Tesi sul tema "Inversion locative"

Na presente pesquisa analisamos as construções que envolvem as estruturas de IL sob a perspectiva da Teoria Gerativa em sua versão de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981, 1986). É considerado um fenômeno de inacusatividade e um fenômeno discursivo em línguas como o inglês e o espanhol. Sua estrutura padrão é a ordem PP V DP, em que o PP é um locativo (LOC) e o DP é um argumento tema em posição pós-verbal. Partimos de uma análise léxico-funcional de Bresnan (1994) que postula a Hipótese do Foco Apresentacional para explicar a função discursiva da construção. Em seguida, apresentamos a análise discursiva de Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) que propõem a Hipótese do Verbo Informacionalmente Leve. A terceira análise traz uma visão minimalista recente sobre a construção através da descrição de fenômenos que se inter-relacionam - a IL, a topicalização de PPs e o EPP. Para a análise da IL é fundamental investigar onde se coloca o PB atualmente dentro do parâmetro do sujeito nulo, como se dá a atribuição de Caso nominativo ao sujeito e em que contextos ocorre a inversão nessa língua. Assim, fazemos uma breve revisão da literatura do PB, partindo da Hipótese do Caso Partitivo, passando pela a Hipótese de Mono-Argumentalidade, até chegar nas sentenças com SUJs invertidos tanto com verbos mono-argumentais quanto com VTs. Referenciamos um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre a IL, em que Barbosa (1989) nos oferece algumas intuições iniciais para uma análise do fenômeno. Já Pilati (2002) descreve as construções de IL como um dos tipos de sentenças apresentativas e Quarezemin (2006) propõe que estas construções são motivadas por tal função discursiva pelo fato de seus SUJs serem interpretados como o FOC das sentenças. Em seguida, apresentamos uma proposta de análise para a IL, mostrando que há dois tipos de ILs - a IL propriamente dita e a IL discursiva. O último capítulo apresenta as considerações finais desta pesquisa, apontando algumas semelhanças entre a construção da IL e as construções de topicalização sem preposição. Mais do que propor uma análise para a IL no PB, nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância de tal fenômeno num âmbito maior dos estudos da gramática do PB, considerando que a IL pode ser uma pista que caracterizaria o PB como uma língua de traço EPP.
In this dissertation we analyse constructions that involve inversion locative (IL) structures under the Government and Binding framework of the Generative Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986). IL is considered an unaccusativity and discourse-like phenomenon in languages like English and Spanish. Its pattern structure is the order PP V DP, in which the PP is a locative and the DP is theme argument placed in postverbal position. We departure from a lexical functional analysis from Bresnan (1994) that postulates the Presentational Focus Hypothesis in order to explain the discourse-like function of the construction. In the sequence we present a dicourse-like analysis from Levin & Rappaport Hovav (1995) that proposes the Informationally Light Verb Hypothesis. A third analysis brings a recent minimalist view of the construction through the description of some phenomena that are interrelated - the IL, the topicalization of PPs and the EPP. In order to analyse the IL in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) it is primordial to investigate where BP can be placed within the pro-drop parameter, how nominative Case can be assigned to the subject and in which contexts the inversion occurs in this language. Hence, we do a brief review of the BP literature, departuring from the partitive Case, going to the Intransitive Hypothesis up to sentences with inverted subjects with both intransitive and transitive verbs. We mention one of the first papers about IL in Portuguese, in which Barbosa (1989) offers us some intuitions for an analysis to this phenomenon. Pilati (2002) describes the IL constructions as presentational sentences and Quarezemin (2006) proposes that these constructions are motivated by a dicourse-like function since its subjects must be interpretated as the focus of the sentences. After that we present an analysis to the IL in BP, showing that there are two different kinds of IL - the IL itself and the discourse-like IL. The last chapter presents the conclusions of this research, pointing some similarities between the IL constructions and the topicalization of PPs. More than proposing an analysis to the IL in BP our goal is to show the importance of such phenomenon in a more general view of the BP grammatical studies, considering that IL can be a clue that would characterize BP as an EPP language.

