Articoli di riviste: "Integrated mixers"

1

Yu, Mei, Chun Li, Xiang Gao, Zhenguo Wang, Tu-Lu Liang, Jin Shi, Jian-Xin Shi e Weiwei Xu. "High-Tc Superconducting Josephson Junction Harmonic Mixers with Stub Tuners on Integrated Bowtie Antennas". Applied Sciences 12, n. 24 (13 dicembre 2022): 12813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412813.

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Ordinary mixers can hardly meet the requirements in terahertz (THz) communications due to the low-power and expensive THz sources. Sensitive harmonic mixers have been widely studied to avoid this problem, owing to the fact that the higher the number of harmonics, the lower the local oscillator (LO) frequency, and the lower the cost. High-Tc superconducting (HTS) Josephson junction (JJ) mixers are performing candidates for THz receiver frontends because of the advantages of excellent sensitivity, wide bandwidth, high harmonic number and low LO power requirement. However, the normal-state resistance of HTS JJ is so low that traditional antennas are difficult to match it. In other words, it is quite a challenge to match the input impedance to a low input impedance for traditional antennas, especially for antennas fed by coplanar striplines (CPSs). In this work, based on the structure of bowtie, two types of stub tuners were integrated to decrease the impedance of the bowtie antenna so as to improve the coupling efficiency between the traditional bowtie antenna and the JJ. Furthermore, HTS YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) JJ harmonic mixers coupled with the proposed structures and fed by CPSs are fabricated and measured. The measurements show that the JJ mixer coupled with a pair of open-end stubs of the bowtie antenna achieves up to 88 harmonics, with a conversion efficiency of −69.6 dB. In contrast, the JJ mixer coupled with a pair of lumped-element stubs of the bowtie antenna only attains to 30 harmonics, with a conversion efficiency of −73.4 dB. Additional numerical simulations indicate that the coupling efficiency is enhanced when the complex impedance of the antenna is explicitly considered. Compared with other coupled traditional antennas, the JJ mixer with bowtie antenna has the largest harmonic number. This work paves the way for the future application of low-frequency and low-cost LO for THz communications.

2

Singh, S., S. C. Bera e D. Pujara. "Compact and Low Loss Microwave Idlers for Low Frequency Integrated Circuits". Advanced Electromagnetics 8, n. 3 (10 giugno 2019): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v8i3.1040.

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Two design methodologies for realization of low frequency (less than 20 GHz) compact and low loss microwave idlers have been proposed in this paper. Such idlers can be used for realizing low frequency higher order (6X or more) harmonic mixers or multipliers on monolithic integrated technology. Low frequency higher order harmonic mixers or multipliers are generally avoided due to higher losses and board space consumed by multiple idlers. The present proposed methods of idler design are based on realization of idlers by combining distributed microstrip transmission line and lumped components. The approach helps in transmitting the desired frequency with lower insertion loss and providing more rejection to the undesired frequencies. The design proposal has been demonstrated by designing an idler for 3 GHz LO side of a 6X harmonic MMIC mixer. This mixer utilizes 6th harmonic of the 3 GHz LO for generating 18 GHz output RF signal by frequency mixing. The idler for 3 GHz LO rejects dc, IF and selective even harmonics of LO; 6 GHz, 12 GHz and 18 GHz. On wafer test results of the developed 6X harmonic MMIC mixer has substantiated the idler design.

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Kerr, A. R., S. K. Pan e M. J. Feldman. "Integrated tuning elements for SIS mixers". International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 9, n. 2 (febbraio 1988): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01010970.

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RAUT, RABIN, VIJAY DEVABHAKTUNI e NILADRI ROY. "AN EFFICIENT SPICE-BASED TECHNIQUE FOR PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF BJT MIXERS". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 19, n. 06 (ottobre 2010): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126610006700.

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In this paper, we present a fast and simple SPICE-based technique for the performance characterization of BJT mixers. First, exploiting fundamental concepts, an AC equivalent circuit of a radio-frequency bipolar junction transistor mixer is derived. Second, this equivalent circuit is used to estimate the conversion gain, noise-figure, and nonlinearity characteristics of the mixer. The proposed technique has been validated using simulations on integrated and discrete transistor based mixer circuits.

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Tahim, R. S., e B. Dutt. "Low Noise Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuit Mixers". IETE Journal of Research 41, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.1995.11437224.

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6

Verweyen, L., H. Massler, M. Neumann, U. Schaper e W. H. Haydl. "Coplanar integrated mixers for 77-GHz automotive applications". IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 8, n. 1 (1998): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/75.650982.

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Wang, YiYang, Haipeng Duan, Long He, Xu Wu, Dongming Wang e Lianming Li. "Design of 39-GHz Up- and Down-Conversion Mixers for 5G mmWave TDD Applications". Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 23, n. 2 (31 marzo 2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2023.2.r.149.

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This article presents fully integrated 39-GHz bidirectional up- and down-conversion mixers for 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process with a 1.2-V supply voltage, the up- and down-conversion mixers consume 39 and 43 mW, respectively. For 5G time-division duplexing (TDD) operation, intermediate-frequency (IF)/local-oscillator (LO)/radio-frequency (RF) T/R switches are introduced. For better isolation and low insertion loss between the up- and down-conversion mixer, a series-shunt single-pole double-throw (SPDT) structure and an equivalent lumped λ/4 transmission line are proposed for IF and RF T/R switches, respectively. To realize compact area and wide bandwidth, a transformer-based matching network is adopted in this design. Targeting multi-channel phased array applications, the measurement result shows that the up-conversion mixer achieves a 2.5-dB peak conversion gain with 6.5 GHz 3-dB bandwidth. Including the insertion loss of the switch and IF signal routing, at the maximum gain of 36.5 GHz, the up-conversion mixer achieves an output 1-dB gain compression point (OP1dB) of 2.5 dBm. Furthermore, the down-conversion mixer achieves a 5-dB peak conversion gain with a 9.7-GHz 3-dB bandwidth.

