Bibliografie tematiche / Instruments

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Instruments"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Instruments"

1

Pazmiño Villao, Alexandra Jacqueline, Amanda Abigail Villafuerte Fernández, Holguer Estuardo Romero Urréa, Nadia Bélgica Vaquero Gonzales, Edwin Rommel Llanos Oquendo e Irene Camila Cherrez Paredes. "DIAGNÓSTICO DE ENFERMERÍA DEL ESTADO EMOCIONAL EN PACIENTES CON INSUFICIENCIA RENAL CRÓNICA DURANTE SU TRATAMIENTO". Más Vita 4, n. 2 (1 luglio 2022): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47606/acven/mv0100.

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Abstract (sommario):
Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) provoca cambios bruscos en la vida del individuo, como el desarrollo de trastornos emocionales que pueden conllevar a cuadros de ansiedad, depresión y estrés; afectando su estado emocional. Objetivo: Validar los instrumentos para analizar la influencia de la hemodiálisis en el estado emocional. Materiales y métodos: La investigación fue de diseño transversal con análisis descriptivo no experimental, modalidad cuali-cuantitativo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron diseñados y validados por juicio de expertos y analizados estadísticamente con alfa de Cronbach, se empleó una prueba piloto compuesta por 15 personas con insuficiencia renal crónica para la validación de los instrumentos. Resultados: El instrumento cuantitativo presentó un coeficiente de fiabilidad de 0.75 en alfa de Cronbach y el instrumento cualitativo de acuerdo a la rúbrica de los expertos obtuvo un promedio de confiabilidad de 96; por lo que los instrumentos son aprobados y pueden aplicarse con resultados confiables. Conclusión: Los instrumentos tienen una validez, pertinencia y coherencia, adecuados para trabajar en la recolección de datos para determinar el estado emocional de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. El estudio estableció las asociaciones entre las variables de acuerdo a las etapas de la enfermedad será la predisposición a trastornos del estado de ánimo. Los resultados obtenidos validan la utilidad científica y la efectividad de los instrumentos diseñados. SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) causes sudden changes in the individual's life, such as the development of emotional disorders that can lead to anxiety, depression and stress; affecting your emotional state. Objective: To validate the instruments to analyze the influence of hemodialysis on the emotional state. Materials and methods: The research was of a cross-sectional design with non-experimental descriptive analysis, qualitative-quantitative modality. The instruments used were designed and validated by expert judgment and statistically analyzed with Cronbach's alpha. A pilot test consisting of 15 people with chronic renal failure was used to validate the instruments. Results: The quantitative instrument presented a reliability coefficient of 0.75 in Cronbach's alpha and the qualitative instrument, according to the experts' rubric, obtained a reliability average of 96; so the instruments are approved and can be applied with reliable results. Conclusion: The instruments have validity, relevance and coherence, adequate to work on data collection to determine the emotional state of patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study established the associations between the variables according to the stages of the disease will be the predisposition to mood disorders. The results obtained validate the scientific usefulness and effectiveness of the instruments designed.
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Sanches, Rafaely De Cassia Nogueira, Thamires Fernandes Cardoso da Silva Rodrigues, Luana Cristina Bellini Cardoso, Fernanda Gatez Trevisan Santos e Cremilde Aparecida Trindade Radovanovic. "Instrumentos de avaliação das competências do cuidador informal: revisão integrativa". Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 11, n. 35 (23 settembre 2021): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2021.11.35.365-372.

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Abstract (sommario):
Identificar os instrumentos de avaliação das competências do cuidador informal. Revisão integrativa, nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science. Foram selecionados os estudos que fizeram uso de instrumento de avaliação das competências e habilidades do cuidador informal no domicílio, publicados entre 2015 e 2019. Detectaram-se 914 artigos, dos quais 23 compuseram esta revisão. Verificou-se o uso de 50 instrumentos de avaliação dos cuidadores, que foram categorizados de acordo com a área temática de avaliação observada, sendo: sobrecarga, senso de competência e preparo para cuidar, saúde mental e qualidade de vida. Identificou-se três instrumentos de avaliação das competências e preparo para o cuidar, sendo apenas o Short Sense of Competence Questionnaire específico para cuidadores informais. Notou-se que nenhum instrumento foi capaz de avaliar todas as propriedades do cuidado de forma multidimensional.Descritores: Cuidadores, Inquéritos e Questionários, Avaliação de Programas, Instrumentos de Pesquisa. Instruments for assessing the skills of informal caregivers: an integrative reviewAbstract: To identify the instruments for assessing the skills of the informal caregiver. Integrative review, in the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Studies that used an instrument to assess the skills and abilities of informal caregivers at home, published between 2015 and 2019, were selected. 914 articles were detected, of which 23 were part of this review. The use of 50 caregiver assessment instruments was found, which were categorized according to the thematic area of assessment observed, being: overload, sense of competence and preparation to care, mental health and quality of life. Three tools for assessing skills and preparing for care were identified, with only the Short Sense of Competence Questionnaire being specific for informal caregivers. It was noted that no instrument was able to evaluate all the properties of care in a multidimensional way.Descriptors: Caregivers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Program Evaluation, Research Instruments. Instrumentos para evaluación de las habilidades de los cuidadores informales: una revisión integradoraResumen: Identificar los instrumentos para evaluar las habilidades del cuidador informal. Revisión integradora, en las bases de datos Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science. Se seleccionaron estudios que utilizaron un instrumento para evaluar las prácticas y habilidades de los cuidadores informales en el hogar, publicados entre 2015 y 2019. Se detectaron 914 artículos, de los cuales 23 integraron parte de esta revisión. Se encontró el uso de 50 instrumentos de evaluación del cuidador, los cuales se categorizaron según el área temática de evaluación observada, siendo: sobrecarga, sentido de competencia y preparación para el cuidado, salud mental y calidad de vida. Se identificaron tres herramientas para evaluar habilidades y prepararse para el cuidado, siendo solo el Short Sense of Competence Questionnaire específico para cuidadores informales. Se observó que ningún instrumento fue capaz de evaluar todas las propiedades del cuidado de forma multidimensional.Descriptores: Cuidadores, Encuestas y Cuestionarios, Evaluación de Programas, Instrumentos de Investigación.
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3

Chiba, Mitsuharu, Kazuyoshi Taniguchi e Hiroshi Iwase. "Instrument for tuning musical instruments". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, n. 1 (luglio 1990): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.399838.

