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1
Cirpici, Burak Kaan. "Simulating the expansion process of intumescent coating fire protection". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/simulating-the-expansion-process-of-intumescent-coating-fire-protection(6de4a5f5-0fb7-4d28-a083-9c783c692e4c).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The expansion ratio (defined as the ratio of the expanded thickness to the original thickness) of intumescent coatings is the most important quantity that determines their fire protection performance. This thesis explores two possible methods of predicting intumescent coating expansion: an analytical method, and a detailed numerical simulation method using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).The analytical method is based on a cell-model and predicts bubble growth due to pressure increase in viscous liquid with constant viscosity. It has been extended to non-uniform temperature field and temperature-dependent viscosity of intumescent melt. Accuracy of this extended analytical method is assessed by comparison against the cone calorimeter and furnace fire tests on intumescent coating protected steel plates with different intumescent coating thicknesses, steel plate thicknesses, and heating conditions. The extended analytical method is then used to investigate how intumescent coating expansion and intumescent coating effective thermal conductivity are affected by changing the coating thickness, the steel thickness and the fire condition (including smouldering fire). The main conclusion is that the expansion ratio decreases as the rate of heating increases. Therefore, the intumescent coating properties obtained from the Standard fire exposure may be safely used for slower realistic fires, but would produce unsafe results for faster fires. The second method explores the potential of a meshless numerical simulation: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH modelling of intumescent coating expansion has been implemented using the SPHysics FORTRAN open-source code as a platform. To check the validity of this modelling method, the modelling results are compared against theoretical solutions for surface tension (Young-Laplace theorem), and available numerical and analytical solutions for bubble expansion. A new algorithm for representing the mass transfer of gas into the bubble using SPH particle insertion and particle shifting scheme is presented to simulate the bubble expansion process. Close agreement with an analytical solution for the initial bubble expansion rate computed by SPH is obtained. Whilst this research has demonstrated the potential of using SPH to numerically simulate intumescent coating expansion, it has also revealed significant challenges that should be overcome to make SPH a feasible method to simulate intumescent coating expansion. The main challenges include:• Simulating gas-polymer flows when expansion is occurring where there are vastly different properties of these two fluids with a density ratio of about 1000. This high density ratio may easily cause numerical pressure noise, especially at the liquid-gas interface.• Extremely high computational cost necessary to achieve sufficient accuracy by using a large number of particles (higher resolution), especially for the multi-phase SPH program, and very small time step for the lighter fluid (air). • The behaviour of intumescent coatings involves expansion ratios on the order of 10-100 with thousands of bubbles which grow, merge and burst. Based on the results of this exploratory research, future improvements are outlined to further develop the SPH simulation method.
2
Yuan, Jifeng. "Intumescent coating performance on steel structures under realistic fire conditions". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498956.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Intumescent coating, as a new generation of fire proof material, has obvious advantages over traditional fire protection materials. The applications of intumescent coating are widely ranged and it has become dominant in the fire engineering market. However, the present method of assessment in EN 13381 Part 4 is not suitable for applications of intumescent coating under realistic fire conditions, because intumescent coating behaviour is not only temperature dependent, but also fire exposure dependent. The failure of currently available method to give accurate predictions of intumescent coating thermal performance motivated this research. Against this background, a 1-0 mathematical model has been established to consider chemical kinetics, mass and energy conservation, and heat transfer through solid and gas phases. The model couples the degradation of three basic components (inorganic acid source, blowing agent, and charring material) with a variable volume system. Basic volatile mass transfer and simplified bubbling mechanisms have been described in assistance to calculate the non-linear distribution of temperature along the coating thickness. The model is presented in terms of Finite Difference Method (FOM) equations and is solved using FORTRAN programming. Then, an extensive sensitivity study has been carried out to identify most influential parameters among a large number of material input data required by the mathematical model. A. The activation energies of the blowing agent and the charring material, the maximum expansion coefficient and the final bubble size have been shown to have the most influence on the predicted steel temperature results. To assess the influence of different pore size distributions, Finite Element simulations (ABAQUS) were performed. The results of this numerical study indicate that, given the same porosity, the overall thermal conductivity of the porous structure is very close to that with uniform distribution of pores of the dominant size. This strongly suggests that, given the difficulty of obtaining precise pore size distribution, it is practically acceptable to treat an intumescent coating as having a uniform distribution of pores of the same size. A number of cone-calorimeter tests have been carried out with different coating thicknesses, steel substrate thicknesses, and external heat fluxes. The investigation focused on how to extract key parameters of the model from limited number of experimental tests, and how to make use of the model in different applications. The estimated input parameters are able to predict all the cone calorimeter tests to match the experimental measurement with reasonably good agreement, which demonstrates the feasibility of the modelling approach. Finally, to provide comprehensive validation, both standard and parametric furnace fire tests have been performed. The key parameters of chemical kinetics and intumescent char bubble size were determined experimentally. The TGA test data were used to obtain the major intumescent coating component fractions and the various chemical kinetics constants. The mathematical model described in this study is able to accurately predict both the standard fire test results and the parametric fire test results. The only requirement is that the final expansion coefficient of the intumescent coating should be provided as input data.
