Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Introduction effort.
Articoli di riviste sul tema "Introduction effort"
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-50 articoli di riviste per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Introduction effort".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi gli articoli di riviste di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Noys, Benjamin. "Introduction: One More Effort…". Film-Philosophy 11, n. 3 (ottobre 2007): i—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2007.0015.
Testo completo
2
Celichowski, Jan. "Role of physical effort - Introduction". Kosmos 69, n. 4 (30 gennaio 2021): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.36921/kos.2020_2732.
Testo completo
3
Athanassakis, Apostolos N. "Introduction". Ramus 21, n. 02 (1992): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00002587.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This second volume of essays on Hesiod published under the auspices of Ramus is a supplement to Ramus Essays on Hesiod I. Neither this volume by itself nor for that matter both volumes taken together aspire, in the opinion of the editor, to more than addressing some of the key issues of Hesiodic research from a contemporary perspective. To the extent that all contributors are professors at American universities, the effort is limited in compass. Strictures imposed by a very tight publication schedule and a very trim budget made it quite clear from the beginning that a truly comprehensive and, therefore, international effort could not be initiated by the editor and his collaborators at this time. It is sincerely hoped that our successes will spur others on to better ways of interpreting Hesiodic poetry and archaic Greek poetics in general. Perhaps even our mistakes will be of the kind that will provoke ‘the good Eris’.
4
Yap, Alpha S. "Editorial introduction". Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, n. 16 (21 luglio 2020): 1651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0414.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Welcome to this Fourth Special Issue of Molecular Biology of the Cell on Forces on and within Cells. As with our other Special Issues, the journal’s goal here is to focus attention on a major new direction in cell biology. In this case, it is the field of mechanobiology, which endeavours, broadly, to understand how mechanical forces are harnessed to drive cellular function and how force can also be a mode of biological information that regulates cell behavior. The collection of papers that we have in this issue reflects many current efforts to address these questions. While each of these papers is a distinct creative effort of its authors, I would like to draw your attention to a number of themes that emerge across these diverse studies.
5
Cork, Steven J., Tim W. Clark e Nicole Mazur. "Introduction: an Interdisciplinary Effort for Koala Conservation". Conservation Biology 14, n. 3 (giugno 2000): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99381.x.
Testo completo
6
Armstrong, J. Scott. "Forecasting of software development work effort: Introduction". International Journal of Forecasting 23, n. 3 (luglio 2007): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2007.05.014.
Testo completo
7
den Boer, Pim. "Introduction". Contributions to the History of Concepts 3, n. 2 (1 aprile 2007): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/180793207x248793.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A series of panels focusing on the concept of civilization were organized in each one of the annual meetings held by the History of Political and Social Concepts Group (HPSCG) in New York (2005), Uppsala (2006) and Istanbul (2007). The guiding idea of such an effort was to stimulate research on what became one of the most successful eighteenth-century neologisms in modern socio-political vocabulary. There has been extensive historical and conceptual research on civilization in German, French and English, but little has been produced on its introduction, translation and usage in other European and non-European languages.
8
Zeki, Semir. "Introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, n. 1435 (29 luglio 2003): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1320.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The papers in this issue of Philosophical Transactions have an interesting history. They were prepared within a research programme entitled Cognitique, instituted by the French Ministry of Education and Research within the broader context of a research effort that sought to combine, as far as possible, a study of the humanities and cognitive sciences, including studies that explore brain function through modern imaging techniques. The programme was launched and given a high priority by the then French Minister for Education and Research, Claude Allègre, in a far-sighted move that presages future directions in research into the human brain.
9
Kolbert, Kathryn. "Introduction: Did the Amicus Effort Make a Difference?" American Journal of Law & Medicine 15, n. 2-3 (1989): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800009837.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the opening of the new Supreme Court term and three new cases, each with the potential of eroding or overruling Roe v. Wade, discussions of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the most anticipated case of the 1989 term, are seemingly out of fashion. But Webster is significant and noteworthy as the first case of this decade which directly presented the high Court an opportunity to overrule Roe, the 1973 landmark case which afforded women the right to make intimate decisions about abortion free of governmental interference. The Court, flooded with amici curiae on both sides of the issue and an avalanche of political activism unparalleled in this decade, left Roe intact, albeit slightly modified. Because there are no longer five solid votes on the Court to uphold Roe, Webster has left its mark on American politics and has radically changed the tenor of the abortion debate for years to come.
10
Vrba, Jan, e Jan Mareš. "Introduction to Extreme Seeking Entropy". Entropy 22, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22010093.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recently, the concept of evaluating an unusually large learning effort of an adaptive system to detect novelties in the observed data was introduced. The present paper introduces a new measure of the learning effort of an adaptive system. The proposed method also uses adaptable parameters. Instead of a multi-scale enhanced approach, the generalized Pareto distribution is employed to estimate the probability of unusual updates, as well as for detecting novelties. This measure was successfully tested in various scenarios with (i) synthetic data, (ii) real time series datasets, and multiple adaptive filters and learning algorithms. The results of these experiments are presented.
11
Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, Semir Zeki e Oliver Goodenough. "Law and the brain: Introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n. 1451 (29 novembre 2004): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1553.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Combining law and the brain as a matter for study requires the integration not just of two apparently remote fields of study but also of two profoundly different orientations towards research and study. We believe that, in spite of the difficulties, such a combination, perhaps even emerging in a new specialized discipline in the future, will not only enrich both fields but is the ineluctable consequence of the current assault on the secrets of the brain. The effort to bring the fields together is therefore a worthy task, and this issue is the first systematic effort to test this expectation.
