its underlying dynamics, and interrogates the basis upon which the party – and indeed the African state – have been conventionally judged as ‘failed’. Finally, the thesis contributes to a growing number of studies that have sought to examine empire and decolonisation from a transnational perspective, studying the complex and contingent relationships between local, national, regional and international histories.
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Nlend, Bertil. "Processus hydrologiques dans une zone côtière hyper-humide sous forte influence anthropique (Douala, Cameroun). : Une étude géochimique de la dynamique de l'eau de l'atmosphère au sous-sol". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD055.

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Une approche multidisciplinaire a été menée à Douala, mégapole côtière tropicale humide (Cameroun, Afrique de l’Ouest) qui subit déjà certains changements environnementaux dus à la croissance démographique, à l’urbanisation et à l’industrialisation. Nous avons cherché à identifier les processus hydrologiques impliqués dans ce site particulier, qui enregistre environ 4 m de précipitations / an et qui reçoit des pluies en continue tout au long de l'année. De plus, comme il est bien connu que les modifications d’utilisations des sols peuvent influer profondément sur l'hydrologie, nous devons améliorer notre compréhension des processus hydrologiques clés dans ces zones tropicales humides. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous nous concentrons sur les flux d’eau à travers la zone critique (continuum surface du sol – atmosphère – sous-sol) au moyen de données isotopiques et chimiques issues de la vapeur d’eau, des précipitations et des eaux souterraines.En ce qui concerne les flux atmosphériques, les résultats mettent en évidence une influence des conditions météorologiques à grande échelle sur la composition en isotopes stables des précipitations locales. Les processus classiques (thermodépendance, effet de masse, recyclage continental) observés ailleurs ne s’appliquent pas à la région de Douala. L'intensité de la convection en amont et la taille des systèmes convectifs contrôlent les variations mensuelles et journalières des teneurs en isotopes dans les précipitations. Nous avons également mis en évidence que le développement des nuages en altitude, dus à une forte convection, provoque un appauvrissement des pluies en isotopes lourds. Par ailleurs, on note que la signature isotopique des pluies à Douala est similaire à celle de la vapeur d’eau, ce qui signifie un manque d’effets de post-condensation.En couplant ce signal isotopique des précipitations à celui des eaux souterraines, nous montrons que l'aquifère Mio-Pliocène de Douala est rechargé localement par les eaux de pluie et que cette recharge a lieu préférentiellement d'avril à août et en novembre. Il n'y a pas de processus de fractionnement lors de l'infiltration d'eau de pluie. Les isotopes stables dans les eaux souterraines soulignent l'existence de différents réseaux d'écoulement au sein de cet aquifère multicouches. Les eaux issues du réseau d’écoulement profond semblent correspondre à une eau souterraine avec un temps de séjour plus long comparé à une celle circulant dans les couches superficielles. Les informations obtenues par les isotopes sont similaires à celles fournies par les données hydrométéorologiques et piézométriques. La recharge de l'aquifère varie entre 892,6 mm et 933,6 mm/an. Les eaux de pluie s'infiltrent à haute altitude, puis coulent sous terre avec une vitesse estimée à 1,96 m/jour, avant d'atteindre l’estuaire. Les données sur la chimie viennent renforcer ces résultats. La minéralisation de l'eau augmente clairement le long d'un chemin d'écoulement conduisant l'eau de la zone de recharge (haute altitude) vers la zone de décharge (estuaire). Les concentrations en ions majeurs sont en partie contrôlées par l'intensité des précipitations au travers de l'effet de dilution, les processus d'interaction eau-roche et les activités humaines.[...]Au regard de tout ce qui précède, cette thèse fournit de nouvelles informations sur l'hydrologie tropicale et des outils pour gestion globale des ressources en eau de Douala
A multidisciplinary approach was carried out in Douala, a humid tropical coastal megacity (Cameroon, West Africa) which already experiences some environmental changes due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. We aimed at identifying the hydrological processes involved in this peculiar site, which records approximately 4 m of rainfall/year and undergoes almost continuous rainfall during year. Moreover since it is well known that modifications in land uses may profoundly influence hydrology, we need to improve our understanding on key hydrological processes in such tropical humid. To answer this question, we focus on water fluxes across the critical zone (land–atmosphere-subsurface continuum) through isotopic and chemical data from water vapour, rainfall and groundwater.Concerning atmospheric fluxes, results highlight an influence of large scale meteorological conditions on precipitation stable isotope composition. Classical processes (thermo-dependency, amount effect, continental recycling) observed elsewhere cannot be applied in Douala region. The intensity of upstream convection and the size of convective system mostly impact monthly and daily rainfalls. We also put in evidence that extended clouds in altitude, due to strong convection, provoke depleted precipitation in heavy isotopes. Moreover, the isotopic signature in rainfall is similar to that of water vapour, thus meaning a lack of post-condensational effects.By coupling this isotopic signal of precipitation with that of groundwater, we show that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer in Douala is recharged locally by rainwater and that this recharge occurs preferentially from April to August and November. There is no fractionating process during the infiltration of rainwater. Stable isotopes in groundwater highlight the existence of different flow paths within this multi-layered aquifer. We identified a deep flow path that mays correspond to groundwater with long residence time compared to shallower ones. Information obtained by the isotopes is similar to that provided by hydro-meteorological and potentiometric data. The aquifer recharge varies between 892.6 mm and 933.6 mm/year. Rainwater infiltrates at high altitudes, then flows underground with a velocity estimated to 1.96 m/day, before reaching the estuary. Groundwater chemistry enforces these findings. Water mineralization clearly increases along a flow path conducting water from the recharge zone (high altitudes) to the discharge area (estuary). Concentrations in main ions are partly controlled by rainfall intensity through the dilution effect, water-rocks interactions processes and human activities.The impacts of these human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, but also, on a more general way on climatic changes within the region, have been then deeply investigated. The results show that there is a widespread degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities, leading also to seawater intrusion in some coastal megacities of West Africa. Groundwater deterioration tends to be emphasized by climate change (through an increase in CO2, increase in air temperatures and slight increase in precipitation amount).Finally this thesis provides new insights for tropical hydrology and key management tools to Douala water resource managers.Keywords: Douala, Rainwater; Mio-Pliocene groundwater; stable isotopes; major ions; upstream convection; anthropogenic activities, critical zone
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Lange, Dierk. "L'histoire du Borno et des états Hausa à l'époque médiévale". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010626.