Cette thèse s’attache à l’étude de la syntaxe et de la sémantique de quatre types de phrases existentielles (PS) en chinois mandarin. Selon le classement proposé par Huang (1987), ces PS sont basées sur yǒu « avoir » (Type I), sur des verbes de dis/apparition comme lái « venir » et sǐ « mourir » (Type II), sur des verbes de localisation comme zuò « s'asseoir » (Type III) et sur des Constructions de Prédication Secondaire ou Presentational Amalgam Constructions (Type IV). Pour chaque type d’PS, nous proposons une analyse syntaxique non-uniforme basée sur ses propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques.Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions la PS basée sur yǒu « avoir », à la fois dans des contextes racine et dans certains contextes enchâssés. Les PS basées sur yǒu « avoir » consistent en un syntagme nominal de localisation (« localiser phrase ») suivi par yǒu « avoir », un pivot et une coda. Les chercheurs les ont comparées aux PS « there be » en anglais (Milsark 1974, McNally 1997). Dans les contextes racine, nous montrons que la PS avec un sujet manifeste (syntagme nominal de localisation) a une structure prédicationnelle, et que le pivot dénote une propriété. En revanche, la PS sans sujet manifeste a un sujet explétif, et le pivot est un argument interne. Avec une coda, le complément de yǒu « have » est considéré comme une phrase relative (PR) à tête interne, dans laquelle la tête interne se déplace vers Spec,CP de la clause (analyse par montée, cf. Simpson 2003/1997). Nous montrons en outre que ce type de PR dans les constructions yǒu-PS partage une structure de base avec la phrase relative pré-nominale dotée d’un démonstratif (sans le marqueur de modification de). Ce type d’approche rappelle une analyse des phrases relatives libres « Free Relatives » définies et indéfinies en chuj qui partagent une structure relative commune (Kotek & Erlewine 2016).Dans certains contextes enchâssés tels que la phrase rúguǒ « si » et le sujet phrasal, la yǒu-PS n’est pas sujette à la contrainte d’indéfinitude (Li 1996). Nous suivons Li en analysant le complément de yǒu « avoir » comme ayant une structure vP/VP. Nous montrons qu’un tel vP dénote le type d’événement « event type ». Le sujet est un explétif.En outre, nous proposons une première analyse des Presentational Amalgam Constructions (PACs). Les PACs ont été étudiées sous le nom de Constructions de Prédication Secondaire dans la littérature (Tsai 1994, Del Gobbo 2014). Le terme implique l’analyse selon laquelle la coda est un prédicat secondaire. Nous montrons que la séquence post-verbale a une structure de la phrase relative, avec le pivot engendré en tant qu’une tête relative externe, et la coda adjointe à gauche du pivot. À l'intérieur de la coda, la tête interne NP se déplace et s’efface contre la tête externe (analyse « matching »). L’ordre de surface est obtenu grâce au mouvement du pivot vers une position d’objet supérieure. Cette analyse ranime partiellement l'analyse de Tai (1978)
This dissertation investigates the syntax and semantics of four types of Existential sentences (ESs) classified by Huang (1987) in Mandarin Chinese. These ESs are based on yǒu ‘have’ (Type I), verbs of (dis)appearances like lái ‘come’ and sǐ ‘die’ (Type II), locational verbs like zuò ‘sit' (Type III) and Presentational Amalgam Constructions (Type IV). For each type of ESs, I propose non-uniform syntactic analysis based on their syntactic and semantic properties.In Chapter 2, we investigate the yǒu ‘have’-ES both in root contexts and in certain embedded contexts. Full-fledged yǒu ‘have’-ESs are composed of a pre-yǒu localiser phrase, yǒu ‘have’, a pivot and a coda. Scholars have compared them to English there be existentials (Milsark 1974, McNally 1997). In root contexts, it is argued that the ES with a subject (a localiser phrase) has a predication structure, and the pivot denotes property. By contrast, the ES without an overt subject has an expletive subject, and the pivot is an internal argument. We argue that yǒu ‘have’ is not an unaccusative verb. With a coda, the complement of yǒu ‘have’ is argued to be a left-headed Internally Headed Relative Clause, in which the internal head moves to Spec,CP of the clause (Raising Analysis, see also Simpson 2003/1997). It is further argued that this type of RC in yǒu-ESs has a common core structure with the pre-nominal relative clause with a demonstrative head noun (without the modification marker de). This is reminiscent of the analysis that definite and indefinite free relatives share a common relative clause structure in Chuj (Kotek & Erlewine 2016).In certain embedded contexts such as rúguǒ ‘if’-clause and sentential subject, the yǒu-ES does not exhibit the Definiteness Effect (Li 1996). We follow Li in analysing the complement of yǒu ‘have’ as having a vP/VP structure. We take this vP to denote event type. The subject is an expletive. Furthermore, I provide my first analysis of Presentational Amalgam Constructions (PACs). The PAC has been studied under the name Secondary Predication Constructions in the literature (Tsai 1994, Del Gobbo 2014). The term implies the analysis in which the coda is a secondary predicate. I argue that the post-verbal sequence has a relative clause, in which the pivot is the External Head, and the coda is originally left-adjoined to the pivot. Inside the coda clause, the Internal Head NP moves and gets elided against the External Head (Matching Analysis). The surface pivot-coda order is achieved as a result of the movement of the pivot to a higher object position. This analysis partially revives Tai’s (1978) analysis

Nesta dissertação, faz-se uma descrição dos contextos de ocorrência do fenómeno de "inversão locativa"; apresentam-se as análises já surgidas na literatura e, por fim, propõe-se uma análise original baseada em algumas ideias do Programa Minimalista. Defende-se que o fenómeno de "inversão locativa" é, justificado por razões discursivas e legitimado por um traço forte de uma categoria funcional acima de * ; sempre que a posição de especificados dessa categoria funcional foi preenchida , para a verificação do traço forte, a ordem da frase será preferencialmente Loc V SN