12
Dearstyne, Bruce W. "Introduction". Public Historian 33, n. 3 (2011): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2011.33.3.7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This special issue of the Public Historian explores issues relating to the management of public history programs in New York State. State history is something that continues to be worthy of preservation, management, study, and analysis because of the distinctive historical development and traits of each state and the role of state history as a portal to national history. New York's history is complex because of its size, ethnic diversity, cosmopolitan character, and the rapid pace of its historical development. What might be termed its “historical infrastructure”—the totality of programs to manage its history—is also complex. State government history programs include the State Archives, State Museum, and Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation. There are large organizations with statewide programs and influence such as the New York State Historical Association, dozens of state historic sites, and several hundred local historical societies and historical museums. Issues include lack of funding, inadequate public support, fragmentation of effort and need for better coordination, and need for more robust use of information technology. Each of the seven essays represents its author's insights and perspectives on accomplishments, issues, and needs.
13
TEN BRUMMELAAR, T., P. TUTHILL e G. VAN BELLE. "INTRODUCTION". Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 02, n. 02 (dicembre 2013): 1303001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171713030013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After nearly one and a half centuries of effort, one of the most pernicious problems in observational astronomy — obtaining resolved images of the stars — is finally yielding to advances in modern instrumentation. The exquisite precision delivered by today's interferometric observatories is rapidly being applied to more and more branches of optical astronomy. The most capable interferometers in the Northern Hemisphere, both located in the United States are the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI) in Arizona and the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array (CHARA) run by Georgia State University and located in California. In early 2013 these two groups held a joint meeting hosted by the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff. All major groups working in the field were represented at this meeting and it was suggested to us by this Journal that this was an excellent opportunity to put together a special issue on interferometry. In order to be as broad as possible, those who did not attend the CHARA/NPOI meeting were also solicited to make a contribution. The result is this collection of papers representing a snap shot of the state of the art of ground based optical and near infrared interferometry.
14
Bucy, Erik P. "Introduction: Reconsidering genetic virtue". Politics and the Life Sciences 29, n. 1 (marzo 2010): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/29_1_72.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In his article from the previous issue of the journal, “Enhancing genetic virtue: A project for twenty-first century humanity?” Mark Walker proposes an interdisciplinary effort between philosophers, psychologists, and geneticists called the Genetic Virtue Program (GVP), whose aim is to employ biotechnology some time into the future to identify genetic correlates of “virtuous” behavior, such as truthfulness, justice, and caring.
15
Morrow, Lorna. "By Way Of Introduction". Arithmetic Teacher 38, n. 6 (febbraio 1991): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.38.6.0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
“New societal goals for education include … [the] opportunity for all” (NCTM 1989, 3). This goal is identified not as a goal of mathematics educators or of NCTM but of society as a whole. That the goal is real is obvious from even a cursory examination of daily newspaper and magazine articles. Fortune magazine recently devoted a special issue to exploring ways that business and industry are working with parents and teachers and pouring millions into innovative educational project (Fortune 1990). A major concern is the growing number of dropouts. An estimated 3000 students per day are leaving school (Littell 1990). Francis (Skip) Fennell's “one Point of View” (p. 6) addresses this and other social issues of which we must be aware in our effort to reach all student. Although the goal is a goal of society as a whole, it will ultimately be realized only through the efforts of individual teachers in their individual classrooms.
16
Isaac, Jeffrey C. "Editor's Introduction". Perspectives on Politics 8, n. 3 (23 agosto 2010): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271000201x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The American Political Science Association is a global organization, and currently counts among its almost 15,000 members nearly 3000 individuals who are citizens of nation-states other than the US. And only half of its 1600 institutional subscribers are North American. At the same time, the contemporary political science discipline that it represents, however cosmopolitan, is deeply rooted in the distinctive historical experiences of the United States. As Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner observed in their 2002 Centennial edition of Political Science: State of the Discipline, the professional association responsible for publishing the words you are now reading was born in the United States during the Progressive Era, as an effort to more scientifically and thus more usefully understand the evolving American state and its national citizenship: “American political science has specialized in developing particular kinds of social knowledge. The modifier American has to be taken seriously” (3–4).
17
Tushnet, Mark. "Introduction". Journal of Law and Religion 7, n. 2 (1989): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400011255.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The essays that follow were originally presented at a conference held in connection with the bicentennial of Georgetown University. The topic, the constitutional status of claims for exemption based on religion from general legislation, fit well into the bicentennial's theme “Learning, Faith, Freedom.” The connection between claims based upon faith and the freedoms we exercise could be illuminated by a scholarly examination drawing upon the disciplines of law, history, and theology.The historical studies provide an overview of the background of the religion clauses of the first amendment, and a case study of the implementation of the principles of those clauses in the nineteenth century. Father Curry's essay stresses the inconsistency between the articulated principles of nonestablishment and free exercise, and the actual practices in the colonies and early republic. By bringing the historian's sense of the complexity of experience to the subject, he provides a useful corrective to the lawyer's usual effort to rely too heavily on historical experience to justify contemporary positions about the meaning of the first amendment. At the same time, Father Curry does not hesitate to say that the inconsistencies between historical practice and principles should probably be resolved in favor of principles, on the ground that practices were unreflective and habitual, whereas principles were articulated in the midst of controversies that required Americans to think seriously about the nature of their most fundamental commitments.