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L'etude principale est agencee en trois parties. Dans une premiere partie on traite de l'histoire des etats hausa des origines jusqu'au debut du xvie siecle. L'histoire des trois etats hausa est analysee en detail : kano, katsina et kebbi. Durant une premiere periode le pays hausa subit la domination du borno (xiiie debut xive s. ). Redevenu autonome durant une seconde periode (2e moitie du xive s. ), le pays hausa est submerge par un mouvement politico-religieux inspire par les wangara originaires du mali. Ensuite, durant une troisieme periode (2e moitie du xve s. ), le borno retablit sa suzerainete sur tous les etats hausa a l'exception du kebbi. Apres une breve domination songhay les kanta du kebbi contestent durant le xvie s. La domination bornoane sur les etats hausa. Dans une deuxieme partie on traite des populations tchadiques du borno et des sao. Avec le deplacement de la residence des sayfuwa du kanem au borno les populations tchadiques vivant aux alentours de la nouvelle capitale obtiennent le statut privilegie d'une population "sao". Les historiographes du borno les assimilent aux "populations protegees". Les descendants des populations concernees continuent jusqu'a nos jours a designer leurs ancetres ante-islamiques comme "sao". Dans une troisieme partie on traite des institutions politiques bornoanes et en particulier des grands offices de l'etat. La grande stabilite des institutions politiques sayfuwa a travers le temps permet de reconstituer avec beaucoup de precisions le regime politique des sayfuwa au xvie s. On distingue entre les offices du palais, les grands offices du trone, les offices de la capitale et les offices territoriaux.
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Roccard, Jessica. "The challenges of integrating disaster risk management (DRM), integrated water resources management (IWRM) and autonomous strategies in low-income urban areas : a case study of Douala, Cameroon". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-challenges-of-integrating-disaster-risk-management-drm-integrated-water-resources-management-iwrm-and-autonomous-strategies-in-lowincome-urban-areas-a-case-study-of-douala-cameroon(0c2849a6-0113-4a90-9922-cdb3b6967604).html.