3
Gardelle, Bastien. "Development and resistance to fire of intumescent silicone based coating : fire protection of steel in simulated fire". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10079/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer des revêtements intumescents à base de résines de silicone pour la protection de l'acier en cas d’incendie. Les revêtements intumescents ont pour fonction d'assurer l'intégrité des structures en acier exposées au feu, ce métal perdant une grande partie de ses propriétés mécaniques au-dessus de 550°C. Les revêtements intumescents classiquement utilisés sont formulés à partir de résines organiques ce qui conduit à certaines limitations. Dans ce travail, des revêtements intumescents hybrides organiques-inorganiques à base de résines de silicone ont donc été développés. Dans un premier temps, il est montré que les résines silicones de types RTV (room temperature vulcanized) présentent les meilleures propriétés de barrière thermique. Par la suite, du graphite expansible a été incorporé en tant qu’agent gonflant à la résine silicone, pour permettre l'expansion du revêtement à haute température. Grâce à des interactions spécifiques entre le silicone et le graphite expansé, le revêtement obtenu présente d'excellentes propriétés de protection thermique. Ces résultats ont été attribués à ses propriétés de gonflement, à sa faible conductivité thermique à haute température et à la bonne cohésion du char développé. Des charges minérales supplémentaires ont ensuite été incorporées dans la formulation afin d'augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du char. Enfin, les paramètres essentiels régissant les propriétés de barrières thermiques des revêtements siliconés ont été mises en évidence. En jouant sur ces paramètres, il est possible de formuler des revêtements performants pour la protection de l'acier au cours d'un incendieThe purpose of this Ph.D work is to develop intumescent coatings for the protection of steel against fire. The aim of this coating is to ensure the integrity of steel structure exposed to fire since steel loses more than 50% of its load capacity above 550°C. Intumescent coatings expand in case of fire leading to the formation of an insulative barrier limiting the heat transfer from the heat source to the substrate. Most of these coatings are organic based and thus exhibit some limitations. Thus, in this work, hybrid organic-inorganic coatings based on silicone resins were developed. In a first step, it is shown that room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is the silicone matrix exhibiting the best insulative properties in fire scenarios. Expandable graphite is then used as blowing agent to make the silicone swell when exposed to fire. Due to several interactions between silicone and expandable graphite at high temperature, the coating exhibits excellent fire performance. This performance was attributed to the swelling properties, the low thermal conductivity at high temperature and the good cohesion of the developed char. Additional fillers such as calcium carbonate and organoclay are incorporated in the formulation to increase the mechanical properties of the char. Finally, the critical parameters governing the insulative properties of intumescent silicone coatings have been determined. Moreover, it was pointed out that it is possible to develop silicone coatings exhibiting better fire performance than commercial intumescent paint for the protection of steel against fire in both hydrocarbon and cellulosic fire scenarios
4
Gardelle, Bastien. "Development and resistance to fire of intumescent silicone based coating : fire protection of steel in simulated fire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10079.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer des revêtements intumescents à base de résines de silicone pour la protection de l'acier en cas d’incendie. Les revêtements intumescents ont pour fonction d'assurer l'intégrité des structures en acier exposées au feu, ce métal perdant une grande partie de ses propriétés mécaniques au-dessus de 550°C. Les revêtements intumescents classiquement utilisés sont formulés à partir de résines organiques ce qui conduit à certaines limitations. Dans ce travail, des revêtements intumescents hybrides organiques-inorganiques à base de résines de silicone ont donc été développés. Dans un premier temps, il est montré que les résines silicones de types RTV (room temperature vulcanized) présentent les meilleures propriétés de barrière thermique. Par la suite, du graphite expansible a été incorporé en tant qu’agent gonflant à la résine silicone, pour permettre l'expansion du revêtement à haute température. Grâce à des interactions spécifiques entre le silicone et le graphite expansé, le revêtement obtenu présente d'excellentes propriétés de protection thermique. Ces résultats ont été attribués à ses propriétés de gonflement, à sa faible conductivité thermique à haute température et à la bonne cohésion du char développé. Des charges minérales supplémentaires ont ensuite été incorporées dans la formulation afin d'augmenter les propriétés mécaniques du char. Enfin, les paramètres essentiels régissant les propriétés de barrières thermiques des revêtements siliconés ont été mises en évidence. En jouant sur ces paramètres, il est possible de formuler des revêtements performants pour la protection de l'acier au cours d'un incendieThe purpose of this Ph.D work is to develop intumescent coatings for the protection of steel against fire. The aim of this coating is to ensure the integrity of steel structure exposed to fire since steel loses more than 50% of its load capacity above 550°C. Intumescent coatings expand in case of fire leading to the formation of an insulative barrier limiting the heat transfer from the heat source to the substrate. Most of these coatings are organic based and thus exhibit some limitations. Thus, in this work, hybrid organic-inorganic coatings based on silicone resins were developed. In a first step, it is shown that room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is the silicone matrix exhibiting the best insulative properties in fire scenarios. Expandable graphite is then used as blowing agent to make the silicone swell when exposed to fire. Due to several interactions between silicone and expandable graphite at high temperature, the coating exhibits excellent fire performance. This performance was attributed to the swelling properties, the low thermal conductivity at high temperature and the good cohesion of the developed char. Additional fillers such as calcium carbonate and organoclay are incorporated in the formulation to increase the mechanical properties of the char. Finally, the critical parameters governing the insulative properties of intumescent silicone coatings have been determined. Moreover, it was pointed out that it is possible to develop silicone coatings exhibiting better fire performance than commercial intumescent paint for the protection of steel against fire in both hydrocarbon and cellulosic fire scenarios
5
Krishnamoorthy, Renga Rao. "The analysis of partial and damaged fire protection on structural steel at elevated temperature". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-analysis-of-partial-and-damaged-fire-protection-on-structural-steel-at-elevated-temperature(de0ddd3a-7256-439c-af53-68aeb521c5d9).html.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Intumescent coating fire protection on steel structures is becoming widely popular in the UK and Europe. The current assessment for the fire protection performance method using the standard fire resistance tests is not accurate, owing to the reactive behaviour of intumescent coating at elevated temperature. Moreover, the available intumescent coating temperature assessment method provided in the Eurocode for structural steel at elevated temperature does not incorporate the steel beam's behaviour and/or assessment for partial protection and/or damaged protection. The research work presented provides additional information. on the assessment of partial and/or damaged intumescent coating at elevated temperature. In the scope of the investigation on the thermal conductivity of intumescent coating, it was found that the computed average thermal conductivity was marginally sensitive to the density and emissivity at elevated temperature. However, the thermal conductivity was found to be reasonably sensitive to the differences in initial dft's (dry film thicknesses). In this research, a numerical model was developed using ABAQUS to mimic actual indicative test scenarios to predict and establish the temperature distribution and the structural fire resistance of partial and/or damaged intumescent coating at elevated temperatures. Intumescent coating actively shields when the charring process occurs when the surface temperature reaches approximately 250°C to 350°C. Maximum deflection and deflection failure times for each damage scenario were analyzed by applying specified loading conditions. It was also found that the structural fire resistance failure mode of intumescent coating on protected steel beams was particularly sensitive to the applied boundary conditions. Careful selection of nodes in the element was necessary to avoid numerical instability and unexpected numerical error during analysis. An assessment of various numerical models subjected to a-standard fire with partially protected 1 mm intumescent coating was analysed using ABAQUS. An available unprotected test result was used as a benchmark. The outcome suggests that the fire resistances of the beams were found to be sensitive to the location of the partial and/or damage protection. The overall fire resistance behaviour of intumescent coating at elevated temperature was summarized in a 'typical deflection regression' curve. An extensive parametric analysis was performed on localized intumescent coating damage with various intumescent coating thicknesses between 0.5mm to 2.0mm. It was found that the average deflection was linear for the first 30 mins of exposure for all the variables, damage locations and intumescent thicknesses. It was concluded that a thicker layered intumescent coating may not be a better insulator or be compared to a much less thick intumescent coating at elevated temperature. The use of passive fire protection, however, does enhance the overall fire resistance of the steel beam, in contrast to a naked steel structure. The research work investigated the intumescent coating behaviour with different aspects of protection and damage and the outcome of the assessment provided a robust guide and additional understanding of the performance of intumescent coating at elevated temperature.