18
Cassey, Phillip, Tim M. Blackburn, Richard P. Duncan e Kevin J. Gaston. "Causes of exotic bird establishment across oceanic islands". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, n. 1576 (17 agosto 2005): 2059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3193.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The probability that exotic species will successfully establish viable populations varies between regions, for reasons that are currently unknown. Here, we use data for exotic bird introductions to 41 oceanic islands and archipelagos around the globe to test five hypotheses for this variation: the effects of introduction effort, competition, predation, human disturbance and habitat diversity (island biogeography). Our analyses demonstrate the primary importance of introduction effort for avian establishment success across regions, in concordance with previous analyses within regions. However, they also reveal a strong negative interaction across regions between establishment success and predation; exotic birds are more likely to fail on islands with species-rich mammalian predator assemblages.
19
Iordachi, Constantin, e Péter Apor. "Introduction". East Central Europe 40, n. 1-2 (2013): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04001016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The downfall of the communist system and the end of the Cold War, the liberalization of historical discourses in Central and Eastern Europe, the opening up of new archival collections for scientific research, the intensification of academic exchange and interaction between local and foreign scholars, and the increasing globalization of the world have challenged scholars to experiment with new transnational approaches to the study of communist regimes, such as shared/entangled history, history of transfers, and histoire croisée. Against this background, the current thematic issue aims to evaluate the potential impact of transnational approaches on the field of communist studies, within the broader frameworks of European and world history. In this introduction, we provide a reappraisal of the history, legacy, and prospects of comparative communist studies, highlighting the potential heuristic advantages posed by the applications of new approaches to the “cross-history” of communist regimes. We argue that transnational research perspectives can fertilize communist studies, leading not only to novel insights but to the transformation of the field itself, by setting it on new foundations. By employing transnational perspectives, scholars are able to challenge the traditional understanding of communist regimes as quasi-isolated national entities, highlighting instead the long-term impact of cross-border linkages and transfers on sociopolitical developments within the Soviet camp. It is our conviction that the entangled history of communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe can function as a laboratory for experimenting with new transnational perspectives, leading to innovative interdisciplinary approaches in a joint effort of scholars from various disciplines and historiographical traditions.
20
Balshine, S., B. Kempenaers e T. Székely. "Introduction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, n. 1419 (29 marzo 2002): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0933.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the last decade, studies of parental care have rapidly proliferated. This increased interest in parental care has been stimulated by advances in three fields. First, the revolution in molecular biology has generated techniques that are increasingly used by behavioural scientists. Such techniques include DNA fingerprinting, which allows researchers to identify the genetic relatedness between putative parents and offspring, and molecular sex markers that allow researchers to determine the sex of offspring at an early stage before external differences have developed. In addition, gene sequencing, which is now fast and relatively inexpensive, has generated vast quantities of data, which are increasingly used to reveal evolutionary relationships that complement older morphology–based phylogenies. This has led to the second advance: several novel statistical techniques, which include parsimony and maximum–likelihood methods for phylogenetic reconstructions, have been developed to investigate past evolutionary events. These techniques provide new opportunities to examine the origins of parental care behaviour, the direction of parental care evolution and life history traits that may have influenced parental care evolution. Third, mathematical modelling of parental care has matured and now encompasses a range of game–theoretical models, some of which take account of state dependence and stochasticity. There has also been an effort to consider the feedback loops between parenting decisions and mating decisions. Some of these models were motivated by the growing consensus that parental care is one of the main battlefields for conflict between the sexes. New mathematical models have been essential in understanding aspects of these conflicts.
21
Hlasny, Vladimir, e Michael J. Livingston. "Economic Determinants of Invasion and Discovery of Nonindigenous Insects". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, n. 01 (aprile 2008): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027966.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introductions of nonindigenous organisms into the United States have been linked to international trade. The individual contributions of imports, immigration, and international travel, however, are poorly understood because introduction dates are unavailable. We examine relationships between economic trends and discoveries of nonindegenous insects and use these relationships to infer the timing and determinants of introductions. We find that a few variables can explain much variation in species introductions and identifications. The most significant contributor to the introduction appears to be agricultural imports. Currently available proxies for academic effort are weak determinants of the probability that introduced species are identified.
22
Kretschmer, Laura W. "Introduction to Clinical Forum". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 28, n. 4 (ottobre 1997): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2804.344.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The issues presented in this forum concerning the development of communication and literacy abilities in school-age children who are deaf or hard of hearing are introduced in this article. The author organized this forum in an effort to renew conversation on the topics of teacher talk, the contemporary assessment of communication, best practices in the mainstream, interpersonal and school discourse as organizers for intervention, choosing sign language and sign systems, and working with marginal/at-risk students who are deaf or hard of hearing. The benefits of qualitative research to clinicians and teachers who seek local answers regarding these topics is stressed in the conclusion.
23
Glickman, Harvey. "Editor’s Introduction". Issue: A Journal of Opinion 21, n. 1-2 (1993): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501577.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This special double ISSUE is brought to readers via generous grants from the Ford Foundation and the MacArthur Foundation, and the support of Haverford College. The African authors in this double ISSUE were recruited in summer 1992 with the help of many friends of the African Studies Association in USA and Africa. All of them (with the exception of N’Diaye) participated in two panels sponsored by ISSUE at the annual meeting of ASA in Seattle in November 1992. Those not resident at the time in the USA spent almost two weeks traveling and speaking to various groups around the USA in the period surrounding the ASA meetings. This period in November and December 1992 also provided an opportunity to exchange ideas within the group and prepare the final drafts. Consequently, the articles reflect views and events no later than the end of 1992. A year in the making, this ISSUE is an attempt to bring to bear an African perspective on the emerging new African political order of the 1990s. In the past few years we have become familiar—at least on the surface—with the vast political changes sweeping across the Continent. ISSUE’s effort tries to project African voices into the center of the commentary and debate on democratization and new patterns of international relations in Africa.
