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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Internal waves"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 25 maggio 2024

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1

Sutherland, B. R., G. O. Hughes, S. B. Dalziel e P. F. Linden. "Internal waves revisited". Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 31, n. 1-4 (gennaio 2000): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0265(99)00034-2.

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2

Weidman, P. D., e M. G. Velarde. "Internal Solitary Waves". Studies in Applied Mathematics 86, n. 2 (febbraio 1992): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sapm1992862167.

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3

Lee, Kwi-Joo, Hwung-Hweng Hwung, Ray-Yeng Yang e Igor V. Shugan. "Stokes waves modulation by internal waves". Geophysical Research Letters 34, n. 23 (4 dicembre 2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl031882.

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4

HWUNG, HWUNG-HWENG, RAY-YENG YANG e IGOR V. SHUGAN. "Exposure of internal waves on the sea surface". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 626 (10 maggio 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008004758.

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We theoretically analyse the impact of subsurface currents induced by internal waves on nonlinear Stokes surface waves. We present analytical and numerical solutions of the modulation equations under conditions that are close to group velocity resonance. Our results show that smoothing of the downcurrent surface waves is accompanied by a relatively high-frequency modulation, while the profile of the opposing current is reproduced by the surface wave's envelope. We confirm the possibility of generating an internal wave forerunner that is a modulated surface wave packet. Long surface waves can create such a wave modulation forerunner ahead of the internal wave, while other relatively short surface waves comprise the trace of the internal wave itself. Modulation of surface waves by a periodic internal wavetrain may exhibit a characteristic period that is less than the internal wave period. This period can be non-uniform while the wave crosses the current zone. Our results confirm that surface wave excitation by means of internal waves, as observed at their group resonance frequencies, is efficient only in the context of opposing currents.

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5

Xu, Chengzhu, e Marek Stastna. "On the interaction of short linear internal waves with internal solitary waves". Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 25, n. 1 (17 gennaio 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-25-1-2018.

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Abstract. We study the interaction of small-scale internal wave packets with a large-scale internal solitary wave using high-resolution direct numerical simulations in two dimensions. A key finding is that for wave packets whose constituent waves are short in comparison to the solitary wave width, the interaction leads to an almost complete destruction of the short waves. For mode-1 short waves in the packet, as the wavelength increases, a cutoff is reached, and for larger wavelengths the waves in the packet are able to maintain their structure after the interaction. This cutoff corresponds to the wavelength at which the phase speed of the short waves upstream of the solitary wave exceeds the maximum current induced by the solitary wave. For mode-2 waves in the packet, however, no corresponding cutoff is found. Analysis based on linear theory suggests that the destruction of short waves occurs primarily due to the velocity shear induced by the solitary wave, which alters the vertical structure of the waves so that significant wave activity is found only above (below) the deformed pycnocline for overtaking (head-on) collisions. The deformation of vertical structure is more significant for waves with a smaller wavelength. Consequently, it is more difficult for these waves to adjust to the new solitary-wave-induced background environment. These results suggest that through the interaction with relatively smaller length scale waves, internal solitary waves can provide a means to decrease the power observed in the short-wave band in the coastal ocean.

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6

SUN, TIEN-YU, e KAI-HUI CHEN. "ON INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVES". Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 29, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1998): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.29.1998.4254.

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We are concerned with the steady wave motions in a 2-fluid system with constant densities. This is a free boundary problem in which the lighter fluid is bounded above by a free surface and is separated from the heavier one down below by an interface. By using a contractive mapping principle type argument. a constructive proof to the existence of some of these exact periodic internal gravity waves is proveded.

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7

Garwood, Jessica, Ruth Musgrave e Andrew Lucas. "Life in Internal Waves". Oceanography 33, n. 3 (1 settembre 2020): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.313.

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8

Thorpe, S. A., M. B. Belloul e A. J. Hall. "Internal waves and whitecaps". Nature 330, n. 6150 (dicembre 1987): 740–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/330740a0.

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9

Vanden‐Broeck, Jean‐Marc, e Robert E. L. Turner. "Long periodic internal waves". Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4, n. 9 (settembre 1992): 1929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858362.

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10

Sanderson, Brian G., e Akira Okubo. "Diffusion by internal waves". Journal of Geophysical Research 93, n. C4 (1988): 3570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc093ic04p03570.

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11

Holyer, Judith Y. "Nonlinear, periodic, internal waves". Fluid Dynamics Research 5, n. 4 (marzo 1990): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5983(90)90025-t.