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ALLSTOT, DAVID J., SANKARAN ANIRUDDHAN, MIN CHU, JEYANANDH PARAMESH e SUDIP SHEKHAR. "RECENT ADVANCES AND DESIGN TRENDS IN CMOS RADIO FREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS". International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 15, n. 02 (giugno 2005): 377–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156405003247.

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Several state-of-the-art wireless receiver architectures are presented including the traditional super-heterodyne, the image-reject heterodyne, the direct-conversion, and the very-low intermediate frequency (VLIF). The case studies are followed by a detailed view of receiver building blocks: low-noise amplifiers (LNA), mixers, and voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO). Two popular topologies currently exist for LNAs: the common-gate configuration, which offers low power consumption with superior stability, robustness and linearity performance, and its common-source counterpart, which provides comparatively higher gain and lower noise figure. Aside from the traditional passive and active Gilbert mixers, the even-harmonic and masking-quadrature mixers are developed to combat second-order non-linearity and improve image-rejection, respectively. For quadrature carrier generation, the degeneration-injected QVCO is superior to the cascode-injected QVCO both in terms of phase noise and tuning range. The Colpitts QVCO is attractive as a low-noise alternative as it does not disturb the output voltage as much as its traditional LC counterpart and thus offers lower phase noise.

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Xu, Jian Dong, Xue Fei Lv, Yun Liu, Xiao Qiong Li e Yu Lin Deng. "Design of Integrated Control System for Microfluidic PCR Analysis Instrument". Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (dicembre 2012): 1491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.1491.

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In this study, the design and development of an integrated control system for microfluidic PCR analysis instrument was presented. PID temperature control algorithm is used. The micro pumps, micro valves, and micro-mixers are command controlled by PC serial port to work together for samples and reagents driving. Sequential control strategy is introduced to control micro-pumps, micro valves, mixers, high-voltage module, and PCR reaction temperature. Labview as a software development platform is utilized to achieve human-computer exchange. All these designs are aimed to achieve the PCR reaction continuously on line from DNA extraction, purification, amplification to detection. An effective design idea for the coupling of complex microfluidic chip and instrument control was providing.

10

Meyer, R. G. "Intermodulation in high-frequency bipolar transistor integrated-circuit mixers". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 21, n. 4 (agosto 1986): 534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.1986.1052568.

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Rodriguez-Morales, Fernando, K. Sigfrid Yngvesson e Dazhen Gu. "Wideband IF-Integrated Terahertz HEB Mixers: Modeling and Characterization". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 58, n. 5 (maggio 2010): 1140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2010.2045566.

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12

Lei, Zhijun, Hanliu Deng, Xiaoqing Ouyang, Yanfeng Zhang, Xingen Lu, Gang Xu e Junqiang Zhu. "Numerical Research on the Jet Mixing Mechanism of the De-Swirling Lobed Mixer Integrated with OGV". Energies 16, n. 11 (29 maggio 2023): 4394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114394.

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The outlet guide vane (OGV) is integrated with the lobed mixer to improve the exhaust system’s performance with a high core inlet swirl. The best location for integrating the OGV is along the central line of the lobe’s trough and near the exit plane of the lobed mixer. Two types of lobed mixers (the scalloped reference lobed mixer and the scalloped de-swirling lobed mixer) integrating with/without OGVs, are numerically researched under eight inlet swirl conditions ranging from 0° to 35°. The simulation used the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method with Shear Stress Transport (SST) model based on an unstructured mesh of 30 million cells. The reserved outlet flow angle of the de-swirling lobed mixer is beneficial for enhancing the strength of downstream streamwise vortices and accelerating the jet mixing. After integrating with OGV: it can significantly suppress the leakage vortex between the lobe trough and the central body and the backflow downstream of the central body; on the other hand, it can further increase the strength and scale of streamwise vortices by expanding the radial range of inner secondary flow, thereby accelerating mixing and reducing total pressure loss & thrust loss. Under the design condition, the integrated de-swirling lobed mixer can increase thrust by 3.18% and reduce the mixing loss by 31.17% compared with the reference lobed mixer. Even under non-design conditions, the integrated de-swirling lobed mixer can still use upstream inlet swirl to enhance the streamwise vortices and accelerate the jet mixing within the conditions studied in this paper. The outlet jet uniformity of the integrated de-swirling lobed mixer is better than that of the integrated reference lobed mixer for the case with the same core inlet swirl. Compared with the latter, the former also has better tolerance to the attack angle, especially for the negative attack angle conditions. Under the condition with a core inlet swirl of 35°, the thrust loss of the integrated de-swirling lobed mixer is 2.15% lower than that of the integrated reference lobed mixer.

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Itani, Ram C., Max Moncada Cohen e Andrei Tokmakoff. "Infrared compatible rapid mixer to probe millisecond chemical kinetics". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, n. 3 (1 marzo 2023): 034102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0121817.

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Fast microfluidic mixers are a valuable tool for studying solution-phase chemical reaction kinetics and molecular processes with spectroscopy. However, microfluidic mixers that are compatible with infrared vibrational spectroscopy have seen only limited development due to the poor infrared transparency of the current microfabrication material. We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of CaF2-based continuous flow turbulent mixers, which are capable of measuring kinetics in the millisecond time window with infrared spectroscopy, when integrated into an infrared microscope. Kinetics measurements demonstrate the ability to resolve relaxation processes with 1 millisecond time resolution, and straightforward improvements are described that should result in sub-100 µs time-resolution.

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Hejazian, Majid, Eugeniu Balaur e Brian Abbey. "A Numerical Study of Sub-Millisecond Integrated Mix-and-Inject Microfluidic Devices for Sample Delivery at Synchrotron and XFELs". Applied Sciences 11, n. 8 (10 aprile 2021): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083404.

