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1
Boot, Walter R., Jason S. Mccarley, Arthur F. Kramer e Matthew S. Peterson. "Automatic and intentional memory processes in visual search". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11, n. 5 (ottobre 2004): 854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03196712.
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Buckner, Randy L., Mark E. Wheeler e Margaret A. Sheridan. "Encoding Processes during Retrieval Tasks". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, n. 3 (1 aprile 2001): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290151137430.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Episodic memory encoding is pervasive across many kinds of task and often arises as a secondary processing effect in tasks that do not require intentional memorization. To illustrate the pervasive nature of information processing that leads to epeisodic encoding, a form of incidental encoding was explored based on the “Testing” phenomenon: The incidental-encoding task was an episodic memory retrieval task. Behavioral data showed that performing a memory retrieval task was as effedctive as intentional instructions at promoting episodic encoding. During fMRI imaging, subjedcts veiewed old and new words adn indicated whether they remembered them. Relevant to encoding, the fate of the new words was examined using a second, surprise test of recognition after the imaging session, fMRI analysis of those new words that were later remembered revealed greater activity in left frontal regions than those that were later forgotten-the same pattern of results as previously observed for traditional incidental and intentional episodic encoding tasks. This finding may offer a partial explanation for why repeated testing improves memory performance. Furthermore, the observation of correlates of episodic memory encoding during retrieval tasks challenges some interpretations that aris from direct comparisons between: encoding tasks and “retrieval tasks” in imaging data. Encoding processes and their neural correlates may arise in many tasks, even those nominally labeled as retrieval tasks by the experimenter.
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Mccarley, J. S., A. F. Kramer, W. R. Boot e A. M. Colcombe. "Automatic and intentional memory processes in saccade target selection". Journal of Vision 3, n. 9 (18 marzo 2010): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/3.9.693.
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Holliday, Robyn E., e Brett K. Hayes. "Dissociating Automatic and Intentional Processes in Children's Eyewitness Memory". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 75, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1999.2521.
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Barel, Efrat, e Orna Tzischinsky. "The Relation between Sustained Attention and Incidental and Intentional Object-Location Memory". Brain Sciences 10, n. 3 (4 marzo 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030145.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The role of attention allocation in object-location memory has been widely studied through incidental and intentional encoding conditions. However, the relation between sustained attention and memory encoding processes has scarcely been studied. The present study aimed to investigate performance differences across incidental and intentional encoding conditions using a divided attention paradigm. Furthermore, the study aimed to examine the relation between sustained attention and incidental and intentional object-location memory performance. Based on previous findings, an all women sample was recruited in order to best illuminate the potential effects of interest. Forty-nine women participated in the study and completed the psychomotor vigilance test, as well as object-location memory tests, under both incidental and intentional encoding divided attention conditions. Performance was higher in the incidental encoding condition than in the intentional encoding condition. Furthermore, sustained attention correlated with incidental, but not with intentional memory performance. These findings are discussed in light of the automaticity hypothesis, specifically as it regards the role of attention allocation in encoding object-location memory. Furthermore, the role of sustained attention in incidental memory performance is discussed in light of previous animal and human studies that have examined the brain regions involved in these cognitive processes. We conclude that under conditions of increased mental demand, executive attention is associated with incidental, but not with intentional encoding, thus identifying the exact conditions under which executive attention influence memory performance.
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Bergström, Zara M., David G. Williams, Mariam Bhula e Dinkar Sharma. "Unintentional and Intentional Recognition Rely on Dissociable Neurocognitive Mechanisms". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, n. 11 (novembre 2016): 1838–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01010.
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Distractibility can lead to accidents and academic failures as well as memory problems. Recent evidence suggests that intentional recognition memory can be biased by unintentional recognition of distracting stimuli in the same environment. It is unknown whether unintentional and intentional recognition depend on the same underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. We assessed whether human participants' recognition of previously seen (old) or not seen (new) target stimuli was affected by whether a to-be-ignored distractor was old or new. ERPs were recorded to investigate the neural correlates of this bias. The results showed that the old/new status of salient distractors had a biasing effect on target recognition accuracy. Both intentional and unintentional recognition elicited early ERP effects that are thought to reflect relatively automatic memory processes. However, only intentional recognition elicited the later ERP marker of conscious recollection, consistent with previous suggestions that recollection is under voluntary control. In contrast, unintentional recognition was associated with an enhanced late posterior negativity, which may reflect monitoring or evaluation of memory signals. The findings suggest that unintentional and intentional recognition involve dissociable memory processes.
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Johansson, Tobias. "Modeling test learning and dual-task dissociations". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, n. 5 (15 giugno 2020): 1036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01761-4.
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Abstract Much of cognitive psychology is premised on the distinction between automatic and intentional processes, but the distinction often remains vague in practice and alternative explanations are often not followed through. For example, Hendricks, Conway and Kellogg (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 491–1500, 2013) found that dual tasks at training versus at test dissociated performance in two different artificial grammar learning tasks. This was taken as evidence for underlying automatic and intentional processes. In this article, a different explanation is considered based on test learning and similarity, where participants are assumed to update their knowledge at test. Contrasting formal memory models of test learning are implemented, and it is concluded that the models account for the relevant dissociations without assuming a distinction between automatic and intentional processes.
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Rizio, Avery A., e Nancy A. Dennis. "The Neural Correlates of Cognitive Control: Successful Remembering and Intentional Forgetting". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, n. 2 (febbraio 2013): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00310.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The ability to control how we process information by remembering that which is important and forgetting that which is irrelevant is essential to maintain accurate, up-to-date memories. As such, memory success is predicated on both successful intentional encoding and successful intentional forgetting. The current study used an item-method directed forgetting paradigm to elucidate the cognitive and neural processes that underlie both processes while also examining the relationship between them to understand how the two may work together. Results indicated that encoding-related processes in the left inferior PFC and medial-temporal lobe (MTL) contribute to subsequent memory success, whereas inhibitory processes in the right superior frontal gyrus and right inferior parietal lobe contribute to subsequent forgetting success. Furthermore, connectivity analyses found a negative correlation between activity in the right superior frontal cortex and activity in the left MTL during successful intentional forgetting but not during successful encoding, incidental forgetting, or incidental encoding. Results support the theory that intentional forgetting is mediated by inhibition-related activity in the right frontal cortex and the interaction of this activity with that of encoding-related activity in the MTL. Further support for this inhibitory-related account was found through a clear dissociation between intentional and incidental forgetting, such that intentional forgetting was associated with regions shown to support inhibition, whereas incidental forgetting was associated with regions supporting encoding.
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Holliday, Robyn E., e Brett K. Hayes. "Automatic and intentional processes in children's recognition memory: the reversed misinformation effect". Applied Cognitive Psychology 16, n. 1 (gennaio 2002): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.789.