Nesta dissertação, faz-se uma descrição dos contextos de ocorrência do fenómeno de "inversão locativa"; apresentam-se as análises já surgidas na literatura e, por fim, propõe-se uma análise original baseada em algumas ideias do Programa Minimalista. Defende-se que o fenómeno de "inversão locativa" é, justificado por razões discursivas e legitimado por um traço forte de uma categoria funcional acima de * ; sempre que a posição de especificados dessa categoria funcional foi preenchida , para a verificação do traço forte, a ordem da frase será preferencialmente Loc V SN

Post-Stack inversion of reflection data in seismic exploration can be used to obtain detailed information about lithology variations in the zone of interest. Generalized Linear Inversion (GLI) has previously been applied as a useful tool to achieve this. The purpose of my investigation is to apply GLI to data from the Coal Measures. It is known that in the Coal Measures the most strongly reflecting horizons are the coal seams, which are the exploration targets. In the seismic bandwidth they are thin beds, which causes particular problems associated with vertical resolution for the inversion. The method is applied to a seismic line from the Belvoir Coalfield supplied by British Coal. In order to get better relative amplitudes and to keep the same bandwidth down the whole section, the data were carefully reprocessed using the ProMAX software. Wireline log data from two boreholes intersected by the seismic line were edited to generate acoustic impedance logs as functions of time. Software was developed to implement GLI, and tested on synthetic data before applying it to the reprocessed data. The initial guesses for earth and wavelet models at the boreholes were obtained after systematic studies to determine the best strategy. The construction of the initial guess for the boundary locations elsewhere on the section is very critical for the success of the search for the global minimum. A combination of structural interpretation and the inversion results obtained from the previous trace was found to do the best job. I have tried to invert separately for the boundary locations, acoustic impedances and the wavelet, with the wavelet parameterized in the frequency domain. I found that, provided that the wavelet extracted at a borehole is a good estimate with low error energy, the most successful strategy is just to invert for the boundary locations, keeping the acoustic impedances and the extracted wavelet fixed. If the extracted wavelet is not a good estimate, then parameterizing the wavelet in the frequency domain and optimizing those parameters at the borehole is a useful approach. None of the implemented inversion strategies produced a perfect result. Discrepancies were due to the difficulty in obtaining true relative amplitude values on the processed section. The inversion results and systematic studies on the field dataset indicate that the assumptions of the convolutional model are not satisfied by the processed section.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2015.
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A presente pesquisa examina aspectos sintáticos e semânticos de sentenças com ordem verbo-sujeito (VS) no português brasileiro (PB) na região Centro-Oeste durante o século XIX. Dada a hipótese de que o processo sócio-histórico favoreceu situações específicas de contatos e de isolamentos social e linguístico [cf. Borges, Salles & Pilati (2012)], o objetivo geral do estudo é o de investigar se houve influência desse isolamento linguístico no licenciamento da ordem VS. Para tanto, o presente trabalho realiza uma investigação quantitativa no Jornal Matutina Meyapontense, impresso local produzido no final do século XVIII e durante o século XIX, e compara os dados obtidos com as análises provenientes das pesquisas diacrônicas de Berlinck (1989) e de Gravina (2014). Nessa comparação são verificados aspectos em comum e aspectos em divergência. O presente trabalho apresenta também os resultados das análises quantitativas efetuadas no corpus escrito do Jornal Matutina Meyapontense sobre as orações na ordem (X)VS, com X manifesto ou nulo. Em relação ao aspecto qualitativo, o presente trabalho defende que, já no século XIX, no centro-oeste brasileiro, as orações na ordem VS poderiam ser inversão locativa, como defende Pilati (2006) para os dados do PB atual. Defende-se também, como proposto por Corr (2012), que não há relação entre inversão locativa e parâmetro pro-drop.
This dissertation examines syntactic and semantic aspects of sentences with verb-subject order (VS) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) in the Midwest region during the XIX Century. Based on the hypothesis that the socio-historical process favored specific situations of contacts and social and linguistics isolations [cf. Borges, Salles & Pilati (2012)], the general objective of this study is to investigate whether there was influence of linguistic isolation in licensing the VS order. Therefore, this dissertation makes a quantitative analysis in the Matutina Meyapontense Journal, local impress produced in the late XVIII Century and during the XIX Century, and compares the data obtained from the analysis of the diachronic research Berlinck (1989) and Gravina (2014). In this comparison are checked aspects in common and aspects at odds. This paper also presents the results of quantitative analysis carried out in the corpus of written Matutina Meyapontense Journal on clauses in the (X)VS order, with X manifest or null. Regarding the qualitative aspect, this paper argues that, in the XIX Century, in midwestern Brazil, the clauses in the VS order could be locative inversion, as argued by Pilati (2006) for information on the current PB. This paper defends also, as proposed by Corr (2012), that there isn’t relationship between locative inversion and pro-drop parameter.

Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel
Large magnitude offshore passive margin earthquakes are rare, making small magnitude events (M < 4) the predominant data available to study the mechanisms of seismicity along passive margins. This study is focused on a swarm of events (M2.1-M3.9) that occurred from 2012-2013 located in the Gulf of Maine (GM) along the Atlantic Passive Margin (APM) shelf break, a region with previously minimal recorded seismic activity. Relative locations were calculated for the earthquakes of the GM swarm and a moment tensor inversion method was used to calculate focal mechanisms for the two largest events in the swarm. The results of the relative location method constrained a fault orientation to a strike of 243° ± 3° and a dip of 25° ± 3°. The focal mechanisms for the two largest events were determined to be oblique normal faults with steeply dipping planes at depths between 12-18 km. For the largest event (M3.9), the strike is 235° ± 1°, with a dip of 77.7° ± .8° and a rake of -116.5° ± 3°, and for the second largest event (M3.7) the strike is 259° ± 3°, with a dip of 78° ± 2° and a rake of -58.8° ± 7°. By mapping the spatial extent of the relative hypocenters, I infer a potential fault size of 2.7 km by 2.4 km. If this entire area were to rupture at once in the future, an earthquake of M4.9-M5.0 could occur, a magnitude not large enough to be tsunamigenic in the GM. Based on Gutenberg-Richter relations from the eastern APM, if a M7 can occur in the GM, its estimated mean repeat time is 2,120-22,800 years, and it could be tsunamigenic depending on the event’s proximity to the continental slope
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences

A combination of some well known nonparametric tests to detect trend in location is considered. Simulation results show that the power of this combination is remarkably increased. (author's abstract)
Series: Forschungsberichte / Institut für Statistik

This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of four papers on the development and application of new strategies for locating tremor and relocating events in earthquake catalogs. In the first paper, two new strategies for relocating events in a catalog are introduced. The seismicity pattern of an earthquake catalog is often used to delineate seismically active faults. However, the delineation is often hindered by the diffuseness of earthquake locations in the catalog. To reduce the diffuseness and simplify the seismicity pattern, a relocation and a collapsing method are developed and applied. The relocation method uses the catalog event density as an a priori constraint for relocations in a Bayesian inversion. The catalog event density is expressed in terms of the combined probability distribution of all events in the catalog. The collapsing method uses the same catalog density as an attractor for focusing the seismicity in an iterative scheme. These two strategies are applied to an aftershock sequence after a pair of earthquakes which occurred in southwest Iceland, 2008. The seismicity pattern is simplified by application of the methods and the faults of the mainshocks are delineated by the reworked catalog. In the second paper, the spatial distribution of seismicity of the Hengill region, southwest Iceland is analyzed. The relocation and collapsing methods developed in the first paper and a non-linear relocation strategy using empirical traveltime tables are used to process a catalog collected by the Icelandic Meteorological Office. The reworked catalog reproduces details of the spatial distribution of seismicity that independently emerges from relative relocations of a small subset of the catalog events. The processed catalog is then used to estimate the depth to the brittle-ductile transition. The estimates show that in general the northern part of the area, dominated by volcanic processes, has a shallower depth than the southern part, where tectonic deformation predominates. In the third and the fourth papers, two back-projection methods using inter-station cross correlations are proposed for locating tremor sources. For the first method, double correlations, defined as the cross correlations of correlations from two station pairs sharing a common reference station, are back projected. For the second method, the products of correlation envelopes from a group of stations sharing a common reference station are back projected. Back projecting these combinations of correlations, instead of single correlations, suppresses random noise and reduces the strong geometrical signature caused by the station configuration. These two methods are tested with volcanic tremor at Katla volcano, Iceland. The inferred source locations agree with surface observations related to volcanic events which occurred during the tremor period.

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While firms are looking for tax savings through the choice of investment projects (i.e., through investments in new foreign subsidiaries in countries with the lowest tax rate), countries are aware that firms are sensitive to tax factors and thus adopt instruments such as tax deferral to prevent the 'flight' of capital. However, by discouraging repatriation, this tax instrument promotes 'multinationals' flight' (i.e., the corporate inversion of multinationals). This paper demonstrates that instruments such as tax deferral accelerate the process of 'multinational flight of the home country'. Using both a reduced form analysis and a dynamic structural model, we find that multinationals in countries with a worldwide system of taxation and tax deferral have a greater incentive to avoid residual taxation of foreign earnings in the home country and therefore repatriate less than half of their foreign earnings. In turn, this 'nonrepatriation' increased the probability of relocation by 4.4%.
