Tesi sul tema "Intangible property Accounting"

"June 2002" Includes bibliographical references: (p. 30-35). The papers examines the association between the transparency of corporate financial reporting on intangible assets relative to a proxy for total intangible assets, and analyst incentives to follow firms and properties of analysts' earnings forecasts - controlling for endogeneity among these factors. More transparent financial reporting on intangible assets is measured by higher recognition of intangible assets on the balance sheet relative to a proxy variable for total (underlying) intangible assets, market value added which equals equity market value minus book value with intangible assets subtracted. The results suggest (1) a reputation for transparent financial reporting on intangible assets is associated with increased demand for analyst research and thus analyst following incentives; and (2) a reputation for less transparent reporting on intangible assets is associated with higher forecast dispersion and errors due to analysts' greater reliance on their own private information. The study extends research on determinants of analyst following, forecast dispersion and accuracy, and research on the impact of public disclosure on private information acquisition activity.

[Truncated abstract] The primary aim of this study was to examine, and compare, the value relevance and any bias associated with the reporting of intangible assets in Australia and the US over the ten-year period 1994 to 2003. The study adopts a disaggregated form of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model and associated linear information models (LIMs) to allow goodwill and identifiable intangible assets to be separately examined using unbalanced panel regression analysis. The results for the Australian sample suggest that the adaptation of the Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation model used in this study is particularly useful in examining Australian equity securities. For example, the pooled sample analysis results in an adjusted R2 of 71%, which is consistent with similar US studies by Ahmed, Morton and Schaefer (2000) and Amir, Kirscenheiter and Willard (1997). Further, the results from the disaggregated Feltham and Ohlson (1995) valuation models suggest that the information presented with respect to intangible assets (both goodwill and identifiable intangible assets) under Australian GAAP is value relevant. However, the results from the valuation models also suggest that (for the average Australian company) the market believes goodwill is reported conservatively and identifiable intangible assets aggressively. ... As noted earlier, the increasing importance of intangible assets in the `new-economy’ suggests that (wherever possible having regard to the measurement difficulties) all intangible assets should be recognised in financial statements to maximise the value relevance of those statements. It should be noted, however, that there was some evidence to suggest that certain Australian companies (that is, those not consistently reporting positive abnormal operating earnings) might be reporting goodwill and/or identifiable intangible assets aggressively and this is an area that standard setters might need to carefully consider in future. I trust that the findings presented in this study will prove helpful to both researchers and those involved with formulating international accounting standards in this particularly difficult area of intangible assets. I also hope the results will help to allay any fears regulators (and others) might have that providing managers with accounting discretion will (necessarily) lead to biased reporting practices; based on the findings of this study for the majority of Australian and US companies, any such fears appear unwarranted.

The globalization of world economy has inevitably affected also the movements in harmonization process of accounting standards around the world. International Financial Reporting Standards have become the ultimate accounting and reporting tool of most developed countries. The only remaining counterpart -- the US GAAP, is slowly subsiding to the enormous spread momentum that IFRS gained in recent years. In this setting I examine the application of International standards on accounting treatment of Property, Plant and Equipment, and also the Intangible Assets. Subsequently I compare this treatment to US GAAP and document all major differences still persistent at the end of year 2008. Considering that there are still many divergences between the two sets of standards, I try to document their impact on the reporting and presentation of financial statements of several blue chip companies. My analysis suggests that differences in reported numbers depending on standards chosen can distort comparability of financial statements and performance assessment, thus potentially biasing the decision making process of involved stakeholders.