24
Sestras, Radu E. "Introduction pages". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, n. 3 (23 settembre 2015): I—VI. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb739675.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction Pages and Table of Contents Research ArticlesInsulin Requirements in Relation to Insulin Pump Indications in Type 1 DiabetesPDFGabriela GHIMPEŢEANU, Silvia Ş. IANCU, Gabriela ROMAN, Anca M. ALIONESCU259-263Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy of Vitellaria paradoxa (Shea Butter Tree) Extracts Against Some Clinical Bacterial IsolatesPDFKamoldeen Abiodun AJIJOLAKEWU, Fola Jose AWARUN264-268A Murine Effort Model for Studying the Influence of Trichinella on Muscular Activity of MicePDFIonut MARIAN, Călin Mircea GHERMAN, Andrei Daniel MIHALCA269-271Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy PigsPDFIfeoma Chinyere UGWU, Madubuike Umunna ANYANWU, Chidozie Clifford UGWU, Ogbonna Wilfred UGWUANYI272-280Index of Relative Importance of the Dietary Proportions of Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) in Semi-Arid RegionPDFTana P. MEWADA281-288Bioaccumulation Potentials of Momordica charantia L. Medicinal Plant Grown in Lead Polluted Soil under Organic Fertilizer AmendmentPDFOjo Michael OSENI, Omotola Esther DADA, Adekunle Ajayi ADELUSI289-294Induced Chitinase and Chitosanase Activities in Turmeric Plants by Application of β-D-Glucan NanoparticlesPDFSathiyanarayanan ANUSUYA, Muthukrishnan SATHIYABAMA295-298Present or Absent? About a Threatened Fern, Asplenium adulterinum Milde, in South-Eastern Carpathians (Romania)PDFAttila BARTÓK, Irina IRIMIA299-307Comparative Root and Stem Anatomy of Four Rare Onobrychis Mill. (Fabaceae) Taxa Endemic in TurkeyPDFMehmet TEKİN, Gülden YILMAZ308-312Propagation of Threatened Nepenthes khasiana: Methods and PrecautionsPDFJibankumar S. KHURAIJAM, Rup K. ROY313-315Alleviate Seed Ageing Effects in Silybum marianum by Application of Hormone Seed PrimingPDFSeyed Ata SIADAT, Seyed Amir MOOSAVI, Mehran SHARAFIZADEH316-321The Effect of Halopriming and Salicylic Acid on the Germination of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) under Different Cadmium ConcentrationsPDFArezoo ESPANANY, Seyfollah FALLAH, Ali TADAYYON322-329Asymbiotic Germination of Phalaenopsis cv. ‘Dublin’ Seeds in Relation to Pollination Months and Nutrient MediaPDFKhosro BALILASHAKI, Roohangiz NADERI, Saikat GANTAIT, Maryam VAHEDI330-333Acetylene Resembling Effect of Ethylene on Seed Germination: Evaluating the Effect of Acetylene Released from Calcium CarbidePDFKambiz MASHAYEKHI, Aida SHOMALI, Seyyed Javad MOUSAVIZADEH334-337Effect of Super Absorbent Polymer and Irrigation Deficit on Water Use Efficiency, Growth and Yield of CottonPDFHamid-Reza FALLAHI, Reza TAHERPOUR KALANTARI, Mahsa AGHHAVANI-SHAJARI, Mohammad-Ghasem SOLTANZADEH338-344Impact of Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water on the Growth and Yield of TomatoPDFKamorudeen Olaniyi YUSUF, Ayodele Olanrewaju OGUNLELA345-348Evaluation of Diversity and Traits Correlation in Spring Wheat Cultivars under Drought StressPDFMohammad Reza NAGHAVI, Mahmoud TOORCHI, Mohammad MOGHADDAM, Mohammad Reza SHAKIBA349-354Morphometric Variations in Caryopses and Seedlings of Two Grass Species Growing Under Contrasting HabitatsPDFDhara GANDHI, Susy ALBERT355-360Effects of Super-Absorbent Polymer Application on Yield and Yield Components of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)PDFFariborz SHEKARI, Abdollah JAVANMARD, Amin ABBASI361-366Impact of Humic Acid on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Grown on Calcareous SoilPDFGhorbanali RASSAM, Alireza DADKHAH, Asghar KHOSHNOOD YAZDI, Maryam DASHTI367-371Genetic Differentiation of Archachatina marginata Populations from Three Vegetation Zones Using Radom Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain ReactionPDFComfort O. AFOLAYAN, Michael Olugemi AWODIRAN372-381
25
Raahauge, Kirsten Marie. "Introduction: the Design Concept - Anything, Everything, Something or Nothing". Artifact 3, n. 4 (28 luglio 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/artifact.v3i4.19402.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This volume of Artifact explores the design concept. It is concerned with the differences and similarities that exist in the various interpretations of design. The effort is not to try to define the concept or to state what is right or wrong in the confusing jungle of interpretations; rather this is an effort to understand some of the ways in which the concept is used, and what this means for the praxis of designers and the development of the field of design in its widespread forms (excerpt).
26
Swinton, Omari H. "An A for Effort". American Economic Review 105, n. 5 (1 maggio 2015): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151116.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper uses a unique and rich administrative data set to analyze the impact of the introduction of a new grading policy on graduations rates at Benedict College, a Historically Black College in Columbia, South Carolina. According to the new grading policy, grades for underclassmen are determined in part by performance on tests and in part by measures of “effort” such as attendance and class participation. This paper finds that while graduates graduate at a faster rate under the policy, there is no significant difference between graduation rates before and after the policy was implemented.