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Microfluidic devices which integrate both rapid mixing and liquid jetting for sample delivery are an emerging solution for studying molecular dynamics via X-ray diffraction. Here we use finite element modelling to investigate the efficiency and time-resolution achievable using microfluidic mixers within the parameter range required for producing stable liquid jets. Three-dimensional simulations, validated by experimental data, are used to determine the velocity and concentration distribution within these devices. The results show that by adopting a serpentine geometry, it is possible to induce chaotic mixing, which effectively reduces the time required to achieve a homogeneous mixture for sample delivery. Further, we investigate the effect of flow rate and the mixer microchannel size on the mixing efficiency and minimum time required for complete mixing of the two solutions whilst maintaining a stable jet. In general, we find that the smaller the cross-sectional area of the mixer microchannel, the shorter the time needed to achieve homogeneous mixing for a given flow rate. The results of these simulations will form the basis for optimised designs enabling the study of molecular dynamics occurring on millisecond timescales using integrated mix-and-inject microfluidic devices.

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Zou, Xiating, Qianteng Wu e Yuanxun Ethan Wang. "Monolithically Integrated Parametric Mixers With Time-Varying Transmission Lines (TVTLs)". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 68, n. 10 (ottobre 2020): 4479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2020.3011116.

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Marazita, S. M., W. L. Bishop, J. L. Hesler, K. Hui, W. E. Bowen e T. W. Crowe. "Integrated GaAs Schottky mixers by spin-on-dielectric wafer bonding". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 47, n. 6 (giugno 2000): 1152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.842956.

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Ellinger, F., R. Vogt e W. Bachtold. "Compact monolithic integrated resistive mixers with low distortion for HIPERLAN". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 50, n. 1 (2002): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.981263.

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Danilov, D. S., A. V. Drozdov, Ts M. Batoev, Yu A. Lamanov, A. S. Zagorodny e N. D. Malyutin. "13…67 GHz Frequency Mixer". Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 26, n. 5 (28 novembre 2023): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-5-89-98.

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Introduction. The requirements for the performance of measuring devices, including their operating frequency, are constantly becoming stricter. This encourages the creation of wide-band microcircuits for application in microwave blocks of devices, such as vector network analyzers (VNA) and spectrum analyzers (SA). One of such microcircuits, used in the receiver system, is a frequency mixer. The operating range of the mixer determines the operating range of the measuring instrument. Aim. Research and development of an ultra-wideband integrated circuit for a 13…67 GHz frequency mixer based on the GaAs QSBD technology by Micran JSC. Materials and methods. An analysis of existing classic and modified circuit transformers used in mixers was conducted. A modification of the transformer circuit, which allowed a frequency range of 10…70 GHz to be achieved,was proposed. Based on the obtained transformer and GaAs diode technology of Micran JSC, a complete mixer topology was developed and produced. An electrodynamic analysis of the integrated circuit was carried out; measurements were performed using a VNA up to 67 GHz. Results. A wideband mixer with a frequency range of 10…67 GHz is developed. A circuit design is proposed based on a balanced circuit with modified transformers and an intermediate frequency output circuit. The calculated dependences and measurement results of the integrated circuit of the mixer are presented. The mixer exhibits a conversion loss of less than 10 dB in the range of 10…67 GHz. Conclusion. A new broadband transformer with a range of operating frequencies from 10 to 70 GHz was developed. On its basis, a mixer microcircuit was simulated and manufactured. This microcircuit can be used in the receiving and transmitting units of modern measuring instruments. In terms of its characteristics, the proposed microcircuit is an analog of the Marki Mikrowave MM1-1467L mixer.

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Koshelets, V. P., A. V. Shchukin, S. V. Shitov e L. V. Filippenko. "Superconducting millimeter wave oscillators and SIS mixers integrated on a chip". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 3, n. 1 (marzo 1993): 2524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.233539.

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Delgado, P., O. Oshinowo, M. E. Fay, C. A. Luna, A. Dissanayaka, P. Dorbala, A. Ravindran, L. Shen e D. R. Myers. "Universal pre-mixing dry-film stickers capable of retrofitting existing microfluidics". Biomicrofluidics 17, n. 1 (gennaio 2023): 014104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122771.

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Integrating microfluidic mixers into lab-on-a-chip devices remains challenging yet important for numerous applications including dilutions, extractions, addition of reagents or drugs, and particle synthesis. High-efficiency mixers utilize large or intricate geometries that are difficult to manufacture and co-implement with lab-on-a-chip processes, leading to cumbersome two-chip solutions. We present a universal dry-film microfluidic mixing sticker that can retrofit pre-existing microfluidics and maintain high mixing performance over a range of Reynolds numbers and input mixing ratios. To attach our pre-mixing sticker module, remove the backing material and press the sticker onto an existing microfluidic/substrate. Our innovation centers around the multilayer use of laser-cut commercially available silicone-adhesive-coated polymer sheets as microfluidic layers to create geometrically complex, easy to assemble designs that can be adhered to a variety of surfaces, namely, existing microfluidic devices. Our approach enabled us to assemble the traditional yet difficult to manufacture “F-mixer” in minutes and conceptually extend this design to create a novel space-saving spiral F-mixer. Computational fluid dynamic simulations and experimental results confirmed that both designs maintained high performance for 0.1 < Re < 10 and disparate input mixing ratios of 1:10. We tested the integration of our system by using the pre-mixer to fluorescently tag proteins encapsulated in an existing microfluidic. When integrated with another microfluidic, our pre-mixing sticker successfully combined primary and secondary antibodies to fluorescently tag micropatterned proteins with high spatial uniformity, unlike a traditional pre-mixing “T-mixer” sticker. Given the ease of this technology, we anticipate numerous applications for point-of-care devices, microphysiological-systems-on-a-chip, and microfluidic-based biomedical research.