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Kompus, Kristiina, Tom Eichele, Kenneth Hugdahl e Lars Nyberg. "Multimodal Imaging of Incidental Retrieval: The Low Route to Memory". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, n. 4 (aprile 2011): 947–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21494.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Memories of past episodes frequently come to mind incidentally, without directed search. It has remained unclear how incidental retrieval processes are initiated in the brain. Here we used fMRI and ERP recordings to find brain activity that specifically correlates with incidental retrieval, as compared to intentional retrieval. Intentional retrieval was associated with increased activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. By contrast, incidental retrieval was associated with a reduced fMRI signal in posterior brain regions, including extrastriate and parahippocampal cortex, and a modulation of a posterior ERP component 170 msec after the onset of visual retrieval cues. Successful retrieval under both intentional and incidental conditions was associated with increased activation in the hippocampus, precuneus, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as increased amplitude of the P600 ERP component. These results demonstrate how early bottom–up signals from posterior cortex can lead to reactivation of episodic memories in the absence of strategic retrieval attempts.
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Tumarkin, Maria. "Crumbs of memory: Tracing the ‘more-than-representational’ in family memory". Memory Studies 6, n. 3 (28 giugno 2013): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698013482648.
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This article concerns itself with exploring some of the ways in which we can move beyond the ‘cognitive bias’ within social memory studies. A key obstacle to engaging with the kinds of manifestations of remembering that cannot be reduced to intentional and conscious articulations or representations of the mediated past is a deeply entrenched opposition between representational and non-representational (or declarative and non-declarative) mnemonic practices. It strikes me that this opposition is, at least partially, a product of early thinking on memory and trauma, in which affect and representation were opposed to each other, and the notion of non-representational memory was subsumed in the idea of the traumatic. In this article, I intend to try out the idea of ‘more-than-representational’ coined in the field of human geography to reach out to mnemonic processes and practices that operate on various levels not fully reducible to cognition, with the products of these processes exceeding representational form (rather than being completely outside or beyond it).
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Cabeza, Roberto, e Lars Nyberg. "Imaging Cognition: An Empirical Review of PET Studies with Normal Subjects". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.1.
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We review PET studies of higher-order cognitive processes, including attention (sustained and selective), perception (of objects, faces, and locations), language (word listening, reading, and production), working memory (phonological and visuo-spatial), semantic memory retrieval (intentional and incidental), episodic memory retrieval (verbal and nonverbal), priming, and procedural memory (conditioning and skill learning). For each process, we identify activation patterns including the most consistently involved regions. These regions constitute important components of the network of brain regions that underlie each function.
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Wellman, Henry, e Joan Miller. "Developing Conceptions of Responsive Intentional Agents". Journal of Cognition and Culture 6, n. 1-2 (2006): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853706776931394.
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AbstractWe argue that folk psychology and folk morality both develop from the same core conception of persons, namely a concept of a responsive intentional agent. Key features of this conception are evident in infancy and develop universally in the preschool years across cultures and languages. Even these early understandings develop, shaped and specified via processes of cognitive construction intertwined with cultural constructs of persons provided within interactive culturally constituted, communicative experiences of childhood. The result is culturally variable endpoints of social cognitive development, that is, culturally variable folk psychologies and folk moralities. We underwrite this argument with data from studies of theory of mind understandings, moral judgments, person description and explanation, and autobiographical memory, research that spans from infancy to adulthood and includes a variety of cultural communities.
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Collette, Fabienne, Sophie Germain, Michaël Hogge e Martial Van der Linden. "Inhibitory control of memory in normal ageing: Dissociation between impaired intentional and preserved unintentional processes". Memory 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210802574146.
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Wirth, Joachim, Ferdinand Stebner, Melanie Trypke, Corinna Schuster e Detlev Leutner. "An Interactive Layers Model of Self-Regulated Learning and Cognitive Load". Educational Psychology Review 32, n. 4 (10 settembre 2020): 1127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09568-4.
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Abstract Models of self-regulated learning emphasize the active and intentional role of learners and, thereby, focus mainly on conscious processes in working memory and long-term memory. Cognitive load theory supports this view on learning. As a result, both fields of research ignore the potential role of unconscious processes for learning. In this review paper, we propose an interactive layers model on self-regulated learning and cognitive load that considers sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. The model distinguishes between (a) unconscious self-regulated learning initiated by so-called resonant states in sensory memory and (b) conscious self-regulated learning of scheme construction in working memory. In contrast with conscious self-regulation, unconscious self-regulation induces no cognitive load. The model describes conscious and unconscious self-regulation in three different layers: a content layer, a learning strategy layer, and a metacognitive layer. Interactions of the three layers reflect processes of monitoring and control. We first substantiate the model based on a narrative review. Afterwards, we illustrate how the model contributes to re-interpretation of inconsistent empirical findings reported in the existing literature.
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Ramponi, Cristina, Philip J. Barnard, Ferath Kherif e Richard N. Henson. "Voluntary Explicit versus Involuntary Conceptual Memory Are Associated with Dissociable fMRI Responses in Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Parietal Cortex for Emotional and Neutral Word Pairs". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, n. 8 (agosto 2011): 1935–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21565.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although functional neuroimaging studies have supported the distinction between explicit and implicit forms of memory, few have matched explicit and implicit tests closely, and most of these tested perceptual rather than conceptual implicit memory. We compared event-related fMRI responses during an intentional test, in which a group of participants used a cue word to recall its associate from a prior study phase, with those in an incidental test, in which a different group of participants used the same cue to produce the first associate that came to mind. Both semantic relative to phonemic processing at study, and emotional relative to neutral word pairs, increased target completions in the intentional test, but not in the incidental test, suggesting that behavioral performance in the incidental test was not contaminated by voluntary explicit retrieval. We isolated the neural correlates of successful retrieval by contrasting fMRI responses to studied versus unstudied cues for which the equivalent “target” associate was produced. By comparing the difference in this repetition-related contrast across the intentional and incidental tests, we could identify the correlates of voluntary explicit retrieval. This contrast revealed increased bilateral hippocampal responses in the intentional test, but decreased hippocampal responses in the incidental test. A similar pattern in the bilateral amygdale was further modulated by the emotionality of the word pairs, although surprisingly only in the incidental test. Parietal regions, however, showed increased repetition-related responses in both tests. These results suggest that the neural correlates of successful voluntary explicit memory differ in directionality, even if not in location, from the neural correlates of successful involuntary implicit (or explicit) memory, even when the incidental test taps conceptual processes.
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Hayton, James C., e Magdalena Cholakova. "The Role of Affect in the Creation and Intentional Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Ideas". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 36, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00458.x.