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12

Montalbán, Josefina, e Evry Schatzman. "Mixing by Internal Waves". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 137 (1993): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100017929.

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That mixing take place in the radiative zone of many stars, is an event that cannot be forgotten when we try to explain observational results as the lithium abundance in the atmosphere of different stars, its dependence on spectral type, age or rotation velocity... During the last years many processes have been proposed as being responsible of this mixing: overshooting, turbulence induced by rotational instabilities, internal waves, etc... We will consider, following the results obtained by Press (1981), the role of this last mechanism in the transport of lithium to the burning level, not as generators of turbulence (in Press, 1981, and García-López and Spruit, 1991, it is shown that turbulence induced by internal waves decays very quickly inside the radiative zone), but as generators of a diffusive process due to non linear dissipative effects.

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13

Helfrich, Karl R., e W. Kendall Melville. "LONG NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38, n. 1 (gennaio 2006): 395–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092129.

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14

Maia, Liliane A. "Symmetry of internal waves". Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 28, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0362-546x(95)00146-m.

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15

Sutherland, B. R., K. J. Barrett e G. N. Ivey. "Shoaling internal solitary waves". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, n. 9 (settembre 2013): 4111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20291.

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16

Mokryakov, V. V. "Internal Antisymmetric Lamb Waves". Acoustical Physics 69, n. 3 (giugno 2023): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063771022600711.

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17

Jing, Zhao, e Ping Chang. "Modulation of Small-Scale Superinertial Internal Waves by Near-Inertial Internal Waves". Journal of Physical Oceanography 46, n. 12 (dicembre 2016): 3529–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-15-0239.1.

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AbstractDynamics of small-scale (<10 km) superinertial internal waves (SSIWs) of intense vertical motion are investigated theoretically and numerically. It is shown that near-inertial internal waves (NIWs) have a pronounced influence on modulation of SSIW strength. In convergence zones of NIWs, energy flux of SSIWs converge and energy is transferred from NIWs to SSIWs, leading to rapid growth of SSIWs. The opposite occurs when SSIWs enter divergence zones of NIWs. The underlying dynamics can be understood in terms of wave action conservation of SSIWs in the presence of background NIWs. The validity of the theoretical finding is verified using realistic high-resolution numerical simulations in the Gulf of Mexico. The results reveal significantly stronger small-scale superinertial vertical motions in convergence zones of NIWs than in divergence zones. By removing near-inertial wind forcing, model simulations with identical resolution show a substantial decrease in the small-scale superinertial vertical motions associated with the suppression of NIWs. Therefore, these numerical simulations support the theoretical finding of SSIW–NIW interaction.

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18

Yamashita, Kei, e Taro Kakinuma. "PROPERTIES OF SURFACE AND INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 34 (30 ottobre 2014): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v34.waves.45.

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19

Stamp, Andrew P., e Marcus Jacka. "Deep-water internal solitaty waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 305 (25 dicembre 1995): 347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095004654.

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An experimental investigation of mode-2 (’lump-Like’) Solitary waves propagaling on a thin interface between two deep layers of different densities is presented. Small-and large-amplitude waves behaved differently: small waves carried energy and momentum, whereas sufficiently large waves also carried mass. Weakly nonlinear theory anticipated the result for amplitudes a/h [les ] 0.5 but did not provide even a qualitative description of the large-amplitude waves. In particular, the prediction that for waves to maintain permanent form their wavelength must decrease with increasing amplitude failed; instead the wavelength of large waves was observed to increase with increasing amplitude. Furthermore, whilst the waves were expected to emerge from interactions along their precollision trajectories, the large waves actually suffered a backward shift.

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20

Lecoanet, D., G. M. Vasil, J. Fuller, M. Cantiello e K. J. Burns. "Conversion of internal gravity waves into magnetic waves". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 466, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2016): 2181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3273.

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21

DONATO, A. N., D. H. PEREGRINE e J. R. STOCKER. "The focusing of surface waves by internal waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 384 (10 aprile 1999): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098003917.

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The surface current generated by internal waves in the ocean affects surface gravity waves. The propagation of short surface waves is studied using both simple ray theory for linear waves and a fully nonlinear numerical potential solver. Attention is directed to the case of short waves with initially uniform wavenumber, as may be generated by a strong gust of wind. In general, some of the waves are focused by the surface current and in these regions the waves steepen and may break. Comparisons are made between ray theory and the more accurate solutions. For ray theory, the occurrence of focusing is examined in some detail and exact analytic solutions are found for rays on currents with linear and quadratic spatial variation – only the latter giving focusing for our initial conditions. With regard to interpretation of remote sensing of the sea surface, we find that enhanced wave steepness is not necessarily associated with a particular phase of the internal wave, and simplistic interpretations may sometimes be misleading.

