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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Intensité relativiste"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 1 giugno 2024

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1

Jiménez-Rosales, A., J. Dexter, S. M. Ressler, A. Tchekhovskoy, M. Bauböck, Y. Dallilar, P. T. de Zeeuw et al. "Relative depolarization of the black hole photon ring in GRMHD models of Sgr A* and M87*". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, n. 3 (22 marzo 2021): 4563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab784.

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ABSTRACT Using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accreting black holes, we show that a suitable subtraction of the linear polarization per pixel from total intensity images can enhance the photon ring feature. We find that the photon ring is typically a factor of ≃2 less polarized than the rest of the image. This is due to a combination of plasma and general relativistic effects, as well as magnetic turbulence. When there are no other persistently depolarized image features, adding the subtracted residuals over time results in a sharp image of the photon ring. We show that the method works well for sample, viable GRMHD models of Sgr A* and M87*, where measurements of the photon ring properties would provide new measurements of black hole mass and spin, and potentially allow for tests of the ‘no-hair’ theorem of general relativity.

2

Lavenda, B. H. "Is Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Compatible with Special Relativity?" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 56, n. 5 (1 maggio 2001): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2001-0503.

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Abstract The transformation from a time-dependent random walk to quantum mechanics converts a modified Bessel function into an ordinary one together with a phase factor e,ir/2 for each time the electron flips both direction and handedness. Causality requires the argument to be greater than the order of the Bessel function. Assuming equal probabilities for jumps ± 1 , the normalized modified Bessel function of an imaginary argument is the solution of the finite difference differential Schrödinger equation whereas the same function of a real argument satisfies the diffusion equation. In the nonrelativistic limit, the stability condition of the difference scheme contains the mass whereas in the ultrarelativistic limit only the velocity of light appears. Particle waves in the nonrelativistic limit become elastic waves in the ultrarelativistic limit with a phase shift in the frequency and wave number of 7r/2. The ordinary Bessel function satisfies a second order recurrence relation which is a finite difference differential wave equation, using non-nearest neighbors, whose solutions are the chirality components of a free-particle in the zero fermion mass limit. Reintroducing the mass by a phase transformation transforms the wave equation into the Klein-Gordon equation but does not admit a solution in terms of ordinary Bessel functions. However, a sign change of the mass term permits a solution in terms of a modified Bessel function whose recurrence formulas produce all the results of special relativity. The Lorentz transformation maximizes the integral of the modified Bessel function and determines the paths of steepest descent in the classical limit. If the definitions of frequency and wave number in terms of the phase were used in special relativity, the condition that the frame be inertial would equate the superluminal phase velocity with the particle velocity in violation of causality. In order to get surfaces of constant phase to move at the group velocity, an integrating factor is required which determines how the intensity decays in time. The phase correlation between neighboring sites in quantum mechanics is given by the phase factor for the electron to reverse its direction, whereas, in special relativity, it is given by the Doppler shift.

3

Клименко, Владимир, e Vladimir Klimenko. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field". Solar-Terrestrial Physics 3, n. 4 (29 dicembre 2017): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-34201704.

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This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from Van Allen belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0.1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold).

4

Chang, Yifan, Chang Wang, Yubo Wang, Zhaonan Long, Zirui Zeng e Youwei Tian. "Collimation and monochromaticity of γ-rays generated by high-energy electron colliding with tightly focused circularly polarized laser with varied intensities". Laser Physics Letters 19, n. 6 (20 aprile 2022): 065301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac6614.

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Abstract The collision of high-energy electron and laser pulses produces nonlinear inverse Thomson scattering, which can generate γ-rays. We study the effect of laser intensity on the energy angular distribution and spectrum of γ-ray radiation in tightly focused pulses. The γ-rays at non-relativistic intensity have good collimation and monochromaticity, and the radiation energy increases with the laser intensity. The ‘jumping point’ phenomenon of radiation energy variation under relativistic intensity and the ‘black hole’ of energy angular distribution were discovered. As the laser intensity increases, there is a red shift in the radiative harmonic spectrum. And at relativistic intensity, supercontinuum (tunable) γ-rays can be obtained. These findings help us use NITS for optical research.

5

Liesfeld, Ben, Jens Bernhardt, Kay-Uwe Amthor, Heinrich Schwoerer e Roland Sauerbrey. "Single-shot autocorrelation at relativistic intensity". Applied Physics Letters 86, n. 16 (18 aprile 2005): 161107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1905779.

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6

Friou, A., E. Lefebvre e L. Gremillet. "Channeling dynamics of relativistic-intensity laser pulses". Physics of Plasmas 19, n. 2 (febbraio 2012): 022704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3680613.

