Tesi sul tema "Interférométrie non-linéaire"
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Sacchet, Delphine. "Tomographie par cohérence optique plein champ linéaire et non linéaire". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00519355.
Testo completoBousquet, Elsa. "Optimisation non linéaire et application au réglage d'un réseau de télescopes". Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/2d9a9c28-505a-4ed2-847a-8590551efa79/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4048.pdf.
Testo completoWe describe an application of nonlinear optimization in interferometric optical astronomy. The aim is to find the relative positions of the output pupils and the modulus of the beams through each pupil of a linear array of telescopes in order to design an instrument capable of imaging exoplanets. The problem is modelized under the form of a nonlinear minimization problem. Numerical experiments and theorical results are reported. We analyze too the behaviour of the Newton method applied to a sequence of perturbed optimality systems that follow from the quadra- tic penalty approach. We show that the usual requirement of solving the penalty problem at an arbitrary given precision may be replaced by a less stringent criterion while garanteeing the global convergence. Local and global convergence results are presented as well as numerical experiments
Rivet, Sylvain. "Caractérisation complète d'un faisceau laser impulsionnel femtoseconde : mise en évidence et analyse du couplage spatio-temporel dans la propagation linéaire et non linéaire". Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12448.
Testo completoTrifonov, Andrey. "Contrôle non destructif par des méthodes d'acoustique non linéaire pour des applications aéronautiques". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0006/document.
Testo completoThis PhD thesis work contributes to the development of nonlinear elastic methods for non-destructive testing and imaging of contact-type defects in solids.In this work, two modifications of recent nonlinear nondestructive testing methods are suggested: the coda wave interferometry combined with the nonlinear time reversal principle and air-coupled nonlinear ultrasonic imaging. The principal advantage of former technique is in its extremely high sensitivity owing to the fact that weak changes in sample's parameters are accumulated and finally greatly amplified during the formation of the coda wave. The other technique has a complimentary strength and offers a possibility of a remote detection. The developed techniques are tested on samples with artificially fabricated defects at known locations. The performance of each method is accessed and the potential for obtaining robust nonlinear images is demonstrated.The second part of the work is concerned with a theoretical description of contact acoustical nonlinearity and its use for creating of a numerical toolbox capable of simulating wave propagation in complex structures containing internal contacts. A physical model describing the tangential shift of two contacting bodies in the presence of friction has been proposed. Its result is an analytical computer-assisted solution for hysteretic relationships between normal and tangential contact displacements and loads. The contact model and derived load-displacement relationships are used as boundary conditions posed at the internal boundaries (contact surfaces) in a finite element wave propagation model programmed via commercial software
Matha, Robin. "Interférométrie self-mixing pour la détection des conditions givrantes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5018.
Testo completoHere we propose a method allowing the detection of water droplets in atmospheric conditions in a reliable and robust manner. For this, we chose to test the application of self-mixing interferometry to this problem. This complex optical technique consists of extracting information from a non-linear interferometry signal obtained at the terminals of a laser diode subjected to optical feedback onto a scene. It is this scene that generates and contains the information. The representative case study is that of a solid surface moving longitudinally in the axis of the laser beam; the signal is composed of interferometry fringes which form in the non-linear medium which is the laser, each fringe corresponds to a displacement of λ/2 of the surface (λ being the wavelength of the laser) and l The orientation gives the direction of movement of this surface. The self-mixing interferometer, a simple laser diode equipped with a power supply and output amplification, is known to offer great versatility in the nature of the measurements possible (speed measurement, detection of micro particles, 3D imaging, etc) but it also offers important advantages in the design of a sensor: compactness, robust elements, low energy consumption, self-aligned and intrinsically simple system. However, the availability of the measurement in the signal is very dependent on the quantity of light reinjected into the laser cavity. In the context of a rough surface this results in the renewal of the speckle pattern generated by the reflection of the laser beam on this surface.We demonstrate that the availability of the measurement can be ensured by extracting information from three independent self-mixing interferometry channels (power supply, optical system and signal amplification) but also by processing these signals using a network of neurons pre-trained in this framework representative of the moving surface. Thus, as long as at least one channel presents available information, the neural network is able to reconstruct the speed of movement of the surface with precision. In addition, the parallel analysis of several channels makes it possible to increase the precision of this reconstruction. After carrying out this work to increase the robustness of obtaining a measurement, they were adapted to the detection of micrometric water drops. After adapting the neural network to classify the signals; we manage to detect the presence of droplets in front of the beam with a very low error rate. In addition, we also managed to classify interferometry signals from three different scenes: a cloud of micrometric water drops and the same cloud into which larger droplets with a diameter greater than 100 µm are injected with two distributions of different sizes. Finally, we managed to combine artificial intelligence with a complex optical phenomenon to demonstrate in principle a simple, robust, compact and reliable sensor capable of detecting the presence of droplets in the atmosphere as well as distinguishing variations in size of these droplets making up the cloud
Bao, Chengheri. "Analyse par interférométrie laser de la striction diffuse et localisée dans des tôles d'aciers". Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0014/document.