The purpose of financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making. Recently, however, there has been a systematic decline in the usefulness of such information. Indeed, the current reporting model seems to be no longer sufficient mainly due to the fact that it ignores many of the nonfinancial intangible factors which are increasingly becoming important in determining corporate value and performance. That is, there is a need for the traditional reporting model to be modified or at least broadened to reflect Intangible Assets (IA) in order to enhance the usefulness of information being provided to different stakeholders. In the absence of mandatory reporting requirements, one alternative way of disseminating information regarding IA is to engage in voluntary disclosure practices. It has also been suggested that companies which would benefit the most from such practice are those originating from emerging economies looking to expand into international markets. While there exists an array of empirical studies which have examined the voluntary disclosure practices of corporations from developed economies, less considered are the reporting practices of emerging market companies regarding their IA. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the voluntary disclosure practices of the top 200 emerging market companies regarding the variety, nature and extent of IA and to consider some of the factors that may be associated with the level of such disclosure. Using a disclosure index based on the Value Chain Scoreboard??? (Lev, 2001), narrative sections of the 2002 annual reports of the top 200 emerging market companies are analysed. The findings indicate that emerging market companies engage in voluntary disclosure practices in order to disseminate different varieties of mainly quantitative IA information to their global stakeholders. Further, the variety and the extent of IA disclosure are associated with corporate specific factors such as leverage, adoption of IFRS/US GAAP, industry type, and price to book ratio. Contrary to the existing literature on voluntary disclosure, however, firm size and ownership concentration are not found to be associated with the IA disclosure level. Country specific factors such as the level of risks associated with economic policy and legal system are also found to be significantly associated with the IA voluntary disclosure level.

This study develops a bibliometric and empirical analysis of the relevance of accounting information when biological assets are measured at fair value versus at historical cost, using an international sample of firms with biological assets.

The current problems and possible solutions surrounding United States transfer pricing regulations are discussed and studied. The schemes large multinational companies are implementing to legally evade taxes are uncovered as the financial effects to the United States Treasury and government are becoming material. The benefits for these schemes are financially advantageous for corporations as they are able to report larger profits and higher returns for investors. But this is being done at the expense of our government. Corporations are finding ways to escape the high U.S. corporate tax rate and lower their global tax liabilities by allocating income to lower tax jurisdictions. Tax havens like Ireland or Bermuda are popular to have subsidiaries which hold a corporations intangible property. Five United States Tax Court cases concerning transfer pricing are studied and the outcomes are analyzed. The current problems studied from these cases are, shipping intangible property, valuing intangible property, the arm’s length standard. The possible solutions to these currents problems are by no means easy to solve and no one revision can relieve all the problems. The arm’s length standard is the corner stone to the current problems and if the government can find a way to better enforce the standard or replace it, it will be a large step in the right direction.