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Climate change affects water resources suitable for human consumption, transforming water quality and quantity. These changes exacerbate vulnerabilities of human society, increasing the importance of adequately protecting and managing water resources and supplies. Growing urban populations provide an additional stress on existing water resources, particularly increasing the vulnerability of people living in poor neighbourhoods. In urban areas, official responses to climate change are currently dominated by Disaster Risk Management (DRM); however, more recently Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has emerged to support the integration of climate change adaptation in water resource planning. Based on a case study of the city of Douala, Cameroon, the thesis examines the operational implementation of both frameworks, combining observations, semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders and a survey carried out in three poor communities. The research highlights the challenges of improving the joining of both frameworks to adequately reach the urban poor, whilst being alert to, and responsive to, the autonomous adaptation strategies the poor autonomously implement and develop. At present, the IWRM and DRM frameworks are implemented separately and do not clearly reach the urban poor who face three major water-related issues (flooding, water-related diseases and water access). Other institutional water-related measures and projects are carried out by authorities in the low-income communities, but the institutions still struggle to manage the delivery of basic services and protect these communities against hazards. The lack of effective outcomes of the institutional water-related measures and projects has led to a strong process of autonomous adaptation by inhabitants of poor communities. Driven by their adaptive capacity supported by the abundance in groundwater resources, they use coping and adaptive strategies to reduce their vulnerability to water-related issues, such as alternative water suppliers. Similarly, the frequency of the flooding hazard has led the urban poor to develop practices to minimise disaster impacts. However, the autonomous strategies developed face limitations caused by the natural and build environment. In this context, the autonomous strategies of the urban poor and the strategies appear to have a strong influence on each other. While institutional projects have initiated spontaneous strategies, other strategies reduce the willingness of the low-income neighbourhoods to participate in the implementation of official, externally derived development projects.
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Keane, Stephanie. "Getting home from work: narrating settler home In British Columbia's small resource communities". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7729.

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Stories of home do more than contribute to a culture that creates multiple ways of seeing a place: they also claim that the represented people and their shared values belong in place; that is, they claim land. Narrators of post-war B.C. resource communities create narratives that support residents’ presence although their employment, which impoverishes First Nations people and destroys ecosystems, runs counter to contemporary national constructions of Canada as a tolerant and environmentalist community. As the first two chapters show, neither narratives of nomadic early workers nor those of contemporary town residents represent values that support contemporary settler communities’ claims to be at home, as such stories associate resource work with opportunism, environmental damage, race- and gender-based oppression, and social chaos. Settler residents and the (essentially liberal) values that make them the best people for the land are represented instead through three groups of alternate stories, explored in Chapters 3-5: narratives of homesteading families extending the structure of a “good” colonial project through land development and trade; narratives of contemporary farmers who reject the legacy of the colonial project by participating in a sustainable local economy in harmony with local First Nations and the land; and narratives of direct supernatural connection to place, where the land uses the settler (often an artist or writer) as a medium to guide people to meet its (the land’s) needs. All three narratives reproduce the core idea that the best “work” makes the most secure claim to home, leading resource communities to define themselves in defiance of heir industries. Authors studied include Jack Hodgins, Anne Cameron, Susan Dobbie, Patrick Lane, Gail Anderson-Dargatz,D.W. Wilson, Harold Rhenisch, M.Wylie Blanchet, Susan Juby, and Howard White.
Graduate
2017-09-08
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Libri sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Pierre, Fandio, e Madini Mongi, a cura di. Figures de l'histoire et imaginaire au Cameroun =: Actors of history and artistic creativity in Cameroon. Paris: Harmattan, 2007.

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Whitney, Phyllis A. Skye Cameron. Bath: Chivers, 1993.

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Gary, Indiana, e Neue Galerie am Landesmuseum Joanneum., a cura di. Cameron Jamie. Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2006.

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Whitney, Phyllis A. Skye Cameron. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990.

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Whitney, Phyllis A. Skye Cameron. [South Yarmouth, MA]: Curley Pub., 1992.

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Ferguson, Anne. Resource guide, women in agriculture: Cameroon. East Lansing, Mich: Bean/Cowpea CRSP, Michigan State University, 1987.

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Amin, Julius Atemkeng. The Peace Corps in Cameroon. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1992.