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Dack, John. "Instruments from an Instrument: Schaefferian ‘Instrumental Analysis’ and Berio'sSequenza Vfor Solo Trombone". Contemporary Music Review 32, n. 5 (ottobre 2013): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2013.849872.

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5

López Muñiz, Guillermo, Jose Carlos Jaenes Sánchez, Marta García Tascón e Eloy López Meneses. "QUGRAFOR 2. Adaptación y revalidación de un cuestionario de nivel de formación de entrenadores de rugby (QUGRAFOR 2. Adaptation and revalidation of a training level questionnaire for rugby coaches)". Retos 53 (4 febbraio 2024): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v53.101525.

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Abstract (sommario):
La literatura científica destaca la importancia de la formación de los entrenadores deportivos y, aunque existen diferentes instrumentos para medirla de forma general y específica, pocas investigaciones crean nuevos instrumentos para facilitar su cumplimentación y análisis posterior. En este estudio, partiendo de la validez y confiabilidad del instrumento QUGRAFOR©, se ha realizado un análisis factorial exploratorio sobre 256 cuestionarios, para la adaptación y revalidación del mismo. El análisis de las comunalidades y matriz de configuración, reduce el instrumento de ocho a cinco factores y de 109 a 31 ítems que explican una cantidad sustancial de la varianza del instrumento y muestran que los factores son robustos, discriminando adecuadamente entre ellos y existiendo correspondencia ítem-factor. La confiabilidad del instrumento se midió a través del índice de alfa de Cronbach manteniendo un valor bueno .89 (similar al original). Por tanto, los resultados obtenidos confirman la estructura multidimensional y la compatibilidad para otros deportes del nuevo instrumento QUGRAFOR 2. Palabras clave: Psicometría, Entrenador, Cuestionario, Deporte colectivo, Revalidación, Adaptación. Abstract. The scientific literature highlights the importance of the training of sports coaches and although there are different instruments to measure it in a general and specific way, few investigations create new instruments to facilitate their completion and subsequent analysis. In this study, based on the validity and reliability of the QUGRFOR© instrument, an exploratory factorial analysis has been carried out on 256 questionnaires, for its adaptation and revalidation. The analysis of the communalities and configuration matrix reduces the instrument from eight to five factors and from 109 to 31 items that explain a substantial amount of the variance of the instrument and show that the factors are robust, adequately discriminating between them and that there is item-factor correspondence. The reliability of the instrument was measured through Cronbach's alpha index, maintaining a good value of .89 (similar to the original). Therefore, the results obtained confirm the multidimensional structure and that it is compatible for other sports of the new instrument QUGRAFOR 2. Key words: Psychometry, Coach, questionnaire, Collective sport, Revalidation, Adaptation.
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Bender, Leah, e Christian Diller. "Business-Improvement Districts. Ein Beitrag der Evaluationsforschung zur Bilanz eines Instruments privatwirtschaftlich orientierter Stadtentwicklungspolitik". Zeitschrift für Evaluation 2023, n. 2 (ottobre 2023): 275–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/zfe.2023.02.05.

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Evaluationen haben in der Stadtentwicklungspolitik zwar eine gewisse Tradition. Evaluationen innovativer Instrumente, die vor allem auf der Initiative privater Akteur:innen vor Ort basieren, sind jedoch selten. Seit nunmehr fast zwei Jahrzehnten werden in Deutschland Erfahrungen mit dem aus Nordamerika übertragenen Instrument der Business-Improvement Districts (BID) gesammelt. Ziel des Artikels ist ein Beitrag der Evaluationsforschung zur Diskussion dieses Instruments. Die vergleichende Evaluation von zwei BIDs aus Hessen (Gießen und Offenbach) zeigt, dass dieses Instrument sehr voraussetzungsvoll ist. Es bedarf eines ausreichend großen engagierten Akteurskreises aus Einzelhändler:innen und Grundstückseigentümer:innen, der dann mit Hilfe dieses Instruments stabilisiert und erweitert werden kann. Für Innenstädte mit besonders großen Problemlagen erscheint dieses Instrument dagegen weniger geeignet. Erforderlich ist daher die Ergänzung durch konventionelle Instrumente staatlicher Stadtentwicklungspolitik. Diese differenzierte Bilanz des Instruments steht auch exemplarisch für die Grenzen einer auf private Aktivitäten ausgerichteten Stadtentwicklungspolitik.
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7

Bowlt, John, B. M. Galeev, S. M. Zorin e R. F. Saifullin. "Sveto-Muzykalnye Instrumenty (Light-Musical Instruments)". Leonardo 23, n. 4 (1990): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1575358.

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8

Law, Mary. "Measurement in Occupational Therapy: Scientific Criteria for Evaluation". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 54, n. 3 (giugno 1987): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841748705400308.

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Abstract (sommario):
Measurement Instruments are used by occupational therapists to describe patients, predict recovery and evaluate immediate treatment effect within their clinical practice. An instrument's development and methodological properties are guided by the purpose of the instrument. In this paper, criteria are proposed for evaluating the utility of measurement tools used by occupational therapists. These criteria are discussed within the framework of the intended use of the instrument. The criteria include the instrument's purpose, clinical utility, construction and scaling, standardization, reliability, validity and responsiveness. An algorithm to guide therapists' appraisal of measurement instruments is included.
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Villafuerte Fernández, Amanda Abigail, Alexandra Jacqueline Pazmiño Villao, Holguer Estuardo Romero Urréa, María Beatriz Yuquilema-Cortez e Javier Antonio Salas Alvarado. "VALIDACIÓN DE INSTRUMENTOS PARA EVALUAR LA CALIDAD DE VIDA DEL ADULTO MAYOR CON INSUFICIENCIA RENAL CRÓNICA". Más Vita 4, n. 2 (1 luglio 2022): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.47606/acven/mv0101.