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Gamkrelidze, S. A., D. L. Gnatyuk, O. S. Matveenko, S. A. Bugaev, R. R. Galiev, A. V. Zuev, D. V. Lavrukhin et al. "Development of Monolithic Integrated Circuits on Gallium Nitride Heterostructures". Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 24, n. 2 (21 febbraio 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.24.55-66.

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The article describes IUHFSE RAS experience in designing MMICs based on gallium nitride heterostructures on various types of substrates: sapphire, silicon and silicon carbide in the frequency range from 10 GHz to 96 GHz. Such as power amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers, and a chipset for radio communications and radiolocation: voltage-controlled oscillators, mixers, multi¬pliers, and transceiver MMIC with integrated antennas. HEMT transistors based on gallium nitride are a suitable for creating a radiation resistant components for frequencies up to 100 GHz.

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He, Ding, Zhentao Yu, Jie Chen, Kaiyuan Du, Zhiqiang Zhu, Pu Cheng e Cheng Tan. "Modified Broadband Ruthroff-Type Transmission Line Transformer Balun for Isolation-Enhanced Passive Mixer Design". Micromachines 15, n. 3 (28 febbraio 2024): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15030332.

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Generalized broadband operation facilitates multifunction or multiband highly integrated applications, such as modern transceiver systems, where ultra-wideband bidirectional passive mixers are favored to avoid a complex up/down-conversion scheme. In this paper, a modified Ruthroff-type transmission line transformer (TLT) balun is presented to enhance the isolation of the mixer from the local oscillator (LO) to the radio frequency (RF). Compared to the conventional methods, the proposed Ruthroff-type architecture adopts a combination of shunt capacitors and parallel coupled lines to improve the return loss at the LO port, thus effectively avoiding the area consumption for the diode-to-balun impedance transformation while simultaneously providing a suitable point for IF extraction. In addition, a parallel compensation technique consisting of an inductor and resistor is applied to the RF balun to significantly improve the amplitude/phase balance performance over a wide bandwidth. Benefiting from the aforementioned operations, an isolation-enhanced 8–30 GHz passive double-balanced mixer is designed as a proof-of-principle demonstration via 0.15-micrometer GaAs p-HEMT technology. It exhibits ultra-broadband performance with 7 dB average conversion loss and 50 dB LO-to-RF isolation under 15 dBm LO power. The monolithic microwave integrated circuit area is 0.96 × 1.68 mm2 including all pads.

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Rimoshevskij, S. L., D. M. Golub, S. N. Grechanik, A. V. Pashkevich, E. D. Shwarts, A. A. Bosko, N. A. Yatsevich e A. O. Lagunovich. "Automatic control of the physical and mechanical properties of the raw sand‑clay molding mixture in the process of mixture preparation in the new developments of OJSC “BELNIILIT”". Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), n. 4 (20 dicembre 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-4-38-41.

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OJSC “BELNIILIT” specialists have developed a method and an automatic device for monitoring and managing the quality of raw sand‑clay molding blend, which is based on the integrated control – compaction of the molding blend principles, measurement of humidity and strength in the raw state, measurement of temperature directly in the process of mixture preparation. The equipment is integrated into existing automated mixture preparation complexes manufactured by OJSC “BELNIILIT”, it is possible to install on old design mixers.

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Liu, Yang, Bo Zhang, Yinian Feng, Xiaolin Lv, Dongfeng Ji, Zhongqian Niu, Yilin Yang, Xiangyang Zhao e Yong Fan. "Development of 340-GHz Transceiver Front End Based on GaAs Monolithic Integration Technology for THz Active Imaging Array". Applied Sciences 10, n. 21 (9 novembre 2020): 7924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217924.

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Frequency multipliers and mixers based on Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) are widely used in terahertz (THz) imaging applications. However, they still face obstacles, such as poor performance consistency caused by discrete flip-chip diodes, as well as low efficiency and large receiving noise temperature. It is very hard to meet the requirement of multiple channels in THz imaging array. In order to solve this problem, 12-μm-thick gallium arsenide (GaAs) monolithic integrated technology was adopted. In the process, the diode chip shared the same GaAs substrate with the transmission line, and the diode’s pads were seamlessly connected to the transmission line without using silver glue. A three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic (EM) model of the diode chip was established in Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) to accurately characterize the parasitic parameters. Based on the model, by quantitatively analyzing the influence of the surface channel width and the diode anode junction area on the best efficiency, the final parameters and dimensions of the diode were further optimized and determined. Finally, three 0.34 THz triplers and subharmonic mixers (SHMs) were manufactured, assembled, and measured for demonstration, all of which comprised a waveguide housing, a GaAs circuit integrated with diodes, and other external connectors. Experimental results show that all the triplers and SHMs had great performance consistency. Typically, when the input power was 100 mW, the output power of the THz tripler was greater than 1 mW in the frequency range of 324 GHz to 352 GHz, and a peak efficiency of 6.8% was achieved at 338 GHz. The THz SHM exhibited quite a low double sideband (DSB) noise temperature of 900~1500 K and a DSB conversion loss of 6.9~9 dB over the frequency range of 325~352 GHz. It is indicated that the GaAs monolithic integrated process, diodes modeling, and circuits simulation method in this paper provide an effective way to design THz frequency multiplier and mixer circuits.

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Lee, Hyunkyu, e Sanggeun Jeon. "A Q-Band CMOS Image-Rejection Receiver Integrated with LO and Frequency Dividers". Electronics 12, n. 14 (13 luglio 2023): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143069.

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This paper presents a Q-band image-rejection receiver using a 65 nm CMOS technology. For a high image-rejection ratio (IMRR), the Q-band receiver employs the Hartley architecture which consists of a Q-band low-noise amplifier, two down-conversion mixers, a 90° hybrid coupler, and two IF baluns. In addition, a Q-band fundamental voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a frequency divider chain divided by 256 are integrated into the receiver for LO. A charge injection technique is employed in the mixers to reduce the DC power while maintaining a high conversion gain and linearity. The VCO adopts a cross-coupled topology to secure stable oscillation with high output power in the Q-band. The frequency divider chain is composed of an injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) and a multi-stage current-mode logic (CML) divider to achieve a high division ratio of 256, which facilitates the LO signal locking to an external phase-locked loop. An inductive peaking is employed in the ILFD to widen the locking range. The Q-band image-rejection receiver exhibits a peak conversion gain of 16.4 dB at 43 GHz. The IMRR is no less than 35.6 dBc at the IF frequencies from 1.5 to 5 GHz.