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The creation and intentional pursuit of entrepreneurial ideas lies at the core of the domain of entrepreneurship. Recent empirical work in a number of diverse fields such as cognitive psychology, social cognition, neuroscience, and neurophysiology all suggest that dual processes involving affect and cognition have a significant impact on judgment and decision making. Existing cognitive models ignore this significant role. In this article we develop a framework for understanding the role of affect on idea perception and the intention to develop the entrepreneurial idea. We present a set of testable propositions that link affect to entrepreneurial idea perception through its influence on attention, memory, and creativity. A second set of propositions links affect to the intention to pursue these ideas further. We explore the boundary conditions and moderators of the proposed relationships, and discuss the implications of this framework for existing cognitive and psychological perspectives on entrepreneurship.
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Danion, Jean-Marie, Herbert Weingartner e Leonard Singer. "Is Cognitive Psychopathology Plausible? Illustrations from Memory Research". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, n. 7 (settembre 1996): S5—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100702.
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Objective: To examine the strengths and weaknesses of cognitive psychopathology through the specific examples of the memory impairments associated with the administration of benzodiazepines, with schizophrenia, and with depression. Method: These examples are analyzed with reference to a model of memory based on the principle of division between specialized and central processing structures. A basic contention is that it is useful to consider 2 broad classes of processes—automatic, associative, or sensory/perceptual processes on the one hand and intentional, strategic, or reflective processes on the other hand—as being separate. Results: The functional mechanisms of the memory impairments associated with these conditions are beginning to be identified, and there is preliminary evidence that a deficit in an elementary computation may have dramatic consequences on highest cognitive functions. There is also evidence that certain memory impairments are linked to specific dysfunctional outcomes in everyday life. By showing that specific rate-limiting factors of cognitive performance can be identified and are amenable to cognitive interventions, existing data open the door for theoretically and empirically based cognitive remediation of mental disorders. Conclusion: The bulk of available evidence (albeit limited) makes the enterprise of cognitive psychopathology quite plausible and convincing.
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Grot, Stephanie, Virginie Petel, Olivier Lipp, Isabelle Soulières, Florin Dolcos e David Luck. "Which working memory processes are altered in schizophrenia? Evidence for a selective deficit of intentional binding". International Journal of Psychophysiology 108 (ottobre 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.411.
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Schacter, Daniel L. "The cognitive neuroscience of memory: perspectives from neuroimaging research". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, n. 1362 (29 novembre 1997): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0150.
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Cognitive neuroscience approaches to memory attempt to elucidate the brain processes and systems that are involved in different forms of memory and learning. This paper examines recent research from brain-damaged patients and neuroimaging studies that bears on the distinction between explicit and implicit forms of memory. Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of previous experiences, whereas implicit memory refers to the non-conscious effects of past experiences on subsequent performance and behaviour. Converging evidence suggests that an implicit form of memory known as priming is associated with changes in posterior cortical regions that are involved in perceptual processing; some of the same regions may contribute to explicit memory. The hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex also play important roles in explicit memory. Evidence is presented from recent PET scanning studies that suggests that frontal regions are associated with intentional strategic efforts to retrieve recent experiences, whereas the hippocampal formation is associated with some aspect of the actual recollection of an event.
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Mi, Chienkuo. "Memory and reflection". Trans/Form/Ação 44, spe2 (2021): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-3173.2021.v44dossier2.10.p151.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: I have argued that the Analects of Confucius presents us with a conception of reflection with two components, a retrospective component and a perspective component. The former component involves hindsight or careful examination of the past and as such draws on previous learning or memory and previously formed beliefs to avoid error. The latter component is foresight, or forward looking, and as such looks to existing beliefs and factors in order to achieve knowledge. In this paper, I raise the problem of forgetting and argue that most of contemporary theories of knowledge have to face the problem and deal with the challenge seriously. In order to solve the problem, I suggest a bi-level virtue epistemology which can provide us with the best outlook for the problem-solving. I will correlate two different cognitive capacities or processes of “memory” (and “forgetting”) with the conception of reflection, and evaluate them under two different frameworks, a strict deontic framework (one that presupposes free and intentional determination) and a more loosely deontic framework (one that highlights functional and mechanical faculties). The purpose is to show that reflection as meta-cognition plays an important and active role and enjoys a better epistemic (normative) status in our human endeavors (cognitive or epistemic) than those of first-order (or animal) cognition, such as memory, can play.
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Porubanova, Michaela. "The Role of Encoding Strategy in the Memory for Expectation-Violating Concepts". Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, n. 3-4 (7 agosto 2019): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340061.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMinimal counterintuitiveness and its automatic processing has been suggested as the explanation of persistence and transmission of cultural ideas. This purported automatic processing remains relatively unexplored. We manipulated encoding strategy to assess the persistence of memory for different types of expectation violation. Participants viewed concepts including two types of expectation violation (schema-level or domain-level) or no violation under three different encoding conditions: in the shallow condition participants focused on the perceptual attributes of the concepts, a deep condition probed their semantic meaning, and intentional remembering condition. Participants’ recall was tested immediately as well as 2 weeks later. Our findings showed the greatest memory enhancement for schema-level violations regardless of the encoding condition, while the memory for domain-level violations improved over time. These results suggest two distinct memory patterns for different types of violations, and illustrate the importance of elaborative processes in memory consolidation especially for violations to our expectations.
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Koriat, Asher, e Morris Goldsmith. "Memory metaphors and the real-life/laboratory controversy: Correspondence versus storehouse conceptions of memory". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, n. 2 (giugno 1996): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042114.
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AbstractThe study of memory is witnessing a spirited clash between proponents of traditional laboratory research and those advocating a more naturalistic approach to the study of “real-life” or “everyday” memory. The debate has generally centered on the “what” (content), “where” (context), and “how” (methods) of memory research. In this target article, we argue that the controversy discloses a further, more fundamental breach between two underlying memory metaphors, each having distinct implications for memory theory and assessment: Whereas traditional memory research has been dominated by thestorehousemetaphor, leading to a focus on thenumberof items remaining in store and accessible to memory, the recent wave of everyday memory research has shifted toward acorrespondencemetaphor, focusing on theaccuracyof memory in representing past events. The correspondence metaphor calls for a research approach that differs from the traditional one in important respects: in emphasizing the intentional –representational function of memory, in addressing the wholistic and graded aspects of memory correspondence, in taking an output-bound assessment perspective, and in allowing more room for the operation of subject-controlled metamemory processes and motivational factors. This analysis can help tie together soine of the what, where, and how aspects of the “real-life/laboratory” controversy. More important, however, by explicating the unique metatheoretical foundation of the accuracy-oriented approach to memory we aim to promote a more effective exploitation of the correspondence metaphor inbothnaturalistic and laboratory research contexts.