Testo completoThe evolution of the plastic strain localization field of ductile metals was followed by electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) during a uniaxial tensile test. It was shown that the mathematical model, a system of two crossing straight bands, describes accurately the evolution of the strain rate field from diffuse necking up to rupture. The physical characteristics of the localization, such as the width of the bands, their orientations and maximum strain rates were identified quantitatively. Their evolutions were followed and analyzed from several influencing factors, which are both microscopic, such as grain size and crystal structure, and macroscopic, like the geometry of the specimen and the direction in which the specimen were cut with respect to the rolling direction, and the pulling speed. It has been found that the bands narrow down during the necking process and their orientations were also changing. These evolutions, the necking mode and the transition between the diffuse and localized necking are influenced differently by these factors
Mermillod-Anselme, Quentin. "Spectroscopie cohérente non-linéaire de boîtes quantiques uniques dans des nanostructures photoniques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY005/document.
Testo completoDecoherence in solids is a major issue towards the realization of a quantum processor based on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as optically active qubits. Measuring and controlling the optical coherence of such qubits is required in their fundamental studies, paving a way for technological applications. However, their nanometer size combined to the sub-nanosecond lifetime of their optical transitions, render experimental measurements very challenging.This thesis presents a detailed study of the dephasing mechanisms and the coherent coupling of excitonic complexes strongly confined in individual InAs/GaAs QDs. To achieve these measurements, I developed an heterodyne four-wave mixing experiment sensitive to the amplitude and phase of the electric field emitted by a single QD. With this setup one can measure the lifetime and the coherence time of a single exciton, even in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening. To increase the light-matter interaction and the extraction efficiency of the signal, the use of photonic nanostructures has proved to be necessary. The optical sensitivity of the setup allowed me to study in detail the mechanisms of exciton-phonon interaction, which is an important source of decoherence in solids, like the acoustic polaron formation, the quadratic coupling to acoustic phonons, and the excitation-induced dephasing. Furthermore, by inferring two-dimensional spectra, I demonstrate coherent couplings between various exciton complexes. Finally, I highlight a new multi-wave mixing protocol to control the coherent response of a single exciton, and I propose to employ it to control long-range radiative coupling between two QDs, which is a fundamental step towards achieving a quantum logic gate in solids
Del, Rio Louis. "Utilisation d’un processus d’optique non linéaire en somme de fréquences dans le cadre de l’optique cohérente appliquée à l’imagerie haute résolution". Limoges, 2009. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/b72793dd-5942-49de-87c0-ca3332ab309a/blobholder:0/2009LIMO4070.pdf.
Testo completoThe main scope of the present thesis is to pave the way for the use of non-linear optics in the context of interferometric synthetic aperture in astronomy. The principal achievement is the experimental characterization of the interference of infrared signals with an interferometer working at visible light. This fact is made possible through the use of a nonlinear up-conversion mechanism which preserves the information of the phase front of the signal. The infrared signals at 1,550 μm have been mixed with a common monochromatic pump laser linearly polarized at 1,064 μm in periodically poled Lithium Niobate crystals. Either bulk crystals or waveguides have been used to obtain final up-converted radiations at 632 nm. The simplest case of stellar interferometer combines the radiation of two telescopes. To replicate the same observation at visible wavelengths, we used two distinct up-conversion stages driven by a common pump. The up-converted signals are then recombined andmixed. Such results have been systematically compared with those obtained by a parallel experimental setup based on an infrared interferometer working as a reference. We have focused our experiments to very simple and archetypal configurations in which we measured their temporal or spatial coherence by analyzing the up-converted radiations. In a first set of experiments the signal was composed by a doublet of closely spaced frequencies a bi-frequency radiation centered around 1. 55 μm with a low spectral gap. Our scope was to demonstrate experimentally that the up-converion by sum frequency generation keeps preserved the temporal coherence, as a consequence of theWiener Kinchine theorem. In a second set of experiments, we used a spatial doublet at 1. 55 μm to demonstrate that the same wavelength up-conversion also preserves the spatial coherence, as predicted by the corresponding theorem of Van Cittert Zernike
Chandra, Johanes. "Analyses expérimentales de la réponse sismique non-linéaire du système sol-structure". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU023/document.