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact possible revisions to the international accounting standard (IAS) for intangible assets, under international financial reporting standards (IFRS), could have on the perception of value of information technology. Furthermore, the study discusses the fact that value of IT is still a debate and asks the question why. The use of the term information technology capability in IT research is used in many different contexts. The study also tested a framework that could possibly be used to view IT capability as, and used this framework to ascertain how accounting treatment of IT capability is happening in practice. The study is exploratory in nature since the impact of the possible revisions on IT capability is a current event. The revisions are in a second round of discussion and as such this study could provide insight to the discussion regarding the possible influence on IT capability. The revisions primarily focus on the recognition and measurement of internally generated intangible assets. It is currently being proposed that internally generated intangible assets be recognised as it would during a business combination at any point and also that fair value be considered as an alternative to the cost basis during initial recognition. While those are the most significant revisions, the discussion paper makes minor proposals regarding the identification of intangible assets and makes no suggestions regarding disclosure. A number of CIO’s and CFO’s or their direct delegates were interviewed to determine from a practitioner perspective what the impact of the revisions could be from both a financial perspective and IT management perspective. The participants were engaged through a semi-structured interview and the collective responses analysed for common themes. The study found that while the debate around IT value still exists, from the participant’s perspective, it centres on the fact that in the absence of appropriate performance measurement of businesses, it is difficult at best to reflect how IT contributes value to the organisation. The participants do not see the currently proposed revisions as being able to improve the perception of value of IT. This is primarily due to the fact that the financial reports are not for consumption of internal business stakeholders to whom CIO’s need to communicate the value contribution. Secondly, the cost focus of the financial reports is acknowledged and as well as the fact that increasing the uncertainty of values in financial reports due to subjective valuation of IT capability, will detract from the integrity of the financial accounting and reporting. Lastly, participants also recognised that it would be a significant revision if internally generated assets are recognised in the same way as during business combinations and that the use of fair value during initial recognition is allowed. As such the participants felt that it would be a long time before the revisions move onto the next stage. This pragmatic response indicated that the focus should rather be on ensuring business performance is measured and IT capability measured through business measures. The study is limited by focusing on organisations that do not create IT capability for resale. Also, the focus is on internally generated IT capability, and excludes the process of acquiring IT capability through merger and acquisition activity. Lastly, the focus has been limited to the impact of the revision on IT value perception. Practically, given the fact that the revisions are not seen to create an opportunity for IT value to be reported, practitioners are advised to focus on using benchmarking to report IT value for the business-as-usual IT capability, in business terms. Furthermore, in terms of ensuring the value of investment in IT capability is articulated, the upfront business case and investment decision process must articulate the business benefits clearly and thereafter ensure benefits tracking is done to measure the performance and value of the constituent parts that deliver the benefits can be measured. This study has value since these particular concepts have not been analysed in this way before. Previous studies have focused on certain elements of IT capability, or organisations that create IT capability for resale, not internal use, amongst others. The originality stems from linking accounting treatment to the definition of IT capability and investigating the impact it has on how the value of IT is perceived.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel wat die impak van moontlike hersienings van die internasionale boekhoudingstandaard (IAS) vir ontasbare bates, volgens internasionale finansiële verslagdoeningstandaarde (IFRS), sal wees op die persepsie van inligtingstegnologie (IT) se waarde. Voorts bespreek die studie die feit dat die waarde van IT steeds 'n voortgaande debat is en vra waarom dit die geval is. Die term inligtingstegnologievermoë in IT-navorsing word in verskillende kontekste gebruik. Die studie het ook 'n raamwerk getoets wat moontlik gebruik kan word om IT-vermoë holisties te bekyk. Die studie is verkennend van aard aangesien die impak van moontlike hersienings op IT-vermoë 'n gebeurtenis is wat tans plaasvind. Die hersienings is tans in die tweede ronde van bespreking en die studie sou insig kon verskaf oor die moontlike invloed van die bespreking op IT-vermoë. Die hersienings fokus primêr op die erkenning en meting van intern gegenereerde ontasbare bates. Tans word voorgestel dat intern gegenereerde ontasbare bates erken moet word soos dit in 'n besigheidskombinasie op enige punt erken sou word, en ook dat billike waarde oorweeg moet word as 'n alternatief tot die kostebasis gedurende aanvanklike of inisiële erkenning. Terwyl hierdie die mees belangrike hersienings is, sluit die besprekingsdokument kleiner voorstelle in oor die identifisering van ontasbare bates, maar verskaf geen voorstelle oor die bekendmaking van ontasbare bates nie. 'n Aantal hoof inligtingsbeamptes en hoof finansiële beamptes of hulle direkte gedelegeerdes, is ondervra om vas te stel, vanuit 'n praktisyn se oogpunt, wat die impak van die hersienings sou kon wees – gesien uit beide 'n finansiële en 'n IT-bestuursperspektief. Die deelnemers is betrek deur 'n semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud en die kollektiewe response is geanaliseer vir gemeenskaplike temas. Die studie het bevind dat, hoewel die debat rondom ITvermoë steeds bestaan, vanuit die deelnemers se perspektief, die debat sentreer rondom die feit dat in die afwesigheid van toepaslike prestasiemeting van besighede, dit op sy beste moeilik is om te besin oor hoe IT waarde bydra tot die organisasie. Die deelnemers sien nie in dat die voorgestelde hersienings by magte sal wees om die persepsie oor die waarde van IT te verbeter nie. Dit is primêr as gevolg van die feit dat die finansiële verslae nie beskikbaar is vir interne besigheidsbelanghebbers nie aan wie hoof inligtingsbeamptes die waardebydrae moet kommunikeer. Tweedens word die kostefokus van finansiële verslae erken, asook die feit dat om die onsekerheid van waardes in finansiële verslae te verhoog weens die subjektiewe waardasie van IT-vermoë, die integriteit van die finansiële boekhouding en verslagdoening sal benadeel. Laastens het deelnemers ook erken dat dit 'n belangrike hersiening sal wees indien intern gegeneerde bates op dieselfde manier erken word as gedurende besigheidskombinasies en dat die gebruik van billike waarde gedurende aanvanklike erkenning toegelaat word. As sodanig was die deelnemers van mening dat dit nog lang sal duur voordat die hersienings na die volgende fase sal beweeg.