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Schott, Björn, Alan Richardson-Klavehn, Hans-Jochen Heinze e Emrah Düzel. "Perceptual Priming Versus Explicit Memory: Dissociable Neural Correlates at Encoding". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, n. 4 (1 maggio 2002): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08989290260045828.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We addressed the hypothesis that perceptual priming and explicit memory have distinct neural correlates at encoding. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants studied visually presented words at deep versus shallow levels of processing (LOPs). The ERPs were sorted by whether or not participants later used studied words as completions to three-letter word stems in an intentional memory test, and by whether or not they indicated that these completions were remembered from the study list. Study trials from which words were later used and not remembered (primed trials) and study trials from which words were later used and remembered (remembered trials) were compared to study trials from which words were later not used (forgotten trials), in order to measure the ERP difference associated with later memory (DM effect). Primed trials involved an early (200–450 msec) centroparietal negative-going DM effect. Remembered trials involved a late (900–1200 msec) right frontal, positive-going DM effect regardless of LOP, as well as an earlier (600–800 msec) central, positive-going DM effect during shallow study processing only. All three DM effects differed topographically, and, in terms of their onset or duration, from the extended (600–1200 msec) fronto-central, positive-going shift for deep compared with shallow study processing. The results provide the first clear evidence that perceptual priming and explicit memory have distinct neural correlates at encoding, consistent with Tulving and Schacter's (1990) distinction between brain systems concerned with perceptual representation versus semantic and episodic memory. They also shed additional light on encoding processes associated with later explicit memory, by suggesting that brain processes influenced by LOP set the stage for other, at least partially separable, brain processes that are more directly related to encoding success.
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Calvo-Ferrer, José Ramón, e Jose Belda-Medina. "The Effect of Multiplayer Video Games on Incidental and Intentional L2 Vocabulary Learning: The Case of Among Us". Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, n. 12 (10 dicembre 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5120080.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vocabulary learning has been traditionally considered central to second language learning. It may take place either intentionally, by means of deliberate attempts to commit factual information to memory, or incidentally, as a consequence of other cognitive processes involving comprehension. Video games, which have been extensively employed in educational contexts to understand lexical development in foreign languages, foster both exposure to and the production of authentic and meaning-focused vocabulary. An empirical study was conducted to explore the effect of playing an online multiplayer social deduction game (i.e., a game in which players attempt to uncover each other’s hidden role) on incidental and intentional second language (L2) vocabulary learning. Secondary school pre-intermediate English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students (n = 54) took a vocabulary pre-test that identified eight unknown words likely to appear in the video game Among Us. Then, students were randomly assigned to different groups of players and to different learning conditions—within each group, half of the players were given a list of phrases containing such target words, which they were encouraged to meaningfully use in the game by means of written interaction. In doing so, students learnt some target words intentionally and provided contextualized incidental exposure to other players. They took a vocabulary test after two sessions of practice with the game to explore intentional and incidental L2 vocabulary learning gains. The pre- and post-tests suggested, among other results, that players using new L2 words in the game Among Us would retain more vocabulary than players only encountering them, that vocabulary intentionally input helped other users trigger incidental vocabulary learning, and that repetition had a positive effect on L2 vocabulary learning.
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Bonin, Patrick, Margaux Gelin, Betty Laroche, Alain Méot e Aurélia Bugaiska. "The “How” of Animacy Effects in Episodic Memory". Experimental Psychology 62, n. 6 (novembre 2015): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000308.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Animates are better remembered than inanimates. According to the adaptive view of human memory ( Nairne, 2010 ; Nairne & Pandeirada, 2010a , 2010b ), this observation results from the fact that animates are more important for survival than inanimates. This ultimate explanation of animacy effects has to be complemented by proximate explanations. Moreover, animacy currently represents an uncontrolled word characteristic in most cognitive research ( VanArsdall, Nairne, Pandeirada, & Cogdill, 2015 ). In four studies, we therefore investigated the “how” of animacy effects. Study 1 revealed that words denoting animates were recalled better than those referring to inanimates in an intentional memory task. Study 2 revealed that adding a concurrent memory load when processing words for the animacy dimension did not impede the animacy effect on recall rates. Study 3A was an exact replication of Study 2 and Study 3B used a higher concurrent memory load. In these two follow-up studies, animacy effects on recall performance were again not altered by a concurrent memory load. Finally, Study 4 showed that using interactive imagery to encode animate and inanimate words did not alter the recall rate of animate words but did increase the recall of inanimate words. Taken together, the findings suggest that imagery processes contribute to these effects.
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Gamboa, Olga Lucia, Hu Chuan-Peng, Christian E. Salas e Kenneth S. L. Yuen. "Obliviate! Reviewing Neural Fundamentals of Intentional Forgetting from a Meta-Analytic Perspective". Biomedicines 10, n. 7 (29 giugno 2022): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10071555.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Intentional forgetting (IF) is an important adaptive mechanism necessary for correct memory functioning, optimal psychological wellbeing, and appropriate daily performance. Due to its complexity, the neuropsychological processes that give birth to successful intentional forgetting are not yet clearly known. In this study, we used two different meta-analytic algorithms, Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) & Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to quantitatively assess the neural correlates of IF and to evaluate the degree of compatibility between the proposed neurobiological models and the existing brain imaging data. We found that IF involves the interaction of two networks, the main “core regions” consisting of a primarily right-lateralized frontal-parietal circuit that is activated irrespective of the paradigm used and sample characteristics and a second less constrained “supportive network” that involves frontal-hippocampal interactions when IF takes place. Additionally, our results support the validity of the inhibitory or thought suppression hypothesis. The presence of a neural signature of IF that is stable regardless of experimental paradigms is a promising finding that may open new venues for the development of effective clinical interventions.
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Kircher, T. "Anterior Hippocampus Orchestrates Successful Encoding and Retrieval of Non-relational Memory: An Event-related FMRI Study". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (gennaio 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70373-6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Episodic memory encoding and retrieva processes have been linked to different neural networks. However, the common brain regions associated with non-relational memory processing during successful encoding (subsequent memory effect) and successful retrieval (recognition effect) have not yet been investigated. Further, the majority of functional imaging studies have been conducted in young subjects, whereas patients from lesion studies, where most neuropsychological models are still based upon, are usually older. Inferences from younger subjects cannot necessarily be applied to the elderly, an issue becoming particularly relevant with our ageing society. Using an event-related fMRI approach we studied 29 healthy elderly subjects (mean age 67.8, SD 5.4 years) with a non-associative task of intentional word list encoding and retrieval. For each subject, behavioural responses were individually classified into four event types (hits, misses, false alarms, correct rejections). Brain areas activated during successful memory encoding comprised the anterior left hippocampus extending into the surrounding parahippocampal gyrus. Regions associated with successful memory retrieval involved a widespread network of anterior left parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral temporal cortices and bilateral ventral and dorsal prefrontal areas. Regions contributing to both successful encoding and retrieval, evidenced by a conjunction analysis, revealed prominent left lateralized activations of the anterior hippocampus and the inferior parietal lobe. Our results indicate that the anterior left hippocampus plays an important role during successful memory encoding and during successful memory retrieval in a task of simple, non-associative wordlist learning in healthy elderly subjects.
