Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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KASPEROVYCH, Yuliia. "FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY OF THE TAX SYSTEM OF UKRAINE". Economy of Ukraine 2020, n. 12 (11 dicembre 2020): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2020.12.036.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The vast majority of scholars have reached a common vision on the fiscal function performance by taxes, in the predominant – on the regulatory (with a division into incentive and deterrent) and to a large extent – on the controlling function. With the change of political cadence and the beginning of COVID-19 quarantine in Ukraine, a number of important tax reforms were launched to de-shadow the economy and establish fairer taxation, which affected all three tax functions. At the same time, systemic problems regarding the functional capacity of the tax system of Ukraine remain on the agenda. First, the failure of the fiscal function of taxes, which is associated with common schemes of tax avoidance and evasion, namely smuggling and “gray” imports, abuse of the simplified taxation system, wages “in envelopes”, unaccounted cash income without the use of cash registers, the erosion of the tax base in low-tax jurisdictions. Second, the limited potential of the regulatory function of taxes due to the weak effectiveness of existing tax incentives. New tax incentives carry the risks of significant revenue losses in the absence of reliable compensators in the future. Third, low confidence in the control function of taxes due to the weak institutional capacity of tax and customs authorities. Complex tax and customs administration provides ample opportunities for corruption risks. There is no effective system of anticipation and prevention of violations. Given the significant number of problems in the implementation of all major tax functions in Ukraine, relevant strategic goals and objectives are proposed to strengthen the functional capacity of the domestic tax system, which should be the basis for strategizing its development.
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Ahuja, Gautam, Laurence Capron, Michael Lenox e Dennis A. Yao. "Strategy and the Institutional Envelope". Strategy Science 3, n. 2 (giugno 2018): ii—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2018.0062.
Testo completo
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Ruangsomboon, Onlak, Nattakarn Praphruetkit e Apichaya Monsomboon. "Parallel-group, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial of high-flow nasal cannula versus non-invasive ventilation for emergency patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: study protocol". BMJ Open 12, n. 7 (luglio 2022): e052761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052761.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an innovative oxygen-delivering technique, which has been shown to effectively decrease the intubation risk in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure of various aetiologies compared with conventional oxygen therapy. Also, it has proved to be non-inferior to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure primarily due to pneumonia. Evidence on its benefits compared with NIPPV, which is the standard of care for patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPE) with hypoxaemic respiratory distress, is limited. Therefore, we planned this study to investigate the effects of HFNC compared with NIPPV for emergency patients with ACPE.Methods and analysisIn this single-centred, non-blinded, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial, we will randomly allocate 240 patients visiting the emergency department with ACPE in a 1:1 ratio to receive either HFNC or NIPPV for at least 4 hours using computer-generated mixed-block randomisation concealed by sealed opaque envelopes. The primary outcome is the intubation rate in 72 hours after randomisation. The main secondary outcomes are intolerance rate, mortality rate and treatment failure rate (a composite of intolerance, intubation and mortality). The outcome assessors and data analysts will be blinded to the intervention. These categorical outcomes will be analysed by calculating the risk ratio. Interim analyses evaluating the primary outcome will be performed after half of the expected sample size are recruited.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol has been approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (study ID: Si 271/2021). It has been granted the Siriraj Research and Development Fund. All participants or their authorised third parties will provide written informed consent prior to trial inclusion. The study results will be published in a peer-reviewed international journal and presented at national and international scientific conferences.Trial registration numberTCTR20210413001.
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Lin, Shanshan, Bo Zhu, Yiyi Zheng, Shufeng Liu e Chuhuai Wang. "Effect of RUSI-based core stability exercise on chronic non-specific low back pain patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial". BMJ Open 11, n. 12 (dicembre 2021): e047317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047317.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionLow back pain (LBP) is one of the most highly prevalent pain both in developed countries and low-income and middle-income countries. Despite increasing healthcare resources and numerous treatment methods for LBP, the efficacy of these therapeutic strategies is still uncertain. Recently, core stability exercise (CSE) is popularly applied as a preventive or rehabilitative method in the treatment of LBP. However, the adequate activation of the local muscle systems of CSE needs further optimisation and quantification. This trial aims to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of CSE monitored by real-time ultrasound image (RUSI) on LBP individuals.Methods and analysisForty subjects with chronic non-specific LBP (CNLBP), aged from 20 to 50 years, will be randomly allocated into two groups using sealed, consecutively numbered opaque envelopes: (1) study group (SG): CSE monitored by RUSI and (2) control group (CG): identical CSE without monitoring. Interventions will last 30 mins, two times a week for 8 weeks. The primary outcomes include pain intensity, disability and quality of life, and the secondary outcomes will be the postural control static stability, onset timing of trunk muscles activation, ultrasound images of muscle thickness and surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of muscle activities. Outcome measures will be collected at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks during training, and at 6 months follow-up. Data will be collected and analysed by an assessor blinded to group allocation. Effect sizes and mixed-model repeated measures analysis of variance (2 groups×4 time points) will be calculated.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol and informed consent has been approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University (Approval number: [2020] 254-1). The findings of this study will be disseminated to participants through social networks and will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences.Trial registration numberChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2000034498).