6
Verret, Éric. "Optimisation des systèmes de protection incendie par machine learning : Application aux systèmes intumescents". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CLIL0033.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L'optimisation est un élément majeur en science des matériaux et est particulièrement importante dans le développement de formulations complexes, comme par exemple les formulations retardatrices de flamme. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur le développement d'une méthode d'optimisation active basée sur une technique de machine learning appelée Optimisation Bayésienne (BO). Parmi les différents types de systèmes retardateurs de flamme, les systèmes intumescents suscitent un grand intérêt et ont fait l’objet de cette étude. Nous avons étudié deux systèmes complexes : une formulation intumescente à base de polypropylène (PP) et un revêtement intumescent applicables à des substrats de type bois. Pour le système à base de PP, une approche d’ignifugation en masse i.e. par ajout d’additif a été choisie. L’optimisation a été menée selon deux approches: (a) une approche mono-objective visant à optimiser uniquement le Pouvoir Calorifique Superieur (PCS) obtenue à partir du Bombe calorimètre, et (b) une approche multi-objective visant à optimiser à la fois l'indice limite d'oxygène (LOI) et la teneur en additifs dans la formulation. Dans le cas du revêtement intumescent, plusieurs paramètres incluant la chaleur totale libérée (THR) mesurée par le cône calorimètre en position horizontal, et la vitesse de perte de masse, mesuré en position verticale ont été optimisés. Un test à petite échelle permettant de mesurer le flux de chaleur critique à l'extinction (CFE) a également été utilisé pour mesurer la propagation des flammes. D’autre part, une segmentation d'image basée sur du machine a été appliquée pour évaluer le front de dégradation. Cette étude a permis de démontrer dans les cas d’études, la pertinence de l’OB en science des matériauxOptimization is a major element in materials science and is particularly important in the development of complex formulations, such as flame-retardant formulations. This PhD thesis focuses on the development of an active optimization method based on a machine learning technique called Bayesian Optimization (BO). Among the different types of flame-retardant systems, intumescent systems are of great interest and were the focus of this study. We studied two complex systems: a polypropylene (PP)-based intumescent formulation and an intumescent coating applicable to wood-type substrates. For the PP-based system, additives were added to the polymer matrix through melt blending. Optimization was carried out using two approaches: (a) a mono-objective approach aiming at optimizing only the higher heating value (HHV) obtained from the Calorimeter Bomb, and (b) a multi-objective approach aiming at optimizing both the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the additive content in the formulation. In the case of the intumescent coating, several parameters including total heat release (THR) measured by the Calorimeter cCone in the horizontal position, and mass loss rate, measured in the vertical position using a mass Loss Calorimeter were optimized. A small-scale test to measure the Critical heat Flux at Extinction (CFE) was also used to measure flame propagation. In addition, machine-based image segmentation was applied to assess the degradation front. This study demonstrated the relevance of OB in materials science
7
Supporta, Giulio Fulvio. "Experimental study of jet fire impingment in pipelines". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Cerca il testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The continuous growth of the global industrial sector has led to an increasing need for the transportation of oil, gas and chemicals through pipelines. The need for compactness of the pipelines along the corridors involves a relatively short distance between one pipe and another, thus leading to a certain degree of risk associated with their potential interaction. Furthermore, as the transported fluids may be flammable, any accidental release due to cracking or leakage in one of the pipelines could lead to an accidental scenario with severe consequences for the population, structures and the environment.
A hypothetical accident in one of these pipes can lead to the occurrence of a domino effect, leading to an escalation of effects involving the other pipes. In the case of jet fires, the thermal action produced may lead to a certain risk of ignition of the released material, thus causing a progressive increase in the severity of the consequences. With the development of a jet fire, the high thermal flow that reaches an adjacent pipeline can damage the secondary target by widening the scale of the accident, especially if there is flame impingement.
In order to study the thermal evolution of jet fires and quantify the thermal response of a target object placed perpendicular to the flame, a laboratory equipment has been used to obtain data on propane jet fires affecting a pipe containing a gaseous or liquid fluid.
In this experimental configuration, pressure and temperature measurements for various propane release rates were performed with the appropriate instrumentation in order to calculate the absorbed heat and convective heat exchange coefficient of the target tube.
In order to prevent the occurrence of these accidental fire scenarios, and in particular jet fire, a special type of passive fire protection, such as intumescent coatings, capable of forming an insulating layer when stressed by an external heat source, was also examined.
8
Demidova-Buizinienė, Irina. "Statybinių medžiagų atsparumo ugniai padidinimo galimybių tyrimas". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090703_115951-79680.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas priešgaisrinės išsipučiančios dangos porėto ir nedegių liekanų termiškai stabilaus sluoksnio sudarymo principai. Aprašomi užpildai bei kiti komponentai gerinantys dangos termoizoliacines savybes. Taip pat pateikta įvairių užpildų įtaką sudarant apsauginį dažų sluoksnį. Be to, darbe yra aprašyti minimalaus priešgaisrinės dangos sluoksnio, reikalingo plieno konstrukcijoms gaisro metu apsaugoti, skaičiavimai. Metodinėje-tiriamojoje darbo dalyje pateikta priešgaisrinės dangos bandymo atlikimo tvarka ir įranga, šilumos laidumo skaičiavimo metodika. Išnagrinėta koreliacinės-regresinės analizės vertinimo metodika. Praktinėje darbo dalyje analizuojamos priešgaisrinės dangos šilumos laidumo ir dangos termoizoliacinio sluoksnio padidėjimo priklausomybė nuo skirtingai didėjančių gaisro temperatūrų. Taip pat gautiems šilumos laidumo rezultatams atliekama koreliacinė-regresinė analizė. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis, metodinė-tiriamoji dalis, išvados, literatūros sąrašas.In the analytical part of this Thesis, the principals of fire resistance intumescent coatings foam and thermally stable char layer forming is presented. The fillers and other components for improving surface thermal properties are discussed. As well as a variety of fillers influence the protective coating analyses. In addition, the work is described the minimum fire protection coating layer of steel structures required for fire protection calculations. In the project part of this Thesis, the procedures and equipment, the heat conduction calculation is given. Moreover, the Thesis fire surface thermal conductivity and thermal insulation coating layer increases dependence on the different ways of rising temperatures in the fire analyses. It is also obtained the result of heat conduction by correlation-regression analysis. Structure: introduction, analytical part, the research part, conclusions and references.
9
Deogon, Malkit Singh. "A study of intumescent coatings". Thesis, Brunel University, 1989. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6297.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Intumescent coatings are used in the field of fire protection to prevent certain construction elements reaching the critical temperatures at which excessive damage would. occur, thus avoiding premature structural collapse. The studies presented in this thesis have been directed towards an understanding of intumeseent coatings and the process of intumescence. The kinetics and mechanism of intumeseence are discussed. The behaviour of the raw materials used in the preparation of intumeseent coatings, was studied at elevated temperatures using thermal analytical techniques, and new formulations were developed. These formulations were examined In the laboratory using various screening tests and were also subjected to a large scale hydrocarbon fire test alongside other commercially-avallable coatings. A simplified coating formulation with the minimum of ingredients required to produce good intumescent properties was developed. This formulation was subjected to various heat-radiation intensities using an ISO ignitablilty apparatus. The behaviour of the intumescence, process observed was explained by a simple theoretical model. The model of Buckmasterv Anderson and Nachman was used and several new results were derived. In particular a relationship was derived giving the time taken for the temperature at the inner surface of the coating to reach a given value. The durability of the newly-developed intumescent coatings, and methods of improving it, were also investigated.