Testo completoThe concentration of population in urban areas in seismic-prone regions can generate more and more damages and losses. Seismic response in urban areas depends on site effects (direct amplification and nonlinearity of the soil) and the coupling between the soil and structures (soil-structure and site-city interaction). Therefore, the understanding of urban seismology, that is the ground motion incorporating the urban environment, is critical to reduce the damage. This requires the prediction of ground motion in urban areas, a fundamental element in the evaluation of the seismic hazard. Taking into account the amplification caused by the presence of sediment has been widely studied. However, the non-linearity of the soil and the coupling between the ground and the structure is seldom integrated to the prediction of the ground motion. Because of their complexity, these problems have been addressed separately. In this context, this dissertation analyzes the non-linear response of the soil-structure by integrating the non-linearity of the soil and the soil-structure interaction. Two experimental studies were performed, with the aim of providing a proxy that reflects the non-linearity of the soil. The first is the centrifuge test that reproduces the response of soil and structures at reduced scale. The state of stress and strain is conserved by applying an artificial acceleration model. This test was performed at IFSTTAR Nantes in the framework of the ANR ARVISE. Different configurations were tested with and without buildings, under different stress levels, to analyze the response of the soil and structures. The second uses the vertical accelerometric networks of two sites in California: Garner Valley Downhole (GVDA) and the Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA), both managed by the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), USA. In-situ response is important since it describes the actual behavior of the site. Information describing the conditions of sites is widely available and the earthquakes recorded were used to test several levels of shaking to reconstruct the overall response of each site. In addition, the GVDA site is equipped with a Soil-Foundation-Structure-Interaction structure (SFSI) which aims to study the problems of soil-structure interaction. In both experiments, thanks to the vertical accelerometer network in the ground and the structure we are able to apply the 1D wave propagation method to extract the response of these systems. The waves are considered as an SH wave which propagates in a 1D horizontal layer. Seismic interferometry by deconvolution method is applied to extract the Impulse Response Function (IRF) of the 1D system. Thus the analysis of the variation in function of elastic properties of the soil and the structure is done under several magnitude of shaking, including variation in depth and the elements of the total response of the structure including the soil-structure interaction. At the end, a deformation proxy to evaluate and also to predict the nonlinear response of the soil, the structure and the soil-structure interaction is proposed
Chen, Guangzhi. "Caractérisation de défauts dans les milieux multi-diffusants : analyse de la méthode non linéaire d’interférométrie de la coda ultrasonore". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1004.
Testo completoCoda waves are extremely sensitive to small disturbances of the propagation medium and therefore offer abundant information related to material damages. Recently, a method that combines Nonlinear acoustics and Coda Wave Interferometry (NCWI) has been proposed and applied to several types of materials (glass, mortar and concrete). In this thesis, numerical models (for homogeneous and heterogeneous medias ) are developed using the spectral element method to study the nonlinear acosutic effects highlighted by a pump wave of large amplitude and low frequency. Several parameters are related to the influence of the pump wave: the change of the elastic modulus and the quality factor within an area of Effective Damaged Zone (EDZ), the surface of the EDZ, the presence or absence of cracks within the EDZ, the change of the crack lengths and their number. The aim of numerical modeling is to be able to simulate ultrasonic coda waves in a multiple scattering medium with the presence of different types of non-linearities and to propose numerical models that are useful for the diagnosis and optimization of experimental set-ups. An experimental validation of laws linking damage parameters to NCWI observables is performed on a perforated aluminum plate. The nonlinear effects are caused by the contacts of the threads of a variable number of screws in the plate. NCWI allows the characterization and monitoring of different types of non-linearities: it perfectly answers the needs of Non Destructive Evaluation and Testing for early damage detection in complex materials
Delmonte, Valentin. "Spectroscopie cohérente des excitons dans des nanostructures semi-conductrices innovantes". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY015/document.