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22

Nakayama, Keisuke, Taro Kakinuma, Hidekazu Tsuji e Masayuki Oikawa. "NONLINEAR OBLIQUE INTERACTION OF LARGE AMPLITUDE INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 33 (9 ottobre 2012): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.19.

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Solitary waves are typical nonlinear long waves in the ocean. The two-dimensional interaction of solitary waves has been shown to be essentially different from the one-dimensional case and can be related to generation of large amplitude waves (including ‘freak waves’). Concerning surface-water waves, Miles (1977) theoretically analyzed interaction of three solitary waves, which is called “resonant interaction” because of the relation among parameters of each wave. Weakly-nonlinear numerical study (Funakoshi, 1980) and fully-nonlinear one (Tanaka, 1993) both clarified the formation of large amplitude wave due to the interaction (“stem” wave) at the wall and its dependency of incident angle. For the case of internal waves, analyses using weakly nonlinear model equation (ex. Tsuji and Oikawa, 2006) suggest also qualitatively similar result. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the strongly nonlinear interaction of internal solitary waves; especially whether the resonant behavior is found or not. As a result, it is found that the amplified internal wave amplitude becomes about three times as much as the original amplitude. In contrast, a "stem" was not found to occur when the incident wave angle was more than the critical angle, which has been demonstrated in the previous studies.

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23

Nie, Ruixin, Bin Wang e Tengjiao He. "Extraction and analysis of three-dimensional sound scattering characteristics by body-generated internal waves". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, n. 4_supplement (1 ottobre 2023): A41—A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0022737.

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The motion of an object submerged in a stratified fluid generates surface wakes, and simultaneously induces internal waves at the interface where there is a change in sound speed, known as the thermocline. As a result, spectral-temporal fluctuations occur in both the surface height and the distribution of sound velocity. While surface wakes primarily contribute to geometric acoustic scattering, the internal waves generated by the underwater object's motion can have diverse effects on sound propagation, leading to a prolonged acoustic impact that may have practical applications in underwater acoustic detection. This paper investigates the impact of body-generated internal waves on underwater acoustic propagation through the establishment of an “unfrozen field,” range-dependent model using the approximated Kelvin wake theory. The model allows numerical simulations to demonstrate the spatial-temporal coherence, time-frequency modulation and directional characteristics of the three-dimensional sound field scattered by the body-generated internal wave. By analyzing the influences of thermocline depth, target motion velocity and source depth, the results presented in this study indicate that the long-range acoustic propagation, modulated by the body-generated internal waves, can provide additional information for detecting moving targets.

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24

VORONOVICH, VYACHESLAV V., DMITRY E. PELINOVSKY e VICTOR I. SHRIRA. "On internal wave–shear flow resonance in shallow water". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 354 (10 gennaio 1998): 209–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007593.

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The work is concerned with long nonlinear internal waves interacting with a shear flow localized near the sea surface. The study is focused on the most intense resonant interaction occurring when the phase velocity of internal waves matches the flow velocity at the surface. The perturbations of the shear flow are considered as ‘vorticity waves’, which enables us to treat the wave–flow resonance as the resonant wave–wave interaction between an internal gravity mode and the vorticity mode. Within the weakly nonlinear long-wave approximation a system of evolution equations governing the nonlinear dynamics of the waves in resonance is derived and an asymptotic solution to the basic equations is constructed. At resonance the nonlinearity of the internal wave dynamics is due to the interaction with the vorticity mode, while the wave's own nonlinearity proves to be negligible. The equations derived are found to possess solitary wave solutions of different polarities propagating slightly faster or slower than the surface velocity of the shear flow. The amplitudes of the ‘fast’ solitary waves are limited from above; the crest of the limiting wave forms a sharp corner. The solitary waves of amplitude smaller than a certain threshold are shown to be stable; ‘subcritical’ localized pulses tend to such solutions. The localized pulses of amplitude exceeding this threshold form infinite slopes in finite time, which indicates wave breaking.

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25

Nam, Sunghyun, e Xueen Chen. "Oceanic Internal Waves and Internal Tides in the East Asian Marginal Seas". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n. 5 (23 aprile 2022): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050573.

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26

Yamashita, Kei, Taro Kakinuma e Keisuke Nakayama. "NUMERICAL ANALYSES ON PROPAGATION OF NONLINEAR INTERNAL WAVES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 32 (1 febbraio 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.waves.24.