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Macro, ORC. Nutrition of young children and mothers in Cameroon: Findings from the 2004 Cameroon demographic and health survey. Calverton, Md., USA: ORC Macro, 2006.

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Nsoh-Zamcho, Clement. Decentralisation in Cameroon: Collection of basic texts. [Yaoundé?]: Friendship Publications, 2004.

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Ngodji, Léopold. La communication publique au Cameroun. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Kamga, Yanick Borel. "Non-timber Forest Products in Cameroon’s Food System and the Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in Dschang". In Transforming Urban Food Systems in Secondary Cities in Africa, 313–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93072-1_15.

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AbstractCameroon’s forests form an important component of forest block in the Congo Basin with about 20 million hectares containing over 8000 species of vascular plants of which about 150 are endemic. These forest resources are of significant economic value and many people earn their livelihood from the gathering and trading of food, fuel wood, fruits, leaves, medicinal products, and construction materials. Forest foods are vital to Cameroon’s food systems, including urban food systems, but they are threatened by the vulnerability of tropical forest ecosystem to climate change, a vulnerability exacerbated by recurrent past and the present problems related to poor natural resource management, conflict and inequality. Urban residents in Cameroon consume many forest foods and the trade in forest products creates employment for urban residents. This chapter draws together research conducted with forest communities, forest food traders and urban consumers to illustrate the importance of sustainable forest management for urban food security in Cameroon’s secondary cities.
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Joseph, George. "Cameroon". In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 151–58. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.vi.15jos.

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Lambert, Fernando. "Cameroon". In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 557–74. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.vi.42lam.

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Shu, Solomon. "Education in Cameroon". In Education in Africa, 28–48. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003316114-2.

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Young, Crawford. "Zaire and Cameroon". In Politics and Government in African States, 120–61. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003312130-4.

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Ngangum, Peter Tiako. "Journalism in Cameroon". In The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South, 461–76. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003298144-47.

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Sham, Anthony. "Extension of Sukur Cultural Landscape in Nigeria to incorporate the 16 DGB sites on the Wandala Cultural Landscape in Cameroon as a serial transboundary World Heritage site". In Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa, 157–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80910-2_14.

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AbstractAs a result of a dispute between Nigeria and Cameroon over the ownership of the Bakasi Peninsula during the last two decades, other international disputed boundary areas have also been identified and properly delineated from the far north in Borno State to the Bakasi Peninsula in Cross River State, with a view to establishing international cooperation and a bilateral relationship that will bring peace and development between the two countries. To further strengthen the cordial relationship between the two countries, experts and authorities of the African World Heritage programme jointly entered into an agreement in 2016 at Yaounde, Cameroon, for the joint preparation and submission of Korup Hill in Cameroon and Oban Hill in Nigeria as a transboundary World Heritage site.
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Foleu, Luc C., Gérôme Didié Menzepo e Aline Pélagie Bema Priso. "Women Entrepreneurs in Cameroon". In Women Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa, 9–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98966-8_2.

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Bernard Amougou Mbarga, Alphonse. "Public policy in Cameroon". In Routledge Handbook of Public Policy in Africa, 350–60. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003143840-36.

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Fenmachi, Emela Achu. "Distance Learning in Cameroon". In Early Childhood Education and Care in a Global Pandemic, 155–69. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003257684-12.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Gerard, Ndukong Tata, e Samba Odette Ngano. "Women and Physics in Cameroon". In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1505301.

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Tchakui, Murielle Vanessa. "Presentation of OSA student chapter Cameroon". In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2016.jth2a.118.

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Woulache, Rosalie Laure, Guillaume Kom, Beatrice Couonang Siebatcheu e Marthe Boyomo Onana. "The situation of women in physics in Cameroon". In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: 4th IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794231.

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Moreau, Jean-Marie, e Wendy W. Huebner. "Malaria in Cameroon -- Support for a Survey Crew". In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/61020-ms.

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Cowan, John, e James W. Truran. "In memory of Al Cameron". In International Symposium on Nuclear Astrophysics - Nuclei in the Cosmos - IX. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.028.0205.

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Boyomo, M., G. H. Kom, B. Siebatcheu, M. L. Asse, R. Woulache, E. Mvoudjo, Beverly Karplus Hartline, Renee K. Horton e Catherine M. Kaicher. "Overcoming Underrepresentation of Women Physics Teachers in Cameroon: Preliminary Study". In WOMEN IN PHYSICS: Third IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3137924.