27
Mihalas, Dimitri. "Introduction and Overview". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 89 (1986): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100085985.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The theme of this Colloquium is radiation hydrodynamics in and around stars and other compact bodies. To open our discussions, I would like to offer some rather elementary remarks about the role played by radiation in astrophysics.It is probably true that most astronomers view radiation primarily as a diagnostic tool. After all, the only access we have to astrophysical bodies (with a few exceptions inside the Solar System) is the photons we capture from them. And so an immense effort has been devoted to the development of techniques for converting raw information about the spatial, temporal, spectral, and polarization variation of the observed radiation field into knowledge about the physical structure of the object that produced the radiation. There are many difficult challenges, both observational and theoretical, to be met in this process, and the field is in a state of rapid development today, and will remain so for the forseeable future. Nevertheless, in the context of this conference it is worth emphasizing that in the diagnostic problem radiation plays an essentially passive role; it is merely the tool used to analyze the situation.
28
North, Douglass C., e Barry R. Weingast. "Introduction: Institutional Analysis and Economic History". Journal of Economic History 60, n. 2 (giugno 2000): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700025158.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The three articles that follow this introductory essay reflect a rapidly growing effort in the social sciences to integrate institutional analysis with more traditional theory. In economic history, institutional analysis attempts to expand and enrich our understanding by modeling the ways in which the “rules of the game”–specifically, political and economic institutions–have affected economic behavior. By drawing on the literature of political economy, for example, economic historians can explore how institutions have interacted to affect economic performance over time.
29
Green, Paul, e Arthur MacNeill Horton. "Introduction to special issue on effort testing in children and adolescents". Applied Neuropsychology: Child 9, n. 4 (22 aprile 2020): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2020.1750105.
Testo completo
30
Johnson, James. "Introduction and Comments". Perspectives on Politics 6, n. 2 (giugno 2008): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708080560.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The title of this journal—Perspectives on Politics—presupposes, at least tacitly, that even if we view it from a variety of vantage points, we can identify and agree upon some thing called politics. We spend a lot of time and effort arguing about those vantage points, the theoretical and methodological “perspectives” from which we explore our object of inquiry. Rarely, however, do we direct our attention reflexively and systematically on the ways our own practices and institutions themselves are infiltrated by politics. The lead article in this issue, a study of how gender inequality operates, sometimes subtly, sometimes much less so, among faculty and administrators at one prominent American university. As the authors Kristen Monroe, Saba Ozyurt, Ted Wrigley, and Amy Alexander note at the outset, not everyone immediately sees how this topic fits within a conception of politics. Like the authors, I find it difficult to grasp that perspective. Monroe, Ozyurt, Wrigley, and Alexander not only chart in an innovative manner the ways that women faculty at a prominent research university encounter gender inequality but the strategies they have devised for responding to the predicaments that inequality creates for themselves and their colleagues. I am pleased to be publishing this provocative study and hope that it will generate much subsequent inquiry into this topic.
31
Miller, Brent V. "Introduction to Radiometric Dating". Paleontological Society Papers 12 (ottobre 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001327.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Radiometric dating of rocks and minerals to constrain the age of the Earth, timing of geological events and paleobiological histories has its roots in the works of nuclear physicists of the early Nineteenth Century during the period of discovery of radioactivity and investigations into the nature of the atom. The intervening years since have seen great progress in using the long-lived radioactive elements to constrain the origin and evolution of the Earth and to place the rock and fossil record into a consistent, numerically quantifiable temporal framework.U-Th-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dating methods have emerged as the primary tools for calibrating most of Earth history. It is important for all geoscientists to appreciate the physical basis underlying these methods and to have the ability to evaluate dates by means of currently accepted practices of data presentation. This introduction, along with the accompanying chapters, is intended to help the consumers of radiometric dates to understand better the uses and limitations of radiometric dating methods in an effort to tailor methods and techniques to address specific geochronologic needs, including calibration of the geologic time scale.The ultimate goal of a fully calibrated rock record remains an on-going endeavor. The 2004 ICS geologic time scale is the latest compilation of those efforts. The numerical age calibration is constrained by only 213 radiometric dates, the vast majority of which are U-Pb and40Ar/39Ar dates. Radiometric age control is not evenly distributed through geologic time. There are virtually no radiometric dates in the late Cenozoic where magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphic methods are more precise and applicable. Radiometric dating efforts are concentrated on biostratigraphically important segments of the rock record such as the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary events, and this is reflected in high-precision calibration of these boundaries. Large segments of geologic time, however, are constrained by either a few radiometric dates per chronostratigraphic unit (most of the Paleozoic) or none at all (Upper Triassic). The current status of radiometric age control on the rock record largely reflects real, underlying scientific issues in biostratigraphy and geochronology, and thus can help point the way to fruitful lines of collaboration between paleontologists, stratigraphers, and geochronologists.
