Tesi sul tema "International inheritance"

La problématique des successions internationales a, récemment, accédé à l’actualité en Russie après l’ouverture du pays et la libération des échanges privés internationaux. En effet, avec la disparition de l’URSS en 1991, les russes se sont vus ouvrir les frontières, avec la possibilité notamment de développer leur commerce dans une économie mondiale. Ce sont désormais l’ensemble des États qui connaissent une immigration, partagée entre une volonté d’enracinement dans le pays d’accueil, et sinon le désir de retour, du moins la volonté de faire profiter la famille restée dans l’État d’origine de leurs économies. Cette population immigrée souvent vieillit et meurt dans le pays d’accueil. Cette intensification de l’immigration nous montre la nécessité d'une réglementation russe et d’une application claire de cette réglementation dans le domaine des successions internationales. Les règles de conflit russes sont principalement régies par des dispositions de droit interne, car les rares Conventions internationales signées par la Fédération de Russie dans ce domaine sont intentionnellement de nature, soit régionale, soit bilatérale. Pour cette raison, les règles de droit international privé et les règles substantielles russes reflète la spécificité de son système social, économique et juridique. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’étudier ces règles de manière transversale sur toute la matière du droit russe des successions internationales. Les deux principaux axes de cette étude constituent d’une part, la détermination de la loi applicable aux successions internationales, et d’autre part, le domaine d’application de la loi successorale russe. Nous espérons que la thèse sera utile à tous les praticiens qui seront amenés à appliquer le droit international privé russe des successions
The international inheritance issues have recently gained importance in Russia, since the opening of the country and the liberalisation of private international exchanges. Indeed, since 1991, with the URSS disintegration, the Russian nationals began to have their borders open with the possibility to develop their trade in a global economy. As a known phenomenon in all the countries, the immigration is shared between the desire to set down roots in the host country, and unless there is a will to return, at least a desire to have their families left in the original country benefit from their savings. Most of the time, this immigrant population ages and dies in the host country. The rising immigration from and to Russian Federation, illustrates the need of a clear regulation and enforcement in the area of the international inheritance law. The Russian conflict-of-law rules are mainly governed by internal rules, because the few international conventions signed by Russia in this area are deliberately regional or bilateral. For this reason, the rules of Russian private international law and the internal rules reflect the specificity of its social, economic and legal system. This Ph.D. undertakes a global reflexion on the Russian rules of the international inheritance law area. The two main axis of this study are, on the one hand, the determination of the applicable law to the international inheritance and the exploration of the domain of the Russian law applicable to the international inheritance. The aim of this thesis is to bring support to the patricians called to apply the Russian international private law in the area of inheritance

Спадкове право більшості країн світу подібне між собою. Адже легше запозичити вже готові норми та адаптувати для окремої держави, ніж вигадувати нові та перевіряти їх правильність на практиці. Світовий досвід щодо вирішення спадкових питань бере початок з часів римського приватного права, саме там були закладені основи та головні поняття спадкового права. Практика спадкування за правом представлення та спадковою трансмісією спостерігається майже в кожній європейській країні, різниться лише кількістю черг закликання та суб’єктами спадкування. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33989

Aquesta tesi es pregunta per què en unes zones d'Oaxaca (Mèxic) la migració permanent dels fills homes- els hereus preferents de la terra en el model mesoamericano- modifica els patrons de transmissió patrimonial per incloure a les filles; mentre que en altres àrees els homes, tot i l'absència, mantenen els privilegis hereditaris sobre el patrimoni familiar. A partir de dos estudis de cas en comunitats indígenes d'Oaxaca es mostra que les filles esdevenen hereves perquè poden suplir o complementar els seus germans en els quatre elements que convertien els fills en hereus legítims: la residència, la provisió, l'atenció i la representació davant la comunitat dels pares ancians. Això implica una nova definició social d'adultesa femenina basada en una major cooperació amb els pares i autonomia enfront del vincle matrimonial. D'altra banda, les dones en el paper de filles segueixen ocupant un lloc residual en la transmissió patrimonial, tot i l'absència dels seus germans homes, perquè encara en la distància les famílies transnacionals poden recompondre el sistema tradicional de transmissió patrimonial, basat en la cooperació preferent amb els fills; també, perquè les filles s'incorporen a elements menys valorats de la cooperació inter-generacional, com la cura. Tractar de contestar la pregunta d'investigació en contextos on la tinença de la terra és comunitària i està regida per sistemes normatius interns -usos i costums-comporta endinsar-se en debats vinculats a opcions diferents d'intervenció pública (tensions entre propietat privada i propietat social així com entre la llei i el costum), que han estat presos en compte i als quals s'ha intentat donar una resposta parcial.