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Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica afecta a toda una población adulta e influye en su calidad de vida. En el Ecuador se reporta que más del 65% de pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes progresan con insuficiencia renal. Objetivo: Validar los instrumentos para evaluar la influencia de la hemodiálisis en la calidad de vida del adulto mayor con insuficiencia renal crónica, Unidad Dialysis Center. Materiales y métodos: La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se realizó una prueba piloto con los instrumentos a validarse en una muestra conformada por 15 adultos mayores que se encuentran en tratamiento sustitutivo de hemodiálisis. Resultados: El instrumento cuantitativo o encuesta obtuvo un coeficiente de confiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach) de 0.80 y la entrevista o instrumento cualitativo, una puntuación de 95 según la rúbrica de los expertos, por lo que los instrumentos fueron aprobados y es confiable su aplicación para responder a los objetivos planteados en la investigación. Conclusiones: Con los resultados obtenidos por el plan piloto realizado, se identifica una influencia considerable de la insuficiencia renal crónica en la calidad de vida, comprende repercusiones a nivel emocional desarrollando depresión. Los datos obtenidos validan la efectividad de los instrumentos para el estudio. SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic renal failure affects an entire adult population and influences their quality of life. In Ecuador it is reported that more than 65% of patients with hypertension and diabetes progress to kidney failure. Objective: To validate the instruments to evaluate the influence of hemodialysis on the quality of life of the elderly with chronic renal failure, Dialysis Center Unit. Materials and methods: The research had a qualitative-quantitative approach, non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional design. A pilot test was carried out with the instruments to be validated in a sample made up of 15 older adults who are on hemodialysis replacement therapy. Results: The quantitative instrument or survey obtained a reliability coefficient (Cronbach's Alpha) of 0.80 and the interview or qualitative instrument, a score of 95 according to the experts' rubric, so the instruments were approved and their application is reliable for respond to the objectives set out in the research. Conclusions: With the results obtained by the pilot plan carried out, a considerable influence of chronic renal failure on quality of life is identified, including repercussions at an emotional level, developing depression. The data obtained validate the effectiveness of the instruments for the study.
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Kaselouris, Evaggelos, Makis Bakarezos, Michael Tatarakis, Nektarios A. Papadogiannis e Vasilis Dimitriou. "A Review of Finite Element Studies in String Musical Instruments". Acoustics 4, n. 1 (23 febbraio 2022): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics4010012.

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Abstract (sommario):
String instruments are complex mechanical vibrating systems, in terms of both structure and fluid–structure interaction. Here, a review study of the modeling and simulation of stringed musical instruments via the finite element method (FEM) is presented. The paper is focused on the methods capable of simulating (I) the soundboard behavior in bowed, plucked and hammered string musical instruments; (II) the assembled musical instrument box behavior in bowed and plucked instruments; (III) the fluid–structure interaction of assembled musical instruments; and (IV) the interaction of a musical instrument’s resonance box with the surrounding air. Due to the complexity and the high computational demands, a numerical model including all the parts and the full geometry of the instrument resonance box, the fluid–structure interaction and the interaction with the surrounding air has not yet been simulated.
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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Instruments"

1

Wang, Wenjie. "Improved Inference for Instrumental Variable Models with Many Instruments and Weak Instruments". Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174868.

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2

Siddiq, Musab. "Synthetic Instruments an overview : Synthetic Instruments". Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-340.

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Abstract

The rapid development within the field of measurement methods and techniques and software design that has taken place over the last years offers new possibilities for designers of measurement systems through the use of virtual instruments as building blocks. The concept of virtual instrumentation is developed within the interchangeable virtual instrument foundation. A closely related term is “synthetic instruments”, which is often used for essentially the same concept, but it is even more software oriented. Synthetic instruments as a research field are in an initial stage and a quick search on “Synthetic instruments” in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) explorer match close to 30 documents. IEEE explorer is a database that provides full-text access to IEEE transactions, journals, magazines and conference proceedings, and all current IEEE Standards.

This Master Thesis is a theoretical work extracted from study material, IEEE documents and web-resources referenced. The work gives the reader an overview of the Synthetic Instruments and their functionality with respect to hardware and software. The papers were analyzed based upon the various trends in the research, development and productizing phases.

For this approach; kernel architecture of an ideal synthetic instrument has been introduced as a prototype around which current technologies and applications can be addressed. The major areas of focus in the architecture are the data conversion and signal conditioning; the knowledge of its working under current implemented technologies has been highlighted and discussed in regards to the software and hardware trends. The defense industry holds the major influence.

The work was aimed towards giving a state-of-the art introduction to synthetic instrument technology; also in order to provide the work an introductory nature, only one hardware & software example has been discussed.

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3

Morales, Murguía Hugo. "Hacking traditional instruments : approaches to sound-oriented instrumental composition". Thesis, Brunel University, 2011. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14561.

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Abstract (sommario):
Technology plays a vital role in the creation of any form of art. In music this has been dominated by a stationary condition in which contemporary ‘academic music’ (new music created in institutions and descending from traditional European models) is in its majority still generated exclusively by a technology of more than a century ago. Additionally, the totality of sound as musical material is now commonly acknowledged, posing problems about the nature and efficiency of the already existing musical instruments and the development of new ones. The current situation in the creation of contemporary music offers a myriad of possibilities in which tools, controllers and instruments have an impact on the creation and conceptualization of music, giving rise to different aesthetic positions and creating new dilemmas in which present, past and future are in constant assessment. This thesis seeks to examine some of the concepts and ideas behind a number of my works in which instrumental sound exploration is essential for the development of the compositional process. As a result, a series of questions, systems and techniques are analyzed, investigating the relation between tools, technique, notation, composition and musical result. This text is intended as an illustration of my own choices and methods, hoping to offer an insight into my own compositional practice as a product of an exercise of self-analysis and rationalization of my current musical output.
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4

Flores-Lagunes, Alfonso. "Instrumental variables estimation in the presence of weak instruments". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269521626.