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7

Lee, P. H. Y. "On relativistic self focusing". Laser and Particle Beams 5, n. 1 (febbraio 1987): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002457.

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Ponderomotive force initiated laser self focusing can be enhanced by relativistic electron motion in a laser plasma. We derive the nonlinear refractive index due to relativistic effects and find that relativistic self focusing becomes important for a 0·25 μm laser when the laser intensity exceeds 5 × 1018 W/cm2.

8

Soldateschi, J., N. Bucciantini e L. Del Zanna. "Axisymmetric equilibrium models for magnetised neutron stars in scalar-tensor theories". Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (agosto 2020): A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037918.

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Among the possible extensions of general relativity that have been put forward to address some long-standing issues in our understanding of the Universe, scalar-tensor theories have received a lot of attention for their simplicity. Interestingly, some of these predict a potentially observable non-linear phenomenon, known as spontaneous scalarisation, in the presence of highly compact matter distributions, as in the case of neutron stars. Neutron stars are ideal laboratories for investigating the properties of matter under extreme conditions and, in particular, they are known to harbour the strongest magnetic fields in the Universe. Here, for the first time, we present a detailed study of magnetised neutron stars in scalar-tensor theories. First, we showed that the formalism developed for the study of magnetised neutron stars in general relativity, based on the “extended conformally flat condition”, can easily be extended in the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field, retaining many of its numerical advantages. We then carried out a study of the parameter space considering the two extreme geometries of purely toroidal and purely poloidal magnetic fields, varying both the strength of the magnetic field and the intensity of scalarisation. We compared our results with magnetised general-relativistic solutions and un-magnetised scalarised solutions, showing how the mutual interplay between magnetic and scalar fields affect the magnetic and the scalarisation properties of neutron stars. In particular, we focus our discussion on magnetic deformability, maximum mass, and range of scalarisation.

9

Bucciantini, Niccolò, e Jacopo Soldateschi. "Iron line from neutron star accretion discs in scalar tensor theories". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 495, n. 1 (7 aprile 2020): L56—L60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slaa059.

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ABSTRACT The Fe Kα fluorescent line at 6.4 keV is a powerful probe of the space–time metric in the vicinity of accreting compact objects. We investigated here how some alternative theories of gravity, namely scalar tensor theories, that invoke the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field and predict the existence of strongly scalarized neutron stars (NSs), change the expected line shape with respect to General Relativity. By taking into account both deviations from the general relativistic orbital dynamics of the accreting disc, where the Fe line originates, and the changes in the light propagation around the NS, we computed line shapes for various inclinations of the disc with respect to the observer. We found that both the intensity of the low-energy tails and the position of the high-energy edge of the line change. Moreover, we verified that even if those changes are in general of the order of a few percent, they are potentially observable with the next generation of X-ray satellites.

10

OSMAN, FREDERICK, REYNALDO CASTILLO e HEINRICH HORA. "Relativistic and ponderomotive self-focusing at laser–plasma interaction". Journal of Plasma Physics 61, n. 2 (febbraio 1999): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377898007417.

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The nonlinear plasma dielectric function due to relativistic electron motion is derived. From this, one can obtain the nonlinear refractive index of the plasma and estimate the importance of relativistic self-focusing in comparison with ponderomotive non-relativistic self-focusing at very high laser intensities. When the laser intensity is very high, ponderomotive self-focusing will be dominant. However, at some point, when the oscillating velocity of the plasma electrons becomes very large, relativistic effects will also play a role in self-focusing.

11

Mangles, S. P. D., K. Krushelnick, Z. Najmudin, M. S. Wei, B. Walton, A. Gopal, A. E. Dangor et al. "The generation of mono-energetic electron beams from ultrashort pulse laser–plasma interactions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, n. 1840 (24 gennaio 2006): 663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1730.

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The physics of the interaction of high-intensity laser pulses with underdense plasma depends not only on the interaction intensity but also on the laser pulse length. We show experimentally that as intensities are increased beyond 10 20 W cm −2 the peak electron acceleration increases beyond that which can be produced from single stage plasma wave acceleration and it is likely that direct laser acceleration mechanisms begin to play an important role. If, alternatively, the pulse length is reduced such that it approaches the plasma period of a relativistic electron plasma wave, high-power interactions at much lower intensity enable the generation of quasi-mono-energetic beams of relativistic electrons.

12

Gaur, B., P. Rawat e G. Purohit. "Effect of self-focused cosh Gaussian laser beam on the excitation of electron plasma wave and particle acceleration". Laser and Particle Beams 34, n. 4 (9 settembre 2016): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000525.