Esta tesis se pregunta por qué en unas zonas de Oaxaca (México) la migración permanente de los hijos varones- los herederos preferentes de la tierra en el modelo mesoamericano- modifica los patrones de transmisión patrimonial para incluir a las hijas; mientras que en otras áreas los varones, a pesar de la ausencia, mantienen los privilegios hereditarios sobre el patrimonio familiar. A partir de dos estudios de caso en comunidades indígenas oaxaqueñas se muestra que las hijas se convierten en herederas porque pueden suplir o complementar a sus hermanos en los cuatro elementos que convertían a los hijos en herederos legítimos: la residencia, la provisión, la atención y la representación ante la comunidad de los padres ancianos. Esto implica una nueva definición social de adultez femenina basada en una mayor cooperación con los padres y autonomía frente al vínculo matrimonial. Por otro lado, las mujeres en el rol de hijas siguen ocupando un lugar residual en la transmisión patrimonial, a pesar de la ausencia de sus hermanos varones, porque aún en la distancia las familias transnacionales pueden recomponer el sistema tradicional de transmisión patrimonial, basado en la cooperación preferente con los hijos; también, porque las hijas se incorporan a elementos menos valorados de la cooperación inter-generacional, como el cuidado. Tratar de contestar la pregunta de investigación en contextos donde la tenencia de la tierra es comunitaria y está regida por sistemas normativos internos -usos y costumbres-conlleva adentrarse en debates vinculados a opciones distintas de intervención pública (tensiones entre propiedad privada y propiedad social así como entre la ley y la costumbre), que han sido tomados en cuenta y a los que se ha intentado dar una respuesta parcial.
This thesis analysis why the permanent migration of the sons - the preferred inheritors of family land under the Mesoamerican family model - has shifted inheritance patters to include daughters in some areas of Oaxaca (México), while in others men still maintain their privileges over family land even when they are not present. Based in two case studies conducted in Oaxaca indigenous communities, we argue that daughters, excluded from previous arrangements, have become heirs because they can replace or complement their brothers in the four elements that made men legitimate heirs: residence, provision, care and the capacity of representing elderly parents in community institutions. Along with these new daughters¨ contributions to parents, new social definition of what means to be an adult women has change the assumption that daughters, after marriage, must be dependent only in their husband economic provision. Women, as daughters, still excluded from family property transfers because parents and migrated sons can rebuild cooperation despite the distance; or daughters cooperate only as care-givers but not providing or representing their parents. As long as our research areas are ruled by usos y costumbres and the land tenure is communal, some other debates around the tensions between private-comunal land and law –costum needed to be answered.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European certificate of succession, and how it affects Swedish inheritance law. The European certificate of succession is a European document that will be introduced in august 2015 in the EU regulation of succession. The certificate of succession is meant to simplify the current process of cross-border inheritance by legitimizing the concerned parties, which according to the regulation are: heirs, legatees, executors of wills and administrators of the estate. According to the regulation, the member state of which the deceased had habitual residence shall have jurisdiction to rule on the succession as a whole. Since the certificate is a European document, it will have legal effect in all member states. Because of this, a decision from one authority/court in a member state will also be applicable in the other member states. This means that national law in a certain capacity becomes cross-border law, which requires strong regulation. The certificate itself cannot be counted as an estate inventory, choice of law, will, or similar. It can however be a basis for a decision concerning inheritance. The certificate can be considered as an acknowledgement of a decision from one member state, which will also be applicable in the other member states. In Sweden, the certificate will be issued by “Skatteverket” (the Swedish tax agency). The European certificate of succession will considerably simplify the cross-border inheritance process for EU-citizens.
Uppsatsens syfte är undersöka arvsintyget som rättshandling och diskutera dess följder på svensk arvsrätt. Det europeiska arvsintyget är en europeisk rättshandling som kommer införas i augusti 2015 i samband med EU:s nya arvsförordning. Arvsintyget är menat att förenkla processen vid gränsöverskridande arvsfrågor genom att legitimera de berörda parterna. Vilka enligt förordningen är: arvtagare, testamentstagare, boutredningsmän och testamentsexekutorer. I och med den nya arvsförordningen kommer hemvistprincipen få en större roll inom den europeiska arvsrätten och arvsintyget kan då användas för att förmedla ett domslut/bestämmande från en medlemsstat till en annan. Även universalitetsprincipen är av stor vikt vid behörighetsfrågor om gränsöverskridande arv, då den innebär att all kvarlåtenskap ska ingå i samma boutredning. Eftersom arvsintyget är en europeisk rättshandling kommer den ha rättsverkan i alla EU-länder som är bundna av arvsförordningen. Därför kommer ett beslut från myndighet/domstol i en medlemsstat även gälla i andra medlemsstater, vilket meddelas genom arvsintyget. Detta leder till att nationell lag i viss kapacitet blir gränsöverskridande, vilket kräver strikt reglering. Arvsintyget kan inte i sig självt räknas som en fördelning av kvarlåtenskap, lagvalsavtal eller liknande. Det kan dock ligga till grund för beslutande angående arvsskifte. Arvsintyget kan anses vara en kvittens av ett beslut från en medlemsstat, vilket ska gälla även i andra medlemsstater. Arvsintyget kommer i Sverige utfärdas av Skatteverket och kommer betydligt underlätta för EU-medborgare vid gränsöverskridande arvsfrågor.