Testo completoThe evolution of technologies related to semiconductors has led to the study of the coherence of Quantum Bits (Qbits) in order to reduce the size of the components. Using nonlinear coherent spectroscopy, I was able to study the coherence properties of excitons confined in quantum dots (BQs), themselves integrated into different nano-structures. The interest of nanostructures is to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, essential in our experience. The use of nano-structures is also essential for the purpose of setting up a long-distance radiative coupling between 2 BQs.First of all, it was necessary to characterize deterministic nano-structures that make it possible to increase the yield of usable samples by preserving the signal intensity emitted by the BQs. In addition, I developed my experience to refine our ability to study close-coupling between BQs embedded in a micro-cavity. Then we tested several forms of 1D nano-structures (trumpets and ridges) in order to amplify the long-distance coupling and to understand the obstacles we will have to face. Finally a characterization of new 2D materials was realized, in order to improve our understanding of exciton dynamics in this type of materials
Toumi, Souad. "Caractérisation des matériaux complexes et de leurs endommagements par la technique de la coda ultrasonore alliée à l'acoustique non linéaire". Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1024/document.
Testo completoNonlinear Resonance (NR) and Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) have proved to be efficient to detect and follow the evolution of micro-cracks within a strongly scattering media (concrete, rocks, etc.). Nevertheless, the localization of the cracks using the same techniques is not straight forward. In order to avoid the conditioning and its subsequent relaxation effect related to NR, CWI is simultaneously applied when concrete samples are vibrating in the linear regime. Based on a comparative study of the coda signals contents (non ballistic part) in the absence and under the weak linear vibration, the localization of the mechanically induced scatterers was possible depending on the scatterers' main direction with respect to the vibration plane. The latter point raises the issue of the generated types of vibration at the scatterers. Therefore, investigations were performed using the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique, which has served to verify that the acoustic activity during the linear vibrations does change depending on the considered experimental configuration. The latter, has also a direct effect on the frequency content of the recorded AE hits showing the potential link existing between the quantitative analysis of AE hits and the generated vibration mechanisms of the existing micro-cracks
Ventalon, Catherine. "Ascension vibrationnelle dans les hémoprotéines à l' aide d' impulsions infrarouges intenses à dérive de fréquence". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPXX0059.
Testo completoToumi, Souad. "Caractérisation des matériaux complexes et de leurs endommagements par la technique de la coda ultrasonore alliée à l'acoustique non linéaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1024.
Testo completoNonlinear Resonance (NR) and Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI) have proved to be efficient to detect and follow the evolution of micro-cracks within a strongly scattering media (concrete, rocks, etc.). Nevertheless, the localization of the cracks using the same techniques is not straight forward. In order to avoid the conditioning and its subsequent relaxation effect related to NR, CWI is simultaneously applied when concrete samples are vibrating in the linear regime. Based on a comparative study of the coda signals contents (non ballistic part) in the absence and under the weak linear vibration, the localization of the mechanically induced scatterers was possible depending on the scatterers' main direction with respect to the vibration plane. The latter point raises the issue of the generated types of vibration at the scatterers. Therefore, investigations were performed using the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique, which has served to verify that the acoustic activity during the linear vibrations does change depending on the considered experimental configuration. The latter, has also a direct effect on the frequency content of the recorded AE hits showing the potential link existing between the quantitative analysis of AE hits and the generated vibration mechanisms of the existing micro-cracks
Messager, Valérie. "Nouveaux procédés pour la caractérisation cohérente d'impulsions Femtosecondes et pour la caractérisation des non linéarités du troisième ordre". Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0044.
Testo completoThis first part of this work concerns a new method for characterization in amplitude and phase, of the temporal profile of femtosecondes pulses. This technique is based on shearing interferometry in the spectral domain. Spectral modulations are isolated with a fast time gating. A direct numerical procedure permits to extract the phase difference of the beatings before recovery of the temporal amplitude and phase distributions of the pulse. The second part deals with a new technique for third order nonlinearity measurements. It exploits the changes of femtosecondes excitation, due to self phase modulation in the nonlinear sample under test versus a varying dispersion introduced on the input pulses. These two processes temporally and spectrally modify the pulses. By fitting the experimental data with the curve obtained by numerical simulation of the device we derive the complex value of the non linearity together with its fast time response
Tephany, Christophe. "Analyse de la formabilité de renforts composites à base de fibres naturelles". Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2051/document.