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This study approaches the form of evaluation of the acquired goodwill and make other considerations on the goodwill developed internally in the companies, as well examine as the subsequent treatment to his evaluation. In the first chapter, it is make the introduction of the present study, where is made the historical considerations on the goodwill. Still in the first chapter it is exposed the context, the problem, the hypotheses, the objectives, the delimitation of the study, the justifications, the contributions and the research methodology used for the elaboration of this study. Being considering the goodwill an Intangible Assets, it is make soon afterwards an approach about the definition of Active Intangible, as well as his importance in the life of the companies. In the chapter III are examined some definitions of goodwill, as well the factors that do with that it exists, it is approached still some classifications attributed to the goodwill. In the chapter IV it is approached the form of evaluation of the goodwill when bought and some forms of evaluation of the goodwill when no bought, being included calculations exemplify. In the chapter V it is verified the relationship between the profit of a company and the existence of the goodwill. Soon afterwards are presented the forms of recognition accounting of the goodwill, as well as some comparative international practices. In the denominated chapter THE AGIO IN BRAZIL, are treated the registration forms and maintenance of the agio as active in the brazilian ambient, when in the study examples of her accountancy are included. Concluding the present study, are presented the conclusions on the theme
This study approaches the form of evaluation of the acquired goodwill and make other considerations on the goodwill developed internally in the companies, as well examine as the subsequent treatment to his evaluation. In the first chapter, it is make the introduction of the present study, where is made the historical considerations on the goodwill. Still in the first chapter it is exposed the context, the problem, the hypotheses, the objectives, the delimitation of the study, the justifications, the contributions and the research methodology used for the elaboration of this study. Being considering the goodwill an Intangible Assets, it is make soon afterwards an approach about the definition of Active Intangible, as well as his importance in the life of the companies. In the chapter III are examined some definitions of goodwill, as well the factors that do with that it exists, it is approached still some classifications attributed to the goodwill. In the chapter IV it is approached the form of evaluation of the goodwill when bought and some forms of evaluation of the goodwill when no bought, being included calculations exemplify. In the chapter V it is verified the relationship between the profit of a company and the existence of the goodwill. Soon afterwards are presented the forms of recognition accounting of the goodwill, as well as some comparative international practices. In the denominated chapter THE AGIO IN BRAZIL, are treated the registration forms and maintenance of the agio as active in the brazilian ambient, when in the study examples of her accountancy are included. Concluding the present study, are presented the conclusions on the theme
Este estudo aborda a forma de avalia????o do goodwill adquirido e faz outras considera????es sobre o goodwill desenvolvido internamente nas empresas, bem como examina o tratamento subseq??ente ?? sua mensura????o. No primeiro cap??tulo, faz-se a introdu????o do presente estudo, quando s??o feitas as considera????es hist??ricas sobre o goodwill. Ainda, no primeiro cap??tulo, exp??e-se o contexto, o problema, as hip??teses, os objetivos, a delimita????o do estudo, as justificativas, as contribui????es e a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada para a elabora????o deste estudo. Sendo considerando o goodwill um Ativo Intang??vel, faz-se em seguida uma abordagem sobre a defini????o de Ativo Intang??vel, bem como sua import??ncia na vida das empresas. No cap??tulo III s??o examinadas algumas defini????es de goodwill, bem como elencados fatores que fazem que ele exista. Exp??e-se, ainda, algumas classifica????es atribu??das ao goodwill. No capitulo IV aponta-se a forma de avalia????o do goodwill quando comprado e algumas formas de avalia????o do goodwill quando n??o comprado, incluindo-se c??lculos exemplificativos. No cap??tulo V verifica-se a rela????o entre o lucro de uma empresa e a exist??ncia do goodwill. Em seguida, s??o apresentadas as formas de reconhecimento cont??bil do goodwill, bem como algumas pr??ticas internacionais comparativas. No cap??tulo denominado O ??GIO NO BRASIL, s??o tratadas as formas de registro e manuten????o do ??gio como ativo no ambiente brasileiro, quando no estudo, s??o inclu??dos exemplos de sua contabiliza????o. Finalizando o presente estudo, s??o apresentadas as conclus??es sobre o tema.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Accounting Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