Le statut patrimonial du conjoint survivant est, depuis toujours, exposé à un dépeçage législatif source de difficultés de qualification et d’articulation, qu’il convenait de confronter aux évolutions connues par la matière sur le plan du droit international privé et sur celui du droit interne. Or ni l’entrée en application des règlements UE (n°650/2012 sur les successions et n°2016/1103 sur les régimes matrimoniaux), ni le mouvement de faveur pour le conjoint survivant n’ont éradiqué les difficultés affectant son statut patrimonial en droit international privé. D’où l’intérêt, dans un premier temps, d’user des ressources offertes par la qualification, la substitution, l’adaptation pour tenter de les surmonter au cas par cas ; puis, dans un second temps, de chercher à réunifier le statut du conjoint sous l’empire d’une seule loi. Deux voies permettraient d’atteindre ou, à tout le moins, de favoriser la réalisation d’une telle unité législative. Nous avons éliminé la première d’entre elles, consistant à modifier le contenu des différentes catégories de rattachement concernées soit en les fusionnant soit en étendant l’une d’entre elles. En revanche, nous avons retenu la seconde d’entre elles, reposant sur la modification du rattachement matrimonial après le décès, soit par le biais de la substitution judiciaire désormais admise par le règlement n°2016/1103, soit par le biais de l’accord inter partes déjà admis par le droit français
The patrimonial status of the surviving spouse has always been exposed to a legislative “dépeçage”, entailing characterization and articulation difficulties, which had to be confronted to current evolutions known in private international law and substantive law. However, neither the implementation of EU Regulations (no.650/2012 on inheritance and no.2016/1103 on matrimonial property), nor the favour for the surviving spouse have eradicated the difficulties affecting his or her patrimonial status in private international law. Hence the interest, as a first step, to apply the techniques of qualification, substitution or adaptation in an attempt to overcome these difficulties on a case by case basis; then, as a second step, to pursue the reunification of the surviving spouse’s patrimonial status under only one legislation. Two ways would enable to reach or, at least, enhance the achievement of such a legislative unity. The first solution, involving the modification of the content of the relevant connection categories, either by merging them or by extending one of them, has been eliminated. However, the second one, based on the modification of matrimonial connection after death, either by judicial substitution, as now recognized by the EU regulation no.2016/1103, or through inter partes agreement, as already recognized under French law, has been upheld

A l'heure où la famille moderne se conçoit au pluriel, à l'heure où les ascendants organisent en amont la transmission et la dévolution de leur patrimoine, à l'heure où la mondialisation prône l'uniformisation du droit et la fin des spécificités étatiques, il est nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'avenir de la réserve héréditaire. Les parents ne souhaitent plus être privés de leur pouvoir de disposer librement de leur patrimoine, même pour cause de mort. Que répondre à un père qui angoisse à l'idée de voir son patrimoine dilapidé par un enfant ingrat avec lequel il ne vit que de conflits ? Que dire à cet enfant qui a vu son frère avantagé par décision maternelle, de manière abusive et arbitraire ? Quels conseils donner à ces individus qui ouvrent chaque jour la porte de nos offices pour demander l'aide de leur notaire ? Que dire à cet époux qui veut protéger son conjoint de la véhémence d’enfants d’un premier lit ? Afin de leur répondre dans la pratique, appliquons-nous à étudier les moyens de contourner cette réserve héréditaire. Attachons-nous à vérifier leur efficacité. Au-delà des mécanismes classiques du Code civil tels que le testament et la donation, l'intérêt de cette thèse est de se tourner vers des mécanismes plus complexes, afin de répondre aux parents déçus par leur progéniture, mais aussi à eux, enfants lésés, pour leur donner des moyens juridiques de contrer une injuste privation. Il est utile de comprendre et de connaître ce qu’il est possible de faire pour transmettre son patrimoine avec une liberté recouvrée sans risquer les foudres de la loi. A travers l’étude de ces instruments, de leur efficacité et de leur traitement tant légal que familial, la question de la modernisation de la réserve ressurgit. La famille change, et avec elle, la conception traditionnelle de la réserve héréditaire
At a time when the modern family is conceived in the plural, at a time when ascendants organize upstream transmission and devolution of their heritage, at a time when globalization advocates the standardization of law and the end of specificities States, it is necessary to question the future of the hereditary reserve. Parents no longer wish to be deprived of their power to freely dispose of their patrimony, even for reasons of death. What to answer to a father who is anxious about seeing his heritage squandered by an ungrateful child with whom he lives only conflicts ? What to say to this child who saw his brother favored by maternal decision, in an abusive and arbitrary way ? What advice can be given to those individuals who open the door of our offices every day to ask the help of their notary ? What to say to this husband who wants to protect his spouse from the angry of children from a first bed ? In order to answer them in practice, let us study ways of circumventing this hereditary reserve. Let's focus on checking their effectiveness. Beyond the classical mechanisms of the Civil Code such as the will and the gift, the interest of this thesis is to turn to more complex mechanisms, in order to answer the parents disappointed by their offspring, but also to them, children wronged to give them legal means to counter unfair deprivation. It is useful to understand and know what can be done to transmit one's heritage with a recovered freedom without risking the wrath of the law. Through the study of these instruments, their efficiency and their legal and family treatment, the question of the modernization of the reserve resurfaces. The family changes, and with it, the traditional conception of the hereditary reserve

Det faktum att Sverige blir allt mer internationaliserat och samhället mer mångkulturellt väckte ett intresse av att skriva om bröstarvingars arvsrätt ur ett såväl nationellt som internationellt perspektiv, där resultatet avsågs ställas i relation till svensk IP-rätt om ordre public. Idag tar alla barn lika lott enligt 2 kap. 1 § ÄB. Principen om istadarätt inträder om arvlåtarens barn avlider innan honom eller henne, då arvlåtarens barnbarn ärver istället. Bröstarvingar har alltid en rätt till hälften av sin arvslott enligt laglottsskyddet i 7 kap. 1 § ÄB. Det har diskuterats om laglotten bör bevaras i svensk arvsrätt eller om den bör avskaffas. Alla de nordiska länderna har någon form av laglottsskydd liksom de flesta europeiska länder med undantag från England och Wales, där det råder fullständig testationsfrihet. Även muslimska länder saknar motsvarighet till laglottsskydd. Det här kan väcka frågan huruvida ett land som saknar en skyddsregel som kan likställas med det svenska laglottsskyddet kan utgöra en grund som aktualiserar ordre public. I svensk rätt finns genom ordre public en möjlighet att åsidosätta en utländsk lag med hänvisning till att denna är uppenbart oförenlig med grunderna för det svenska rättssystemet. Den islamiska arvsrätten skiljer sig avsevärt mer från den svenska arvsrätten, än vad arvsrätten gör i exempelvis något västeuropeiskt land. Det kan diskuteras om någon grund i den islamiska arvsrätten för bröstarvingar kan strida mot grunderna för den svenska rättsordningen och på så vis aktualisera ordre public. Den svenska arvsrätten för bröstarvingar är till en stor del av dispositiv karaktär, varför ordre public endast kan bli aktuell i en internationell arvstvist där utländsk lag ska tillämpas. Domstolarna tenderar att tolka ordre public restriktivt, förmodligen av rädsla för att det lands lag som åsidosätts skulle kunna göra motstånd. Framtida tillämpning av ordre public kan begränsas ytterligare när EU:s arvsförordning träder i kraft. Det är fortfarande svensk domstol som har att avgöra vad som i det enskilda fallet kan bedömas vara uppenbart stridande mot grunderna för det svenska rättsystemet och vilken inverkan det kan ha på tvister som berör bröstarvingars arvsrätt.