Testo completoThis study concerns the manufacturing process of composite material from woven flax reinforcement and specifically the preforming stage of the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process, with complex geometries. During the process several deformation modes take place and several defects may appear and it is therefore important to understand the mechanisms controlling their appearance. A specific sheet forming bench has been used to characterise the formed shapes at the macroscopic scale (global defects) as well as at the mesoscopic scale (tow strains). Various process parameters (blank holder pressures and reinforcement orientation) and the local tensile strains were measured using an optical method. From the observed defects, the tow buckling, out of plane bending of tows, was particularly investigated as this one is not very much described in the litterature. An experimental setup independent of the forming process was designed to specifically study this defect and to quantify the key parameters controlling its appearance. An interferometric method was proposed to measure the size of the buckles with accuracy and a parametric study (applied tensions, bending angles, orientation and architecture of the reinforcement) has been completed. Within the reinforcement, the tensile behaviour of tows presents strong non-linearities. A finite elements model at the macroscopic scale is proposed to highlight the impact of these non-linearities on the forming modeling results. A sensitivity study under several process conditions has been realized
Jacob, Xavier. "Applications de l' interaction d' ondes élastiques à la mesure des propriétés non linéaires des matériaux et à la caractérisation de champs de pression". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077030.
Testo completoBelabas, Nadia. "Spectroscopie femtoseconde cohérente bidimensionnelle dans l'infrarouge". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007455.
Testo completoJacob, Xavier. "Applications de l'interaction d'ondes élastiques à la mesure des propriétés non-linéaires des matériaux et à la caractérisation de champs de pression". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001301.
Testo completoCassagne, Christophe. "Développement des procédés de mesure de déphasage optique : applications aux non linéarités induites par effet Kerr dans certaines molécules organiques". Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0010/document.
Testo completoOur study concerns the measurement of the nonlinear (NL) optical phase shift of order three. Two categories of methods will be addressed: i) the phaseshift interferometric technique that allows phase characterization with good spatial resolution, which is crucial for a focused beam in the non-linear medium. This technique uses the least squares criterion associated with several interferograms. Implemented using a spatial light modulator, it provides a practical calibration for each phase shift considered. The reliability of the proposed method is verified by direct comparison with the Fourier transformation method; ii) innovative Z-scan methods combined with an imager assembly. They will be applied here to measurements of the NL coefficients of order three and higher. We will show that the flexibility of using a CCD camera allows for better pointing and real-time tracking of the beam. Finally, we will focus on the Dark-field Z-scan setup, which benefits from the advantages of high contrast dark field microscopy. These improvements potentially open up a new field of microscopic exploration for the investigation and mapping of non-linear effects
Soulard, Rémi. "Réseaux d'indice et réseaux de gain dans les milieux lasers solides dopés Nd3+ ou Yb3+ Utilisation pour le mélange à deux ondes et les cavités laser auto-adaptatives". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576567.
Testo completoZhang, Yuxiang. "Contrôle de santé des matériaux et structures par analyse de la coda ultrasonore". Thesis, Le Mans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEMA1014/document.
Testo completoWith their long and complex propagation paths, coda waves can probe the propagation medium repeatedly and show a high sensitivity to the perturbations to the medium, i.e. variations in propagation velocity. Since such variations may indicate the modification of elastic properties and Coda Wave interferometry (CWI) can determine it precisely (relative resolution of 0.001%), CWI is considered a promising method for non destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E). An experimental test is presented as an example of the CWI use on concrete for NDT&E purpose. For solving the experimental repeatability issue revealed in this test, a bias-control protocol is designed to reduce the experimental bias in CWI results. It is experimentally confirmed that this protocol can remarkably improve the reliability of CWI results and the experimental repeatability. Together with this bias-control protocol, the CWI is used to study the behaviors of concrete under uni-axial load in direct tension. Both elastic (acoustoealstic effect) and inelastic (Kaiser effect) behaviors are observed via CWI results. Effective value of acoustoelastic coefficient is then determined from CWI results and used for the detection of an early-stage damage that artificially induced to the concrete specimen. A defect-detection method of an initially linear medium (glass) is then developed by using the CWI. Due to the nonlinearity brought by the defects, acoustic mixing effect occurred, and the observation of such effect is the indication of damage. The use of a broadband pump wave and the CWI makes possible to 1) detect the damage globally without blind zone and 2) assess the damage level in an effective manner
Le, Barbier Laura. "Etude théorique de l'interférométrie à rétro-injection optique en vue d'applications en dynamique des matériaux". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0018/document.