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5

Prado, Marco Aurélio Rodrigues do. "Influência da conicidade no comportamento mecânico de instrumentos de níquel-titânio". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=611.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da conicidade de instrumentos de níquel-titânio acionados a motor, na flexibilidade; na resistência a fratura por torção à direita e na resistência a fratura por flexão rotativa, analisando ainda por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura a superfície de fratura dos instrumentos ocorridas por torção e por flexão rotativa, bem como a configuração das hélices das hastes de corte helicoidais dos instrumentos junto ao ponto de fratura. Foram utilizados sessenta instrumentos fabricados em níquel-titânio acionados a motor da marca K3 (Sybron Dental Specialties-Kerr, México), valores nominais de 25mm de comprimento, e de 0,25mm de diâmetro em Do, nas conicidades de 0,02 0,04 e 0,06mm/mm. Dez instrumentos endodônticos de cada conicidade foram avaliados por meio do ensaio não destrutivo de flexão em cantilever e dez instrumentos endodônticos de cada conicidade foram avaliados por meio dos ensaios destrutivos de torção à direita e de flexão rotativa. Diante das metodologias empregadas, dos resultados obtidos e após a execução dos testes estatísticos: Análise de variância no nível de significância de 5%, e do teste de comparações múltiplas de Student-Newman-Keuls a 5%, podemos concluir que: A flexibilidade dos instrumentos ensaiados diminui com o aumento da conicidade da haste de corte helicoidal. O ângulo máximo de torção dos instrumentos ensaiados por torção diminui com o aumento da conicidade da haste de corte helicoidal. O torque máximo até a fratura dos instrumentos ensaiados por torção aumentou com o aumento da conicidade da haste de corte helicoidal. O número de ciclos para a fratura em flexão rotativa diminui com o aumento da conicidade e com o aumento da resistência em flexão (diminuição da flexibilidade) dos instrumentos endodônticos ensaiados. E quanto à análise por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura, independentemente, da conicidade e do tipo de carregamento, (torção ou flexão rotativa) aplicado ao instrumento endodôntico, podemos concluir que as amostras fraturadas apresentaram superfície de fratura com característica dúctil. No ensaio de torção, observou-se a reversão do sentido das hélices das hastes de corte helicoidais junto ao ponto de imobilização dos instrumentos. No ensaio de flexão rotativa não ocorreu reversão do sentido das hélices das hastes de corte helicoidais (deformação plástica visível) dos instrumentos fraturados.
This work has as purpose to evaluate the influence of motor driven nickel-titanium instruments tapering, in the flexibility, resistance to fracture by twisting to the right by rotating flexure, analyzing also by means of scanning electronic microscopy the instruments fracture surface arising by twisting and rotating flexure, as well as the configuration of helices of helical cutting rods of instruments near the fracture point. Sixty instrument made of nickel- -titanium and motor-driven of K3 brand were used (Sybron Dental Specialties-Kerr, Mexico), nominal value of 25mm long, and 0,25mm diameter in Do, in tapering of 0,02 0,04 and 0,06mm/mm. Ten endodontic instruments of each tapering were evaluated by means of the non destructive test of flexure in cantilever and ten endodontic instruments of each tapering were evaluated by means of destructive tests twisting to the right and rotating flexure. After the performance of statistic test,: variance analysis at significance level of 5%, and multiple comparison test from Student-Newman-Keuls to 5%, Taking into consideration the implemented methodology, the applied statistical techniques (e.g. variance analysis at significance level of .05 and multiple comparison test from Student-Newman-Keuls at significance level of .05), and the obtained results, it was demonstrated that the flexibility of the instruments tested decreases as the tapering of the helices of helical cutting rods increases. The maximum twisting angle of the instruments tested by twisting decreases as the tapering of the helices of helical cutting rods increases. The maximum torque up to the fracture of the tested instruments increased as the tapering of the helices of helical cutting rods increased. The number of cycles for the fracture in rotating flexure decreases as the tapering increase and the increase of the resistance in flexure (flexibility decrease) of the tested endodontic instruments increased. The analysis by scanning electronic microscopy revealed that, independently of the tapering and the rotating type (twisting or rotating flexure) applied to the endodontic instrument, the fractured samples presented fractured surface of ductile characteristics. A reversion of the helical cutting rods course was observed on the twisting test near the immobilization point. A reversion of the helical cutting rods course (visible plastic deformation) on the rotating flexure test of the fractured instruments was not observed.
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6

Vawter, Noah (Noah Theodore). "Exertion instruments". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69801.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-173).
This dissertation describes the research, development and reasoning behind a family of musical instruments called Exertion Instruments. They use inline electrical generators to run a synthesizer and an amplifier while eliminating the need for batteries. Efficient acoustic design minimizes the power requirements while optimized generator and ergonomic design maximize power generation. As such, they combine the convenience of acoustic instruments with the flexibility of electronic instruments. Also, through new generator designs, nuances of player charging movements become as important to expression as the overall intensity of their playing. The player treats the generator like a typical physical resonator such as a string, using musical instrument playing gestures. Yet they manipulate audio electronically, enabling practices like sampling, synthesis and modulation. During development, a modular approach using amateur-friendly materials was taken to empower future instrument builders to customize and improve the instrument. In addition to technical criteria based on measurements, Exertion Instruments are evaluated through player and builder experiences in a series of technical workshops and realworld performances.
by Noah Vawter.
Ph.D.
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7

Bowman, Peter. "Microtonality and the recorder 1961-2013 : repertoire, tone colour, and performance". Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/15736/.