The fact that Sweden is increasingly becoming more internationalized and developing a more multicultural society, stimulated an interest in writing about direct heirs inheritance rights from a national and international perspective, in which the outcome was intended to be set in relation to the Swedish Private International Law on public policy. Nowadays all children take equal shares according to chapter 2 paragraph 1 “Ärvdabalk”. If the deceased’s child passes away before him- or herself, the deceased’s grandchildren are entitled to inheritance through the Swedish istadarätt. The Swedish legal portion is enacted in chapter 7 paragraph 1 “Ärvdabalk” and entitles direct heirs half of his or her inheritance share. There has been discussion about whether the legal portion should be preserved or abolished in the law of Swedish inheritance. All the Nordic countries have a form of legal portion, as well as most of the European countries, apart from England and Wales, where there is a complete testamentary freedom. Even Muslim countries have no correspondence to the protection of legal portion. This may raise the question whether a country, which is lacking a protective rule that can be compared with the Swedish legal portion, may constitute a basis for public policy. According to the Swedish law there is an opportunity, through public policy, for Sweden to override a foreign law on the grounds that it is clearly incompatible with the foundations of the Swedish legal system. The Islamic inheritance law differs considerably from the Swedish inheritance law, in comparison to the right of inheritance in for example any Western European country. It is debatable whether any basis in the Islamic inheritance law of direct heirs may conflict with the fundamentals of the Swedish legal system and therefore actualize public policy. The Swedish right of inheritance for direct heirs is to a large extent of dispositive nature, which is why public policy can only become relevant in an international succession dispute, where a foreign law is applicable. The courts tend to strictly interpret public policy, probably because of the fear that the country's law, which gets overridden, could oppose. Future application of public policy may be further limited when the EU Succession Regulation enters into force. It is still up to the Swedish court to determine what in each case is deemed to be manifestly incompatible with public policy in Sweden, and what impact this may have on the succession of direct heirs.

Cette thèse se propose de mettre en exergue les difficultés relatives à la coexistence au sein du droit malien de trois corps de règles successorales applicables (loi, droit religieux et droit coutumier : un pluralisme juridique issu de la Loi n°2011-87 AN/RM du 30 décembre 2011 portant Code des Personnes et de la Famille). Il s’agit alors de réfléchir aux solutions envisageables pour faire fonctionner le pluralisme juridique malien qui se caractérise par une absence de clarté. Outre les difficultés relatives à la recherche du droit successoral applicable en droit interne malien, cette thèse met également l’accent sur les difficultés liées à l’application du droit malien, spécialement ses règles religieuses et coutumières, au regard des dispositions fondamentales de la Constitution malienne et les traités internationaux ratifiés par la République du Mali. Ainsi, après avoir montré l’existence d’un conflit interne de lois et les insuffisances des systèmes de solutions aux conflits, cette thèse propose de le résoudre par le renforcement du rôle de la volonté individuelle. Pour l’application des règles religieuses et coutumières, la thèse propose l’institution d’une clause d’ordre public en droit interne afin de permettre au juge malien d’écarter les règles traditionnelles manifestement contraires à certains principes du droit moderne. Les difficultés auxquelles le droit malien est confronté dans le contexte interne peuvent surgir également sur le plan international lorsqu’une succession internationale impliquant un ressortissant malien est ouverte en France ou soumise à un notaire ou un juge français. Les maliens voyagent beaucoup et nombreux sont ceux qui choisissent la France comme pays de leur résidence. Le règlement de leur succession qui aura un caractère international, nécessite la mise en œuvre des règles de conflit de lois françaises afin de désigner soit la loi française soit la loi malienne en fonction des rattachements retenus. Avec l’entrée en application du Règlement (UE) n° 650/2012 du 4 juillet 2012 relatif à la compétence, à la loi applicable, à la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions, à l'acceptation et l'exécution des actes authentiques en matière de succession et à la création du certificat européen, l’application du droit malien en France peut être assez fréquente du fait notamment du choix de loi possible ou en cas de dernière résidence habituelle du défunt au Mali alors même que l’ouverture de la succession se ferait en France du fait de la présence d’héritiers (enfants ou conjoint survivant). En cas de désignation du droit malien, deux difficultés majeures se posent : l’identification du droit interne malien qui sera finalement applicable et l’application en France de certaines règles religieuses et coutumières désignées. Cette situation amène à réfléchir sur les risques de contrariété possible du droit malien avec les exigences liées à l’ordre public international français, notamment aux droits fondamentaux et donc sur les risques de mise à l’écart du droit malien en France