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Sunjo, Claris Nyuysoni, Susan Bessem Akwo, Amber Dekker, Laetitia Enow Esther Egben-Chong II, Henry Agbogun, Hendratta Ali, Eliot Atekwana e Isaac Njilah. "ASSESSING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS OF THE TROPICAL WOURI ESTUARY, DOUALA CAMEROON". In GSA Connects 2023 Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023am-392685.

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Kwang, Shun Ying, Ee Fu Kwang, Davis Tee e Ching Seong Tan. "Evaluation of peat treatment in Cameron Highland Malaysia". In 2015 IEEE Conference on Sustainable Utilization And Development In Engineering and Technology (CSUDET). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csudet.2015.7446222.

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Castellano, Sandy, Pauline Agiy, Fabienne Atedjoe, Spencer Gillen, Kesego Pearl Letshele, Hugues Elat Mekong, Lori Elizabeth Huck et al. "INFLUENCE OF THE WATERSHED GEOLOGY ON RIVER DISCHARGE INTO THE WOURI ESTUARY, CAMEROON". In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-380045.

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Gruat, Jacky J., e Mahamat Bichara. "Chad-Cameroon Oil Development and Pipeline Project - Contribution to Local Company Success". In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111940-ms.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Ion – Cameroon"

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Belporo, Lydie. Building Peace through DDR Programs: Lessons from Reintegrating Boko Haram Ex-Recruits in Cameroon. RESOLVE Network, agosto 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.19.lpbi.

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In the countries of the Lake Chad Basin, Boko Haram’s emergence has created major new security challenges for the region’s governments. Cameroon’s Far North region, the most populous in the country, is at the heart of these security issues. Since late 2020, Boko Haram has intensified attacks in Far North localities with assassinations targeting civilians, kidnappings, and looting in small towns along the Nigerian border. In response, the Cameroonian government has pursued a hardline strategy and militarized the affected localities. In addition to arbitrary arrests, prolonged pre-trial detention, prison overcrowding, and the death penalty are all sources of concern. This policy note outlines core findings from a case study of the Boko Haram ex-associates reintegration process in Cameroon. The note examines how existing community norms or mechanisms might be as useful as more standard approaches to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) in addressing challenges presented by Boko Haram ex-associates in Cameroon.
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V., Ingram, Mala W., Awono A. e Schure J. Eru in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004639.

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V., Ingram. Pygeum in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004641.

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V., Ingram, e Mala W. Apiculture products in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004638.

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V., Ingram, Eyebe J.P., Awono A. e Schure J. Bush Mango in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004640.

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Abdellatif, Omar, e Ali Behbehani. Cameroon COVID-19 Governmental Response. UN Compliance Research Group, febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/cmr0501.

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The International Health Regulations (2005) are legally binding on 196 States Parties, Including all WHO Member States. The IHR aims to keep the world informed about public health risks, through committing all signatories to cooperate together in combating any future “illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source, that presents or could present significant harm to humans.” Under IHR, countries agreed to strengthen their public health capacities and notify the WHO of any such illness in their populations. The WHO would be the centralized body for all countries facing a health threat, with the power to declare a “public health emergency of international concern,” issue recommendations, and work with countries to tackle a crisis. Although, with the sudden and rapid spread of COVID-19 in the world, many countries varied in implementing the WHO guidelines and health recommendations. While some countries followed the WHO guidelines, others imposed travel restrictions against the WHO’s recommendations. Some refused to share their data with the organization. Others banned the export of medical equipment, even in the face of global shortages. The UN Compliance Research group will focus during the current cycle on analyzing the compliance of the WHO member states to the organizations guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Y.K., Nchanji, Tataw O., Nkongho R.N. e Levang P. Artisanal Milling of Palm Oil in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/004378.

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Kendhammer, Brandon, e Adama Ousmanou. Islam, Higher Education, and Extremism in Cameroon. RESOLVE Network, febbraio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/lcb2019.1.

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O., Ndoye, e Awono A. Regulatory policies and Gnetum spp. trade in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/002266.

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V., Ingram, Tieguhong J.C., Nkamgnia E.M., Eyebe J.P. e Ngawe M. The bamboo production to consumption system in Cameroon. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/003312.

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