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Abstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the development of the recorder's microtonal repertoire from 1961 through to 2013. The artistic impulses for the use of microtones are discussed and selected pieces studied and performed. An investigation is also undertaken into the relationship between pitch, dynamic, and tone colour. This leads to the development of a method for objectively identifying the changes in tone colour that result from using various microtonal fingerings. Very little substantial research has been undertaken into the recorder's contemporary repertoire, and even less so with regard to its engagement with microtones. The skills for producing the expressive effects of dynamic and tone colour, and thus microtones, were known in the early 16th century, lost, and then revived during the period of musical experimentation in post-war Europe. The application of this knowledge, however, has remained limited. This thesis addresses these shortcomings. Following consideration of intonation and interpretation in Chapter 2 a survey of writings analyzing changes in tone colour and dynamic, and the relationship between them, is undertaken in Chapter 3. These include a number of foreign language texts, whilst others appear in American journals, or conference papers not generally available to the British reader. They highlight the tendency for writers to discuss tone colour and dynamic in vague and subjective terms, and in relation to the performance of early music but rarely in the context of contemporary music. This strand of my inquiry is brought to fruition in Chapter 5, where research leading to the development of a method for identifying and quantifying changes in tone colour, through the application of different fingerings, is applied for the first time. The results of an investigation into the evolution of microtonal repertoire composed since the 1960s are recorded in Chapter 4. Different compositional approaches to both instrument and microtonality are reflected in my choice of seven pieces, plus my own composition, that are the subject of detailed study in Chapter 6. The analyses of the pieces discussed in this thesis, and the contexts in which they were composed, represent a significant step forward in the understanding of the instrument and the use of microtones in compositions of the period. My thesis concludes with a live performance in which a selection of microtonal pieces is presented. This serves as a demonstration and confirmation of the principles discussed in this thesis, drawing together the threads of my research, and applying the insights gained in the course of this study.
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Mallard, Alexandre. "Les instruments dans la coordination de l'action : pratique technique, métrologie, instrument scientifique". Paris, ENMP, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENMP0601.

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Les instruments sous toutes leurs formes (instruments de mesure, dispositifs optiques, outils techniques usuels. . . ) participent à la définition et à la coordination des pratiques. L'objet de la thèse est de mettre en relation trois aspects associés à la coordination par les instruments : les pratiques d'utilisation, les formes d'action qui y sont associées et les réseaux technico-économiques dans lesquels ils circulent. L'interrogation se situe au croisement de plusieurs disciplines des sciences sociales : sociologie des sciences, sciences cognitives, pragmatique des régimes d'ajustement, psychologie, ethnologie des techniques, sociologie de l'innovation. La première partie de la thèse étudie différentes modalités de la coordination correspondant à des instruments de forme différente. Elle s'appuie sur une étude realisee dans le secteur de la réparation automobile, qui articule deux enquêtes complémentaires : une ethnographie des pratiques techniques au garage met en évidence les diverses formes de compétence impliquées dans l'utilisation des instrument (perception, rôle du corps dans l'action, cognition, compétences sociales, savoir-faire …). Une analyse des réseaux industriels de la réparation automobile montre que les instruments participent à la coordination technico-économique dans ces réseaux. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’étude des instruments de mesure. Elle montre que la métrologie constitue une modalité de coordination des pratiques d’évaluation et de contrôle. Deux terrains empiriques sont examinés : l'analyse extensive des dispositifs de métrologie légale et de normalisation d'un instrument de mesure de la pollution automobile, le suivi d'un instrument scientifique de mesure de la pollution atmosphérique, depuis sa conception dans un centre de recherche jusqu’à ses applications pratiques chez l'utilisateur final. Ce dernier cas comporte l'analyse des processus suivants : pratiques de construction et de mise au point, évaluation de prototype en laboratoire de métrologie, construction d'un réseau commercial permettant de diffuser l'appareil, inter-comparaison de plusieurs instruments mesurant les mêmes propriétés physiques
Instruments (measuring instruments, visualisation and optical devices, usual technical tools. . . ) play a role in the definition and coordination of practices. The aim of the PHD thesis is to relate three different aspects of the coordination through instruments : the practices involved in their use, the associated forms of action and the techno-economic networks of conception, distribution and use. This question is at the cross-road of different disciplines of the social sciences : sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK), cognitive science, pragmatics of the regimes of adjustments, psychology, ethnology of technology, sociology of innovation. The first part of the thesis studies the various forms of coordination associated with different kind of instruments. The inquiry focuses on car repairing activity and combines two complementary approaches : an ethnographical approach of the technical practices in a garage investigates the various form of competences involved in the use of instruments (perception, bodily knowledge, cognition, social abilities, know how …), an analysis of the industrial networks of car repairing shows that instruments take part actively in the techno-economic coordination of these networks. The second part of the thesis is centered on measuring instruments. It shows that metrology is a modality of coordination of the practices of assessment and control. The inquiry bears on two fieldworks : the extensive analysis of the systems of legal metrology and standardisation of an instrument of car pollution measurement, the study of a scientific instrument of atmospheric pollution measurement, from its conception in a research center up to its final practical use. This study tackles the following stages : construction and settling of an instrument in a scientific laboratory, assessment of prototype in metrology laboratory, construction of a commercial network for the diffusion of the product, intercomparison of several similar instruments
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Pietrowiak, Annett. "European payment instruments". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-150371.