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A set of nonlinear surface/internal-wave equations, which have been derived on the basis of the variational principle without any assumptions concerning wave nonlinearity and dispersion, is applied to compare numerical results with experimental data of surface/internal waves propagating through a shallow- or a deep-water region in a tank. Internal waves propagating over a submerged breakwater or a uniformly sloping beach are also simulated. The internal progressive wave shows remarkable shoaling when the interface reaches the critical level, after which physical variables including wave celerity become unstable near the wave-breaking point. In the case of the internal-wave trough reflecting at the vertical wall, the vertical velocities of water particles in the vicinity of the interface are different from that of the moving interface at the wall near the wave breaking, which means that the kinematic boundary condition on the interface of trough has been unsatisfied.

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27

LAMB, KEVIN G. "A numerical investigation of solitary internal waves with trapped cores formed via shoaling". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 451 (25 gennaio 2002): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200100636x.

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The formation of solitary internal waves with trapped cores via shoaling is investigated numerically. For density fields for which the buoyancy frequency increases monotonically towards the surface, sufficiently large solitary waves break as they shoal and form solitary-like waves with trapped fluid cores. Properties of large-amplitude waves are shown to be sensitive to the near-surface stratification. For the monotonic stratifications considered, waves with open streamlines are limited in amplitude by the breaking limit (maximum horizontal velocity equals wave propagation speed). When an exponential density stratification is modified to include a thin surface mixed layer, wave amplitudes are limited by the conjugate flow limit, in which case waves become long and horizontally uniform in the centre. The maximum horizontal velocity in the limiting wave is much less than the wave's propagation speed and as a consequence, waves with trapped cores are not formed in the presence of the surface mixed layer.

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28

Chen, Robin Ming, e Samuel Walsh. "Orbital Stability of Internal Waves". Communications in Mathematical Physics 391, n. 3 (18 febbraio 2022): 1091–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-022-04332-x.

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29

Varma, Dheeraj, Manikandan Mathur e Thierry Dauxois. "Instabilities in internal gravity waves". Mathematics in Engineering 5, n. 1 (2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2023016.

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<abstract><p>Internal gravity waves are propagating disturbances in stably stratified fluids, and can transport momentum and energy over large spatial extents. From a fundamental viewpoint, internal waves are interesting due to the nature of their dispersion relation, and their linear dynamics are reasonably well-understood. From an oceanographic viewpoint, a qualitative and quantitative understanding of significant internal wave generation in the ocean is emerging, while their dissipation mechanisms are being debated. This paper reviews the current knowledge on instabilities in internal gravity waves, primarily focusing on the growth of small-amplitude disturbances. Historically, wave-wave interactions based on weakly nonlinear expansions have driven progress in this field, to investigate spontaneous energy transfer to various temporal and spatial scales. Recent advances in numerical/experimental modeling and field observations have further revealed noticeable differences between various internal wave spatial forms in terms of their instability characteristics; this in turn has motivated theoretical calculations on appropriately chosen internal wave fields in various settings. After a brief introduction, we present a pedagogical discussion on linear internal waves and their different two-dimensional spatial forms. The general ideas concerning triadic resonance in internal waves are then introduced, before proceeding towards instability characteristics of plane waves, wave beams and modes. Results from various theoretical, experimental and numerical studies are summarized to provide an overall picture of the gaps in our understanding. An ocean perspective is then given, both in terms of the relevant outstanding questions and the various additional factors at play. While the applications in this review are focused on the ocean, several ideas are relevant to atmospheric and astrophysical systems too.</p></abstract>

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30

Müller, Peter, e Melbourne Briscoe. "Diapycnal Mixing and Internal Waves". Oceanography 13, n. 2 (2000): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2000.40.

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31

Wang, Tao, e Tong Su. "Hilbert spectrum of internal waves". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, n. 5 (novembre 2000): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4743425.

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Wang, Tao, Tian‐Fu Gao e Li Ma. "Moments of internal gravity waves". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, n. 5 (maggio 2001): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744572.

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33

Shakespeare, Callum J. "Spontaneous generation of internal waves". Physics Today 72, n. 6 (giugno 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4225.

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Müller, P., E. d'Asaro e G. Holloway. "Internal gravity waves and mixing". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 73, n. 3 (1992): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91eo00018.

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35

Bühler, J. "Simple Internal Waves and Bores". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 120, n. 5 (maggio 1994): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1994)120:5(638).