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Sasse, Jana, Malte Schön e Christian Hopmann. "Static Mixers Producible by Additive Manufacturing: Novel Rapid Automatic Optimisation and Practical Evaluation". Polymers 14, n. 21 (1 novembre 2022): 4646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214646.

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In the extrusion of plastics, the thermal and material homogeneity of the plastic melt at the die entry are of high importance for the extrudate quality. While static mixers are widely used to improve the melt homogeneity, previous attempts at optimisation for reduced pressure loss and improved mixing had to be performed by hand and human experience, limiting the degrees of freedom and efficiency. A new automatic optimisation method based on the open source software OpenFOAM was developed. Using immersed boundary methods, new target functions in the pre-existing routine adjointShapeOptimizationFoam and an additional algorithm checking the suitability for additive manufacturing and fixing the geometry during run-time is presented. The new algorithm is used to optimise an existing static mixer based on an X-type geometry with integrated oil channels, maximising the heat exchange between oil and melt. Based on the results of these simulative optimisations, the best candidates were manufactured using selective laser melting and experimental trials were run. Experimental validation shows that with our optimisation algorithm, a pressure loss reduction of 10% could be achieved. The core melt temperature was reduced by 6 ∘C, improving the thermal homogenisation as well. While the main advantage of this method is the rapid optimisation taking the operating point into account, the trials also showed positive results in off-design operating points. This allows the low-cost design and manufacture of individualised static mixers.

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Mears, C. A., Q. Hu e P. L. Richards. "Numerical simulation of experimental data from planar SIS mixers with integrated tuning elements". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 25, n. 2 (marzo 1989): 1050–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.92469.

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Weldon, J. A., R. S. Narayanaswami, J. C. Rudell, Li Lin, M. Otsuka, S. Dedieu, Luns Tee, King-Chun Tsai, Cheol-Woong Lee e P. R. Gray. "A 1.75-GHz highly integrated narrow-band CMOS transmitter with harmonic-rejection mixers". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 36, n. 12 (2001): 2003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.972151.

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Ezaki, Shohei, Wenlei Shan, Shin'ichiro Asayama e Takashi Noguchi. "Fabrication of Superconductor Integrated Circuits of D-Band Dual-Polarization Balanced SIS Mixers". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, n. 5 (agosto 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2019.2902985.

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Stojanović, Goran, Milan Radovanović e Vasa Radonić. "A New Fractal-Based Design of Stacked Integrated Transformers". Active and Passive Electronic Components 2008 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/134805.

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Abstract (sommario):

Silicon-based radio-frequency integrated circuits are becoming more and more competitive in wide-band frequency range. An essential component of these ICs is on-chip (integrated) transformer. It is widely used in mobile communications, microwave integrated circuits, low-noise amplifiers, active mixers, and baluns. This paper deals with the design, simulation, and analysis of novel fractal configurations of the primary and secondary coils of the integrated transformers. Integrated stacked transformers, which use fractal curves (Hilbert, Peano, and von Koch) to form the primary and secondary windings, are presented. In this way, the occupied area on the chip is lower and a number of lithographic processes are decreased. The performances of the proposed integrated transformers are investigated with electromagnetic simulations up to 20 GHz. The influence of the order of fractal curves and the width of conductive lines on the inductance and quality factor is also described.

31

Chang, Mengnan, Jiale Qian, Zhaohui Li, Xiaohan Cheng, Ying Wang, Ling Fan, Juexian Cao e Li Ding. "Ku-Band Mixers Based on Random-Oriented Carbon Nanotube Films". Nanomaterials 14, n. 5 (29 febbraio 2024): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14050450.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of nanomaterial that have excellent electrical properties such as high carrier mobility, high saturation velocity, and small inherent capacitance, showing great promise in radio frequency (RF) applications. Decades of development have been made mainly on cut-off frequency and amplification; however, frequency conversion for RF transceivers, such as CNT-based mixers, has been rarely reported. In this work, based on randomly oriented carbon nanotube films, we focused on exploring the frequency conversion capability of CNT-based RF mixers. CNT-based RF transistors were designed and fabricated with a gate length of 50 nm and gate width of 100 μm to obtain nearly 30 mA of total current and 34 mS of transconductance. The Champion RF transistor has demonstrated cut-off frequencies of 78 GHz and 60 GHz for fT and fmax, respectively. CNT-based mixers achieve high conversion gain from −11.4 dB to −17.5 dB at 10 to 15 GHz in the X and Ku bands. Additionally, linearity is achieved with an input third intercept (IIP3) of 18 dBm. It is worth noting that the results from this work have no matching technology or tuning instrument assistance, which lay the foundations for the application of Ku band transceivers integrated with CNT amplifiers.

32

Park, Kun Hee, Yung Szen Yap, Yuanzheng Paul Tan, Christoph Hufnagel, Long Hoang Nguyen, Karn Hwa Lau, Patrick Bore et al. "ICARUS-Q: Integrated control and readout unit for scalable quantum processors". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2022): 104704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081232.

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We present a control and measurement setup for superconducting qubits based on the Xilinx 16-channel radio-frequency system-on-chip (RFSoC) device. The proposed setup consists of four parts: multiple RFSoC boards, a setup to synchronize every digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converter (ADC) channel across multiple boards, a low-noise direct current supply for tuning the qubit frequency, and cloud access for remotely performing experiments. We also designed the setup to be free of physical mixers. The RFSoC boards directly generate microwave pulses using sixteen DAC channels up to the third Nyquist zone, which are directly sampled by its eight ADC channels between the fifth and the ninth zones.