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This thesis sheds light on the functioning and characteristics of payment systems to serve as a foundation for understanding the drivers for higher payment system efficiency. Its central goal is to develop insights into the determinants of collective payment choice suitable to lower payment costs to society. So far, the institutional environment, as potential important influence on the payment instrument mix, has not been focused on in the literature. Therefore, particular emphasis is laid on the empirical analysis of the impact of institutional factors on the share of card payments on consumer spending at the point of sale (POS). For this, a unique panel data set is constructed covering the eight most important European payment markets ranked by non-cash transaction volumes. The empirical results allow formulating conditions necessary to achieve a more efficient payment mix. They also form a basis for the assessment of related policy measures with a focus on the SEPA project in terms of their efficiency enhancing effect. Future research could possibly build upon the panel data collected.
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Lee, Stephanie(Stephanie Suejeong), e Ellen Shakespear. "Instruments of service". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122519.

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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, (For Stephanie Lee and Ellen Shakespear), 2019
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, (For Ellen Shakespear), 2019
"Submitted to the Department of Architecture and the Department of Urban Studies and Planning In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture For Stephanie Lee and Ellen Shakespear and the Master in City Planning For Ellen Shakespear." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 170-172).
Instruments of Service are defined by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) as "representations, in any medium of expression now known or later developed, of the tangible and intangible creative work performed by the Architect." This thesis argues that the current instruments of service do not provide the scaffolding necessary to realize the ethical obligations as defined by the AIA. As cities change, architecture's fundamental obligations, as defined by AIA code of ethics, are threatened. To remain ethical, this thesis argues that the instruments of service must expand. This thesis explores the gap between architecture's obligations and its instruments of service against the backdrop of one such changing city: Boston. We begin with an investigation of the Seaport, one of the most rapidly changing neighborhoods within the city. We use this site as an opportunity to understand how a variety of architects and planners have positioned themselves and how they offer their services to a project that champions a new future for the city of Boston. Against this backdrop, we propose a new method and attitude of practice. We tested this proposed practice for a period of nine months on the ground in Boston and Cambridge. Specifically, we converted four unused sites into artist and community space-our involvement spanning from site identification to policy recommendations to daily operations. This thesis documents parts of that practice. Overall, this thesis is a suggestion and a real world test of one way architects can operate as instrumental shapers of the future of their city.
by Stephanie Lee and Ellen Shakespear.
M. Arch.
M.C.P.
M.Arch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
M.C.P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning
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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Instruments"

1

Deleuse, Isabelle. Instruments mécaniques =: Mechanische instrumenten = Mechanical instruments. Sprimont: Mardaga, 2001.

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2

1930-1975, Ripin Edwin M., a cura di. Early keyboard instruments. London: Macmillan, 1989.

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(Firm), Gebrüder Haff. Instruments. Pfronten: Gebrüder Haff, 2000.

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4

Albert, Van Helden, e Hankins Thomas L. 1933-, a cura di. Instruments. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1994.

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5

Service, Canada Environmental Protection. Economic instruments =: Les instruments économiques. Hull, Qué: CEPA Office, Environment Canada = Bureau de la LCPE, Environnement Canada, 1994.

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6

de, Keyser Ignace, Still Jane e Meurant Anne, a cura di. Instruments sax =: Saxinstrumenten = Sax instruments. Sprimont, Belgique: Mardaga, 2000.

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Welford, W. T. Useful optics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

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International Historic Brass Symposium (1995 Amherst, Mass.)). Perspectives in brass scholarship: Proceedings of the International Historic Brass Symposium, Amherst, 1995. A cura di Carter Stewart. Stuyvesant, N.Y: Pendragon Press, 1997.

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9

Dundas, Richard J. Twentieth century brass musical instruments in the United States. [Rutland, Vt.]: R.J. Dundas, 1989.

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Dundas, Richard J. Twentieth century brass musical instruments in the United States. [Rutland, Vt.]: R.J. Dundas, 1986.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Instruments"

1

Gomm, Roger. "Instruments and Instrument Design". In Social Research Methodology, 24–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-22911-2_2.

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2

Sugarman, Samuel C. "Instruments and Instrument Terminology". In Testing and Balancing HVAC Air and Water Systems, 335–49. 6a ed. New York: River Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003207337-23.

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3

Kühlmann, Torsten M., e Ramona Heinz. "Instruments". In Managing Cultural Diversity in Small and Medium-Sized Organizations, 13–81. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16616-8_2.

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Bonnet, Mireille. "Instruments". In Microsurgery of Retinal Detachment, 33–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08731-2_7.

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Parekatti, Sijo Joseph, e Michael Moran. "Instruments". In Telemicrosurgery, 31–42. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0391-3_4.

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van Zyl, J. E. "Instruments". In Unveiling the Universe, 33–46. London: Springer London, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1037-8_4.

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Makris, Ioannis, Vasileios Papaziogas e Eugenia (Jenny) Matsiota. "Instruments". In Laparoscopic Colon Surgery, 57–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56728-6_4.

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Obwegeser, Hugo L. "Instruments". In Mandibular Growth Anomalies, 437–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04534-3_26.

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Golwalkar, Kiran. "Instruments". In Process Equipment Procurement in the Chemical and Related Industries, 149–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12078-2_12.

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Brenner, Peter, e Ghazi M. Rayan. "Instruments". In Dupuytren’s Disease, 111. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6061-9_18.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Instruments"

1

Debski, Robert. "Instrumental technologies vs teaching instruments". In the 16th conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/993268.993353.

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2

Smith, Hugh, e Fred Wiegand. "Instruments Interchangeability Using Interchangeable Virtual Instrument Technology". In 2006 IEEE Autotestcon. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/autest.2006.283611.

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3

Bolch, Charlotte, Hartono Tjoe, Stephanie Casey, Douglas Whitaker, Leigh Harrell-Williams, Chris Engledowl, Taylor Mulé e Justine Piontek. "Validity Evidence for Statistics Education Instruments: Findings and Best Practices". In Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t4b3.