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Prince, Violaine, e Didier Pernel. "Several knowledge models and a blackboard memory for human-machine robust dialogues". Natural Language Engineering 1, n. 2 (giugno 1995): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000115.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis contribution focuses on a dialogue model using an intelligent working memory that aims at facilitating a robust human-machine dialogue in written natural language. The model has been designed as the core of an information seeking dialogue application. The particularity of this project is to rely on the potent interpretation and behaviour capabilities of pragmatic knowledge. Within this framework, the designed dialogue model appears as a kind of ‘forum’ for various facets, impersonated by different models extracted from both intentional and structural approaches of conversation. The approach is based on assuming that multiple expertise is the key to flexibility and robustness. Also, an intelligent memory that keeps track of all events and links them together from as many angles as necessary is crucial for multiple expertise management. This idea is developed by presenting an intelligent dialogue history which is able to complement the wide coverage of the co-operating models. It is no longer a simple chronological record, but a communication area, common to all processes. We illustrate our topic through examples brought out from collected corpora.
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Hall, Shana A., David C. Rubin, Amanda Miles, Simon W. Davis, Erik A. Wing, Roberto Cabeza e Dorthe Berntsen. "The Neural Basis of Involuntary Episodic Memories". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, n. 10 (ottobre 2014): 2385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00633.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Voluntary episodic memories require an intentional memory search, whereas involuntary episodic memories come to mind spontaneously without conscious effort. Cognitive neuroscience has largely focused on voluntary memory, leaving the neural mechanisms of involuntary memory largely unknown. We hypothesized that, because the main difference between voluntary and involuntary memory is the controlled retrieval processes required by the former, there would be greater frontal activity for voluntary than involuntary memories. Conversely, we predicted that other components of the episodic retrieval network would be similarly engaged in the two types of memory. During encoding, all participants heard sounds, half paired with pictures of complex scenes and half presented alone. During retrieval, paired and unpaired sounds were presented, panned to the left or to the right. Participants in the involuntary group were instructed to indicate the spatial location of the sound, whereas participants in the voluntary group were asked to additionally recall the pictures that had been paired with the sounds. All participants reported the incidence of their memories in a postscan session. Consistent with our predictions, voluntary memories elicited greater activity in dorsal frontal regions than involuntary memories, whereas other components of the retrieval network, including medial-temporal, ventral occipitotemporal, and ventral parietal regions were similarly engaged by both types of memories. These results clarify the distinct role of dorsal frontal and ventral occipitotemporal regions in predicting strategic retrieval and recalled information, respectively, and suggest that, although there are neural differences in retrieval, involuntary memories share neural components with established voluntary memory systems.
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Massol, Sarah, Cora Caron, Nicolas Franck, Caroline Demily e Hanna Chainay. "Emotional Modulation of Episodic Memory in School-Age Children and Adults: An Event-Related Potential Study". Brain Sciences 11, n. 12 (30 novembre 2021): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121598.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Emotional Enhancement of Memory (EEM) has been well-demonstrated in adults, but less is known about EEM in children. The present study tested the impact of emotional valence of pictures on episodic memory using behavioral and neurophysiological measures. Twenty-six 8- to 11-year-old children were tested and compared to 30 young adults. Both groups participated in pictures’ intentional encoding tasks while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded, followed by immediate free recall tasks. Behavioral results revealed a general EEM in free recall performances in both groups, along with a negativity effect in children. ERP responses revealed a particular sensitivity to negative pictures in children with a late emotion effect at anterior clusters, as well as a greater successful encoding effect for emotional pictures compared to neutral ones. For adults, the emotion effect was more pronounced for positive pictures across all time windows from the centro-parietal to the frontal part, and localized in the left hemisphere. Positive pictures also elicited a greater successful encoding effect at anterior clusters in adults. By combining behavioral and neurophysiological measures to assess the EEM in children compared with adults, our study provides new knowledge concerning the interaction between emotional and memory processes during development.
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Martínez-Conde, Catalina Álvarez, Clara Elena Romero Boteman, Karina Fulladosa Leal e Marisela Montenegro. "Memories of the struggles for the rights of immigrant women in Barcelona". Critical Social Policy 40, n. 2 (11 gennaio 2020): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319895499.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is the result of an intentional articulation between the authors’ activist and academic positions as feminists and anti-racists in Barcelona. Using a narrative construction, we discuss memories of the struggles for the rights of immigrant women in the city. Firstly, the memories interact with other trajectories of struggle that go beyond ‘immigrant’ identity. Secondly, the memories give an account of activisms crossed by difference, in which difference operates as a linking category, from where dialogue and interpellation relationships are established. Thirdly, the memories help to construct the body and day-to-day life within spaces of resistance, serving as an instrument alongside gender in the struggles for rights. We close the article reflecting on memory and gender as intersectional processes that offer further perspectives on resistance and immigration.
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Parker, Andrew, Neil Dagnall e Gary Munley. "Encoding Tasks Dissociate the Effects of Divided Attention on Category-Cued Recall and Category-Exemplar Generation". Experimental Psychology 59, n. 3 (1 gennaio 2012): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000134.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The combined effects of encoding tasks and divided attention upon category-exemplar generation and category-cued recall were examined. Participants were presented with pairs of words each comprising a category name and potential example of that category. They were then asked to indicate either (i) their liking for both of the words or (ii) if the exemplar was a member of the category. It was found that divided attention reduced performance on the category-cued recall task under both encoding conditions. However, performance on the category-exemplar generation task remained invariant across the attention manipulation following the category judgment task. This provides further evidence that the processes underlying performance on conceptual explicit and implicit memory tasks can be dissociated, and that the intentional formation of category-exemplar associations attenuates the effects of divided attention on category-exemplar generation.
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Huberdeau, David M., John W. Krakauer e Adrian M. Haith. "Practice induces a qualitative change in the memory representation for visuomotor learning". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 1050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00830.2018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Adaptation of our movements to changes in the environment is known to be supported by multiple learning processes that operate in parallel. One is an implicit recalibration process driven by sensory-prediction errors; the other process counters the perturbation through more deliberate compensation. Prior experience is known to enable adaptation to occur more rapidly, a phenomenon known as “savings,” but exactly how experience alters each underlying learning process remains unclear. We measured the relative contributions of implicit recalibration and deliberate compensation to savings across 2 days of practice adapting to a visuomotor rotation. The rate of implicit recalibration showed no improvement with repeated practice. Instead, practice led to deliberate compensation being expressed even when preparation time was very limited. This qualitative change is consistent with the proposal that practice establishes a cached association linking target locations to appropriate motor output, facilitating a transition from deliberate to automatic action selection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent research has shown that savings for visuomotor adaptation is attributable to retrieval of intentional, strategic compensation. This does not seem consistent with the implicit nature of memory for motor skills and calls into question the validity of visuomotor adaptation of reaching movements as a model for motor skill learning. Our findings suggest a solution: that additional practice adapting to a visuomotor perturbation leads to the caching of the initially explicit strategy for countering it.