Focusing to highlight the challenges associated to the coexistence within the Malian Law of the three sets of applicable inheritance rules (statutory law, religious law and customary law) and to contribute to resolving internal conflicts of law between codified law and competing normative systems. The goal is to reflect on possible solutions to make Malian legal pluralism work, which is characterized by a lack of visibility and clarity. In addition to the difficulties when it comes to identifying inheritance law under Malian domestic law, this thesis also emphasizes the challenges linked to the application of Malian law, particularly its religious and customary rules, first within the Malian context, considering the fundamental provisions of the Malian Constitution and international treaties ratified by the Republic of Mali. Therefore, after showing the existence of internal conflicts of law and the shortcomings of the current conflict-resolution systems, this thesis proposes offers strengthening the role of individual will in matters of religious and customary. This thesis suggest introducing a public order clause into domestic law to allow Malian judges to exclude traditional rules that are manifestly contrary to certain principles of modern law. This challenge faced by Malian law in the domestic context may also rise internationally when an international inheritance involving a Malian national is opened in France or handled by a French notary or judge. Many Malians travel and a many of them choose France as their country of residence. The settlement of their succession, which will have an international character, requires the application of French conflict of law rules to determine whether French law or Malian law should apply, depending on the relevant connections with the entry into force of Regulation (EU) No. 650/2012 of 4 July 2012, on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions, the acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession, and the creation of European Certificate of Succession. The application of Malian law in France may become more frequent, particularly due to the choice of law option or if the deceased’s last residence was in Mali, even if the succession is opened in France, due to the presence of heirs ( children or surviving spouse ), or because of the principle of unity of the estate which governs the regulation process. The conflit of law rules, whether from national or European sources, designate Malian law as applicable in an international inheritance case, two major challenges arise : identifying the Malian domestic law that will ultimately apply and applying certain religious or customary rules in France. This situation leads us to consider the potential conflict between Malian law and the requirements of French international public order, especially regarding fundamental rights and therefore the risk of Malian law being set aside in France

La promotion de l’innovation est une valeur pour différents pays. À cette fin, ils font usage de diverses techniques juridiques pour inciter les entreprises à viser et à générer de nouveaux produits, services ou technologies. Au Brésil, la propriété intellectuelle est considérée comme une des institutions juridiques les plus aptes à préserver l’intérêt des entreprises à continuer à innover. Cependant, la période suivant l’accord ADPIC a révélé que la propriété intellectuelle a failli à sa tâche de consolider de modèle de développement par l’innovation dans le pays. Cette frustration n’est un phénomène limité au Brésil, comme nous le percevons en évaluant d’autres économies héritières du sous-développement. Au lieu d’une ample diffusion technologique, nous observons le renforcement d’une espèce de «cartel de la connaissance», avec une influence mondiale. La surprotection des droits de propriété intellectuelle s’ajoute au discours de la réduction de l’intervention concurrentielle, découlant de l’influence de l’École de Chicago. La thèse part du présupposé que ce contexte décrit n’est pas en accord avec l’idéologie constitutionnellement adoptée au Brésil, nécessitant de promouvoir une action renouvelée du Conseil Administratif de Défense Économique (CADE). La présente recherche a pour objectif de formuler une fonction régulatrice de l’innovation par l’application du droit brésilien de la concurrence. L’enquête a eu un caractère interdisciplinaire, impliquant plus particulièrement des connaissances du droit et de l’économie. Nous avons conduit une analyse des jugements rendus par les autorités de la concurrence brésilienne et européennes relatifs à la protection de l’innovation et des droits de propriété intellectuelle. L’analyse comparative avec l’expérience européenne a permis de constater que les apports de l’économie industrielle contemporaine peuvent introduire des analyses économiques plus réalistes, sans perdre de vue la sécurité juridique dans l’intervention concurrentielle. Ainsi, nous comprenons que le CADE présente des compétences constitutionnelles et légales pour intervenir, de façon renouvelée, dans des cas impliquant l’industrie de haute technologie, en privilégiant les structures économiques plus inclusives et en réduisant les barrières à l’entrée des marchés
The promotion of innovation is a value widely pursued by the most different countries, which implement various legal techniques to ensure the necessary incentives for companies that succeed in generating new products, services and technologies. In Brazil, intellectual property is considered one of the most suitable legal institutes to better preserve the interest of companies in continuing to innovate. However, the period following Brazil’s accession to the TRIPS Agreement revealed that it did not meet the expectations of consolidating the innovation development model in the country. This frustration is not a phenomenon restricted to Brazil, as one can perceive in evaluating other economies with inheritances of underdevelopment. In lieu of a broad technological diffusion, what was observed is the consolidation of a "knowledge cartel," with global influence. The "overprotection" of intellectual property rights is added to the narrative of a reduction in competitive intervention, resulting from the influence of the Chicago School. Thus, this thesis assumes that the context previously described is not in accordance with the constitutionally adopted ideology, making it necessary to promote a renewed action of the Brazilian Administrative Council of Economic Defense (CADE, in Portuguese). The research aimed to formulate a regulatory function of innovation by means of the Brazilian Competition Law mechanisms. The research had an interdisciplinary character, involving, especially, knowledge of Law and Economy. An analysis of cases judged by Brazilian and European competition authorities on the protection of innovation and intellectual property rights was carried out. The comparative analysis with the European experience showed that the contributions of the contemporary industrial economy can introduce more realistic economic analyzes, without losing sight of the legal security in the competitive intervention. Thus, it is understood that CADE has constitutional and legal powers to intervene, in a renewed way, in cases involving the high technology industry, prioritizing more inclusive economic structures and reducing high barriers to entry in the markets in question