Enquanto as empresas buscam economizar impostos através da escolha de determinados projetos de investimento (ou seja, investindo em novas subsidiárias estrangeiras em países com a menor alíquota de impostos), os países, por sua vez, estão cientes de que as empresas são sensíveis as questões tributárias e adotam instrumentos como diferimento de impostos para impedir o 'voo' do capital. Contudo, ao desencorajar a repatriação, esse instrumento fiscal promove o 'voo das multinacionais' (ou seja, a inversão corporativa das multinacionais). Este trabalho demonstra que instrumentos como o diferimento de impostos aceleram o processo de 'voo da multinacional do país de origem'. Utilizando uma análise na forma reduzida e um modelo estrutural dinâmico, descobrimos que as multinacionais localizadas em países com um sistema mundial de tributação e diferimento de impostos têm um incentivo maior para evitar a tributação residual dos rendimentos estrangeiros no país de origem e, portanto, repatriam menos da metade de seus ganhos estrangeiros. Essa 'não-repatriação', por sua vez, aumenta a probabilidade de realocação em 4,4%.

Expanding the standard, single-well recording geometry used to monitor seismicity during hydro-fracture treatments could provide more accurate hypocenter locations and seismic velocities, improving general reservoir characterization. However, for the real, two-well data set obtained for this project, only S-wave picks were available, and testing resulted in anomalous hypocenter location behavior. This study uses a hypocenter location algorithm and both real and synthetic data sets to investigate how the accuracy of the velocity model, starting hypocenter location, recording geometry, and arrival-time picking error affect final hypocenter locations. Hypocenter locations improved using a velocity model that closely matched the observed sonic log rather than a smoothed version of this model. The starting hypocenter location did not affect the final location solution if both starting and final locations were between the wells. Two solutions were possible when the true solution was not directly between the wells. Adding realistic random picking errors to synthetic data closely modeled the dispersed hypocenter error pattern observed in the real data results. Adding data from a third well to synthetic tests dramatically reduced location error and removed horizontal geometric bias observed in the two-well case. Seismic event data recorded during hydro-fracture treatments could potentially be used for three-dimensional joint hypocenter-velocity tomography. This would require observation wells close enough to earthquakes to record P- and S-wave arrivals or wells at orientations sufficient to properly triangulate hypocenter locations. Simulating results with synthetic tests before drilling could optimize survey design to collect data more effectively and make analysis more useful.
Master of Science

Les Alpes occidentales, résultat de la collision entre la plaque Eurasie et le promontoire apulien de la plaque Afrique, traversent l'Europe sur près de 1200 km. C'est l'une des chaînes de montagnes les mieux étudiées au monde, notamment par des méthodes d'imagerie géophysique. Celles-ci ont permis de réaliser plusieurs grands profils d'échelle crustale par sismique active. Parallèlement, la sismicité de magnitude relativement modérée a motivé le déploiement de réseaux sismologiques denses permettant de localiser plusieurs milliers d'évènements par an. Ces données apportent énormément d'information sur la géodynamique actuelle des Alpes et ont servi à réaliser plusieurs tomographies. L'ensemble de ces travaux permet une bonne compréhension de la chaîne, cependant des incertitudes persistent motivant la présente étude dont l'ambition est de réaliser une tomographie de la lithosphère des Alpes occidentales.Notre étude s'appuie sur plus de 791000 temps d'arrivée d'ondes P et S émises par plus de 36000 séismes locaux et enregistrées par 375 stations. Le domaine d'étude de 456x414 km2 couvre le sud-est de la France, le nord-ouest de l'Italie et la majeure partie de la Suisse. Dans ce domaine, la majorité des séismes a lieu dans les premiers 15 km de la croûte et grande partie des temps d'arrivée correspondent à des ondes réfractées au toit du manteau. Cela permet d'obtenir une résolution convenable à la fois dans la croûte et dans le toit du manteau. L'intérêt d'utiliser un grand nombre de données est double : cela assure une couverture relativement complète du domaine et améliore par la loi des grands nombres la précision du modèle déterminé. Toutefois, ce type de jeu de données nécessite un traitement adapté pour gérer les inévitables données aberrantes.La tomographie par temps d'arrivée de séismes locaux de la lithosphère a été réalisée à l'aide du code INSIGHT, développé au cours de cette étude à partir d'un code de V. Monteiller et B. Valette. Le modèle est constitué des valeurs de vP et vP/vS en chaque nœud d'une grille 3D à taille de maille constante, des localisations et des paramètres d'effets de site analogues aux « corrections statiques » de la prospection sismique. Le modèle vP a priori pour la croûte et le manteau supérieur est une fonction continue de la profondeur. Les localisations initiales des foyers ont été obtenues à l'aide du code LOCIN développé pour cette étude et permettant de déterminer une densité de probabilité par recherche sur grille. Les temps de propagation sont déterminés pour les premières arrivées en intégrant la lenteur le long des rais ; la géométrie de ceux-ci est déterminée par le maximum du gradient des temps de propagation, eux-mêmes calculés par la résolution de l'équation eikonale par différences finies. L'inversion est menée par une approche de moindres carrés non-linéaires, basée sur une description stochastique des données et des paramètres du modèle.La topographie du Moho est déduite de ce modèle de tomographie en prenant le maximum du gradient de vP obtenu entre les isovitesses 7,3 et 7,6 km/s. Cette information est complétée par des modèles issus de précédentes études. La large proportion d'ondes réfractées de notre lot de données permet un niveau de détails relativement fin. Ce modèle du Moho est ensuite introduit comme interface a priori dans un nouveau processus de tomographie dans lequel les paramètres vP et vP/vS de la croûte et du manteau sont décorrélés. La discontinuité du Moho est mieux modélisée et les ondes réfractées sont mieux déterminées. Cette approche permet par ailleurs de calculer les temps de propagation des ondes directes lorsque celles-ci arrivent après les ondes réfractées : plus de 100000 temps d'arrivées sont ainsi ajoutés aux données et la résolution dans la croûte est améliorée.Ces deux tomographies, la topographie du Moho et les localisations fines apportent de nouvelles informations sur les structures profondes des Alpes occidentales