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Strenge, Hans, e Jessica Böhm. "Effects of Regular Switching between Languages during Random Number Generation". Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.2.524-534.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Random number generation is a task that engages working memory and executive processes within the domain of number representation. In the present study we address the role of language in number processing by switching languages during random number generation (numbers 1–9), using German (L1) and English (L2), and alternating L1/L2. Results indicate large correspondence between performance in L1 and L2. In contrast to nonswitching performance, randomization with alternating languages showed a significant increase of omitted responses, whereas the random sequences were less stereotyped, showing significantly less repetition avoidance and cycling behavior. During an intentional switch between languages, errors in language sequence appeared in 23% of responses on the average, independently of the quality of randomization but associated with a clear persistence of L2. These results indicate that random number generation is more closely linked to auditory-phonological representation of numerals than to visual arabic notation.
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Wiegand, Iris, Erica Westenberg e Jeremy M. Wolfe. "Order, please! Explicit sequence learning in hybrid search in younger and older age". Memory & Cognition 49, n. 6 (19 aprile 2021): 1220–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01157-2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractSequence learning effects in simple perceptual and motor tasks are largely unaffected by normal aging. However, less is known about sequence learning in more complex cognitive tasks that involve attention and memory processes and how this changes with age. In this study, we examined whether incidental and intentional sequence learning would facilitate hybrid visual and memory search in younger and older adults. Observers performed a hybrid search task, in which they memorized four or 16 target objects and searched for any of those target objects in displays with four or 16 objects. The memorized targets appeared either in a repeating sequential order or in random order. In the first experiment, observers were not told about the sequence before the experiment. Only a subset of younger adults and none of the older adults incidentally learned the sequence. The “learners” acquired explicit knowledge about the sequence and searched faster in the sequence compared to random condition. In the second experiment, observers were told about the sequence before the search task. Both younger and older adults searched faster in sequence blocks than random blocks. Older adults, however, showed this sequence-learning effect only in blocks with smaller target sets. Our findings indicate that explicit sequence knowledge can facilitate hybrid search, as it allows observers to predict the next target and restrict their visual and memory search. In older age, the sequence-learning effect is constrained by load, presumably due to age-related decline in executive functions.
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Siedlaczek-Szwed, Aleksandra, e Agata Jałowiecka-Frania. "SUPPORTING FAMILIES IN CORRECTING DYSLALIA IN CHILDREN". SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 3 (26 maggio 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol3.2243.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The text deals with issues related to the effective support of speech and language therapy for children with dyslalia. The effectiveness of speech and language stimulation is determined by a wide range of determinants. Individual predispositions, influences of educational environments, personality, professionalism, the scope of speech and language therapists’ knowledge and abilities as well as a variety of methods used by them play an essential role. Dyslalia, which is one of the most frequent speech disorders, has a negative and significant impact on children’s psychosocial functioning. Children’s attitudes toward peers with speech articulation disorders not only seem to affect intellectual, cognitive and motivational processes, including perception, attention, memory, thinking, but also transform social behaviours. Therefore, the profound significance of the family’s influence on the effectiveness of speech and language therapy for children with dyslalia has been emphasised. It is assumed that educational activities require planned, intentional and regular collaboration with various environments in order to achieve desired goals and shape comprehensive individual development.
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Herron, J. E., e E. L. Wilding. "An Electrophysiological Investigation of Factors Facilitating Strategic Recollection". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, n. 5 (maggio 2005): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053747649.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Episodic memory is thought to be mediated by executive processes that facilitate the retrieval of task-relevant information at the expense of irrelevant information. The exclusion task [A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory.Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541, 1991] can be used to explore these processes. In this task, studied items from one source (“targets”) are endorsed on one response key, whereas new and studied items from another source (“nontargets”) are rejected on another key. Herron and Rugg [Strategic influences on recollection in the exclusion task: Electrophysiological evidence.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 10, 703-710, 2003] reported that nontargets elicited the ERP correlate of recollection (the “left parietal old/new effect”) when target accuracy was low, but not when it was high. Their explanation for this was that participants only focused exclusively on the recollection of target information when the likelihood of target recollection was high, as under these conditions this strategy is one that that will give rise to accurate task performance. The fact, however, that targets were encoded in different tasks in the high-and low-accuracy groups means that the results can also be explained in terms of the encoding operations performed at study rather than in terms of target accuracy. This study was designed to distinguish between these competing accounts. All targets were encoded elaboratively. Target accuracy was reduced in one condition with a 40-min study-test interval. Nontargets elicited no left parietal effect in either condition, suggesting that target-specific strategic retrieval is facilitated by certain classes of encoding operations rather than simply high target accuracy per se.
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Pohribna, Viktoriia Leonidivna, e Olena Mykolaivna Sakhan. "ELECTORAL MEMORY OF UKRAINIANS AS A SOCIO-POLITICAL PHENOMENON: AXIOLOGICAL AND ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS". Bulletin of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series:Philosophy, philosophies of law, political science, sociology 1, n. 48 (9 marzo 2021): 160–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2075-7190.48.224811.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Problem setting. Given that voters usually react more to the past than to the vague future that their candidates for power “paint” in their minds during the election campaign, the problem of analyzing the phenomenon of electoral memory of Ukrainians in today’s challenges is relevant. The manipulation of collective memory by political elites in the electoral space is reflected in a process called “memory politics”.
Recent research and publications analysis. Based on the analysis of the concepts of collective memory of M. Halbwachs, A. Assmann, J. Olvik, M. Bloch, D. Zhukov, the commemoration of P. Nora, A. Megill, E. Romanovskaya, G. Gornova and the policy of memory. According to V. Achkasov, A. Miller, D. Gigauri, electoral memory is defined as the intentional orientation of the voters’ consciousness to the past, when the result is memory as a representation of a specific electoral behavior.
Paper objective. The aim of the article is to study the influence of electoral memory on the political choice of citizens and socio-political consequences of its recoding.
Paper main body. Electoral memory has been shown to involve external coding using certain political and psychological technologies, including and manipulative. The example of the analysis of the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2019 shows how the meaningful recoding of the electoral memory of Ukrainians took place. The structure of electoral memory includes codes that: 1) do not position politics as a professional activity that requires special professional training; 2) give a positive color to dilettantism in politics under the slogan of ensuring the constitutional right of everyone not only to vote but also to be elected; 3) given that memory operates not with facts but with images, has the ability to sort, organize and select these images and regulates their storage (short-term-long), deform the mechanism of transformation of short-term memory into long-term (so-called, “Consolidation of the trail”), produce a cult of “new faces” in politics. Such changes in the characteristics of the electoral memory of voters in Ukraine will inevitably lead to changes in the mechanism of functioning of its electoral space.