33

Lund-Olesen, Torsten, Henrik Bruus e Mikkel Fougt Hansen. "Quantitative characterization of magnetic separators: Comparison of systems with and without integrated microfluidic mixers". Biomedical Microdevices 9, n. 2 (13 dicembre 2006): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10544-006-9021-7.

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Anshori, Isa, Vincent Lukito, Rafita Adhawiyah, Delpita Putri, Suksmandhira Harimurti, Tati Latifah Erawati Rajab, Arfat Pradana et al. "Versatile and Low-Cost Fabrication of Modular Lock-and-Key Microfluidics for Integrated Connector Mixer Using a Stereolithography 3D Printing". Micromachines 13, n. 8 (28 luglio 2022): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081197.

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We present a low-cost and simple method to fabricate a novel lock-and-key mixer microfluidics using an economic stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printer, which costs less than USD 400 for the investment. The proposed study is promising for a high throughput fabrication module, typically limited by conventional microfluidics fabrications, such as photolithography and polymer-casting methods. We demonstrate the novel modular lock-and-key mixer for the connector and its chamber modules with optimized parameters, such as exposure condition and printing orientation. In addition, the optimization of post-processing was performed to investigate the reliability of the fabricated hollow structures, which are fundamental to creating a fluidic channel or chamber. We found out that by using an inexpensive 3D printer, the fabricated resolution can be pushed down to 850 µm and 550 µm size for squared- and circled-shapes, respectively, by the gradual hollow structure, applying vertical printing orientation. These strategies opened up the possibility of developing straightforward microfluidics platforms that could replace conventional microfluidics mold fabrication methods, such as photolithography and milling, which are costly and time consuming. Considerably cheap commercial resin and its tiny volume employed for a single printing procedure significantly cut down the estimated fabrication cost to less than 50 cents USD/module. The simulation study unravels the prominent properties of the fabricated devices for biological fluid mixers, such as PBS, urine and plasma blood. This study is eminently prospective toward microfluidics application in clinical biosensing, where disposable, low-cost, high-throughput, and reproducible chips are highly required.

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Mensing, Glennys, Thomas Pearce e David J. Beebe. "An Ultrarapid Method of Creating 3D Channels and Microstructures". JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 10, n. 1 (febbraio 2005): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2004.11.006.

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We present a method of creating three dimensional microfluidic channel networks and freestanding microstructures using liquid phase photopolymerization techniques. The use of liquid phase microfabrication facilitates the creation of microstructured devices using low-cost materials and equipment. The ability to add multiple layers allows for complex geometries and increases the functional density of channeled devices. The multilayer technique provides a method of interconnecting layers or combining separate layers to form a truly integrated multilayered microfluidic device, as well as a means of forming multilayered freestanding structures. Because this method is based on the fundamentals of microfluidic tectonics (μFT), all components (valves, mixers, filters) compatible with μFT can be integrated into the multilayer channel networks.

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Rodriguez-Morales, Fernando, K. Sigfrid Yngvesson e Dazhen Gu. "Corrections to “Wideband IF-Integrated Terahertz HEB Mixers: Modeling and Characterization” [May 10 1140-1150]". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 59, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2010.2090355.

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Siu Fan, Vinny Lam, e Yusmeeraz Binti Yusof. "Design of Fully Integrated Impedimetric CMOS Biosensor for DNA Detection". Advanced Materials Research 925 (aprile 2014): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.524.

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This paper described a label-free and fully integrated impedimetric biosensor using standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology to measure both capacitance and resistance of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Conventional impedance biosensors usually use bulky and expensive instruments to monitor the impedance change. This paper demonstrates a low power, high gain and low cost impedance readout circuit design for detecting the biomolecular interactions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands at the electrode surface. The proposed biosensor circuit is composed of a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with two quadrature phase mixers and finally integrated with 5μm x 5μm microelectrode based on 0.18μm Silterra CMOS technology process with 1.8V supply. The output value of the readout circuit is used to estimate the amplitude and phase of the measured admittance. The developed TIA can achieve a gain of 88.6dB up to a frequency of 50MHz. It also has very good linearity up to 2.7mA and the overall dynamic range is approximately 90dB.

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Natsuhara, Daigo, Keisuke Takishita, Kisuke Tanaka, Azusa Kage, Ryoji Suzuki, Yuko Mizukami, Norikuni Saka, Moeto Nagai e Takayuki Shibata. "A Microfluidic Diagnostic Device Capable of Autonomous Sample Mixing and Dispensing for the Simultaneous Genetic Detection of Multiple Plant Viruses". Micromachines 11, n. 6 (26 maggio 2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060540.

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As an efficient approach to risk management in agriculture, the elimination of losses due to plant diseases and insect pests is one of the most important and urgent technological challenges for improving the crop yield. Therefore, we have developed a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic device for the multiplex genetic diagnosis of plant diseases and pests. It offers unique features, such as rapid detection, portability, simplicity, and the low-cost genetic diagnosis of a wide variety of plant viruses. In this study, to realize such a diagnostic device, we developed a method for the autonomous dispensing of fluid into a microchamber array, which was integrated with a set of three passive stop valves with different burst pressures (referred to as phaseguides) to facilitate precise fluid handling. Additionally, we estimated the mixing efficiencies of several types of passive mixers (referred to as chaotic mixers), which were integrated into a microchannel, through experimental and computational analyses. We first demonstrated the ability of the fabricated diagnostic devices to detect DNA-based plant viruses from an infected tomato crop based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. Moreover, we demonstrated the simultaneous detection of RNA-based plant viruses, which can infect cucurbits, by using the reverse transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) method. The multiplex RT-LAMP assays revealed that multiple RNA viruses extracted from diseased cucumber leaves were successfully detected within 60 min, without any cross-contamination between reaction microchambers, on our diagnostic device.