The Alpine chain, which stretches in the middle of Europe across six countries, is probably the most studied mountain range in the world. Geology and metamorphism studies contributed for a large part to the current understanding of the geodynamics and history of this region. Since the second half of the 20th century, geophysical methods were employed to study its lithosphere and several crustal cross-sections where performed, mainly using controlled-source seismology. In parallel, dense seismic networks were also deployed in France, Italy, and Switzerland in order to study the usually low-magnitude activity of the western Alps. Over the past 25 years, these networks have permitted to locate tens of thousands of local earthquakes. In the last two decades, local or regional tomographic studies have been conducted using subsets of this data, which substantially improved our understanding of the deep structure of the Alps.Here, and based on 36,000 seismic events, 375 stations and more than 791,000 P and S-waves arrival times, we performed a tomographic study on a 456x414 km2 area covering the western Alps. Even if most of these earthquakes occurred within the first 15 km beneath surface, a large part of the data is composed of refracted-waves, letting us insight the deep structure of the crust. The interest of such a large dataset relies on the accuracy ensured by the law of large numbers, but the unavoidable presence of outliers requires a specific approach in order to handle it. The a priori earthquake locations were computed using the LOCIN algorithm developed in this study, which is basically a grid-search algorithm combined with a probabilistic approach.Tomography of the crust and upper mantle based on travel-times analysis was conducted using the INSIGHT algorithm which was developed in this study (based on a V. Monteiller and B. Valette algorithm). Our model consists of a set of vP and vP/vS values given at each node of a three-dimensional, regularly-spaced grid, which constitutes the inversion grid. Transition between crust and mantle is modelled by a continuous change in velocity, as we do not introduce any a priori information on the Moho interface. Earthquake locations and site-effect residuals at each station (analogous to "static corrections" in seismic prospecting) are also determined in the process. The forward computation of travel times in the 3D model is performed by integrating slowness along the rays, which are determined by a finite-difference resolution of the eikonal equation. Inversion is carried out using a non-linear least-squares approach based on a stochastic description of data and model. The smoothing and damping parameters are adjusted by means of L-curves analysis.The Moho topography is determined by matching two informations: (i) the maximum of the vP gradient within this preliminary tomographic model, taken in a 7.3-7.6~km/s range and (ii) information provided by previous studies to fix Moho depth in the border area of our study zone, where our model is poorly resolved. As our tomographic model relies on a large set of refracted waves, the Moho topography we build is detailed and presents interesting new insights for the western Alps. This Moho interface is then used as an a priori discontinuity in a new tomography process. Parameters within the crust and the upper mantle are then decorrelated, letting refracted-waves to be more correctly modelled. By this approach, we are able to compute not only the first- but also the second-arrival travel-time which corresponds to the direct wave in the crust for focus-station distances greater than 100-125 km. This allows us to add more than 100,000 new data to our dataset, which of course improves the resolution in the crust.Both tomographic models, the Moho topography and the earthquake relocations provides new evidences and constraints on the deep structure of the western Alps

En tant que géoscientifique dans le domaine de l’Exploration pétrolière et gazière depuis une vingtaine d’années, mes fonctions professionnelles m’ont permis d’effectuer différents travaux de recherche sur la thématique de la gestion des risques et des incertitudes. Ces travaux de recherche se situent sur l’ensemble de la chaîne d’analyse Exploration, traitant de problématiques liées à l’acquisition et au traitement sismique, jusqu’au placement optimal de forages d’exploration. Un volet plus poussé de mes travaux s’est orienté sur la gestion des incertitudes géophysiques en Exploration pétrolière, là où l’incertitude est la plus importante et paradoxalement la moins travaillée.On peut regrouper mes travaux de recherche en trois grands domaines qui suivent les grandes étapes du processus Exploration : le traitement sismique, leur interprétation, et enfin l'analyse et l'extraction des différentes incertitudes qui vont nous permettre de calculer les volumes d’hydrocarbures en place et récupérables, ainsi que l’analyse de ses risques associés. L’ensemble des travaux de recherche ont été appliqués avec succès sur des cas d’études opérationnelles. Après avoir introduit quelques notions générales et détaillé les grandes étapes du processus Exploration et leur lien direct avec ces problématiques, je présenterai quatre grands projets de recherche sur un cas d’étude algérien