Property rights are the backbone of Western Civilization. Capitalism can only be successful if individuals feel secure about the ownership of their assets. Patents are the property rights granted to the inventor by the government. Without these rights, inventors will find it extremely difficult monetizing their contributions to society. Thus, in an effort to incentivize innovation and commit society to human progress, our Founding Fathers built our country on a strong set of intellectual property rights. At the same time, nothing impedes innovation like a monopoly and, in essence, all a patent amounts to is a monopoly, the right to exclude others from monetizing a specific innovation over an extended period of time. Hence, at the margin, patents increase the incentive to create new patentable knowledge, while simultaneously also stifling the dissemination of that knowledge. A good patent system strikes the right balance between innovation and a government-granted, anti-competitive monopoly. After a 20-year period of an unprecedentedly pro-patent environment in the United States, the value of patents has never been higher. Patents, as opposed to their intended use of incentivizing innovation, are now seen as a form of protection against litigation, and also a weapon to litigate patent infringements to extract license fees and royalty payments from companies who are supposedly in violation of these patents. The pendulum has swung, and patents are now stifling innovation to an extent not conceived of by our Founding Fathers. This thesis will explore the reasons for the extreme increase in the value of patents over the years and will attempt to propose a plan of action to swing the pendulum back where our Founding Fathers originally intended it to be.

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This thesis identifies, exposes and analyzes some aspects concerning the Sport Societies Accounting, markedly regarding the recognition and disclosure of the value that comes from the right of using the athletes in the Accountings Demonstrations of the soccer clubs after the changes promoted by the Law 9615 of March 24th, 1998 - known as Pel?? Law. The work was carried out as an exploratory study, through bibliographical revision on the subject, documentary research in primary sources and interviews with the person responsible for making the Sport Club Corinthians Paulista??s Accountings Demonstrations. The result shows a critical analysis of the quality of the information from the clubs?? Accounting Demonstrations in the current period, and suggests a model of quantification and disclosure of the economic value that comes from the Intangible Asset of the previously mentioned right of using the athletes as part of the club, as a way to supply the managers with information on the viability of purchasing an athlete or keeping him in the club staff.
Esta disserta????o identifica, exp??e e analisa alguns aspectos relativos ?? Contabilidade das Sociedades Desportivas, notadamente em rela????o ?? quest??o do reconhecimento e evidencia????o nas Demonstra????es Cont??beis dos clubes de futebol do valor decorrente do direito de utiliza????o dos atletas por conta das altera????es promovidas pela Lei 9615 de 24 de mar??o de 1998 - conhecida como Lei Pel??. O trabalho foi realizado a partir de um estudo explorat??rio e de pesquisa documental em fontes prim??rias, utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliogr??fica e entrevista realizada com o respons??vel pela elabora????o das Demonstra????es Cont??beis do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. Como resultado, apresenta uma an??lise cr??tica a respeito do est??gio atual da qualidade informativa das Demonstra????es Cont??beis dos clubes e prop??e um modelo de mensura????o e evidencia????o do valor econ??mico relativo ao Ativo Intang??vel decorrente do valor proveniente do direito de utiliza????o do atleta por parte do clube, como forma de fornecer informa????es aos gestores no tocante ?? viabilidade da aquisi????o de um atleta ou ?? sua manuten????o nos quadros do clube.