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Ragonese, Egidio. "Design Techniques for Low-Voltage RF/mm-Wave Circuits in Nanometer CMOS Technologies". Applied Sciences 12, n. 4 (17 febbraio 2022): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042103.

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This paper reviews state-of-the-art design approaches for low-voltage radio frequency (RF) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) CMOS circuits. Effective design techniques at RF/mm-wave frequencies are described, including body biasing in fully depleted (FD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technologies and circuit topologies based on integrated reactive components (i.e., capacitors, inductors and transformers). The application of low-voltage design techniques is discussed for the main RF/mm-wave circuit blocks, i.e., low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), mixers and power amplifiers (PAs), highlighting the main design tradeoffs.

40

Rodriguez Vazquez, P., J. Grzyb, N. Sarmah, B. Heinemann e U. R. Pfeiffer. "A 219–266 GHz LO-tunable direct-conversion IQ receiver module in a SiGe HBT technology". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, n. 5-6 (7 maggio 2018): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718000302.

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AbstractThis paper presents a fully-integrated direct-conversion fundamentally-operated mixer-first quadrature receiver module with a tunable LO in the 219–266 GHz band. It has been implemented in a 0.13-μm SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor technology. It includes an on-chip LO path driven externally from the printed circuit board (PCB) connector level at 13.6–16.7 GHz. A hybrid coupler generates the quadrature LO signal, which drives a pair of double-balanced fundamentally-operated down-conversion mixers, whose RF ports are connected to a wideband lens-integrated on-chip ring antenna. The chip-on-lens assembly is placed in the recess of a high-speed PCB and wire-bonded. To compensate the inductive behavior of the wire-bond interconnection between the chip and the PCB at the high-speed IF outputs, an on-board 8-section step-impedance low-pass filter has been implemented. The module shows a 47 GHz 3-dB radio frequency/local oscillator operation bandwidth (BW), a peak conversion gain of 7.8 dB, a single-side-band noise figure of 11.3 dB, and a 3-dB IF BW of 13 GHz. The in-phase and quadrature amplitude imbalance stays below 1.58 dB for the 210–280 GHz band. The down-conversion and the baseband stages consume together 75.5 mW, while the LO path 378 mW. The maximum data-rate achieved with this receiver in combination with the transmitter presented in [1–3] is 60 Gbps for quadrature phase shift keying modulation.

41

Yan, Yu, Yogesh B. Karandikar, Sten E. Gunnarsson, Bahar M. Motlagh, Sergey Cherednichenko, Ingmar Kallfass, Arnulf Leuther e Herbert Zirath. "Monolithically Integrated 200-GHz Double-Slot Antenna and Resistive Mixers in a GaAs-mHEMT MMIC Process". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 59, n. 10 (ottobre 2011): 2494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2011.2161326.

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42

Uzawa, Yoshinori, Matthias Kroug, Takafumi Kojima, Kazumasa Makise, Alvaro Gonzalez, Shingo Saito, Yasunori Fujii, Keiko Kaneko, Hirotaka Terai e Zhen Wang. "Design of Terahertz SIS Mixers Using Nb/AlN/Nb Junctions Integrated With All-NbTiN Tuning Circuits". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 27, n. 4 (giugno 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2016.2632628.

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43

Leone, B., J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, B. D. Jackson, W. M. Laauwen e G. de Lange. "Electron heating by photon-assisted tunneling in niobium terahertz mixers with integrated niobium titanium nitride striplines". Applied Physics Letters 78, n. 11 (12 marzo 2001): 1616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1355003.

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44

Tan, B.-K., K. Rudakov, V. P. Koshelets, A. Khudchenko, A. M. Baryshev e G. Yassin. "Comparing the performance of 850 GHz integrated bias-tee superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixers with single- and parallel-junction tuner". Superconductor Science and Technology 35, n. 12 (7 novembre 2022): 125008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac9d6e.

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Abstract We present and compare the design and performance of two 850 GHz radial probe fed superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers, where the antenna is aligned perpendicular to the E-Plane of the input full-height rectangular waveguide connected to a multiple flare-angles smooth-walled horn. Both designs are comprised of 0.5 µm2 hybrid niobium/aluminium-nitride/niobium-nitride tunnel junction, fabricated on top of a niobium titanium nitride ground plane with an Al wiring layer. The entire superconducting circuit is supported with a 40 µm thick quartz substrate. The major difference between the two designs is the method used to cancel out the parasitic junction capacitance for broadband performance. The first design utilises two identical junctions connected in parallel with a short transmission line to convert the capacitance of one junction into the equivalent inductance of the other junction, commonly known as the twin-junction tuning scheme; whilst the second design employs an end-loaded scheme with only one tunnel junction. We found that both methods offer similar radio frequency performances, with close to 2× the double sideband quantum noise temperature, but the twin-junction design is more resilient to fabrication tolerances. However, the end-loaded design offers a much better intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth performance, made possible by the sub-micron and high current density tunnel junction technology. The improved IF performance is important for many millimetre (mm) and sub-mm observatories, such as future upgrades of Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-mm Array receivers, as well as forthcoming space-borne far-infrared missions. Therefore, we conclude that the single-junction mixer design is the preferred option for THz applications, as long as the fabrication error can be minimised within a certain limit.

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Kikutani, Yoshikuni, M. Tokeshi, K. Sato e Takehiko Kitamori. "Integrated chemical systems on microchips for analysis and assay. Potential future, mobile high-performance detection system for chemical weapons". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, n. 12 (1 gennaio 2002): 2299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122299.