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AbstractThis work presents an investigation of the self-focusing of a high-power laser beam having cosh Gaussian intensity profile in a collissionless plasma under weak relativistic-ponderomotove (RP) and only relativistic regimes and its effect on the excitation of electron plasma wave (EPW), and particle acceleration process. Nonlinear differential equations have been set up for the beam width and intensity of cosh Gaussian laser beam (CGLB) and EPW using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin and paraxial-ray approximations as well as fluid equations. The numerical results are presented for different values of decentered parameter ‘b’ and intensity parameter ‘a’ of CGLB. Strong self-focusing is observed in RP regime as compared with only relativistic nonlinearity. Numerical analysis shows that these parameters play crucial role on the self-focusing of the CGLB and the excitation of EPW. It is also found that the intensity/amplitude of EPW increases with b and a. Further, nonlinear coupling between the CGLB and EPW leads to the acceleration of electrons. The intensity of EPW and energy gain by electrons is significantly affected by including the ponderomotive nonlinearity. The energy of the accelerated electrons is increased by increasing the value of ‘b’. The results are presented for typical laser and plasma parameters.

13

Jolicoeur, Sheean, Roy Maartens, Eline M. De Weerd, Obinna Umeh, Chris Clarkson e Stefano Camera. "Detecting the relativistic bispectrum in 21cm intensity maps". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2021, n. 06 (1 giugno 2021): 039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/06/039.

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14

Willingale, L., P. M. Nilson, C. Zulick, H. Chen, R. S. Craxton, J. Cobble, A. Maksimchuk et al. "Relativistic intensity laser interactions with low-density plasmas". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 688 (marzo 2016): 012126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012126.

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15

Marques, J. P., F. Parente e P. Indelicato. "Relativistic MCDF calculation of Kβ/Kα intensity ratios". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 34, n. 17 (21 agosto 2001): 3487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/34/17/308.

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16

Leshchenko, V. E., V. A. Vasiliev, N. L. Kvashnin e E. V. Pestryakov. "Coherent combining of relativistic-intensity femtosecond laser pulses". Applied Physics B 118, n. 4 (15 febbraio 2015): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6047-7.

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17

Douma, E., C. J. Rodger, L. W. Blum, T. P. O'Brien, M. A. Clilverd e J. B. Blake. "Characteristics of Relativistic Microburst Intensity From SAMPEX Observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, n. 7 (luglio 2019): 5627–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019ja026757.

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18

Asthana, Meenu, M. S. Sodha e K. P. Maheshwari. "Relativistic self-focusing of laser beams in time-harmonic plane waves: arbitrary intensity". Journal of Plasma Physics 51, n. 1 (febbraio 1994): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237780001744x.

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This paper presents a paraxial theory of relativistic self-focusing of a Gaussian laser beam in plasma for a time-harmonic plane wave at arbitrary beam intensity. Since the relativistic mechanism is instantaneous, the theory is also applicable to self-focusing of laser pulses. The analysis leads to two values for the critical beam power for self-focusing, Pcr1 and Pcr2. When P < Pcr1 < Pcr2, the beam diverges. When Pcr1 <P <pcr2, it first converges, then diverges, and so on. When P > Pcr2 it first diverges, then converges, and so on.

19

Winata, Suryadi, e Khomsiyah Khomsiyah. "DAMPAK KODE ETIK PADA PENGARUH FILOSOFI ETIS DAN INTENSITAS ETIS TERHDADAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN ETIS AKUNTAN PUBLIK". EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 1, n. 2 (4 settembre 2018): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2017.v1.i2.2634.

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Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur peran kode etik dalam memperkuat pengaruh filosofi etis yaitu idealisme, relativisme, dan intensitas etis yaitu magnitude of consequence, social consensus dan temporal immediacy pada pengambilan keputusan etis. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan 138 akuntan publik. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi moderasi. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa kode etik menurunkan pengaruh idealisme terhadap kesadaran etis akuntan publik. Kode etik dan idealisme merupakan faktor-faktor yang saling melengkapi, sehingga implikasi kode etik merupakan alat penting dalam rangka penerapan pemikiran kaum idealis pada praktik akuntan publik. Kode etik yang dapat menurunkan pengaruh positif idealisme terhadap kesadaran etis berarti bahwa kode etik mendorong setiap akuntan publik untuk mematuhi aturan etis universal dalam mencapai hasil usaha yang terbaik. Fakta yang menunjukkan pemikiran para idealis berpengaruh kuat terhadap kesadaran etis menggambarkan idealime yang kuat, dan adanya kode etik yang kuat yang dapat menurunkan pengaruh idealisme dalam pengambilan keputusan etis mengartikan kekuatan relativisme sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan etis. Kombinasi antara idealisme dan relativisme kuat merupakan posisi situationis di dalam taxonomy of ethical ideology.