A promoção da inovação é um valor amplamente perseguido pelos mais diferentes países, os quais se utilizam de diversas técnicas jurídicas para garantir os estímulos necessários às empresas que tenham sucesso em gerar novos produtos e serviços ou novas tecnologias. No Brasil, considera-se a propriedade intelectual como um dos institutos jurídicos mais aptos a preservar o interesse das empresas em continuar inovando. Entretanto, o período subsequente à adesão ao Acordo TRIPS revelou que este não cumpriu com as expectativas de consolidar o modelo de desenvolvimento via inovação no país. Essa frustração não é fenômeno restrito ao Brasil, conforme se percebe ao avaliar outras economias com heranças do subdesenvolvimento. No lugar da ampla difusão tecnológica, o que se verificou foi a consolidação de uma espécie de “cartel do conhecimento”, com influência global. Assim, a “superproteção” dos direitos de propriedade intelectual se soma à narrativa de redução de intervenção concorrencial, decorrente da influência da Escola de Chicago. A presente tese parte do pressuposto de que esse contexto descrito não está de acordo com a ideologia constitucionalmente adotada, fazendo-se necessário promover uma atuação renovada do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). A pesquisa teve como objetivo formular uma função reguladora da inovação por meio da aplicação do Direito Brasileiro da Concorrência. Para tanto, a investigação teve caráter interdisciplinar, envolvendo, especialmente, conhecimentos do Direito e da Economia. Foi realizada uma análise de casos julgados pelas autoridades da concorrência brasileira e europeias, versando sobre a proteção da inovação e de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Em face disso, a análise comparativa com a experiência europeia permitiu constatar que os aportes da Economia Industrial contemporânea podem introduzir análises econômicas mais realistas, sem perder de vista a segurança jurídica na intervenção concorrencial. Assim, infere-se que o CADE apresenta competências constitucionais e legais para intervir, de maneira renovada, em casos que envolvam a indústria de alta tecnologia, priorizando estruturas econômicas mais inclusivas e reduzindo as elevadas barreiras a entrada

Throughout sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are denied their right to inherit from their husbands and fathers as a result of the operation of the indigenous law rule of male primogeniture, in terms of which an heir must be male. This violates prohibitions on gender discrimination, as well as other, more specific provisions found in international human rights treaties. However, courts in both South Africa and Zimbabwe have in recent years upheld the rule. States Parties to relevant treaties have an obligation to ensure equal inheritance rights for women and girls. In the case of South Africa, provisions of the Constitution are also relevant. After discussing the operation of the indigenous law of inheritance, the international human rights provisions violated by it, as well as the recommendations of the South African Law Commission and legislative proposals on this issue, the writer suggests that legislation should be adopted to ensure equality for women and girls, while retaining the positive aspects of indigenous law and culture.
Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL. M. (Law)

Statutory inheritance Abstract This thesis discusses the legal regulation of inheritance law with emphasis on the institute of statutory inheritance, from the point of view not only of Czech law but also in comparison of the individual legal institutes with their foreign regulation. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question whether the current Czech legislation can provide a prudent, safe and predictable framework for the valid adjustments of property relations of the decedent and the participants of the inheritance proceedings after the death of the decedent The submitted thesis is structurally divided into three larger parts which further separate into a total of fifteen chapters. The first part of the thesis briefly discusses the gradual historical evolution of inheritance law and its codification on the territory of Czech lands and of historically related countries. The first part also includes the introduction of the purpose of inheritance law and its controlling principles, formulated at the beginning of the 20th century by the outstanding Czech lawyer Prof. Emanuel Tilsch. The individual institutes such as statutory classes of heirs, forced heirship or escheat are logically organised and described in detail from a historically-comparative perspective as well as from the perspective of foreign...

Les « dispositions successorales spéciales » de la lex situs apportent une exception particulière au système unitaire de la loi applicable à la succession. Leur reconnaissance dans le récent Règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif à la compétence, la loi applicable, la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions, et l'acceptation et l'exécution des actes authentiques en matière de successions et à la création d'un certificat successoral européen du 4 juillet 2012 témoigne de l’importance et de l’actualité de cette prévision normative. L’exception trouve sa source dans l’article 15 de la Convention du 1er août 1989 sur la loi applicable aux successions à cause de mort, formule qui fut suivi par l’article 3099 al. 2 du Code civil du Québec. La conception originaire de la règle se situe à l’article 28 de la Loi d’introduction au Code civil allemand de 1896. Ces législations reconnaissent la nécessité de respecter certaines dérogations aux règles successorales ordinaires dont le contenu matériel justifie une rupture exceptionnelle de l’unité de la succession internationale. Ainsi, l’opposition traditionnelle entre le système scissionniste qui divise la loi applicable à la succession en fonction de la nature mobilière ou immobilière des biens et celui qui postule l’unité législative trouve dans le respect des « dispositions spéciales » de la lex rei sitae régissant certains biens de la succession un facteur conciliateur. Il s’agit de respecter un minimum normatif de la loi de l’État où sont situés certains biens de la succession malgré la compétence générale d’une lex successionis étrangère. Ce bloc normatif irréductible se présente comme un pont qui relie les deux solutions extrêmes dans une position intermédiaire où il n’y a plus de scission au sens classique du terme mais où l’unité est néanmoins brisée en raison de certaines considérations substantielles tirées de la destination des biens.