32
Geschiere, Peter, Mitzi Goheen e Charles Piot. "Introduction: Marginal Gains Revisited". African Studies Review 50, n. 2 (settembre 2007): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2007.0093.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This Special Issue is the condensation of an author-meets-critics double panel organized for the African Studies Association meeting in Washington, D.C., in November 2005, on Jane Guyer's challenging book Marginal Gains—Monetary Transactions in Atlantic Africa. The book was published in the first half of 2004, and when the three of us met in the fall of that year, we all felt it was a text that lent itself especially well to such a session. One of the elements that makes the book so compelling is Guyer's particular style of theorizing: Starting from a painstaking effort to discover regular patterns in empirical data, she moves to the positing and testing of theoretical notions—but in a way that does not strive to produce closure or systematicity. On the contrary, the book can sometimes be confusing because it leaves so much open. But precisely because Guyer continues to create new openings, it is an inspiring piece of work, constantly offering novel starting points for further research and reflection.
33
Corbett King, Alyssa, e J. Michael Reed. "Successful population establishment from small introductions appears to be less common than believed". PeerJ 4 (21 settembre 2016): e2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2440.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although small populations are at high risk of extinction, there are regular reports in the scientific literature of purported small, isolated, persistent populations. One source of evidence of the viability of small populations comes from the alleged successful introduction of species to areas outside their original range from introductions of few individuals. We reviewed the examples from introduction compendia on deliberate translocations of birds, and the original sources, to identify and evaluate purported examples of successful establishments from small introductions. We found 23 purportedly successful introductions from few (<30) individuals. After assessing original sources, we found that two of the claims were substantiated; the rest were ambiguous or could be rejected as examples, primarily due to a lack of evidence in original sources of the number of birds released and because of supplemental individuals from other releases, releases in nearby regions, and the possibility of natural invasion. Our results suggest that reports of successful establishment of birds from introductions of few individuals have been overstated. These results strengthen the relationship previously reported between propagule pressure and likelihood of establishment, and support the lack of viability of small populations presumed by population theory. We suggest that analyses of introduction failure and success would benefit from excluding studies where introduction effort is unknown or unreliably documented.
34
Asen, Robert. "Introduction: Neoliberalism and the public sphere". Communication and the Public 3, n. 3 (13 agosto 2018): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057047318794687.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In contemporary scholarship, the term “neoliberalism” seemingly appears everywhere. Rather than seeking to develop a single definition that unifies these varied appearances, scholars in various disciplines, subdisciplines, and interdisciplinary domains may develop critical conceptualizations that inform particular, active areas of inquiry. This special issue represents such an effort for rhetorical and communication scholarship on the public sphere. As both an intellectual orientation and a practical project, neoliberalism challenges longstanding commitments of public sphere scholarship. In this introduction, I consider the challenges that neoliberalism presents to public sphere scholarship and public practice concerning themes of subjectivity, public engagement, and agency/structure.
35
Aalst, Jan van. "An introduction to physics education research". Canadian Journal of Physics 78, n. 1 (1 marzo 2000): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p00-005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At a number of U.S. universities, some physicists are focusing their research effort on physics education research (PER). This paper examines this development in terms of the knowledge of teaching and learning, curriculum projects and practices it has produced. First, a selective review of research and curriculum development projects provides an introduction to PER for readers unfamiliar with it. Studies based on surveys and interviews are emphasized, as well as curriculum projects that make use of microcomputer-based laboratory tools (MBL). Other efforts are mentioned more briefly, but illustrate the breath of research and development activity. Following the review, I examine the evidence for the effectiveness of some of the curricula discussed, and identify three areas in which greater interaction between the PER and educational researchers working in other fields should be fostered: (a) statistical data analysis, (b) micro-analysis of learning situations, and (c) ways in which subject matter knowledge in physics can contribute to school-based projects and educational research. The concluding section of the paper argues for multi-disciplinary graduate programs in physics education, which are intended to provide a solid base in physics as well as research and innovation in education. PACS Nos.: 01.40.Fk, 01.50.Ht
36
Derks, Annuska. "Bonded Labour in Southeast Asia: Introduction". Asian Journal of Social Science 38, n. 6 (2010): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853110x530750.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe introduction of this special issue takes up the questions: Why ‘bonded labour’? What do we mean by it? And, why focus on ‘bonded labour’ now? Answers to these questions require an effort of definition, as well as contextualisation, of a phenomenon that, though long expected to disappear with societal and economic developments, has persisted or re-emerged in the wake of current processes of transnational migration and globalisation. The introduction briefly discusses longstanding theoretical debates on bondage in past and present Asia, as well as new insights derived from a Swiss research project focusing on ‘Contemporary Forms of Bonded Labour in Southeast Asia.’
37
Fratta, Kyle A., Jennifer N. Fishe, Jennifer F. Anders e Tessa G. Smith. "Introduction of a New EMS Protocol Using the Communities of Practice Educational Model". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2019): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18001267.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractEmergency Medical Services (EMS) protocol implementation can be a challenging endeavor given the large and diverse provider workforce. These efforts can be even more challenging given training restrictions, career and volunteer combination EMS agencies, and inconsistent work schedules. In an effort to educate as many providers as possible in a relatively short time, the community of practice educational model was used during a new evidence-based EMS protocol implementation. This model identifies providers who are enthusiastic during initial training as advocates. These advocates then continue to educate their peers going forward. This allows for the initial educational effort to continue to propagate during pilot testing and beyond. During this protocol implementation, a total of 17 educational visits were made to EMS stations and 43 providers were identified as advocates.FrattaKA, FisheJN, AndersJF, SmithTG. Introduction of a new EMS protocol using the communities of practice educational model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):108–109.