Testo completoThe purpose of this thesis is to study the feasibility of optical feedback interferometry (OFI) for measuring velocities for dynamical material's behaviour studies. Dynamical material's behaviour studies permit to analyse the shocked material when subjects to shocks (laser shocks, isentropic compression, projectiles, etc.). In these conditions, we seek to measure velocities up to 10 km/s. The OFI technique is regularly used as an embedded system to measure slow velocities in various fields. However, very few studies have been performed for determining velocities measurement limits for this system. As a matter of fact, the optical feedback induces nonlinear effects into the laser's cavity : it disrupts the laser's emitted optical power. Depending on the optical feedback strength, the laser can show chaotic behaviour, then it is no longer possible to get the information for the target's velocity or displacement regarding the signal. In this study, we have been developing mathematical models and performing a wide range of numerical simulations to study the performances and the limits of the OFI technique. We have been also studying the influence of the targets reflectivity, the length and the modulation frequency of the external cavity
Ventalon, Cathie. "Ascension vibrationnelle dans les hémoprotéines à l'aide d'impulsions infrarouges intenses à dérive de fréquence". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008323.
Testo completoDans ce travail, nous avons exploré une nouvelle voie d'excitation des molécules biologiques : nous avons utilisé des impulsions infrarouges, de manière à placer l'énergie directement dans les vibrations de la molécule. Cette technique permet théoriquement d'explorer la surface de potentiel de la protéine loin de sa région harmonique, et même d'approcher l'état de transition de la réaction catalysée par la protéine. Pour communiquer le plus d'énergie possible à la molécule, nous avons utilisé des impulsions infrarouges intenses et à dérive de fréquence qui permettent de gravir efficacement l'échelle vibrationnelle considérée.
Dans une première étape, nous avons engendré des impulsions infrarouges intenses dont l'énergie est de quelques microjoules et le spectre s'étend sur 170 cm-1 environ. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé ces impulsions par diverses méthodes : nous avons notamment mesuré leur phase spectrale au moyen d'une technique de HOT SPIDER temporel, ce qui constitue la première mesure de phase spectrale autoréférencée pour des impulsions centrées autour de 10 µm.
Dans une seconde étape, nous avons utilisé ces impulsions infrarouges pour exciter la vibration d'une molécule de CO liée à la myoglobine, puis à l'hémoglobine. Dans ce dernier cas, nous avons démontré l'ascension vibrationnelle de la molécule de CO jusqu'au 7ème niveau excité : nous avons ainsi réalisé la première expérience d'ascension vibrationnelle dans une molécule biologique ou plus généralement dans une macromolécule. Cette technique d'excitation nous a permis d'obtenir des données spectroscopiques nouvelles sur la carboxy-hémoglobine telles que la position et la largeur des raies d'absorption des différentes transitions vibrationnelles, les temps de vie des niveaux excités ainsi que la présence d'une anharmonicité électrique importante.
Lelek, Mickaël. "Caractérisation d'impulsions brèves : mise en forme temporelle et spectrale pour une application à l'endomicroscopie bi-photonique". Phd thesis, Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/57958ee7-7a17-42b3-8e16-625b1eecb17c/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0047.pdf.
Testo completoThis work first of all relates to two original techniques of single-shot temporal characterization of short light pulses. A liquid core fiber autocorrelator based on two photon fluorescence is demonstrated. The second method, named SPIRIT, is based on spectral interferometry resolved in time. It implements an interferometric stage followed by a nonlinear stage of all optical time sampling. A two-dimensional evolution of SPIRIT benefiting from spectral and temporal dimensions is also presented. The second part of this work relates to femtosecond pulse delivery with optical fibers for an application to non-linear endomicroscopy. Temporal and spectral shaping allows the compensation for chromatic dispersion and self-phase modulation occurring in the endoscopic fiber that is made of a bundle of thousands of optical fibers. The non-linear endomicroscope allowed the recording of two photon images of human colon cells for a low average power incident on the biological tissues
Ventalon, Catherine. "Ascension vibrationnelle dans les hémoprotéines à l'aide d'impulsions infrarouges à dérive de fréquence". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000964.