10
Triantafyllidis, Zafeirios. "Structural enhancements with fibre-reinforced epoxy intumescent coatings". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29514.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Epoxy intumescent coatings are fire protection systems for steel structural elements that are widely used in applications that protection from severe hydrocarbon fires is required, such as oil and gas facilities. These polymer coatings react upon heating and expand into a thick porous char layer that insulates the protected steel element. In the typical fire scenarios for these applications, the intumescent coatings must resist very high heat fluxes and highly erosive forces from ignited pressurised gases. Hence, continuous fibre reinforcement is embedded in the thick epoxy coating during installation, so as to ensure the integrity of the weak intumesced char during fire exposure. This reinforcement is typically in the form of a bidirectional carbon and/or glass fibre mesh, thus under normal service conditions a fibre-reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) is essentially a lightly fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material. This thesis examines the impacts of embedded high strength fibres on the tensile behaviour of epoxy intumescent materials in their unreacted state prior to fire exposure, and the potential enhancements that arise in the structural performance of elements protected with FRICs. An experimental programme is presented comprising tensile coupon tests of unreacted intumescent epoxies, reinforced with different fibre meshes at various fibre volume fractions. It is demonstrated that the tensile properties of FRICs can be enhanced considerably by including increasing amounts of carbon fibre reinforcement aligned in the principal loading direction, which can be tailored in the desired orientation on the coated structural members to enhance their load carrying capacity and/or deformability. An experimental study is presented on coated intact and artificially damaged I-beams (simulating steel losses from corrosion) tested in bending, demonstrating that FRICs can enhance the flexural response of the beams after yielding of steel, until the tensile rupture of the coatings. An analytical procedure for predicting the flexural behaviour of the coated beams is discussed and validated against the obtained test results, whereas a parametric analysis is performed based on this analytical model to assess the effect of various parameters on the strengthening efficiency of FRICs. The results of this analysis demonstrate that it is feasible to increase the flexural load capacity of thin sections considerably utilising the flexural strength gains from FRICs. Finally, a novel application is proposed in this thesis for FRICs as a potential system for structural strengthening or retrofitting reinforced concrete and concrete-encased steel columns by lateral confinement. An experimental study is presented on the axial compressive behaviour of short, plain concrete and concrete-encased structural steel columns that are wrapped in the hoop direction with FRICs. The results clearly show that epoxy intumescent coatings reinforced with a carbon fibre mesh of suitable weight can provide lateral confinement to the concrete core resisting its lateral dilation, thus resulting in considerable enhancements of the axial strength and deformability of concrete. The observed strengthening performance of the composite protective coatings is found to be at least as good as that of FRP wraps consisting of the same fibre reinforcement mesh and a conventional, non-intumescent epoxy resin. The predictive ability of existing design-oriented FRP confinement models is compared against the experimental results, and is found to be reasonably precise in predicting the peak strength of the tested columns, hence existing models appear to be suitable for design and analysis of column strengthening schemes with the proposed novel FRIC system. The research presented herein shows clearly that FRICs have a strong potential as alternative systems for consideration in the field of structural strengthening and rehabilitation, since they can provide substantial enhancements in the load carrying capacity for both applications considered. At the same time FRICs can thermally protect the underlying structural elements in the event of a fire, by intumescing and charring, thus potentially eliminating the need for additional passive fire protection that is common with conventional fire-rated FRP wrapping systems. Although this thesis provides a proof-of-concept for use of the proposed novel FRICs as structural strengthening materials, considerable additional research is particularly required to study their fire protection performance when applied to concrete substrates, to make use of the proposed hybrid functionality with confidence.
11
Ciret, Jérémy. "Investigation of intumescent coatings for fire protection : application to jet-fire". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10187/document.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cette étude s’intéresse aux comportements de 4 peintures intumescentes développées pour protéger des plateformes offshores et susceptibles de résister aux « jet-fires ». Un jet-fire peut intervenir sur un site pétrochimique suite à une fuite d’hydrocarbures sous pression et causer de sérieux dommages de part la chaleur dégagées et surtout la quantité de mouvement générées. Les aspects physiques et chimiques de ces formulations ont été développés permettant de mettre en avant les effets du pentaérythritol sur le comportement viscoélastiques et le processus d’intumescence. Par diffraction des rayons X et par RMN à l’état solide, nous avons montré les interactions entre ammonium et polyphosphate et différentes sources de carbones (pentaérythritol, dipentaérythritol, réseau époxyde) permettant la formation d’un char. Les résidus phosphorés réagissent ensuite avec TiO2 pour former une structure cristalline TiP2O7 suspectées d’améliorer la résistance au feu et la résistance mécanique du char. Des tests feu ont confirmés ces améliorations. Dans un dernier chapitre nous avons développé un test permettant de reproduire à l’échelle laboratoire les phénomènes radiatifs et convectifs du jet-fire. Les premiers résultats ont montré de bonnes corrélations entre les observations faites à grande échelle et celles réalisées au laboratoireThe aim of this study is to understand and to explain behaviours exhibited by four epoxy based intumescent formulations used on offshore platforms facing to jet-fire. A jet-fire is a turbulent diffusion flame resulting from the combustion of a fuel continuously released with some significant momentum. It represents a significant element of the risk on offshore installations. Regarding the formulation studied, we have developed three approaches. Firstly, the visco-elastic behaviour and mechanical resistance of the formulations have been investigated. The results show that pentaerythritol causes a viscosity decrease at lower temperature that appears as prejudicial to maintain efficient char on steel substrate. In a second part, chemical evolutions of the intumescent formulation have been determined thanks to solid-state NMR and X-Ray diffraction. Interactions between ammonium polyphosphate and respective carbon sources present in formulations have been assumed, yielding to the formation of char and production of phosphorus residues. Then these phosphorus residues react at high temperature with TiO2 to form a crystalline structure TiP2O7 suspected to enhance mechanical properties and flame retardant performance. In a last part, furnace fire tests confirm this enhancement. Furthermore a new small-scale experimental setup is developed mimicking large scale jet-fire resistance test in order to obtain rapidly and at low cost reliable behaviours of a large number of formulations facing to high load mixing radiative heat and flame impact. First results have been correlated with the large-scale ones and different geometries have been considered
12