38
McEwen, F. L. "THE ECONOMICS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL EFFORT: PROCEEDINGS OF A 1981 SYMPOSIUM: INTRODUCTION TO SYMPOSIUM". Canadian Entomologist 117, n. 7 (luglio 1985): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117883-7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
When I was asked to serve as moderator for a symposium on the “Economics of Entomological Effort”, I was honored and pleased to accept. The honor became abundantly clear when I received the full details of the symposium and recognized the high caliber of the speakers who would participate. The pleasure to accept derived from the great importance of the subject and my own conviction that neither the public, the scientific community, nor the administrators of research realize fully the economic importance of studies on insects. It is therefore timely that this symposium be held, a symposium that has as its purpose to show how efforts in entomology contribute to public welfare through advances in the discipline and through “spin off” to other areas of science.
39
Quirk, Kathleen, e Marsha Jenakovich. "Anthropologists Practicing with Masters' Degrees: Introduction". Practicing Anthropology 19, n. 2 (1 aprile 1997): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.19.2.j58h234288409522.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This issue is an attempt to help identify and define masters-level practitioners in anthropology and to provide a forum for discussion and reflection for those trained in M.A. or M.A.A. programs. (Hereafter referred to as "masters professionals" or "masters practitioners"). The authors assembled here have agreed to help define who they are, what they are doing, and where the path of anthropological practitioner has taken them, with a focus exclusively on their experience as a masters-level practitioner. Masters professionals are a relatively unique and recent phenomena, the result of the vision of those senior anthropologists who created programs in applied anthropology in the 1970s and 1980s designed to produce professional practicing anthropologists with masters' degrees. By and large this effort has been successful, judging from numbers which show masters graduates often triple those of Ph.D.'s in anthropology (A.A.A. Guide to Departments, 1996). These numbers are not indicative of anything relevant to the discipline or profession, but serve to raise a question in our minds about what all these anthropologists are doing. Further, these data do not reflect the reality of practitioners' experience, the formation of practitioner identity, the context of training, the level of participation, and the contributions of masters professionals to the discipline. The master's degree is an indirect success especially in anthropology, where the standard often assumes acquisition of the Ph.D. This issue of Practicing Anthropology is aimed at helping to direct and clarify the above-mentioned issues, and make an effort to connect masters professionals in anthropology, as well as to uncover new directions for all practitioners by profiling this constituency. We hope that together these articles will start a dialogue among all practitioners as to the necessity, practice, usefulness, and marketability of this professional discipline, and the role of the masters professional within it.
40
Jeffery, Bill, e Chihiro Nishikawa. "Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia Pacific: Introduction". International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 17, n. 2 (30 luglio 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2021.17.2.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This 2021 themed issue of the International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies explores a diverse heritage of humanity found throughout the Asia-Pacific region – its “Underwater Cultural Heritage” (UCH). The study of UCH dates from the 1960s through the pioneering effort of Dr. George Bass and his work in the Mediterranean. Sadly Dr. Bass passed away in March 2021, but his legacy lives on in all of us who work in this field and in the community who benefit from the knowledge that he inspired to be revealed.
41
Herborg, Leif-Matthias, Christopher L. Jerde, David M. Lodge, Gregory M. Ruiz e Hugh J. MacIsaac. "PREDICTING INVASION RISK USING MEASURES OF INTRODUCTION EFFORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL NICHE MODELS". Ecological Applications 17, n. 3 (aprile 2007): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/06-0239.
Testo completo
42
Gago-Rodríguez, Susana, e David Naranjo-Gil. "Effects of trust and distrust on effort and budgetary slack: an experiment". Management Decision 54, n. 8 (19 settembre 2016): 1908–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-10-2015-0480.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether trust and distrust in upper-level managers exert different influences on the budgetary proposals of middle managers. Such proposals involve different levels of managerial effort that impact overall budgetary slack. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a laboratory experiment with 160 business managers. Findings The results show that the more (less) middle managers trust (distrust) their upper-level managers, the more (the less) effort they commit to budgetary proposals. The authors also find that middle managers with low trust are prone to invest more effort and thus create less budgetary slack than managers with high distrust. The results also show that the introduction of suspicion does not vary this initial choice of effort and budgetary slack. Research limitations/implications This paper shows the importance of trust and distrust as informal control systems in organizations. The findings support the importance of extrinsic motivation for enhancing effort and reducing budgetary slack. There are a wide range of exogenous variables that have an effect on the development of trust and distrust. Practical implications Practitioners may improve their management control by facilitating trust and preventing distrust in interpersonal relationships because both are informal controls that can reduce and increase, respectively, dysfunctional behaviors in organizations, such as budgetary slack. Originality/value This paper is among the first to show the distinct effects of trust and distrust (high and low) in the efforts of middle managers. This study provides a dynamic viewpoint of trust through the introduction of suspicion in a budget negotiation.
43
Schiffer, Stefan, e Alexander Ferrein. "ERIKA—Early Robotics Introduction at Kindergarten Age". Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2, n. 4 (27 settembre 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti2040064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this work, we report on our attempt to design and implement an early introduction to basic robotics principles for children at kindergarten age. One of the main challenges of this effort is to explain complex robotics contents in a way that pre-school children could follow the basic principles and ideas using examples from their world of experience. What sets apart our effort from other work is that part of the lecturing is actually done by a robot itself and that a quiz at the end of the lesson is done using robots as well. The humanoid robot Pepper from Softbank, which is a great platform for human–robot interaction experiments, was used to present a lecture on robotics by reading out the contents to the children making use of its speech synthesis capability. A quiz in a Runaround-game-show style after the lecture activated the children to recap the contents they acquired about how mobile robots work in principle. In this quiz, two LEGO Mindstorm EV3 robots were used to implement a strongly interactive scenario. Besides the thrill of being exposed to a mobile robot that would also react to the children, they were very excited and at the same time very concentrated. We got very positive feedback from the children as well as from their educators. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of only few attempts to use a robot like Pepper not as a tele-teaching tool, but as the teacher itself in order to engage pre-school children with complex robotics contents.