This thesis proves that intangible assets are impossible to accurately value because of their inherently complex attributes. Intangibles have always existed in the market, but their presence has nearly quadrupled in the last few decades due to the Information Revolution. This technological breakthrough was characterized by the globalization of knowledge, communication, and trade. This dissemination of knowledge due to the infrastructural changes of both the telecommunication and transportation industries transformed the economy from a ‘product-driven’ market to a ‘knowledge-driven’ market. This surge in intangible assets is significant because it proves that “knowledge-driven” elements are now material to company value. As such, accurate measurement of intangible assets is essential to preserving the reliability of financial statements. Current accounting practices largely ignore the value created by intangible asset and this has serious consequences for investors, firms, and the economy as a whole. Insufficient accounting of intangible assets distorts company value, increases the cost of capital, and compromises the reliability of financial statements. While it is utterly impossible to create accounting standards that will, without fail, accurately measure all intangible assets as well as take into account their lifespans, volatility, increasing economies of scale, partial excludability, and lack of tradability, this thesis proposes a way to help mitigate the disparity between what financial statements recognize and what companies actually generate.

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This dissertation deals with the perception of managers of a company's line of beverages in the city of S??o Paulo on the importance of identifying, structuring and use the potential of intellectual capital in the strategic context of the organization. From the methodological point of view, the development of research had two stages. At first, exploratory, literature raises the theoretical framework on the topic searched. In the second phase, the data collection was done by means of a questionnaire with Likert scale. The results were descriptive and quantitative statistical treatment. The results show that 69% of the subjects agree that the valuation of Intellectual Capital has a clear alignment with the strategy of the organization, its mission, vision and goals. Emphasized that 93% of respondents agree that human capital, which represents the accumulated value of investments in training, competence and future of an employee, is the focus of all areas of activity of the company. With regard to practice management of intellectual capital adopted by the company, the survey revealed unanimity on all those that are based on knowledge. As for accountability for the management of intellectual capital, the respondents are positions that the management of intellectual capital is not an exclusive award alongside other areas of expertise, but noted it is an index of 29% of respondents disagree about the responsibility for managing the intellectual capital lie in the area of control, compared to only 13% rate of disagreement in relation to the area of Human Resources have the same assignment. It is therefore the responsibility for that task, in view of respondents, is divided between Human Resources and Controlling.
Esta disserta????o trata da percep????o dos gestores de uma empresa do ramo de bebidas da cidade de S??o Paulo sobre a import??ncia da identifica????o, estrutura????o e utiliza????o do potencial do capital intelectual no contexto estrat??gico da organiza????o. Do ponto de vista metodol??gico, a elabora????o da pesquisa teve duas etapas. Na primeira, explorat??ria, pesquisa bibliogr??fica levanta o referencial te??rico relativo ao tema pesquisado. Na segunda fase, a coleta de dados foi feita por meio de question??rio com escala Likert. Os resultados obtidos tiveram tratamento estat??stico descritivo-quantitativo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que 69% dos sujeitos concordam que a valoriza????o do Capital Intelectual tem um claro alinhamento com a estrat??gia da organiza????o, sua miss??o, vis??o e seus objetivos. Ressalte-se que 93% dos respondentes concordam que o capital humano, que representa o valor acumulado de investimentos em treinamento, compet??ncia e futuro de um funcion??rio, ?? foco de todas as ??reas de atua????o da empresa. No que se refere ??s pr??ticas de gest??o de capital intelectual adotadas pela empresa, a pesquisa revelou unanimidade em rela????o a todas aquelas que t??m como base o conhecimento. Quanto ?? responsabiliza????o pela gest??o do capital intelectual, os respondentes se posicionaram no sentido de que a ger??ncia do capital intelectual n??o ?? uma atribui????o exclusivista, coexistindo com outras ??reas de atua????o, mas notou-se um ??ndice de 29% de discord??ncia dos respondentes a respeito da responsabilidade pela gest??o do capital intelectual recair na ??rea de controladoria, comparado ao ??ndice de apenas 13% de discord??ncia em rela????o ?? ??rea de Recursos Humanos ter essa mesma atribui????o. Infere-se, portanto, que a responsabilidade por essa tarefa, na vis??o dos respondentes, divide-se entre Recursos Humanos e Controladoria