Ciret, Jérémy. "Investigation of intumescent coatings for fire protection : application to jet-fire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10187.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cette étude s’intéresse aux comportements de 4 peintures intumescentes développées pour protéger des plateformes offshores et susceptibles de résister aux « jet-fires ». Un jet-fire peut intervenir sur un site pétrochimique suite à une fuite d’hydrocarbures sous pression et causer de sérieux dommages de part la chaleur dégagées et surtout la quantité de mouvement générées. Les aspects physiques et chimiques de ces formulations ont été développés permettant de mettre en avant les effets du pentaérythritol sur le comportement viscoélastiques et le processus d’intumescence. Par diffraction des rayons X et par RMN à l’état solide, nous avons montré les interactions entre ammonium et polyphosphate et différentes sources de carbones (pentaérythritol, dipentaérythritol, réseau époxyde) permettant la formation d’un char. Les résidus phosphorés réagissent ensuite avec TiO2 pour former une structure cristalline TiP2O7 suspectées d’améliorer la résistance au feu et la résistance mécanique du char. Des tests feu ont confirmés ces améliorations. Dans un dernier chapitre nous avons développé un test permettant de reproduire à l’échelle laboratoire les phénomènes radiatifs et convectifs du jet-fire. Les premiers résultats ont montré de bonnes corrélations entre les observations faites à grande échelle et celles réalisées au laboratoireThe aim of this study is to understand and to explain behaviours exhibited by four epoxy based intumescent formulations used on offshore platforms facing to jet-fire. A jet-fire is a turbulent diffusion flame resulting from the combustion of a fuel continuously released with some significant momentum. It represents a significant element of the risk on offshore installations. Regarding the formulation studied, we have developed three approaches. Firstly, the visco-elastic behaviour and mechanical resistance of the formulations have been investigated. The results show that pentaerythritol causes a viscosity decrease at lower temperature that appears as prejudicial to maintain efficient char on steel substrate. In a second part, chemical evolutions of the intumescent formulation have been determined thanks to solid-state NMR and X-Ray diffraction. Interactions between ammonium polyphosphate and respective carbon sources present in formulations have been assumed, yielding to the formation of char and production of phosphorus residues. Then these phosphorus residues react at high temperature with TiO2 to form a crystalline structure TiP2O7 suspected to enhance mechanical properties and flame retardant performance. In a last part, furnace fire tests confirm this enhancement. Furthermore a new small-scale experimental setup is developed mimicking large scale jet-fire resistance test in order to obtain rapidly and at low cost reliable behaviours of a large number of formulations facing to high load mixing radiative heat and flame impact. First results have been correlated with the large-scale ones and different geometries have been considered
13
Telford, Christopher Carl. "Development of organic and inorganic intumescent coatings and their use in barrier fabrics". Thesis, Brunel University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268858.
Testo completo
14
Kang, Jiyuan. "MORPHOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF INTUMESCENT COATINGS FOR FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1544112058459729.
Testo completo
15
Fry, Zachary S. "A LABORATORY SCALE STUDY OF INTUMESCENT COATINGS FOR PROTECTION OF BUILDING STRUCTURE MEMBERS FROM FIRES". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1402055149.
Testo completo
16
Bahrani, Babak. "Effects of weathering on performance of intumescent coatings for structure fire protection in the wildland-urban interface". Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1606131.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weathering on the performance of intumescent fire-retardant coatings on wooden products. The weathering effects included primary (solar irradiation, moisture, and temperature) and secondary (environmental contaminants) parameters at various time intervals.
Wildland urban interface (WUI) fires have been an increasing threat to lives and properties. Existing solutions to mitigate the damages caused by WUI fires include protecting the structures from ignition and minimizing the fire spread from one structure to another. These solutions can be divided into two general categories: active fire protection systems and passive fire protection systems. Passive systems are either using pre-applied wetting agents (water, gel, or foam) or adding an extra layer (composite wraps or coatings). Fire-retardant coating treatment methods can be divided into impregnated (penetrant) and intumescent categories. Intumescent coatings are easy to apply, economical, and have a better appearance in comparison to other passive fire protection methods, and are the main focus of this study.
There have been limited studies conducted on the application of intumescent coatings on wooden structures and their performance after long-term weathering exposure. The main concerns of weathering effects are: 1) the reduction of ignition resistance of the coating layer after weathering; and 2) the fire properties of coatings after weathering since coatings might contribute as a combustible fuel and assist the fire growth after ignition.
Three intumescent coatings were selected and exposed to natural weathering conditions in three different time intervals. Two types of tests were performed on the specimens: a combustibility test consisted of a bench-scale performance evaluation using a Cone Calorimeter, and a thermal decomposition test using Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) method (also known as SDT). For each coating type and weathering period, three different radiative heat flux levels were used in the combustibility tests. Data obtained from the tests, including flammability and thermal properties, were gathered, analyzed, and compared to non-weathered specimens.
The results revealed visible effects of weathering on pre (and up to)-ignition flammability and intumescent properties, especially decreases in Time-to-Ignition (TTI), Time-to-Intumescence (tintu.), and (maximum) Intumescence Height (Hintu.) values in weathered specimens. These results showed that the ignition resistance of the coating layers decreased after weathering exposure. On the other hand, the obtained results from weathered specimens for the post-ignition flammability properties, especially Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR) and Effective Heat of Combustion (EHC) did not show a significant difference in comparison to the non-weathered samples. These results demonstrated that the weathered coating layer would not likely to act as an additional combustible fuel to increase fire spread.
17
羅文東. "Forensic examinations on trace intumescent fire retardant coating". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8yrec2.
Testo completo
18
Kuo, Wu-Yen, e 郭武彥. "Study on Fire-Retardant Effectiveness for Intumescent Coating". Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95890237884014609996.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
91
Nowadays in Taiwan, an intumescent fire-retardant coating is widely used as the fireproof coating material in steel members, but relevant studies about this issue have just started. In this study, several different formulas of intumescent fire-retardant coating were conducted by experiments to examine their bond strength, hardness and corrosion resistance according to CNS 10757. With the results of experiments, their basic material properties can be obtained. According to CNS 12514, another experiment on fire resistance was also conducted to study the fire retardant mechanism for different formulas, and then the best formula was picked up. Via the results of experiments the following points can be drawn: 1、There are two sets of the best formulas in our study. One is the Polyvinyl acetate emulsion resin used as its binder, and the other is the Epoxy resin used to conduct experiments on fire resistance according to CNS 12514. Both formulas can insulate heat effectively. The times for the surface temperature of specimens reaching the critical value of 500℃ for failure judgment are over 200 minutes. 2、The fire retardant mechanism of intumescent fire-retardant coating includes three stages of the non-intumescend, intumescend, and stable phase. In the intumescend phase, the formula with high intumescend rating and densification in carbon layer has an excellent ability to insulate heat. 3、Under the same sector scale factor, a thick film alone does not mean an outstanding ability to prevent from flame. A well integrity of coating is also required. When the specimen is heated, the binder will offer an adhesion to prevent carbon layer from peeling off. In this way, the steel members can indeed be protected from fire.