20

Клименко, Владимир, e Vladimir Klimenko. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field". Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 3, n. 4 (27 dicembre 2017): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-34201704.

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This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from Van Allen belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0.1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold).

21

ASTHANA, MEENU V., DINESH VARSHNEY e M. S. SODHA. "Relativistic self-focusing of transmitted laser radiation in plasmas". Laser and Particle Beams 18, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600181121.

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This paper presents an analysis of relativistic self-focusing of a Gaussian laser beam incident normally on a plane interface of a linear medium and a nonlinear, nonabsorbing plasma with an intensity dependent dielectric constant. Considering the nonlinearity to arise from the relativistic variation of mass and the Lorentz force on electrons. Following Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) and paraxial ray approximation the phenomenon of relativistic self-focusing of the transmitted laser radiation has been analyzed for the arbitrary magnitude of nonlinearity. Change in the intensity distribution along the wavefront of the Gaussian beam, due to refraction at the interface has also been taken into account. The variation of beamwidth parameter with distance of propagation, self trapping condition and critical power has been evaluated. Numerical estimates for typical parameters of laser plasma interaction process indicate the refraction at the interface to have a significant effect on self-focusing.

22

Asthana, M., K. P. Maheshwari e M. S. Sodha. "Nonlinear relativistic self-focusing of laser radiation in plasmas: Arbitrary intensity". Laser and Particle Beams 12, n. 4 (dicembre 1994): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008508.

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A paraxial theory of relativistic self-focusing of a Gaussian laser beam in plasmas, when the nonlinear part of the effective dielectric constant is arbitrarily large, is presented. The plasma is taken to be homogeneous without any density fluctuations being necessary. The approach of Akhmanov et al. based on the WKB and paraxial ray approximations has been followed. It is seen that the saturating nature of nonlinearity leads to two values of critical power of the beam (Pcrl and Pcr2) for self-focusing. When the power of the beam P lies between the two critical values (i.e., Pcr1 < P < Pcr2), the medium behaves as an oscillatory waveguide; the beam first converges and then diverges, converges again, and so on. For P > Pcr2 the beam first diverges, then converges, then diverges, and so on. Because the relativistic mechanism is instantaneous, the theory is applicable to the understanding of selffocusing of laser pulses also.

23

Singh, Jatinder J., Scott J. Vitell, Jamal Al-Khatib e Irvine Clark. "The Role of Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philosophies in the Ethical Decision Making of Marketers: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of China and the United States". Journal of International Marketing 15, n. 2 (giugno 2007): 86–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.15.2.86.

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This study uses cross-cultural samples from the United States and China to replicate previous empirical findings regarding the relationship among moral philosophies, moral intensity, and ethical decision making. The authors use a two-step structural equations modeling approach to analyze the measurement and structural models. The findings partially replicate those from previous studies and provide evidence that the measurement model is somewhat invariant across the two groups studied but the structural model is not. In addition, there is evidence that the relationship between personal moral philosophies (mainly relativism) and moral intensity varies across the two cultures. That is, whereas relativism is a significant predictor of moral intensity for the Chinese sample, it is not for the U.S. sample. However, idealism is a significant predictor of perceived moral intensity for both samples of marketing practitioners. Finally, perceived moral intensity is a significant, direct predictor of ethical judgments, and ethical judgments are a significant, direct predictor of behavioral intentions in both instances.

24

Vyas, Ashish, Ram Kishor Singh e R. P. Sharma. "Study of coexisting stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering at relativistic laser power". Laser and Particle Beams 32, n. 4 (27 ottobre 2014): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000688.

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AbstractThis paper presents a model to study the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) simultaneously at relativistic laser power. At high intensity, the relativistic mass correction for the plasma electrons becomes significant and the plasma refractive index gets modified which leads to the relativistic self-focusing of the pump beam. This filamentation process affects the scattering processes (SRS and SBS) and at the same time the pump filamentation process also gets modified in the presence of the coexisting SRS and SBS due to the pump depletion. We have also demonstrated that the pump depletion and relativistic filamentation affects the back-reflectivity of scattered beams (SRS and SBS) significantly, for the coexistence case.