In the last 20 years, I have been conducting various research projects focused on the management of risks and uncertainties in the petroleum exploration domain. The various research projects detailed in this thesis are dealing with problematics located throughout the whole Exploration and Production chain, from seismic acquisition and processing, until the optimal exploration to development wells placement. Focus is made on geophysical risks and uncertainties, where these problematics are the most pronounced and paradoxically the less worked in the industry. We can subdivide my research projects into tree main axes, which are following the hydrocarbon exploration process, namely: seismic processing, seismic interpretation thanks to the integration with various well informations, and eventually the analysis and extraction of key uncertainties, which will be the basis for the optimal calculation of in place and recoverable volumes, in addition to the associated risk analysis on a given target structure. The various research projects that are detailed in this thesis have been applied successfully on operational North Africa and North Sea projects. After introducing risks and uncertainty notions, we will detail the exploration process and the key links with these issues. I will then present four major research projects with their theoretical aspects and applied case study on an Algerian asset

碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98
This paper examines locative inversion construction by adopting Lexical Functional Grammar and discourse grammar. The examination concerns both English and Mandarin, from four structure levels, a-structure, c-structure, f-structure, and information structure. First, a locative inversion verb takes an a-structure of &lt;theme locative> or &lt;agent-theme locative>. Second, in c-structure, the preposed locative belongs to PP in English but to NP in Mandarin. Third, whereas the preposed locative phrase is in the subject position in Mandarin, the one in English is only a functional subject in f-structure. Finally, in information structure, given information packaging, the postposed theme is inclined to be an indefinite nominal instead of a pronoun and to be a longer constituent than the preposed locative phrase; in contextual information, a linking device, used either anaphorically or cataphorically, is necessary for locative inversion, and stylistic parallelism further facilitates the occurrence of locative inversion. With the systematic comparison of English and Mandarin, this paper aims to provide pedagogical suggestions in regard to English learning for Mandarin speakers, by virtue of the use of Contrastive Analysis. The application of theoretical grammar to the language teaching field indicates the correlation and cooperation between theoretical grammar and pedagogical grammar. On the one hand, the theoretical grammar provides a firm and reliable theoretical support for language teaching; on the other hand, the pedagogical grammar is the motivation to the research of theoretical grammar. All in all, the application of theoretical grammar to language teaching contributes not only to the language teaching filed but also to the linguistic research.

碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
83
In the current theory of Lexical Functional Grammar, the lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) distinguishes itself with its non- transformational prediction of the surface structures of sentences. This thesis demonstrates that with a revised LMT, we gain a new insight on the syntactic account of Mandarin dative construction and locative inversion. The revised LMT asserts for a null intrinsic value for the goal and locative roles, a morpholexical operation on primitive features and a principle of underspecification. The intrinsic classifications is motivated from the concept of prototype. The morpholexical operation may add but not change features. The principle of underspecification signifies the spirit of markedness. With this revised LMT, we focus our concern on how the functional structures of dative construction and locative inversion are to be syntactically projected via the mapping principles that govern the correspondence between thematic roles of the argument structure and grammatical functions. Within the framework of this revised LMT, the Dative Shift and alternations between locative phrase and locative inversion are explained with the operation of morpholexical rules. In this thesis, kernal dative constructions and locative phrase are defined as structures without morpholexical rules whereas the derived dative construction and locative inversion are interpreted as sentence structutes mediated by morpholexical operations.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
英語學系
101
In this thesis, we investigate different types of Mandarin locative inversion construction (LIC). Different from English locative inversion, Mandarin LIC is not associated with discourse function of presentational focus. In Mandarin LIC, the preverbal locative phrase can be represented as either PP or DP. A locative DP displays several subject-like properties whereas a locative PP does not. Given the asymmetry between locative PPs and DPs, we argue that locative DPs and PPs have different syntactic structures. It is proposed that a locative PP can choose either to stay at preverbal VP-adjoined position or to raise to the CP periphery position, with an empty expletive occupying the grammatical subject position. In contrast, being nominal and showing subject properties, a locative DP lands in the grammatical subject position in Mandarin LIC. We argue that Mandarin LIC is derived by the mapping of location and theme to the syntax, subject to a given thematic hierarchy. We assume with HLL (2009) that Mandarin lexical verbs can choose not to have any light verb in the lexical specification, allowing more flexible semantic relations. However, the semantic relations are not as free as expected by HLL’s theory. Contra HLL (2009), we claim that the mapping of participants to the syntax follows thematic hierarchy even when the lexical verb takes a Lv-less option. Given that location is ranked above theme in thematic hierarchy, a locative DP is mapped to the grammatical subject position and a theme DP to the grammatical subject position in Mandarin LIC. This study provides a unified analysis for different types of Mandarin LIC and argues for the lexicalist view that the argument structure of a verb is determined by the lexicon, rather than by the syntax.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