The « special inheritance rules » of the lex situs introduce a particular exception to the unitary system of the law applicable to succession. Its recognition by the recent Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession demonstrates the importance and the current relevance of this legal provision. We find the immediate precedent of the rule in Article 15 of the Convention of 1 August 1989 on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons, which also inspired Article 3099 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Quebec. The original conception of the rule comes from Article 28 of the Introductory Act of the German Civil Code of 1896. These legislations acknowledged the necessity of giving effect to some special provisions on succession whose material content legitimates an exceptional breach of the unity in international successions. Therefore, the traditional conflict between the scission and the unitary system of the law applicable to succession finds a conciliatory factor in the observation of the “special provisions” of the lex rei sitae over some particular assets of the estate notwithstanding the conflict rule. The intention is to preserve a minimal content of the State’s law where certain assets are located against the threat that a foreign lex successionis brings about. This uncompromising set of rules presents itself as a bridge to close the gap between these two extreme solutions. It does not contemplate the classic meaning of scission based on the movable or immovable nature of the property (territorial scission), but it breaks nonetheless the principle of unity, in favor of certain substantial considerations derived from the economic, family or social function of some specific assets, by means of a special connection to the lex situs.

In this dissertation the author has written about the rights of women to property and inheritance, in a comparative analysis on how the rights of women are described in international law and domestic laws in Kosovo and what are the traditional practices that hinder the implementation of these laws. Through the case study of practices of exclusion of women from the right to property and inheritance in Kosovo the author has asked the question on what is the role of the state and society in discrimination of women’s rights to property and inheritance and how is that reflected on the position of women in the society. Moreover, a supporting question asks on how traditional customary law influences the lives of people in a democratic country, who strive towards gender equality, but the traditional constrains are yet too strong. Theories and scholars have debated about the rights of women to property and inheritance and the role of property rights in gender equality, however, the debate is mainly concentrated on the consequences of discrimination of women from the right to property and inheritance, however, the author has analyzed the cause of gender discrimination in Kosovo and how the exclusion of women from the right to property and inheritance influences the position of women in the society. Through feminist theory, and anthropological studies, the author has established a correlation between the traditional behavior and patriarchal norms with the behavior of the society in Kosovo in relation to the rights of women to property and inheritance and practices that exclude women from these rights based on traditional norms, besides the existence of the domestic laws and international law. Moreover, through an investigation of the international law and domestic laws in comparison to the current situation of women property ownership in Kosovo, the author has shown how traditional norms that discriminate women continue to live in the society, and these practices besides challenging the state of law, they use the state institutions to discriminate women from the right to property and inheritance through ambiguous laws and weak justice institutions, that allow the tradition to prevail. According to the author, the factors that co-influence in the position of women in the society are influenced by the discrimination of women from the right to property and inheritance, thus all other aspects such as domestic violence, low participation of women in the labor market, low participation of women in political life and decision making, and so on, are a reflection of discrimination of in the family through traditional and cultural discriminatory gender norms. In this dissertation, the author has presented the data and statistics to support this claim, from existing researches, as well as through the case studies of women who have gone through their legal battles for their family inheritance and the obstacles that they have gone through. According to the author, the role of the state in eliminating the discriminatory practices against women is crucial, which can be done through law enforcement and affirmative measures that encourage women to claim their rights and ensure that women are granted what the law has granted them.