25

Baumann, C., e A. Pukhov. "Electron dynamics in twisted light modes of relativistic intensity". Physics of Plasmas 25, n. 8 (agosto 2018): 083114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5044617.

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26

Xu, Hui, Zheng-Ming Sheng, Jie Zhang e M. Y. Yu. "Intensity-dependent resonance absorption in relativistic laser-plasma interaction". Physics of Plasmas 13, n. 12 (dicembre 2006): 123301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2397580.

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27

Umstadter, D. P., C. Barty, M. Perry e G. A. Mourou. "Tabletop, Ultrahigh-Intensity Lasers: Dawn of Nonlinear Relativistic Optics". Optics and Photonics News 9, n. 7 (1 luglio 1998): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.9.7.000040.

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28

Hartemann, F. V. "High-intensity scattering processes of relativistic electrons in vacuum". Physics of Plasmas 5, n. 5 (maggio 1998): 2037–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872875.

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29

Walsh, J., K. Woods e S. Yeager. "Intensity of Smith-Purcell radiation in the relativistic regime". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 341, n. 1-3 (marzo 1994): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90364-6.

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30

Chen, J., K. H. Li e J. H. Wen. "Relativistic high-order harmonics of a hydrogenlike atom in an ultrastrong laser field". Canadian Journal of Physics 77, n. 7 (1 novembre 1999): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p99-025.

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The relativistic high-order harmonics of a hydrogenlike atom in an ultrastrong laser field has been simulated by the classical Monte-Carlo method in this paper. The results concerning the influence of the laser parameters (frequency, pulse-shape, intensity, etc.) on the relativistic high-order harmonics have been obtained and the conversion efficiency has also been calculated. Some conclusions are drawn and discussed.PACS Nos.: 42.65Ky and 32.80Rm

31

Johari, Razana Juhaida, Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi e Arumega Zarefar. "Auditor’s Ethical Judgments: The Influence of Moral Intensity, Ethical Orientation and Client Importance". International Journal of Financial Research 10, n. 3 (19 maggio 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v10n3p77.

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This study examined auditors’ ethical judgments using two theoretical perspectives; (1) Moral intensity constructs of Jones’ (1991) Model and (2) Forsyth’s (1980) framework of individual ethical orientation. The importance of the moral issues and how they affected the auditors’ ethical judgments together with the influence of individual’s ethical orientation and the client importance is discussed. A research instrument consisted of two scenarios with different level of moral intensity issues and utilized a 12-item of moral intensity measurement and a Forsyth’s (1980) scale to measure ethical orientation along two dimensions, idealism and relativism. The client importance is manipulated in this between-subjects study. The results of 152 auditors’ found that the effects of the moral intensity construct and the client importance on auditors’ ethical judgments is different based on the issues intensity level of the scenarios. Whereas, both dimensions of the individual ethical orientation (idealism and relativism) are found significant in both of the scenarios tested. The limitations of the study and recommendation for future studies are also discussed.

32

Hajra, Rajkumar, Bruce T. Tsurutani, Quanming Lu, Gurbax S. Lakhina, Aimin Du, Ezequiel Echer, Adriane M. S. Franco, Mauricio J. A. Bolzan e Xinliang Gao. "Ultra-relativistic Electron Acceleration during High-intensity Long-duration Continuous Auroral Electrojet Activity Events". Astrophysical Journal 965, n. 2 (1 aprile 2024): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2dfe.

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Abstract Magnetospheric relativistic electrons are accelerated during substorms and strong convection events that occur during high-intensity long-duration continuous auroral electrojet activity (HILDCAA) events, associated with solar wind high-speed streams (coming from coronal holes). From an analysis of ∼2–20 MeV electrons at L ∼ 2–7 measured by the Van Allen Probe satellite, it is shown that ∼3.4–4.1 days long HILDCAA events are characterized by ∼7.2 MeV electron acceleration in the L ∼ 4.0–6.0 region, which occurs ∼2.9–3.4 days after the onset of HILDCAA. The dominant acceleration process is due to wave–particle interactions between magnetospheric electromagnetic chorus waves and substorm-injected ∼100 keV electrons. The longer the HILDCAA and chorus last, the higher the maximum energy of the accelerated relativistic electrons. The acceleration to higher and higher energies is due to a bootstrap mechanism.

33

Afanasiev, G. N., M. V. Lyubchenko e Yu P. Stepanovsky. "Fine structure of the Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462, n. 2066 (14 dicembre 2005): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2005.1599.