La mutation des économies a transformé les richesses en profondeur en les désincarnant. Ce phénomène s’est traduit par l’accroissement de valeurs sans matière au sein des entreprises et, incidemment, lorsqu’elles éprouvent des difficultés. La notion d’actifs incorporels place la valeur au centre des préoccupations et renvoie à une réalité tant juridique qu’économique. Cette approche révèle leur singularité dans un contexte de défaillance à travers l’observation des opérations d’évaluation et de réalisation. D’une part, l’évaluation des actifs incorporels se montre défectueuse, révélant les carences de la comptabilité française, qui peine à retranscrire la valeur de ces actifs, et plus largement, mettant en exergue les limites des méthodes d’évaluation de ces actifs dans un contexte de difficulté. D’autre part, la réalisation des actifs incorporels est complexifiée par les modes de cession ou des garanties constituées. Ainsi, la singularité des actifs incorporels rend difficile leur maîtrise. Partant, des solutions peuvent être trouvées dans le cadre du droit des entreprises en difficulté. Une grille de lecture des actifs incorporels peut d’ores et déjà s’articuler autour de la valeur et de son interaction avec l’exploitation. Certains actifs incorporels, tels qu’un logiciel ou un fichier-client, sont directement corrélés à l’activité de l’entreprise et ont tendance à se dévaloriser au fur et à mesure des difficultés de celle-ci. D’autres actifs incorporels, tels les créances et les droits sociaux, reposant sur des éléments extérieurs à l’entreprise, ne perdent pas automatiquement leur valeur en présence de difficultés. La division des actifs incorporels peut donc s’opérer entre les actifs incorporels dont la valeur s’établit à l’aune de l’exploitation, et ceux dont la valeur ne lui est pas directement liée. Ces actifs incorporels suscitent par ailleurs une évolution du droit des entreprises en difficulté au niveau des opérations d’évaluation et de réalisation afin d’être mieux appréhendés. La prise en compte de ces évolutions est indispensable. L’importance grandissante des actifs incorporels au sein des entreprises en difficulté, ne doit pas être ignorée au risque sinon de les affaiblir davantage, de décrédibiliser le cadre judiciaire du traitement des entreprises en difficulté
The mutation of the economy has fundamentally transformed wealth by disembodying it. This has led to the increase in intangible wealth within companies and, incidentally, when they experience difficulties. The concept of intangible assets places centers on value and refers to both a legal and economic reality. This approach reveals their exceptional character in a context of default by observing operations related to valuation and transfer. On the one hand, the valuation of intangible assets is defective, revealing the shortcomings of French accounting, which struggles to translate the value of these assets, and more broadly, highlights the limits of the methods used to value these assets in a difficult context. On the other hand, the transfer of intangible assets is made more complex by the methods of sale or guarantees provided. Thus, the exceptional nature of intangible assets makes them difficult to master. However, solutions can be found in law governing companies in financial difficulty. An index for measuring intangible assets can already be based on value and its interaction with business operations. Some intangible assets, such as software or client files, are directly correlated to the company's activity and tend to devalue as the company's difficulties arise. Other intangible assets, such as receivables and social rights, based on elements external to the company, do not automatically lose their value in the event of difficulties. The division of intangible assets can therefore be made between those intangible assets whose value is established based on exploitation, and those whose value is not directly related to it. Consideration of valuation and transfer operations in relation to intangible assets has led to changes in the law governing companies in difficulty. It is essential to take these developments into account. The growing importance of intangible assets within companies in difficulty must not be ignored at the risk of weakening them further and undermining the judicial framework for such companies