W niniejszej pracy autorka skupiła się na prawach kobiet w sprawach majątkowych i spadkowych, analizując sposób, w jaki prawa te ujęte zostały w prawie międzynarodowym i prawie krajowym Kosowa, oraz jak wygląda praktyka hamująca implementację tych praw. Poprzez analizę wykluczeń kobiet z praw majątkowych oraz praw spadkowych w Kosowie, autorka formułuje tezę skupiającą się na roli państwa i społeczeństwa w owej dyskryminacji oraz jej wpływu na rolę kobiety w społeczeństwie. Ponadto, autorka stawia tezę dotyczącą wpływu prawa zwyczajowego na życie społeczeństwa w demokratycznym państwie, które dąży do równość płci, jednak ograniczenia związane z tradycją są wciąż zbyt mocne. Zarówno teorie, jaki uczeni poddawali pod debatę temat praw majątkowych i spadkowych kobiet oraz rolę praw majątkowych w równości płci, jednakże ów debata dotyczy głównie konsekwencji dyskryminacji kobiet w tych prawach. Autorka dokonała analizy przyczyn dyskryminacji płci w Kosowie, a także sposobu wykluczenie kobiet z praw majątkowych i spadkowych, wpływającego na ich pozycję w społeczeństwie. Poprzez teorię feminizmu oraz antropologię, autorka zwróciła uwagę na związek pomiędzy tradycją i patriarchalnymi normami, a także zachowaniem społeczeństwa w Kosowie w związku z prawami majątkowymi i spadkowymi kobiet, jak również praktykami wykluczającymi kobiety z tych praw, pomimo istnienia norm, w tym zakresie zarówno w prawie krajowym, jaki międzynarodowym. Ponadto, dzięki zbadaniu prawa międzynarodowego i krajowego w celu porównania danych przepisów do obecnej sytuacji praw właśności kobiet w Kosowie, autorka ukazała, że normy obyczajowe dyskryminujące kobiety, są wciąż aktualne w społeczeństwie. Takie praktyki, poza tym że poddają pod wątpliwość istnienie państwa prawa, wykorzystują instytucje państwowe w celu dyskryminacji kobiet w sprawach majątkowych i spadkowych poprzez niedoprecyzowane prawo i słaby wymiar sprawiedliwości, dzięki którym tradycja dominuje. Według autorki, czynniki wpływające na pozycję kobiet w społeczeństwie nasiąknięte są dyskryminacją kobiet w sferze praw majątkowych i spadkowych, zatem wszystkie inne aspekty, takie jak: przemoc domowa, mały współczynnik kobiet na rynku pracy, mały udział w życiu politycznym, są oznaką dyskryminacji poprzez tradycyjne i kulturowe normy dotyczące płci. W niniejszej pracy, autorka przedstawiła dane oraz statystki popierające tę tezę , a także dzięki istniejącym badaniom, jak również poprzez przegląd kazusów kobiet, które przeszły przez batalie prawne o rodzinne dziedzictwo oraz przeszkody, z którymi musiały się w ich trakcie zmierzyć. Zdaniem autorki, kluczową rolę w eliminowaniu dyskryminacji kobiet odgrywa państwo, którego narzędziami mogą być egzekwowanie prawa oraz środki zachęcające kobiety do walki o swe prawa oraz zapewnienie, że dane im prawa będą egzekwowane.

Alors qu’un éternel débat oppose les défenseurs de la scission et ceux de l’unité successorale, la professio juris donne une nouvelle perspective à la question de la détermination du droit applicable à une succession internationale, à travers le prisme de l’autonomie de la volonté et de la prévisibilité juridique. En conférant au de cujus la faculté de désigner lui-même le droit qui régira sa succession, elle lui permet d’écarter la règle de conflit objective au profit d’un ou de plusieurs rattachements de son choix et d’éviter l’incertitude reliée à l’appréciation des rattachements objectifs au moment du décès. Instaurée au Québec en 1994, cette institution n’existe que dans quelques États. Quoique présentant des intérêts indéniables en termes de planification, la professio juris a éveillé la crainte que le de cujus ne l’utilise que pour éluder les règles impératives du droit objectivement applicable, dont ses dispositions protectrices comme la réserve héréditaire. Deux types de limites à la professio juris ont ainsi émergé, restreignant l’éventail de lois parmi lesquelles le de cujus peut choisir et proscrivant ensuite certains effets de la désignation. Ce mémoire repose sur l’étude comparative des balises instituées dans plusieurs législations qui connaissent la professio juris, afin d’apporter un certain éclairage sur sa portée au Québec. Cette grille d’analyse permet également d’examiner comment la professio juris a été circonscrite dans d’autres États, de constater qu’elle peut offrir des avenues de planification qui n’ont pas été retenues au Québec et de porter un regard critique sur ces restrictions.
While an endless debate opposes the proponents of scission with the proponents of unity of succession, the professio juris offers a new option. The professio juris allows for the determination of the law applicable to an international succession to be evaluated through the perspective of a will’s autonomy and of legal predictability. By conferring to the deceased the ability to designate the law which would govern their succession, they may circumvent the rule of objective conflict in favour of one or more of the Connecting factors of their choice, and thus to avoid the incertitude linked to the evaluation of the objective Connecting factors upon their death. This institution, established in Quebec in 1994, exists only in certain states. Though advantageous in estate planning, the professio juris raised the apprehension that the deceased may use it in order to circumvent imperative rules of the objectively applicable law, and particularly its protective dispositions such as the hereditary reserve. Two limitations of the professio juris then emerged, firstly, restricting the number of laws from amongst which the deceased can choose, and secondly, limiting some of the possible consequences of said choice. This report is a comparative study of the limitations in effect in legislations that recognize the professio juris, in an attempt to clarify Quebec’s. Moreover, this study will analyse how the professio juris has been implemented in other states, observing that it can offer planning possibilities that are unavailable in Quebec, and, finally, to take a critical assessment of those limitations.

Selected issues of inheritance proceedings This diploma thesis deals with selected issues of inheritance proceedings which play an important role in inheritance proceedings. These selected issues are the assets and liabilities of the estate, their detection, an importance of the common property of spouses and its settlement as a result of the death of one of the spouses and the role of the international element in the inheritance proceedings. Except for the introduction and conclusion, the thesis is composed of two main chapters which are further divided into individual subchapters. The first chapter deals with the assets and liabilities of the estate and it is divided into three large subchapters. The first subchapter deals in general with the assets and liabilities that create the estate, defines them and focuses on the means from which information is obtained about them and also contains legislation about estate without assets and estate with assets of no or insignificant value. The second subchapter focuses on the process of determining assets and liabilities the result of which is the creation of a list of assets and liabilities of the estate. It also regulates a solution of disputes which arise during the creation of the list and methods of valuing the estate. The third subchapter consists of...