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We found relativistic quantum corrections to the one-photon Cherenkov emission. It is proved that, in the absence of dispersion, the Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation fills the whole Cherenkov cone (in the Tamm–Frank theory the Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation for the fixed refractive index is confined to the surface of the Cherenkov cone). The radiation intensity reaches the maximum inside the Cherenkov cone. It turns out that photons with different energies fly at different angles in the interval from zero up to the Cherenkov angle corresponding to the initial charge velocity. The visible light region, where the Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation is usually observed, is surrounded by the low intensity infrared region and by the high intensity one corresponding to high energy photons. The ratio of the radiation intensity at the maximum lying in the Roentgen part of the radiation spectrum to the radiation intensity in its visible part is about 10 4 . Taking into account the medium dispersion leads to the appearance of the striped-like radiation structure inside the Cherenkov cone. Experimental data indicating the existence of a non-zero radiation field inside this cone are discussed. In the past, non-relativistic quantum corrections to the radiation intensity were found by Ginzburg. Yet, he did not analyse their influence for large energy–momentum transfer.

34

Struminsky, A. B., I. Yu Grigorieva, Yu I. Logachev e A. M. Sadovskii. "Solar relativistic electrons and protons on October 28, 2021 (GLE73)". Известия Российской академии наук. Серия физическая 87, n. 7 (1 luglio 2023): 1023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0367676523701818.

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The proton event of October 28, 2021, which was accompanied by the first in the current 25th cycle and the 73rd in the history of observations, a ground-based enhancement in the intensity of cosmic rays (GLE73), is considered. The development of the parent flare lasted more than 10 min against the background of the highest energy release simultaneously creating the conditions both for acceleration of the coronal mass ejection (CME) and acceleration of charged particles to relativistic energies. The similarity of time intensity profiles of relativistic electrons and protons in the Earth’s orbit indicates a stochastic mechanism of their acceleration. The X1.0 eruptive flare on October 28, 2021, is similar in hard X-ray emission to the M5.1 flare on May 17, 2012 (GLE71). The relatively late start of the increase in the fluxes of relativistic electrons and protons in the Earth’s orbit compared to the GLE71 event is explained by the location of the flare on October 28, 2021 (S26W05) and the southward launch of the CME.

35

Yeeram, T. "Enhancements of relativistic electron flux at geostationary orbit during high-intensity, long-duration, continuous AE activity (HILDCAA) from 2015 to 2017". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2431, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2023): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2431/1/012100.

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Abstract This work characterizes the enhancements of relativistic electron flux (MeV) in the geostationary orbit (GEO) in High Intensity, Long Duration, Continuous AE Activity (HILDCAA) occurred during declining phase of solar cycle 24. We employed the relativistic electron (0.8 - 2.0 MeV) flux and low-energy electron (40 - 130 keV) flux measured by GOES-13 and POES satellites, respectively. Typically, the relativistic electron flux increases, while the low-energy electron flux decreases in the long recovery phase of moderate storms. The enhancements of E > 0.8 MeV and > 2.0 MeV occurred promptly and ∼1.0 day after the HILDCAA onset, respectively. A case study of short HILDCAA events shows that low solar wind dynamic pressure and long-lasting high amplitude Alfvén waves are efficient triggers of the relativistic electron enhancement at GEO. Large convection from magnetic reconnection in HILDCAA would induce substorms that injected more seed electrons for the acceleration. The peaks of the E > 2.0 MeV flux are more delayed than of the E > 0.8 MeV. After the onset of short- and prolonged-period HILDCAA, the peak flux of E > 0.8 MeV occurred about 2 and 4 days, respectively, and of E > 2.0 MeV occurred about 2 and 5 days, respectively.

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Bak, Petr, Dmitriy Bolkhovityanov, Andrey Korepanov, Pavel Logatchev, Dmitriy Malyutin, Aleksandr Starostenko e Aleksandr Tsyganov. "Instrument for Studying Wake Fields Influence to International Linear Collider High Intensity Bunch". Siberian Journal of Physics 4, n. 1 (1 marzo 2009): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2009-4-1-30-36.

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Instrument for bunch tilt measurements in linear collider is presented. Electron beam probe basic principles are described and method of bunch tilt measurements is discussed. The simulation results of testing beam interaction with tilted relativistic bunch are presented. Main components of the bunch tilt measurement error are determined.

37

Albert, O., H. Wang, D. Liu, Z. Chang e G. Mourou. "Generation of relativistic intensity pulses at a kilohertz repetition rate". Optics Letters 25, n. 15 (1 agosto 2000): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.25.001125.

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38

Golovinski, P. A., M. A. Dolgopolov e V. G. Khlebostroev. "Hard x-ray generation in laser field of relativistic intensity". Physica Scripta 51, n. 6 (1 giugno 1995): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/51/6/009.