According to the electoral process, the concept of space is three-dimensional and characterizes the positioning of its actors in conditions of electoral competition, determines (1) the rating of the candidate (applicants) for power in the political landscape of society, (2) “distance” separating him (them) with competitors in the struggle for the vote, (3) the ability to change this distance. Changes in the structure of electoral memory most actively affect the processes that determine the third dimension of electoral space ‑ the “drift” of the electorate from election to election according to patterns of social tectonics. Given the predominance of short-term electoral memory, the electoral space becomes very mobile and unpredictable, dependent on a large number of situational external factors, and the unstable socio-political situation slows down the process of rationalizing political choices and forming long-term electoral memory.
Conclusions of the research. As a result of the analysis the author's typology of electoral memory is offered, which includes the characteristics of permanent, situational and ambivalent (transitional) types, selected on the basis of the following indicators: main resource, implementation mechanism, information storage time, formation factors, degree of volitional regulation, mental activity regulators. The conclusions emphasize that the structural elements of electoral memory are embedded in the political process and are constantly reproduced in appropriate actions that should be aimed at creating and maintaining a collective identity.
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Jacob, E. Ben, Y. Aharonov e Y. Shapira. "Bacteria harnessing complexity". Biofilms 1, n. 4 (ottobre 2004): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479050505001596.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of bacterial colonies is a crucial step towards understanding biofilms. We review some of the exciting discoveries about bacterial self-organization that might shed new light on biocomplexity in general and biofilms in particular. This review is aimed at researchers from different disciplines – microbiology, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics and computer science. To make the presentation comprehensible we have avoided the use of specialized terminology of the different disciplines and limited the experimental and computational details.Bacteria can self-organize into hierarchically structured colonies of 109 to 1012 bacteria, each utilizing a great variety of biochemical communication agents, such as simple molecules, polymers, peptides, complex proteins, genetic material and also “cassettes of genetic information” such as plasmids and viruses. Bacteria use their intracellular flexibility, involving signal transduction networks and genomic plasticity, to collectively maintain self and shared interpretations of chemical cues, exchange of meaning-bearing chemical messages, and dialogues. The meaning-based communication permits the formation of colonial intentional behavior, purposeful alteration of colony structure and decision-making – features we might begin to associate with bacterial social intelligence. Such social intelligence, should it exist, would require going beyond communication to encompass additional intracellular processes, as yet unknown, for generating inheritable colonial memory and commonly shared genomic context.
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Zheng, Jinlong, Siyun Shu, Bin Wang, Xiangyang Tian, Xinmin Bao, Yongming Wu, Zengqiang Zhang, Xiangyang Cao e Lin Ma. "Encoding and Recognition Processing of Chinese Characters: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study". BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5983671.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study aimed to investigate the conceptual memory processes that underlie encoding and recognition processing of Chinese characters. Healthy participants (n=14) performed a semantic-relatedness paradigm using categorically related logogram pairs from four different categories (fruit, animal, tool, and clothing). During intentional encoding, subjects were instructed to make semantic judgments and select category-correlated features to bind and memorize logogram pairs. During recognition, subjects were asked to recognize the memorized items. The MATLAB software and spatial clustering analysis were used for image data processing. Compared with baseline, encoding mainly activated BA13, with significant effects in BA6/8/9/46/45/47, BA24, BA7/39/40, BA37/20, and BA18/19; meanwhile, recognition mainly activated BA6/8/9/10/13/45/46/47, BA31, BA7/40, and BA18/19. Compared with recognition, encoding activated BA18/19/37/20/36 with a peak activation area in BA18. Compared with encoding, recognition significantly activated BA7, BA31/32, and BA10. In conclusion, distributed networks of discrete cortical regions with distinct roles are active during semantic processing of logograms. The ventral occipitotemporal and inferior frontal regions display increased levels of encoding-related activity. The dorsal medial brain regions, including the superior frontal gyrus and occipitoparietal regions, are associated with recognition-related activity.
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Zwir, Igor, Javier Arnedo, Coral Del-Val, Laura Pulkki-Råback, Bettina Konte, Sarah S. Yang, Rocio Romero-Zaliz et al. "Uncovering the complex genetics of human character". Molecular Psychiatry 25, n. 10 (3 ottobre 2018): 2295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0263-6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractHuman personality is 30–60% heritable according to twin and adoption studies. Hundreds of genetic variants are expected to influence its complex development, but few have been identified. We used a machine learning method for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover complex genotypic–phenotypic networks and environmental interactions. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) measured the self-regulatory components of personality critical for health (i.e., the character traits of self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence). In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified five clusters of people with distinct profiles of character traits regardless of genotype. Third, we found 42 SNP sets that identified 727 gene loci and were significantly associated with one or more of the character profiles. Each character profile was related to different SNP sets with distinct molecular processes and neuronal functions. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of 95% of the 42 SNP sets in healthy Korean and German samples, as well as their associations with character. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected for character in each sample (50 to 58%). We conclude that self-regulatory personality traits are strongly influenced by organized interactions among more than 700 genes despite variable cultures and environments. These gene sets modulate specific molecular processes in brain for intentional goal-setting, self-reflection, empathy, and episodic learning and memory.
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Teichmann, Marc, Emmanuel Dupoux, Sid Kouider e Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi. "The Role of the Striatum in Processing Language Rules: Evidence from Word Perception in Huntington's Disease". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, n. 9 (settembre 2006): 1555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1555.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
On the assumption that linguistic faculties reflect both lexical storage in the temporal cortex and combinatorial rules in the striatal circuits, several authors have shown that striatal-damaged patients are impaired with conjugation rules while retaining lexical knowledge of irregular verbs [Teichmann, M., Dupoux, E., Kouider, S., Brugières, P., Boissé, M. F., Baudic, S., Cesaro, P., Peschanski, M., & Bachoud-Lévi, A. C. (2005). The role of the striatum in rule application. The model of Huntington's disease at early stage. Brain, 128, 1155–1167; Ullman, M. T., Corkin, S., Coppola, M., Hickok, G., Growdon, J. H., Koroshetz, W. J., & Pinker, S. (1997). A neural dissociation within language: Evidence that the mental dictionary is part of declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 266–276]. Yet, such impairment was documented only with explicit conjugation tasks in the production domain. Little is known about whether it generalizes to other language modalities such as perception and whether it refers to implicit language processing or rather to intentional rule operations through executive functions. We investigated these issues by assessing perceptive processing of conjugated verb forms in a model of striatal dysfunction, namely, in Huntington's Disease (HD) at early stages. Rule application and lexical processes were evaluated in an explicit task (acceptability judgments on verb and nonword forms) and in an implicit task (lexical decision on frequency-manipulated verb forms). HD patients were also assessed in executive functions, and striatal atrophy was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (bicaudate ratio). Results from both tasks showed that HD patients were selectively impaired for rule application but lexical abilities were spared. Bicaudate ratios correlated with rule scores on both tasks, whereas executive parameters only correlated with scores on the explicit task. We argue that the striatum has a core function in linguistic rule application generalizing to perceptive aspects of morphological operations and pertaining to implicit language processes. In addition, we suggest that the striatum may enclose computational circuits that underpin explicit manipulation of regularities.