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Appropriate validity evidence is essential when interpreting scores from tests and instruments. In statistics education, the application of modern measurement theory is limited and not well integrated into research as support for instrument interpretation. The Validity Evidence for Measurement in Mathematics Education project is documenting validity evidence for mathematics and statistics education instruments through a structured literature review to create a searchable instrument database. This paper highlights the status of the work documenting validity evidence for statistics education instruments measuring constructs such as teacher knowledge and attitudes. Many “custom” single-study measures incorporated items from multiple validated instruments and/or added new items without providing evidence for the new instrument. Preliminary information about the types of validity claims and evidence identified from standardized coding is reported.
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Aloan, Rafael Borges. "A organologia e a adaptação timbrística na música armorial". In Encontro da História da Arte. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/eha.4.2008.3776.

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Esta comunicação procura apontar a relevância da escrita idiomática na música armorial, tendo como base as trajetórias de grupos como a Orquestra Armorial de Câmera e o Quinteto Armorial. Foram estudados os instrumentos típicos nordestinos e suas equivalências aos instrumentos da orquestra clássica. A ambientação instrumental inicialmente proposta pela música armorial e o possível uso de conjuntos mistos. Apresenta um breve histórico do Marimbau (característico instrumento armorial), as alternativas adotadas pelos grupos armoriais referentes às suas formações instrumentais e a resistência de músicos e compositores de formação erudita em misturar instrumentos populares e eruditos.
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Dobbert, Michael. "It Is Time Measuring Instruments Report Measurement Uncertainty". In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2019.02.

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When reporting the result of a measurement, the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) makes it clear that a complete result includes a measured value and an associated value of uncertainty. Measuring instruments compute and then indicate a measured value, but many, if not most instruments provide no indication of the measurement uncertainty. This leaves the metrologist to compute the uncertainty necessitating two parallel computation paths. One path is through the measuring instrument, the other managed by the metrologist. It is possible to merge these two paths where the instrument computes the uncertainty. This positively impacts the metrologist's workflow. This paper takes a previously reported measurement as a use case and compares the metrologist's workflow assuming measuring instruments that report measurement uncertainty to those that do not. The comparison shows that measurement uncertainty reporting instruments significantly improve metrologist efficiency, leads to better estimates of uncertainty and, enables enhanced methods of managing and monitoring measurement processes.
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Gaviria-Bedoya, Jaime, Difariney González-Gómez e Jhony Villa-Ochoa. "Measurement Instrument for Statistical Reasoning of Postgraduate Students of Health Sciences". In Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t8g3.

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This paper presents the design and validation of a measuring instrument for statistical reasoning of postgraduate students of health sciences of a Colombian public university. The items were adapted from instruments such as CAOS and GOALS, and from research and articles published in health sciences. Content validity was performed by experts in statistical education and/or statistics. The judges assessed each item on an ordinal scale. Descriptive statistics and psychometric indexes of percentage agreement and content validity were calculated. The review process of the instrument resulted in a final version of 41 items and the obtained statistics showed evidence of a high level of agreement among the expert judges. Se presenta el diseño y validación de un instrumento de medida para el razonamiento estadístico de estudiantes de posgrado de Ciencias de la Salud, de una universidad pública colombiana. Los ítems fueron adaptados de instrumentos como el CAOS y el GOALS, y de investigaciones y artículos publicados en Ciencias de la Salud. La validez de contenido se realizó mediante juicio de expertos en educación estadística y/o estadística. Los jueces evaluaron cada ítem en una escala ordinal. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos e índices psicométricos de porcentaje de acuerdo y de validez de contenido. El proceso de revisión del instrumento dio como resultado una versión final de 41 ítems y los estadísticos obtenidos mostraron evidencia de un alto nivel de acuerdo entre los jueces expertos.
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Packebush, Paul. "Advances in Instrumentation using FPGAs, Microcontrollers, and Embedded Instruments". In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2014.03.

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Improved accuracy, faster sampling, higher resolution, increased bandwidth; all key words used by instrument designers to describe new products. Custom software, embedded controllers, and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are enabling instrument technologies that rarely get marketed. However, their use in embedded instruments leads to challenges in evaluating measurement accuracy and servicing products. The evolution of instruments from vendor defined functionality through user defined functionality in software is on the verge of another revolution. Continued improvements in embedded controllers and programming environments, coupled with engineers growing up programming, is leading to a new generation of embedded instruments. User defined and customized for specific applications these real time systems are showing in applications that range from medical and commercial to military.
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Bennett, Jean M., Thomas C. Bristow, Kevork Arackellian e James C. Wyant. "Surface Profiling With Optical and Mechanical Instruments". In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1986.thb4.

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Two types of interferometers and a mechanical stylus-type instrument have been used to make surface profile measurements on the same samples. All had comparable height sensitivities, of the order of 1 Å rms, but different lateral resolutions. The Optel profilometer1 is based on the principle of the Nomarski differential interference contrast microscope in which two beams of light separated by 0.3 μm are measured by two detectors. Values of the surface slope are calculated from the detector signals; integration yields a surface profile. The Wyko heterodyne profilometer2 is based on the Mireau interferometer. One light beam is reflected from the sample while a second beam is diverted by a beam splitter to a reference mirror located between the microscope objective lens and the sample. A 1024 element linear diode array measures the phase of the interference fringe pattern which is then transformed into a surface profile. In the Talystep instrument3 a 1 μm radius diamond stylus contacts the surface with a 1-2 mg loading that is light enough not to damage the surface. The vertical motion of the stylus as it moves across the surface is converted into a digitized electrical signal that directly gives the surface profile. Results of measurements made on different types of surfaces using the three instruments will be compared to show repeatability, height sensitivity, and lateral resolution. Special features of each instrument will also be discussed.
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Black, R. Steven, Aaron J. Hussey e Randall L. Bickford. "Instrument Health Monitoring for Extending Calibration Intervals of Safety Related Instruments". In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60102.