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39

Rezaei, S., M. R. Jafari Milani e M. J. Jafari. "High intensity laser beam propagation through a relativistic warm magnetoplasma". Physics of Plasmas 24, n. 4 (29 marzo 2017): 043101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4979169.

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40

Umstadter, D., S. ‐Y Chen, G. Ma, A. Maksimchuk, G. Mourou, M. Nantel, S. Pikuz, G. Sarkisov e R. Wagner. "Dense and Relativistic Plasmas Produced by Compact High‐Intensity Lasers". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 127, n. 2 (aprile 2000): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313340.

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41

Garuchava, D. P., Z. I. Rostomashvili e N. L. Tsintsadze. "Filamentation instability of relativistic-intensity electromagnetic waves in a plasma". Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics 16, n. 9 (30 settembre 1986): 1267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1986v016n09abeh007486.

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42

Har-Shemesh, Omri, e Antonino Di Piazza. "Peak intensity measurement of relativistic lasers via nonlinear Thomson scattering". Optics Letters 37, n. 8 (11 aprile 2012): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.001352.

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43

Mioduszewski, A. J., P. A. Hughes e G. C. Duncan. "The Effects of Light Travel Time on the Appearance of Relativistic Jets". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 164 (1998): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100044894.

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AbstractWe present simulated maps showing the appearance in total intensity of flows computed using a relativistic hydrodynamic code (Duncan k. Hughes 1994: ApJ, 436, L119). The radiation transfer calculations allow for full treatment of relativistic effects, such as Doppler boosting and time delay. Depending on viewing angle, and the speed of emitting features, the appearance of a jet can be strongly influenced by either effect; in both cases the map differs dramatically from the morphology exhibited by the hydrodynamic quantities.

44

Purohit, Gunjan, Priyanka Rawat, Pradeep Kothiyal e Ramesh Kumar Sharma. "Relativistic longitudinal self-compression of ultra-intense Gaussian laser pulses in magnetized plasma". Laser and Particle Beams 38, n. 3 (19 agosto 2020): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034620000245.

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AbstractThis article presents a preliminary study of the longitudinal self-compression of ultra-intense Gaussian laser pulse in a magnetized plasma, when relativistic nonlinearity is active. This study has been carried out in 1D geometry under a nonlinear Schrodinger equation and higher-order paraxial (nonparaxial) approximation. The nonlinear differential equations for self-compression and self-focusing have been derived and solved by the analytical and numerical methods. The dielectric function and the eikonal have been expanded up to the fourth power of r (radial distance). The effect of initial parameters, namely incident laser intensity, magnetic field, and initial pulse duration on the compression of a relativistic Gaussian laser pulse have been explored. The results are compared with paraxial-ray approximation. It is found that the compression of pulse and pulse intensity of the compressed pulse is significantly enhanced in the nonparaxial region. It is observed that the compression of the high-intensity laser pulse depends on the intensity of laser beam (a0), magnetic field (ωc), and initial pulse width (τ0). The preliminary results show that the pulse is more compressed by increasing the values of a0, ωc, and τ0.

45

Horák, Jiří, e Vladimír Karas. "Intensity and polarization light-curves from radiatively-driven clouds". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S238 (agosto 2006): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307005558.

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AbstractWe study linear polarization from scattering of light on a cloud of relativistic electrons. We assume that the cloud is hovering above an accretion disc, or it is in an accelerated motion underthe combined influence of the radiation and gravitational fields near an accreting black hole. Atfirst we derive simple and general analytical formulae for the Stokes parameters. These formulae are then used in calculations of the temporal evolution of the observed signal.We find that higher-order images can significantly enhance the observed flux. Possible targets where the effect should be searched are accreting super-massive black holes and Galactic microquasars exhibiting episodic accretion/ejection events.

46

LONTANO, M., M. BORGHESI, S. V. BULANOV, T. Z. ESIRKEPOV, D. FARINA, N. NAUMOVA, K. NISHIHARA et al. "Nondrifting relativistic electromagnetic solitons in plasmas". Laser and Particle Beams 21, n. 4 (ottobre 2003): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603214105.

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Abstract (sommario):

Low-frequency, relativistic, subcycle solitary waves are found in two-dimensional and three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) numerical simulations, as a result of the interaction of ultrashort, high-intensity laser pulses with plasmas. Moreover, nondrifting, subcycle relativistic electromagnetic solitons have been obtained as solutions of the hydrodynamic equations for an electron–ion warm plasma, by assuming the quasi-neutrality character of the plasma response. In addition, the formation of long-living macroscopic soliton-like structures has been experimentally observed by means of the proton imaging diagnostics. Several common features result from these investigations, as, for example, the quasi-neutral plasma response to the soliton radiation, in the long-term evolution of the system, which leads to the almost complete expulsion of the plasma from the region where the electromagnetic radiation is concentrated, even at subrelativistic field intensity. The results of the theoretical investigations are reviewed with special attention to these similarities.