中國文學研究所
94
This thesis deals with locative inversion, focusing on verbs which occur in the construction of English and Chinese. The purpose of this thesis is to show a proper necessary condition for verbs to occur in locative inversion. Contrary to the prevailing argument that locative inversion is an unaccusative diagnostics, I show here that some unergative verbs, as well as prototypical unaccusative verbs, are found in locative inversion of English, and in addition, that verbs of change of state, which are among unaccusative, cannot occur in the construction. Examining the lexical representations for these verbs along the lines of the Generative Lexicon, I propose that besides the state subevent condition proposed by Nakajima (2001), it is also necessary to examine the lexical representations for the postverbal NPs in order to explain the co-compositional operation between some unergative verbs and the preverbal PPs for the circumstantial interpretation. As for verbs which occur in locative inversion of Chinese, firstly, I present their distributional characteristics and argument structures, classifying these verbs into some semantic groups. Secondly, regarding some issues related to the interchangeability between –zhe and –le in locative inversion, it is proposed that the interchangeability is possible only when attainment to the endpoint of the process subevent gives rise to the atelic homogeneous state subevent at the same time in the headless event structure of the verb. Lastly, examining the lexical representations for verbs in Chinese locative inversion, I present some conditions for unergative to occur in the construction: i.e. co-compositional operation between unergative verbs and preverbal locative NPs, and the relation of the TELIC role for the postverbal NP being identical with the meaning of the verb itself.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
環境衛生研究所
100
In many previous studies, the technique of inversing air dispersion model technology was presented to locate unknown emission sources locations. In this study, wWe collected the downwind concentration data using optical remote sensing (ORS)open-path fFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) instrument thatwhich can obtainprovide representative data faster than using many point samplers among ain large spatial areas. In our field experiments of releasing tracer gases, we set up three discrete OP-FTIR monitoring lines (lengths of lines were 123, 127, and 127m) at the downwind sites of the survey area near an industrial complex to locate two three artificially released emission sources. ForTo verifying the inversion algorithmtheory, we also conducted computer simulation studies. combine path integrated concentration data and meteological data as input data, and the uncertainty areas of unknown emission source are estimated. For Source A, the distance between the source and the monitoring lines was 355, 565, and 780m, respectively. On the other hand, that distance for Source B was 105, 315, and 530m. The experiment study was conducted with three discrete monitoring lines as the field experimental setup in the reconstruction process. The distance between the Ssource A (duration: 295minutes) and the monitoring lines was 105, 315, and 530m, respectively. The distance between the Ssource B (duration: 180minutes) and the monitoring lines was 355, 565, and 780m, respectively. The distance between the Ssource C (duration: 438minutes) and the monitoring lines was 400, 615, and 825m, respectively. An oOptimization algorithm was used to inverse the U.S. EPA ISCST3 and AERMOD models for to traceing back the source locations considering different scenarios including different wind directions, emission rates and source locations. Previous studies showed that the screening criteria with efficient downwind PICdata and wind direction could improve the reconstruction result. For verifying the theory, we demonstrated the results of uncertainy area with different screening criteria, but we found that screening criteria of CCF and wind direction were not very robustious . The results showed that the true source locations could not be identified exactly but they could be covered by the uncertainty areas.We could estimated the uncertainy area of possible source location with reconstruction procedure of ISCST3 and AERMOD model. The average distance between Source B and the predicted source location was 49.44m (AERMOD model) and 60.40m (ISCST3 model), and Source B was provided the best result after screening for CCF larger smaller than 0.75. The estimated emission rates were underestimated from real emission rate forby 22.6% (ISCST3 model) and 51.9% (AERMOD model). The other emission sources were gave obtained poorworse results because of limitations of the experimental setup. The average distance of errors for Source A ranged from 128.22-340.42m, and Source C was 156.93-295.38m. The poor results were because we could notdue to not offer thehaving suitable proper model parameters and meteorological data for model process. Future studies should obtain local data to improve the performance of the modeling and inversion techniques.