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Cejudo, Ana, Cristina López-Rojas, Carlos Gómez-Ariza e María Bajo. "ERP Correlates of Prospective Memory and Cue Focality in Children". Brain Sciences 12, n. 5 (21 aprile 2022): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050533.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Prospective memory (PM) is essential in the everyday activities of children because it involves remembering intentions for the future, such as doing their homework or bringing written parental permissions to school. Developmental studies have shown increases in PM performance throughout childhood, but the specific processes underlying this development are still under debate. In the present study, event-related potentials were used to examine whether the focality of the PM task is related to the PM increments by testing two groups of children (first and last cycle of primary school) and assessing differences in N300 (cue detection), frontal positivity (switching), parietal positivity (retrieval of the intention) and frontal slow waves (monitoring of the retrieved intention). The results showed significant differences in focality in the group of older children but no differences in any of the components for their younger counterparts. In addition, the differences between prospective and ongoing trials were smaller for younger than older children. These findings suggest that the ability to adjust attentional strategies, monitor, switch and retrieve the intention develops across childhood and affects PM performance in attentionally demanding conditions.
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Einstein, Gilles O., e Mark A. McDaniel. "Prospective Memory". Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, n. 6 (dicembre 2005): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00382.x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An interesting challenge for researchers who study prospective memory is to explain how people recognize environmental events as cues for actions. Whereas some theorists propose that a capacity-consuming monitoring process is the only means by which intentions can be retrieved, we argue that the cognitive system relies on multiple processes, including spontaneous processes that reflexively respond to the presence of target events. We present evidence for the existence of spontaneous retrieval processes and apply the idea of multiple processes to mixed findings on age-related decline in prospective memory.
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KARANTZOULIS, STELLA, ANGELA K. TROYER e JILL B. RICH. "Prospective memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 15, n. 3 (maggio 2009): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617709090596.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIndividuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often complain of difficulty remembering to carry out intended actions, consistent with findings of impaired prospective memory (PM) in this population. In this study, individuals with aMCI (N = 27) performed worse than healthy controls (N = 27) on the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (Raskin, 2004), including on time- and event-based subscales, and recognition of the intentions. The aMCI participants made more errors overall, but the proportion of the various error types did not differ between the two groups. Across all error types, both groups made more retrospective than prospective errors, especially on event-based PM tasks. Overall, the findings suggest that PM impairment in aMCI is associated with deficient cue detection involving both automatic (as in event-based tasks) and more strategic detection (as in time-based tasks) processes. These difficulties are likely due to a combination of problematic retrospective episodic memory (e.g., reduced encoding and/or consolidation of cue–intention pairings) and executive functions (e.g., decreased self-initiation, attention switching, and/or inhibition on memory tasks). Formal assessment of PM may help characterize the nature of the memory impairment among individuals with aMCI in clinical neuropsychological evaluations. (JINS, 2009, 15, 407–415.)
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Liu, Dengtang, Chengfeng Ji, Kaiming Zhuo, Zhenhua Song, Yingchan Wang, Li Mei, Dianming Zhu et al. "Impaired cue identification and intention retrieval underlie prospective memory deficits in patients with first-episode schizophrenia". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, n. 3 (11 luglio 2016): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416640097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with impairment in prospective memory, the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future. It has been established that cue identification (detection of the cue event signaling that an intended action should be performed) and intention retrieval (retrieval of an intention from long-term memory following the recognition of a prospective cue) are two important processes underlying prospective memory. The purpose of this study was to examine prospective memory deficit and underlying cognitive processes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Methods: This study examined cue identification and intention retrieval components of event-based prospective memory using a dual-task paradigm in 30 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. All participants were also administered a set of tests assessing working memory and retrospective memory. Results: Both cue identification and intention retrieval were impaired in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with healthy controls ( ps < 0.05), with a large effect size for cue identification (Cohen’s d = 0.98) and a medium effect size for intention retrieval (Cohen’s d = 0.62). After controlling for working memory and retrospective memory, the difference in cue identification between patients and healthy controls remained significant. However, the difference in intention retrieval between the two groups was no longer significant. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between cue identification and negative symptoms ( r = −0.446, p = 0.013) in the patient group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that both cue identification and intention retrieval in event-based prospective memory are impaired in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Cue identification and intention retrieval could be potentially used as biomarkers for early detection and treatment prognosis of schizophrenia. In addition, addressing cue identification deficit through cognitive enhancement training may potentially improve negative symptoms as well.
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Urcuioli, Peter J., e Thomas B. Demarse. "MEMORY PROCESSES IN DELAYED SPATIAL DISCRIMINATIONS: RESPONSE INTENTIONS OR RESPONSE MEDIATION?" Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 67, n. 3 (maggio 1997): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1997.67-323.
Testo completo
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Uretzky, Sharon, e Asaf Gilboa. "Knowing Your Lines but Missing Your Cue: Rostral Prefrontal Lesions Impair Prospective Memory Cue Detection, but Not Action-intention Superiority". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, n. 12 (dicembre 2010): 2745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21419.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Prospective memory (PM) deficits are a common consequence of lesions to PFC, but their underlying neurocognitive mechanisms and processes are poorly understood. Here, we report on a patient, Z. P., who suffers from a chronic focal PM deficit, while other cognitive functions including memory are intact. His lesion involves right polar PFC (Brodmann's areas 10 and 9). Z. P. was very impaired on tasks that require detection of PM cues during an ongoing task. He was impaired regardless of whether the PM cues involved effortful or nearly effortless detection on the part of controls. By contrast, on tasks that tap the underlying (implicit) representations of intentions to perform an action, Z. P. showed normal patterns of intention superiority effects (ISEs) for to-be-performed actions and an inhibition effect for prospective actions after they had been performed. Thus, this is the first report of a neuropsychological dissociation between preserved privileged representation of prospective intentions and impaired detection of cues that support the opportune recovery of PM. Our data are compatible with the “gateway hypothesis” of rostral PFC, but also suggest there are components that are unique to PM and that remain intact after lesions to this region.
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Kohl, Robert M., e Sebastiano A. Fisicaro. "Response intention and imagery processes: Locus, interaction, and contribution to motor learning". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043880.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractBy way of commentary on Jeannerod (1994), we propose that (1) intention, response imagery, and actual response processes carry equal weight in inferring from one process to another, (2) memory networks control intention, which interacts with imagery-based processing to control response imagery, and (3) response imagery will demonstrate learning effects better when imagery reconstruction and elaboration are emphasized and neutral retention tests are utilized.