47

Sen, Sonu, Meenu Asthana Varshney e Dinesh Varshney. "Relativistic Propagation of Linearly/Circularly Polarized Laser Radiation in Plasmas". ISRN Optics 2013 (2 settembre 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/642617.

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Paraxial theory of relativistic self-focusing of Gaussian laser beams in plasmas for arbitrary magnitude of intensity of the beam has been presented in this paper. The nonlinearity in the dielectric constant arises on account of relativistic variation of mass. An appropriate expression for the nonlinear dielectric constant has been used to study laser beam propagation for linearly/circularly polarized wave. The variation of beamwidth parameter with distance of propagation, self-trapping condition, and critical power has been evaluated. The saturating nature of nonlinearity yields two values of critical power of the beam ( and ) for self-focusing. When the beam diverges. When the beam first converges then diverges and so on. When the beam first diverges and then converges and so on. Numerical estimates are made for linearly/circularly polarized wave applicable for typical values of relativistic laser-plasma interaction process in underdense and overdense plasmas. Since the relativistic mechanism is instantaneous, this theory is applicable to understanding of self-focusing of laser pulses.

48

Jiao, J., B. Zhang, J. Yu, Z. Zhang, Y. Yan, S. He, Z. Deng, J. Teng, W. Hong e Y. Gu. "Generating high-yield positrons and relativistic collisionless shocks by 10 PW laser". Laser and Particle Beams 35, n. 2 (6 marzo 2017): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034617000106.

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AbstractRelativistic collisionless shock charged particle acceleration is considered as a possible origin of high-energy cosmic rays. However, it is hard to explore the nature of relativistic collisionless shock due to its low occurring frequency and remote detecting distance. Recently, there are some works attempt to solve this problem by generating relativistic collisionless shock in laboratory conditions. In laboratory, the scheme of generation of relativistic collisionless shock is that two electron–positron pair plasmas knock each other. However, in laboratory, the appropriate pair plasmas have been not generated. The 10 PW laser pulse maybe generates the pair plasmas that satisfy the formation condition of relativistic collisionless shock due to its ultrahigh intensity and energy. In this paper, we study the positron production by ultraintense laser high Z target interaction using numerical simulations, which consider quantum electrodynamics effect. The simulation results show that the forward positron beam up to 1013/kJ can be generated by 10 PW laser pulse interacting with lead target. The estimation of relativistic collisionless shock formation shows that the positron yield satisfies formation condition and the positron divergence needs to be controlled. Our results indicate that the generation of relativistic collisionless shock by 10 PW laser facilities in laboratory is possible.

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UPADHYAY, A., V. K. TRIPATHI, A. K. SHARMA e H. C. PANT. "Asymmetric self-focusing of a laser pulse in plasma". Journal of Plasma Physics 68, n. 1 (luglio 2002): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377802001794.

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Abstract (sommario):

An intense short-pulse laser propagating through a plasma undergoes self-pulse distortion due to the combined effects of nonlinearity-induced self-focusing and dispersion. The nonlinearity arises as a result of relativistic mass variation. The low-intensity front of the pulse converges mildly, while the high-intensity later portions self-focus strongly. However, at the intensity maxima, the self-focusing effect is masked by the saturation effect of the nonlinear refractive index. The group velocity is also a function of intensity; as a result, the front of the pulse becomes sharpened, while the tail tends to be broadened.

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MIRZANEJHAD, SAEED, FARSHAD SOHBATZADEH e ZAHRA HEIDARI. "Instability of electromagnetic waves with radial polarization in a rotating relativistic electron beam guided by ion channel". Journal of Plasma Physics 78, n. 1 (21 luglio 2011): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377811000304.

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AbstractDispersion characteristics of electromagnetic waves with radial and azimuthal polarization in a rotating relativistic electron beam guided by an ion channel are investigated. Ion-channel electrostatic field and self-fields of relativistic electron beam were included in the formalism. It is shown that the wave with radial polarization is unstable in two regions due to coupling with fast space charge wave. The behaviors of the instability magnitude and spread are analyzed as a function of equilibrium parameters. The introduced instability can be used for amplification and production of high-intensity laser pulse with radial polarization.