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Abstract (sommario):

By analogy to unit operations (e.g., mixers, reactors, etc.) used in conventional chemical engineering, the concept of microunit operations permits the integration of complicated chemical systems onto a small microchip. A protocol for fabrication of such microchips is described, and its use is illustrated in several examples. In addition, the thermal lens microscope, which determines nonfluorescent species at the single-molecule level, is indispensable as an ultrasensitive detector for general use. Applications of microchip technology are given for chemical analysis, immunoassay, and full bioassay. Microchip analysis can provide very large enhancements in sensitivity and substantial reductions in measurement time as compared with conventional analytical methods.

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Sieth, Matthew, Sarah Church, Judy M. Lau, Patricia Voll, Todd Gaier, Pekka Kangaslahti, Lorene Samoska et al. "Technology developments for a large-format heterodyne MMIC array at W-band". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, n. 3 (12 aprile 2012): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000293.

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We report on the development of W-band (75–110 GHz) heterodyne receiver technology for large-format astronomical arrays. The receiver system is designed to be both mass producible, so that the designs could be scaled to thousands of receiver elements, and modular. Most of the receiver functionality is integrated into compact monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifier-based multichip modules. The MMIC modules include a chain of InP MMIC low-noise amplifiers, coupled-line bandpass filters, and sub-harmonic Schottky diode mixers. The receiver signals will be routed to and from the MMIC modules on a multilayer high-frequency laminate, which includes splitters, amplifiers, and frequency triplers. A prototype MMIC module has exhibited a band-averaged noise temperature of 41 K from 82 to 100 GHz and a gain of 29 dB at 15 K, which is the state-of-the-art for heterodyne multichip modules.

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Zhang, Yuxin, Tim Cole, Guolin Yun, Yuxing Li, Qianbin Zhao, Hongda Lu, Jiahao Zheng, Weihua Li e Shi-Yang Tang. "Modular and Self-Contained Microfluidic Analytical Platforms Enabled by Magnetorheological Elastomer Microactuators". Micromachines 12, n. 6 (23 maggio 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060604.

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Portability and low-cost analytic ability are desirable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics; however, current POC testing platforms often require time-consuming multiple microfabrication steps and rely on bulky and costly equipment. This hinders the capability of microfluidics to prove its power outside of laboratories and narrows the range of applications. This paper details a self-contained microfluidic device, which does not require any external connection or tubing to deliver insert-and-use image-based analysis. Without any microfabrication, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) microactuators including pumps, mixers and valves are integrated into one modular microfluidic chip based on novel manipulation principles. By inserting the chip into the driving and controlling platform, the system demonstrates sample preparation and sequential pumping processes. Furthermore, due to the straightforward fabrication process, chips can be rapidly reconfigured at a low cost, which validates the robustness and versatility of an MRE-enabled microfluidic platform as an option for developing an integrated lab-on-a-chip system.

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Hu, Zhengfei, Li Zhang e Mindi Huang. "A 2.9 mm2 Highly Integrated Low Noise GPS Receiver in 0.18-μm CMOS Technology". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, n. 03 (10 febbraio 2015): 1550036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661550036x.

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An L1 band highly integrated low noise GPS receiver in 0.18-μm CMOS is presented in this paper. The receiver adopts double conversion structure and two dynamic range control modes of variable gain amplifier (VGA) and programmable gain amplifier (PGA). The receiver includes the blocks of LNA, down-conversion mixers, band pass filter, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), VGA, PGA, 2-bit ADC, two frequency synthesizers and so on. The LNA adopts source inductive degeneration technique to achieve good noise performance, and a novel positive feedback capacitor is introduced to enhance gain. The novel gain-boosting charge pump (CP) structure acquires accurate current matching of 0.1% error which improves the output phase noise of frequency synthesizer. The measured radio performances of noise figure (NF) is only 4 dB and the maximum gain is 110 dB. The gain control range achieves 50 dB provided by PGA and VGA. The receiver occupies an area of 1.875 mm × 1.575 mm including all needed voltage reference and the 1.8 V low dropout regulator.

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Lee, Harry L. T., Paolo Boccazzi, Rajeev J. Ram e Anthony J. Sinskey. "Microbioreactor arrays with integrated mixers and fluid injectors for high-throughput experimentation with pH and dissolved oxygen control". Lab on a Chip 6, n. 9 (2006): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b608014f.

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50

Kim, Sung Jin, Dong Gyu Kim, Seong Jin Oh, Dong Soo Lee, Young Gun Pu, Keum Cheol Hwang, Youngoo Yang e Kang Yoon Lee. "A Fully Integrated Bluetooth Low-Energy Transceiver with Integrated Single Pole Double Throw and Power Management Unit for IoT Sensors". Sensors 19, n. 10 (27 maggio 2019): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102420.

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This paper presents a low power Gaussian Frequency-Shift Keying (GFSK) transceiver (TRX) with high efficiency power management unit and integrated Single-Pole Double-Throw switch for Bluetooth low energy application. Receiver (RX) is implemented with the RF front-end with an inductor-less low-noise transconductance amplifier and 25% duty-cycle current-driven passive mixers, and low-IF baseband analog with a complex Band Pass Filter(BPF). A transmitter (TX) employs an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) with one-point GFSK modulation and class-D digital Power Amplifier (PA) to reduce current consumption. In the analog PLL, low power Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is designed and the automatic bandwidth calibration is proposed to optimize bandwidth, settling time, and phase noise by adjusting the charge pump current, VCO gain, and resistor and capacitor values of the loop filter. The Analog Digital Converter (ADC) adopts straightforward architecture to reduce current consumption. The DC-DC buck converter operates by automatically selecting an optimum mode among triple modes, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), and retention, depending on load current. The TRX is implemented using 1P6M 55-nm Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) technology and the die area is 1.79 mm2. TRX consumes 5 mW on RX and 6 mW on the TX when PA is 0-dBm. Measured sensitivity of RX is −95 dBm at 2.44 GHz. Efficiency of the DC-DC buck converter is over 89% when the load current is higher than 2.5 mA in the PWM mode. Quiescent current consumption is 400 nA from a supply voltage of 3 V in the retention mode.

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