19
Kung, Wei-cheng, e 龔偉誠. "The Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate in Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d8ceg6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
106
Intumescent fire-retardant paints were mainly including ammonium polyphosphate(APP), melamine and pentaerythritol These three chemicals are the main structure of the expansion system. Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic polymer containing phosphorus and nitrogen. This chemical APP has high content of P-N of flame retardant, good thermal stability, non-toxic and smoke-inhibiting. It is often used as a halogen-free flame retardant of nitrogen-phosphorus-based expanded in various fields. In particular, the coatings of flame retardants are gradually becoming a research hotspot. The chemical APP of I-type structure has linear chains of different lengths, low decomposition temperature and high water solubility. The chemical of APP Type II structure is water-insoluble substance. This APP has crosslinked structure existing in the crystal and the degree of polymerization can reach more than 1000. Thus APP of type II is more inclined to be used in the application. In this study, three different types of APP were selected: APP I, APP II, and APP II Coating MF. These three APPs were added to the fire retardant paint. Physical properties tests , wooden board trial burn and gas burner tests were conducted. The results of all tests show that the expansion layer was not thick enough and there was void in the inner layer of the expansion when tests of wooden board trial burning on APP I type.This finding would cause a poor flame-retardant effect. While the APP II type and APP II Coating MF was found the thickness and density of the intumescent layer increased after board burning test.After the gas burner test, the fire-resistance of fire-resistance of APP type I was only reach 25 minutes, the APP II type was reached 71 minutes, and the APP II Coating MF was reached 77 minutes.Finally,the APP II coating MF has good aging of fire retardant .
20
de, Silva Donatella. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS ON STEEL ELEMENTS PROTECTED WITH INTUMESCENT COATING". Tesi di dottorato, 2017. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/12135/1/tesi_dottorato_Donatella_deSilva.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Intumescent coatings (IC) have long been used as effective methods for longterm passive fire protection for buildings. However, much is still unknown about these coatings.
IC react under the influence of fire and swell to many times their original thickness, producing an insulating char that protects the substrate from the effects of the fire (damage or excessive deformation). Its role is also to provide a smooth, aesthetically pleasing finish, which is durable and easy to maintain.
In the current international framework for designing of structures in case of fire, the performance based approach is provided (Fire Safety Engineering,FSE). The performance based approach consists of detailed analysis of the fire,considering natural fire curves, which combine more sophisticated calculation(advanced methods) for structural models.
In order to perform rigorous and realistic analyses on structures protected with IC, thermal properties of IC should be known. Nevertheless, the thermal characterization of these systems is not available. Hence, experimental tests at high temperature should be performed.
The aim of this work is to provide a thermal characterization of reactive protective (IC), which can be used in advanced calculations. This aspect is
important to predict the behaviour of IC , to optimize the experimental tests and to increase reliability. Moreover the thermal characterization of IC is useful to
design an intervention of IC fire protection with performance-based approach and not only with prescriptive-based approach.
So, in order to investigate the different fire phenomena that can affect the IC performance and their behaviour under different fire conditions, two sets of experiments representing different types of heating exposure were conducted for different water based IC.
In the first set of experiments, in furnace, steel plates were exposed to ISO834 and Smouldering fire curves with different initial heating rates. The steel specimens were steel plates with three different section factors protected by 500 μm, 1000 μm, 1500 μm and 2000 μm of dry film thickness (dIC) of IC.
In the second set of experiments, steel plate samples protected by 3 different IC and by two different dICs (1000 μm, 1500 μm) were tested in a cone calorimeter. The steel specimens were expose to different heat fluxes: 50 and 30 kW/m2.
Moreover, the IC performance was quantitatively assessed according to two different parameters: the thermal conductivity based on the Eurocode formula for insulated steel sections and the IC swelling (directly measured during the test using the digital image correlation technique).
The results underlined that many IC characteristics, such as the IC expansion and the equivalent thermal conductivity, are dependent on the section factor and
on dIC; these two parameters depend also on the type of heating (e.g. furnace and cone calorimeter). However, other aspects like the paint activation temperature or the temperature at which the minimum value of thermal
conductivity is reached, are intrinsic characteristics and they seems to be independent of the fire conditions.
One of the main goals of this work was to find a thermal conductivity law of the IC, based on a series of experimental data, which can also be applied to cases of
real structures, in order to model them.
In particular, starting from the typical development of the IC equivalent conductivity, calculated according the Eurocode formula, a standard segmented
multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to the data gathered in the previous phase at significant temperatures, depending on the two factors that
have been seen to have a greater influence on IC behavior: the section factor and initial thickness of IC.
In order to validate the calibrated regression laws of the equivalent IC conductivity, several real scale tests were also simulated. In particular, starting
from experimental data (on the same IC tested in small scale), that are easily accessible by the current state-of-the-art testing procedures, several section of
different type and protected with different IC thickness were modeled: hollow circular section, H shape sections and I shape section were considered. In all the
cases the numerical/analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental temperatures.
21
Hung, Meng-feng, e 洪盟峰. "Study on Wire Netting with Intumescent Coating to Reduce Fire Spread by Radiation". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60117767406176237808.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
博士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
101
This study focuses on a new device that can reduce radiation heat at the openings of buildings. Intumescent coating is sprayed on wire netting affixed to the open spaces in the external wall of a building to reduce radiation heat and fire spread. This thesis, 5 sets X-type oily solvent-based intumescent coatings for radiation spread of behavior analysis and comparison my master thesis 5 sets of A-type water-based intumescent coatings of research data. Finally analysis theory of radiation heat, test radiation heat and Corollary radiant heat projected the building opening size and safety spacing. This study uses a 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 1.2 m furnace to conduct fire-resistance test according to the ISO 834-1 standard (the standard 1-h temperature rise curve and the furnace pressure). The study variables include wire netting with different mesh numbers (mesh widths) and wire netting with different coating thicknesses. The results from five sets of fire tests show that under the same coating thickness, less radiation heat is generated for a larger mesh number (i.e., smaller mesh width). Under the same mesh number for the wire netting, less radiation heat is generated for a larger coating thickness, X-type intumescent coating denial radiant heat effects are better than the A-type intumescent coating. At a distance of 100 cm from a fire source with a temperature of 945°C, based on the theory, the calculated radiation heat is 2.99W/cm2. This study proved that the radiation heat can be dropped to 0.09 W/cm2 with the installation of an intumescent-coated wire netting, and that this can effectively prevent a fire from spreading between buildings by radiation. The basis of this study (0807 sample) by opening 1m * 1m the test radiant heat results, and then projected opening 4m * 4m distance of 50cm at Corollary radiant heat 0.84W/cm2, and is still within the safe range (1.0W/cm2).