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The ability to extend calibration intervals for nuclear plant instrumentation has multiple benefits for improving productivity and reducing operating costs at nuclear plants. Benefits include fewer calibrations inside containment during an outage and associated reduced critical path time and ALARA exposure, reduced risk of calibration error or instrument damage during removal and replacement, and reduced operations and maintenance cost for instrument removal, calibration and replacement. A good instrument calibration program ensures instruments are checked frequently enough to provide a high level of confidence that they are performing within acceptable limits, but no more frequently. Over-testing of plant instruments and equipment should be avoided for two reasons: valuable resources are expended on maintenance that might not measurably improve plant safety, reliability, or efficiency; and the potential exists for adjustment errors or equipment damage each time an instrument is removed from service for testing. Over-testing increases the risk of errors or damage being introduced without a justifiable improvement in reliability. This paper discusses the regulatory framework for extending calibration intervals of safety related instruments for U.S. based nuclear power plants. Necessary changes to licensing, plant processes and procedures, training, and configuration management are summarized. An example application of pattern recognition modeling is provided to highlight the analytical support for the processes provided by active monitoring to confirm on-going instrument heath. The paper concludes with a listing of recommended steps to implement a practical program for extending calibration intervals of safety related instruments within the U.S. nuclear regulatory environment.
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Radulescu, Ion razvan, Carmen Ghituleasa, Emilia Visileanu, Luis Almeida, Benny Malengier, Zoran Stjepanovic, Mirela Blaga e Petra Dufkova. "E-LEARNING INSTRUMENTS FOR DESIGN BASED LEARNING IN TEXTILES". In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-162.

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Design Based Learning (DBL) is a modern concept of education for technical disciplines. The learner starts the educational process from end-user applications and understands theory by conceiving projects and solving real-life situations. In connection with Problem Based Learning and Project Based Learning, DBL is used to improve skills such as collaboration and communication between team members and to foster deeper learning. Two e-learning instruments have been conceived to support DBL. The concept of the first instrument links STEM disciplines with smart textiles prototypes within 56 educational modules in two approaches: from theory to practice (STEM to Smart) and from practice to theory (Smart to STEM). The modules are structured on seven chapters related to the manufacturing chain of smart textiles: fibres and yarns, materials and methods, virtual models, design prototypes, manufacture prototypes, data processing and testing. Each of these chapters includes four STEM basic disciplines: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry/material science and Electrotechnics. The instrument consists of a filter programmed in PHP for selection of the desired module. The second instrument presents 5 modules of textile design software tools in a four elements structure: Example, Theory behind the example, Software application and Quiz, for five themes: weaving, knitting, virtual prototyping of clothing, embroidery and experimental design. This instrument includes a navigation button programmed in HTML5. Both instruments support DBL due to their practice- centered and gamification approach. The instruments were performed with support of two Erasmus+ projects: Skills4Smartex (2018-2020) and the ongoing OptimTex (2020-2022). The impact achieved during pandemic restrictions by the e-learning instruments is further presented in the paper.
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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Instruments"

1

Staiger, Douglas, e James Stock. Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0151.

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Seybold, Patricia. National Instruments. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, aprile 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/cs4-6-06cc.

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Yen, James, Dennis Leber e Leticia Pibida. Comparing Instruments. National Institute of Standards and Technology, settembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2106.

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Prada, María Fernanda, e Graciana Rucci. Guide to Workforce Skills Assessment Instruments. Inter-American Development Bank, luglio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010656.

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This guide reviews the principal instruments and surveys developed for assessing workforce skills. Its main objective is to consolidate the existing information and provide an overview of the different types of instruments available. It is also intended to help readers understand and navigate the vast universe of surveys and instruments for assessing skills in adults. For each instrument, it presents a general description, comparisons with other instruments of the same type, and an analysis of its applicability to the region.
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Kavalsky, Basil, Jose Ignacio Sembler, Monika Huppi e Diether Beuermann. IDB-9: Lending Instruments. Inter-American Development Bank, marzo 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010525.

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The IDB-9 Agreement asks whether the financial instruments of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are properly aligned with the needs of clients. Before the global financial crisis, the Bank's concern was with the competitiveness of IDB financing; as borrowers gained increased access to global capital markets, the price advantage that IDB had in terms of lower interest rates and higher maturities was often outweighed by the high transaction costs of borrowing from IDB. With the advent of the crisis, the dynamic changed: it was no longer a question of whether there was demand for IDB funding, but whether IDB could provide funding with the speed and at the levels that the crisis dictated. This evaluation examines IDB's lending instruments from both these perspectives. Since 2000 IDB has added a large number of investment instruments in an effort to lower transaction costs and address specific needs of its borrowers. The range of investment lending instruments equals or exceeds that of other multilateral development banks. More recently Management has been working to streamline these instruments and eliminate those that are being only intermittently used: the innovation loan and sector facilities have been discontinued, and the performance-driven loan was allowed to lapse after the pilot period, pending further review and evaluation. The Bank has made significant progress on reducing the time lapse from concept stage to loan approval for all instruments, substantially lowering transaction costs. The story is more problematic with regard to IDB's ability to respond to the needs of borrowers during a crisis. A special instrument created for this purpose met with limited take-up: only five operations were approved, and three of them were cancelled. IDB has recently adopted contingency lending instruments that should allow for a more timely response to economic crises or natural disasters. One tool that IDB still lacks is a viable lending instrument that disburses against the achievement of results.
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González Díez, Verónica, Jonathan Rose, Odette Maciel, Gunnar Gotz, Josette Arévalo, Rasec Niembro e Melanie Putic. Lending Instruments Report. Inter-American Development Bank, maggio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002576.

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Bullard, James, e Bruce D. Smith. Intermediaries and Payments Instruments. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2002.006.

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8

Andrews, Donald W. K., e James Stock. Inference with Weak Instruments. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, agosto 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/t0313.

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9

Hartley, D. S. III. Data acquisition instruments: Psychopharmacology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674914.

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10

Davis, Russ E., Jeffrey T. Sherman, James K. Bishop e Casey Moore. Autonomous Bio-Optical Instruments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627706.

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