44
Fernández, Francisco, e Jorge Segovia. "Historical Introduction to Chiral Quark Models". Symmetry 13, n. 2 (2 febbraio 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020252.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Chiral symmetry, and its dynamical breaking, has become a cornerstone in the description of the hadron’s phenomenology at low energy. The present manuscript gives a historical survey on how the quark model of hadrons has been implemented along the last decades trying to incorporate, among other important non-perturbative features of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the dynamical chiral symmetry breaking mechanism. This effort has delivered different models such as the chiral bag model, the cloudy bag model, the chiral quark model or the chiral constituent quark model. Our main aim herein is to provide a brief introduction of the Special Issue “Advances in Chiral Quark Models” in Symmetry and contribute to the clarification of the differences among the above-mentioned models that include the adjective chiral in their nomenclature.
45
Moulton, Michael P., e Wendell P. Cropper. "Propagule pressure does not consistently predict the outcomes of exotic bird introductions". PeerJ 7 (11 settembre 2019): e7637. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7637.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Some have argued that the role of propagule pressure in explaining the outcomes of bird introductions is well-supported by the historical record. Here, we show that the data from a large published database (including 832 records with propagule information) do not support the conclusion that propagule pressure is the primary determinant of introduction success in birds. A few compendia of historical reports have been widely used to evaluate introduction success, typically by combining data from numerous species and introduction locations. Very few taxa, other than birds, have usable spatially explicit records of introductions over time. This availability of data inflates the perceived importance of bird analyses for addressing factors related to invasion success. The available data allow limited testing of taxonomic and site-level factors of introduction outcomes. We did find significant differences in effort and success probabilities among avian orders and across highly aggregated spatial regions. As a test of a standard and logical expectation of the propagule pressure hypothesis, we concentrated on introductions with the smallest propagules, because it is for these the hypothesis is most likely to be correct. We analyzed the effect of numbers released in small propagules (two through 10) for 227 releases. Weighted linear regression indicated no significant effect of propagule size for this range of release size. In fact, the mean success rate of 28% for propagules of 2–10 isn’t significantly different than that of 34% for propagules of 11–100. Following the example of previous analyses, we expanded the statistical test of propagule pressure to include the full range of release numbers. No significant support for the propagule pressure hypothesis was found using logistic regression with either logit or complementary log-log link functions.
46
FALASCHI, MORENO, e MICHAEL MAHER. "Introduction Special Issue on Multiparadigm Languages and Constraint Programming". Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 7, n. 1-2 (gennaio 2007): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068406002808.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years much research and implementation effort has been devoted both to multiparadigm languages and constraint programming languages. Following up on a series of 11 workshops (WFLP) on multiparadigm languages and constraint programming, and as a result of an open call for submissions, the journal on Theory and Practice of Logic Programming is now publishing the results of the selection of the papers submitted to this special issue.
47
Eggington, William. "Language Policy and Planning in Australia". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (marzo 1994): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002865.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Australian federal and state government language policy and planning efforts have had a remarkable effect on Australian educational and non-educational life during the past twenty years. This effort has resulted in strong international recognition of the Australian language policy experience. For example, Romaine, in the introduction to her anthology focusing on the languages of Australia states that “the movement to set up a national language policy is so far unprecedented in the major Anglophone countries” (Romaine 1991:8).
48
Varga, Bretton A., Muna Saleh e Cathryn Van Kessel. "Guest Editors’ Introduction to the Special Issue". Canadian Social Studies 52, n. 2 (12 luglio 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/css28.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As the twentieth anniversary of 9/11 approaches, we contemplate and reflect on the current social/political imagination of terror(ism) and U.S./Canadian patriotism. For educators seeking to unpack 9/11 and its reverberations, it is important to highlight Islamophobic and anti-Muslim racism, discrimination, prejudice, and violence, as well as to consider Muslim students’ lived experiences. (Re)thinking about whose voices are included (or not) within the nexus of sociopolitical power is an important step toward justice and then rapprochement within and beyond the classroom. We consider this assemblage of articles to be a distinctly communal effort that responds to and attempts to disrupt the (perpetual) echoes of terror(ism) which became amplified by/through the events of 9/11.
49
Nihas, Syed, Jacob Kashiwagi e Dean Kashiwagi. "Introduction of the Best Value Approach in India". Journal for the Advancement of Performance Information and Value 5, n. 2 (2 dicembre 2013): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.37265/japiv.v5i2.79.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In September of 2013 the Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) made its first entry into India to introduce the Best Value approach. The purpose of the entry was to identify if the Best Value (BV) approach and technology could optimize the performance of the Indian Construction industry. This paper documents the results of the exploratory effort. In 2014, industry visionaries in coordination with the SJCE university group, will commence testing of the implementation of the licensed Best Value technology in India. The technology includes the Information Measurement Theory (IMT), the Performance Information Procurement System (PIPS) and the Construction Industry Structure (CIS).
50
Lotto, A. "Report on: “Computer science in the Urology department”. Introduction". Urologia Journal 61, n. 1 (febbraio 1994): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039406100104.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The introduction of Computer science into the Health System has various implications: it involves management on the one hand and study and research on the other. A similar accomplishment requires both an enormous economic commitment and an initial effort by the staff that is not easy to put into practise. The purpose of the single reports is to explain some general aspects and to show particular demands connected with urology, without claiming to impose standardised programmes.