22
Lin, Xin-Yi, e 林欣儀. "Experimental tests of intumescent fire-retardant coating and thermal analysis of test platforms". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73przp.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立中山大學
機械與機電工程學系研究所
106
Applying an intumescent fire-retardant coating to a substrate is an effective and passive method for fire protection. To better understand the coating performance, two different laboratory-scale tests were established in this study to investigate the effects of convective and radiative fluxes on the coating. In addition, the corresponding numerical models were also developed to obtain the thermal flow fields, which are difficult to measure, in the tests. Experiments combined with numerical models can further understand the coating performance in actual fire conditions. Two different heat sources (radiation and convection) were individually applied to a 100 mm x 100 mm substrate covered by intumescent coating. The radiative and conductive heat fluxes were respectively provided by a hot plate and a burner for 30 and 20 minutes. The thermal response of coating were recorded by using a camera. In addition, the temperatures of the coating and the substrate, and the heat flux at the back side of substrate were also measured. Therefore, the coating response for different types of heat source can be observed and analyzed from the measurements. Very different coating performances were found between the radiative heat source and convective heat source. Because it is difficult to measure the gas flow fields from the experiments, the corresponding three-dimensional models were used to analyze the gas flow fields and the thermal effects on the coating surface. It is found that, in the test of radiative heat flux, the convective heat loss on the coating surface is about 4% and can be ignored. Moreover, in the test of convective heat flux, the burner cannot provide a uniform convective heat flux, therefore, the model results can help understand the distribution of convective heat flux applied on the coating surface. Therefore, the numerical models take an important role on analyzing the defects in bench-scale tests in this study. Using bench-scale tests, the coating performance can be easily obtained and analyzed, so the implement of coating on a protected sample can be better determined before a large-scale test, which can help reduce the costs of time and money. In addition, the bench-scale tests can give a better understanding of coating in the heating process, so they can be used to examine the performance of new coating formula.
23
Thabet, Rida. "Fire protection durability of intumescent coatings after accelerated aging". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/13190.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The most common method of achieve the required fire resistance is by the use of passive fire protection systems, being intumescent coatings the fire protection material frequently used. These are usually considered thin film coatings as they are applied with a dry film thickness (DFT) between 0.3-3 [mm]. The required DFT is obtained by experimental fire resistance tests performed to assess the contribution of this reactive fire protection material to the steel member fire resistance. This tests are done after dry coating and a short time period of atmospheric conditioning, at constant temperature and humidity. As the coatings formulation is mainly made from polymeric basis compounds, it is expected that the environmental factors, such temperature, humidity and UV radiation (UVA and UVB) significantly affect the intumescent coating fire protection performance and its durability.
This work presents a research study about the effects of aging on the fire protection performance of intumescent coatings. A commercial water based coating is submitted to an accelerated aging cycle, using a QUV Accelerated Weathering Tester. This tests aim to simulate 10 years of the coating natural aging. The coating durability is tested comparing the fire protection of small steel samples submitted to a radiant heat flux exposure from a cone calorimeter. In total, 28 tests were performed on intumescent coating protected steel specimens, of which 14 specimens were tested before the hydrothermal aging test and other 14 after accelerated aging.
The experimental tests results of the steel temperature evolution shows that increasing the intumescent dry coating film thickness, the fire resistance time increases. After the accelerated aging cycles, the coating lose their ability to expand, resulting in an increase of the steel temperature of approximately 200 [ºC], compared to the samples without aging.O método mais comum de se obter a resistência ao fogo exigida é através da aplicação de sistemas de protecção passiva contra o fogo, sendo as tintas intumescentes um dos materiais de proteção contra incêndio frequentemente utilizados. Estes são normalmente considerados revestimentos finos na medida em que são aplicados com uma espessura de filme seco (DFT) entre 0,3-3 [mm]. A DFT necessária é obtida por meio de testes de resistência ao fogo experimentais realizados para avaliar a contribuição deste material reativo de proteção contra incêndio na resistência ao fogo dos elementos de aço. Estes testes são realizados após o revestimento seco e um curto período de tempo de condicionamento atmosférica, a temperatura e humidade constantes. À medida que a formulação de revestimentos é feita principalmente a partir de compostos de base poliméricos, é de esperar que os fatores ambientais, como temperatura, humidade e radiação UV (UVA e UVB) afetem de forma significativa o desempenho do revestimento intumescente de proteção contra incêndios e a sua durabilidade. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre os efeitos do envelhecimento no desempenho da proteção contra incêndio das tintas intumescentes. É utilizada uma tinta intumescente comercial, de base aquosa, submetida a um ciclo de envelhecimento acelerado, utilizando uma câmara QUV de envelhecimento acelerado. Este ciclo de envelhecimento acelerado pretende simular 10 anos de envelhecimento natural do material. A durabilidade e o seu desempenho de proteção ao fogo são comparados através da realização de testes realizados em calorímetro de cone antes e após o ciclo de envelhecimento. São apresentados e analisados os resultados de 28 testes de exposição a temperaturas elevadas, 14 dos quais antes do teste de envelhecimento hidrotérmico e 14 depois do envelhecimento. Os resultados da evolução da temperatura do aço mostram que, aumentando a espessura da película seca de revestimento intumescente se obtém um incremento do tempo de resistência ao fogo. Após o processo de envelhecimento, o revestimento perde a sua capacidade de expansão, resultando em aumentos de temperaturas do aço até 200 [°C] mais elevada em comparação com as amostras sem envelhecimento hidrotérmico.
24
Dai, Xianghe, Y. C. Wang e C. G. Bailey. "Effects of partial fire protection on temperature developments in steel joints protected by intumescent coating". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5951.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
NoThis paper presents experimental results of temperature distribution in fire in four typical types of steel-concrete composite joint (web cleat, fin plate, flush endplate and flexible endplate) with different fire-protection schemes. The test specimens were unloaded and the steelwork of each joint assembly was exposed to a standard fire condition [ISO 834, 1975: Fire Resistance Tests, Elements of Building Construction, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva] in a furnace. In total, 14 tests were conducted, including 4 tests without any fire protection and 10 tests with different schemes of fire protection. The main objective of these tests was to investigate the effects of three practical fire-protection schemes as alternatives to full fire protection of the entire joint assembly. The three alternative methods of fire protection were: (1) protecting a segment, instead of the entire length, of the beams; (2) unprotected bolts and (3) protecting the columns only. The main results of these tests are: (1) if all the steel work (excluding the bolts) in the joint assembly was protected, whether or not protecting the bolts had very little effect on temperatures in the protected steelwork other than the bolts. The bolt temperatures were higher if they were not protected than if they were protected, but the unprotected bolt temperatures in a joint with fire protection to other steelwork were much lower than bolt temperatures in a totally unprotected joint; (2) as far as joint temperatures are concerned, protecting a segment of 400 mm of the beam was sufficient to achieve full protection and (3) if only the column was protected, only the joint components that were in the immediate vicinity of the column (such as welds) developed noticeably lower temperatures than if the joint assembly was unprotected, but due to heat conduction from the unprotected steel beams, these temperature values were much higher than if the joint assembly was protected. Furthermore, the column temperatures in the joint region were much higher than the protected column temperatures.