Testo completoWasik, Valentine. "Analyse de la précision d’estimation de deux systèmes d’imagerie polarimétrique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4348.
Testo completoPolarimetric imaging allows one to estimate some characteristics of a medium which might not be revealed by standard intensity imaging. However, the measurements can be strongly perturbed by fluctuations that are inherent in the physical acquisition processes. These fluctuations are difficult to attenuate, for instance because of the fragility of the observed media or because of the inhomogeneity of the obtained images. It is then useful to characterize the estimation precision that can be reached. In this thesis, this question is addressed through two polarimetric imaging applications: polarized-resolved second-harmonic generation non-linear microscopy (PSHG) for the analysis of the structural organization of biomolecular objects, and polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging (PolInSAR) for the estimation of vegetation parameters. For the first application, the estimation precision in the presence of Poisson noise is characterized for any molecular assembly that presents a cylindrical symmetry. This study results in particular in a procedure to detect the measurements that do not lead to a required precision. For PolInSAR imaging, we analyze an acquisition system that is interesting for future spatial missions. In particular, the estimation precision of the vegetation height is studied in this context in the presence of speckle noise by relying on the analysis of the polarimetric contrast. A simple interpretation of the behavior of this acquisition system is obtained in the Poincaré sphere
Lelek, Mickaël. "Caractérisation d'impulsions brèves : mise en forme temporelle et spectrale pour une application à l'endomicroscopie bi-photonique". Phd thesis, Université de Limoges, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00141705.
Testo completoLa seconde partie de ce travail concerne une technique d'acheminement d'impulsions femtosecondes énergétiques par fibre optique en vue d'une application à l'endomicroscopie non-linéaire. La mise en forme temporelle et spectrale du signal permet de pré-compenser la dipersion chromatique et l'automodulation de phase se produisant dans la fibre endoscopique constituée d'un faisceau de milliers de fibres optiques. L'endomicroscope non-linéaire a permis l'enregistrement d'images bi-photoniques de cellules de colon humain pour une puissance moyenne faible.
Hergott, Jean-François. "Optimisation de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé et application à l'interférométrie UVX résolue en temps". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00081880.
Testo completoDans une première partie, nous présentons une étude approfondie de l'optimisation du flux harmonique produit soit dans une fibre creuse soit dans un jet. Dans chacun des cas, nous déterminons les facteurs limitant l'émission : accord de phase, absorption, ionisation, défocalisation. La comparaison des profils d'émission avec les simulations démontre le rôle crucial de la phase du dipôle atomique pour la génération dans une fibre. L'optimisation dans un jet conduit à des efficacités de conversion allant de 10-5 à 50nm (1010 ph/imp) à 10-7 à 15nm (5.107 ph/imp).
Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions la focalisation du rayonnement harmonique par une lentille de Bragg-Fresnel, qui permet une focalisation efficace hors axe, sans aberration. Nous mesurons pour l'harmonique 39 une tache focale de l'ordre de 2µm. Compte tenu du flux élevé et de la courte durée (femtoseconde) des harmoniques, des éclairements élevés dans l'UVX peuvent être atteints.
Finalement, nous présentons les premières expériences de diagnostic de plasma par interférométrie UVX utilisant le rayonnement harmonique. Une technique originale est développée à partir de 2 sources harmoniques mutuellement cohérentes séparées spatialement. L'analogue temporel de l'interférométrie spatiale, qui utilise 2 impulsions harmoniques séparées en temps, est également démontré. Cette interférométrie fréquentielle a permis le premier diagnostic UVX de l'évolution temporelle d'un plasma avec une résolution femtoseconde. Une extension du schéma de 2 à 4 impulsions permet de mesurer avec une sensibilité extrême un déphasage équivalent à une demi-période harmonique, soit des écarts temporels à l'échelle attoseconde (1as=10-18s).
Oliveira, Pedro. "Ultrafast lasers in the femtosecond regime : generation, amplification and measurement". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00942477.
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