In praktyk word daar talle probleme met die rekeningkundige verantwoording van ontasbare bates ervaar. Hierdie probleme kan in vier hoof kategorieë verdeel word naamlik die identifikasie, erkenning, tydsgaping en meting van ontasbare bates (sien hoofstuk 2). Van al hierdie probleme is die metingsprobleem die grootste, m.a.w behoort ontasbare bates teen koste of teen billike waarde gemeet en in die state ingesluit te word? Daar is talle argumente teen die gebruik van beide en díe word in detail in hoofstuk 2 uiteengesit. Dit is die skrywer se mening dat billike waarde ‘n baie beter maatstaf vir sodaninge bates is, omdat koste gebaseerde maatstawwe nie altyd relevant is nie. Die grootste kritiek teen die gebruik van billike waarde -maatstawwe is egter dat dit onbetroubaar, ingewikkeld, duur en wisselvallig kan wees. Daar is ook vrese dat die openbaarmaking daarvan nadelig vir maatskappye se kompeterende voordeel kan wees.Die probleem wat rekeningkundiges in die gesig staar is dus eerstens om die kwalitatiewe eienskappe van relevantheid en betroubaarheid teen mekaar op te weeg. Indien hulle tot die gevolgtrekking kom dat relevantheid in hierdie geval belangriker is as betroubaarheid moet die kwessies van koste, ingewikkeldheid en wisselvalligheid steeds aangespreek word. Hierdie studie bestudeer benaderings en metodes om ontasbare bates teen hulle billike waarde te meet, ten einde te bepaal of sodanige metodes wel die kritiek daarteen kan oorkom, m.a.w. kan sodanige billike waarde -metodes wel ‘n betroubare, koste-effektiewe, verstaanbare en stabiele aanwysing van waarde verskaf?
Prof. D Coetsee

The principal goal of this research study was to critically evaluate the current accounting treatment of purchased goodwill in terms of a theoretical framework established, including an evaluation of the true nature of goodwill. The main conclusion of this study is that goodwill is an intangible asset representing various intangible factors contributing to the enterprise's earning capacity and providing returns in excess of a normal return on assets employed for which an acquiring enterprise is willing to pay an amount in excess of the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. The cost of purchased goodwill is measured as the difference between the total purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired after ensuring that all assets, tangible and intangible, had been properly identified. Purchased goodwill should be amortised over the estimated period that the enterprise is expected to benefit from the acquisition of the goodwill.
Financial Accounting
M. Com. (Accounting Science (Applied Accountancy))

It is generally acknowledged that human capital intangibles are major value drivers in the new economy characterised by information and technology. The main purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange disclose information on human capital related issues. The study combined both qualitative (literature reviews and content analysis) and quantitative (survey questionnaire) methods to collect data of 60 corporate annual reports (CARs) of listed companies in South Africa from survey questionnaires administered on various categories of preparers and users of these CARs. The study made use of 91 human capital disclosure checklists developed from literature reviews for the purpose of data collection. The data analysis was done with the aid of Atlasti-a qualitative data analysis software and SPSS- a quantitative data analysis software. The findings show that majority of the items on the disclosure checklist are not yet disclosed in the CARs even though most of the items on the checklist are adjudged to be useful for organisational value creation. In view of the initial findings of this study, a human capital disclosure framework is recommended.
Business Management
D. Accounting Science