25
Dai, Xianghe, Y. C. Wang e C. G. Bailey. "A Simple Method to Predict Temperatures in Steel Joints with Partial Intumescent Coating Fire Protection". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/11609.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
NoBased on temperatures measured in steel joints with different extents of fire protection, this paper proposes a simple method to calculate temperatures in steel joints with partial intumescent coating fire protection. The method combines the simple temperature calculation methods in EN 1993-1-2 (Committee of European Normalisation CEN, Eurocode 3: design of steel structures—part 1-2: general rules—structural fire design, 2005) for unprotected and protected steel structures through the introduction of an exposure factor, which is the ratio of the unprotected surface area of the joint region to the total surface area of the joint area. Using the measured temperatures for fully protected steel joints, this paper first extracts the effective thermal conductivity of the intumescent coating used in the fire tests. Afterwards, this paper presents validation results based on fire test results on joints with partial fire protection. Finally, this paper presents methods to calculate the exposure factor for different types of partially fire protected steel joints.
26
Arthur, Wei, e 魏兆嶽. "The Fire Resistance of Intumescent Coating─The Mechanism of Fire Resist and the Influence of Accelerated Aging". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43717852200912923435.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程技術學系
86
This study discusses the fire resistance, mechanism of fire resist and durability of intumescent coating by small scale fire test, thermo-analysis, weatherometer test and salt spray test. From the results of tests, there are five conclusions that be made. These include the following. 1.In the same section scale factor, it is positive relationship between fire resistance time and dry film thickness, but it isn''t linear dependence. 2.The cohesion and adhesion of intumesced coating are important factors of fire resistance. 3.According to the mechanism of fire resist, the typical curve of time and temperature during the fire test can be separated four different steps. It includes non-intumesced step, intumescing step, stable step and unstable step. 4.According to the result of weatherometer test, it should be satisfied when the intumescent coating is used in internal. 5.According to the result of salt spray test, the boundary of coating is a weak boundary of durability.
27
Hung, Meng-feng, e 洪盟峰. "A Research on Installing Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating wire Cloths at the Opening of Building to Reduce Fire Radiation Exposure Spreading Fire". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93365989067234685961.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
97
This research is about a new device to reduce the radiation exposure spreading fire at the opening of building. The intumescent fire retardant coating is sprayed on the wire Cloths fixed on the opening of the external wall of the building. When there is fire in the house or room, the fire will spread outward. Due to high temperature, the fire retardant coating on the wire Cloths will expand and the carbon layer generated from the fire retardant coating on the wire cloths will seal the mesh and reduce the radiation heat and block the spreading of fire. The purpose of installing the intumescent fire retardant coating wire cloths is that when there is no fire, the opening of the external wall provides the function of natural light and ventilation. Once there is fire, the intumescent fire retardant coating wire cloths will provide the function of reducing the heat radiation exposure spreading fire. This research utilizes the 1.2mx1.2mx1.2 furnace to conduct fire test. The research variables include different wire cloths mesh, different wire cloths diameters, different thickness of coating material and with or without installation of glass etc. The result from ten sets of fire test shows that when burning starts and following the rise of temperature in the furnace, radiation heat rises up. The fire retardant coating material expands due to high temperature. At that time, as the radiation heat is blocked by the carbon layer of the fire retardant coating material, the radiation heat and temperature drop. Afterwards, following continual rise of the temperature in the furnace, the radiation heat and temperature also rise again. Under similar screen diameter and thickness of coating material, the smaller the mesh is, the less radiation heat will be generated. Under similar screen diameter and mesh, the larger the thickness of the coating material is, the lesser the radiation heat will be. Installation of glass can reduce radiation heat. From a distance of 50 cm from the fire source temperature of 945℃ the radiation heat calculated based on theory is 6.9W/cm2. This research proves that the radiation heat can be dropped to 0.3W/cm2 with installation of fire retardant coating wire cloths and this can effectively block the radiation exposure spreading fire between buildings.
28
Dai, Xianghe, e Dennis Lam. "A Numerical Study on the Effect of Concrete Infilling and External Intumescent Coating to Fire-resistant Behaviour of Stub Elliptical Steel Hollow Sections". 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5915.
Testo completo
29
Chuang, Chih-Shen, e 莊智勝. "Studies of the Intumescent Formulations onto the Wood Panels'' Coatings: their Effects and Reaction Mechanisms". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34556946548732463683.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
博士國立臺灣大學
森林環境暨資源學研究所
99
Wood and wood-based materials are of great importance in residential and building construction, especially for indoor furnishings. Acrylic and vinyl acetate emulsion resin are the two most common emulsion resins employed for indoor furnishings. Acrylic resin includes three different emulsion resins: acrylic, styrene acrylic copolymer, and vinyl acetate acrylic copolymer emulsion resins. Vinyl acetate emulsion resin includes two different resins: ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and polyvinyl vinyl acetate emulsion resin. This study investigated the enhancement of the fire retardance of coated plywood by interaction among four major components of intumescent formulation: (1) acrylic emulsion resin and vinyl acetate emulsion resin as binder resin (BR), (2) pentaerythritol as carbonizing substance (CS), (3) melamine as foam producing substance (FPS) and (4) ammonium polyphosphate as dehydrating agent (DA). Effects of changing BR/CS ratios and FPS/DA ratios on flame-retardance of coated plywood were investigated using a cone calorimeter. The intumescent formulation significantly enhanced fire retardancy of coated plywood by exhibiting lower peak release rates and longer times to peak release rates, compared with uncoated plywood (UP) panel and plywood panel solely coated with emulsion resin. Lower BR contents resulted superior thermal properties and demonstrated improved flame retardancy. The weight losses for the coating films, identified by thermogravimetrical analysis, were consistent with the improved flame retardancy for coated plywood. Infrared analysis of the chars indicated that the formation of phosphate ester linkages with the decreased BR and FPS contents had led the enhancements of flame retardancy for coated red lauan plywood. On the other hand, acrylic emulsion resin, combined with organo-clay, also demonstated a good thermal property. The intumescent formulations, added with different types of Cloisite clays (i.e., 30B, 10A and 15A) and different amounts (1, 3, 5 and 10 %), significantly enhanced the fire retardancy of coated plywood by exhibiting lower peak heat release rates (PHRR) and extending the time to reach PHRR. The importance of the amount of organo-clays addition was shown by this study. In addition, the addition of 3 % Cloisite 30B and 5 % Cloisite 10A had result the optimal flame retardancy. The FT-IR, 27Al and 31P NMR analyses demonstrated that the organo-clay addition extended the durability of the intumescent phosphor-carbonaceous char structure and formed aluminophosphate structures. In addition, a dual blocking layer could be formed by the phosphor-carbonaceous char structure and aluminophosphate structures. The findings in this study could assist designing better intumescent coatings for wood panels in the future.