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36

Kivshar, Yuri S., Dmitry E. Pelinovsky, Thierry Cretegny e Michel Peyrard. "Internal Modes of Solitary Waves". Physical Review Letters 80, n. 23 (8 giugno 1998): 5032–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.5032.

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37

Renaud, A., e A. Venaille. "Boundary streaming by internal waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 858 (31 ottobre 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.786.

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Damped internal wave beams in stratified fluids have long been known to generate strong mean flows through a mechanism analogous to acoustic streaming. While the role of viscous boundary layers in acoustic streaming has been thoroughly addressed, it remains largely unexplored in the case of internal waves. Here we compute the mean flow generated close to an undulating wall that emits internal waves in a viscous, linearly stratified two-dimensional Boussinesq fluid. Using a quasi-linear approach, we demonstrate that the form of the boundary conditions dramatically impacts the generated boundary streaming. In the no-slip scenario, the early-time Reynolds stress divergence within the viscous boundary layer is much stronger than within the bulk while also driving flow in the opposite direction. Whatever the boundary condition, boundary streaming is however dominated by bulk streaming at larger time. Using a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approach, we investigate the consequences of adding boundary streaming effects to an idealised model of wave–mean flow interactions known to reproduce the salient features of the quasi-biennial oscillation. The presence of wave boundary layers has a quantitative impact on the flow reversals.

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Lamb, Kevin G. "Are Solitary Internal Waves Solitons?" Studies in Applied Mathematics 101, n. 3 (ottobre 1998): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9590.00094.

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Bona, J. L., D. Lannes e J. C. Saut. "Asymptotic models for internal waves". Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 89, n. 6 (giugno 2008): 538–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpur.2008.02.003.

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40

Maas, Leo R. M., e Frans-Peter A. Lam. "Geometric focusing of internal waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 300 (10 ottobre 1995): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095003582.

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The spatial structure of the streamfunction field of free, linear internal waves in a two-dimensional basin is governed by the canonical, second-order, hyperbolic equation on a closed domain. Its solution can be determined explicitly for some simple shapes of the basin. It consists of an algorithm by which ‘webs’ of uniquely related characteristics can be constructed and the prescription of one (independent) value of a field variable, related to the streamfunction, on each of these webs. The geometric construction of the webs can be viewed as an alternative version of a billiard game in which the angle of reflection equals that of incidence with respect to the vertical (rather than to the normal). Typically, internal waves are observed to be globally attracted (‘focused’) to a limiting set of characteristics. This attracting set can be classified by the number of reflections it has with the surface (its period in the terminology of dynamical systems). This period of the attractor is a fractal function of the normalized period of the internal waves: large regions of smooth, low-period attractors are seeded with regions with high-period attractors. Occasionally, all internal wave rays fold exactly back upon themselves, a ‘resonance’: focusing is absent and a smooth pattern, familiar from the cellular pattern in a rectangular domain, is obtained. These correspond to the well-known seiching modes of a basin. An analytic set of seiching modes has also been found for a semi-elliptic basin. A necessary condition for seiching to occur is formulated.

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Ibragimov, Nail H., e Ranis N. Ibragimov. "Rotationally symmetric internal gravity waves". International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 47, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2011.08.011.

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42

Artale, V., e D. Levi. "Internal waves in marine straits". Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 28, n. 1-2 (settembre 1987): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(87)90167-9.

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43

Montalbán, Josefina. "The Generation of Internal Waves". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 137 (1993): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100017917.

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Abstract (sommario):

The generation of internal waves in the radiatively stable stellar region by the turbulent motion at the boundary of the overlaying convective zone is similar to the same case in the deep ocean or in the earth atmosphere (Townsend, 1965), and can be described in a simple way as following: When an turbulent fluid element arrives at the boundary of the convective region with a non-zero momentum, it beats and it deforms the interface between both regions. This disturbance of the equilibrium state excites a train of internal waves propagating below the convective zone in the horizontal and vertical directions for the frequencies lower than the characteristic one for the stable stratification (Brunt-Väisälä frequency).

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44

Henyey, Frank S., e Antje Hoering. "Energetics of borelike internal waves". Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 102, n. C2 (15 febbraio 1997): 3323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96jc03558.

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Jong, Bartele de. "Bed Waves Generated by Internal Waves in Alluvial Channels". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 115, n. 6 (giugno 1989): 801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1989)115:6(801).

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Tahvildari, Navid, James M. Kaihatu e William S. Saric. "Generation of long subharmonic internal waves by surface waves". Ocean Modelling 106 (ottobre 2016): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.07.004.

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