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Santamaria, Victor, Xupeng Ai, Karen Chin, Joseph P. Dutkowsky, Andrew M. Gordon e Sunil K. Agrawal. "Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to determine the efficacy of an intensive seated postural intervention delivered with robotic and rigid trunk support systems". BMJ Open 13, n. 8 (agosto 2023): e073166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
IntroductionChildren with cerebral palsy (CP) classified as gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) levels III–IV demonstrate impaired sitting and reaching control abilities that hamper their overall functional performance. Yet, efficacious interventions for improving sitting-related activities are scarce. We recently designed a motor learning-based intervention delivered with a robotic Trunk-Support-Trainer (TruST-intervention), in which we apply force field technology to individualise sitting balance support. We propose a randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of the motor intervention delivered with robotic TruST compared with a static trunk support system.Methods and analysisWe will recruit 82 participants with CP, GMFCS III–IV, and aged 6–17 years. Randomisation using concealed allocation to either the TruST-support or static trunk-support intervention will be conducted using opaque-sealed envelopes prepared by someone unrelated to the study. We will apply an intention-to-treat protocol. The interventions will consist of 2 hours/sessions, 3/week, for 4 weeks. Participants will start both interventions with pelvic strapping. In the TruST-intervention, postural task progression will be implemented by a progressive increase of the force field boundaries and then by removing the pelvic straps. In the static trunk support-intervention, we will progressively lower the trunk support and remove pelvic strapping. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, training midpoint, 1-week postintervention, and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcomes will include the modified functional reach test, a kinematic evaluation of sitting workspace, and the Box and Block test. Secondary outcomes will include The Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control test, Seated Postural & Reaching Control test, Gross Motor Function Measure-Item Set, Canadian Occupational Performance Outcome, The Participation and Environment Measure and Youth, and postural and reaching kinematics.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (AAAS7804). This study is funded by the National Institutes of Health (1R01HD101903-01) and is registered at clinicaltrials.gov.Trial registration numberNCT04897347; clinicaltrials.gov.
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Santiago, Rene. "Silver Linings on Metro Manila's Traffic Miseries". Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 36, n. 2014 (luglio 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2014.2987.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traffic congestion is often associated with megacities, of which the Greater Metro Manila is 5th largest in the world. Its traffic problem, however, is bruited about as "world class". This distinction is the by-product_ of an inability to address infrastructure gaps, a disregard of well-studied plans over the last (three) decades, and piece-meal efforts at adopting scientific solutions. This paper re-visits the root causes of the problem and redefines the changing objective function - from maximizing vehicular to people flows. Lessons from other cities have demonstrated a multitude of congestion antidotes that have gained the status of best practices. Some of these have been called Transportation Systems Management (TSM) and Transportation Demand Management (TDM). More roadways and more rail transit lines have been the traditional response to traffic congestion. TSM/TDM has expanded the menu of solutions - to include actions to reduce the use of single-occupant vehicles, regulate travel demand in time and space, designation of exclusive lanes for higher occupancy vehicles. In Metro Manila, this strand has taken the form of vehicle number coding, flirtations with staggered working hours, one-way schemes, reversible lanes, computer-coordinated traffic signaling system, and widespread adoption ofretrograde U-Tum schemes. The limits to road building dictate that more people should share rides by taking public transport and minimizing car use. That would necessitate a radical re-invention of the public transport system that has been caught - with consent - on a low performance equilibrium trap in the last 40 years. It is a low-cost measure with high pay-offs, but one that is most difficult to execute. No one would dare confront the elephant on the roads: the jeepneys (>60,000) and the metro buses (>5,300) with their atomized operating structure. Very little is being done on land use controls which has long-term impacts, while road pricing is talked about but avoided like a plague. There is no silver bullet in solving traffic congestion; it requires a comprehensive set of measures implemented over several years. In terms of master plans, Metro Manila has not been lacking. There was the MMETROPLAN of 1975 which brought about the LRT 1 and the now-forgotten bus ways on Magsaysay Boulevard. This was followed by MMUTSTRAPP in 1984 and the MMUTIS in 1998. Some components of these plans were implemented - but they were Sisyphean in character. All of the three plans from 1975 to 2011 were constrained by small budget envelopes ofrecent vintage is the Transport Roadmap for the Greater Capital Region, which included a bold 'dream plan' to vanish traffic congestion by year 2030. It requires massive investments in infrastructure: 137 km of new roads, 78 km of urban expressway, and more than 200 km rail transit lines - elevated and underground. It also calls for a radical restructuring of the current surface public transport system comprising the jeepney and bus modes. The dream plan is estimated to require Php2,600 billion to fix traffic congestion that is costing the economy Php2.4 billion a day. Unlike the previous three plans, this one can fit into the projected budget envelope to year 2030. The prospect of relief, however, is clouded by institutional arthritis - an inability to execute projects of the transport kind. It is hard to imagine 200 km ofrail lines being built in 15 years, when 4 km could not even break ground in 5 years. A black swan event - such as a massive earthquake - could finesse institutional rigidities. Rapid diffusion of new technologies, like autonomous cars and smart roads, as well as increasing global pressure towards green transport offer more sanguine prospects to end traffic woes. Growing discontents with traffic jams may just be the deus ex machina that would shake up lethargic public sector agencies and put an end to the jeepney mentality.
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Byndoor, Yatish, e Tamilisetti Vidya Sagar. "Levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries". Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, n. 2 (15 luglio 2023): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.023.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Regional anesthesia, like Peripheral nerve block, is commonly used for peripheral surgeries to reduce severe intraoperative and postoperative pain relief. .Some studies with levobupivacaine have shown that duration of analgesia of levobupivacaine are longer compared to that of an equivalent dose of bupivacaine or ropivacaine.This study is done to compare efficacy and safety of levobupivacaine with ropivacaine. In this study we tried to compare efficacy and clinical characteristics of isobaric forms of intrathecal levobupivacaine 0.5% and ropivacaine 0.75% in lower abdominal surgeries.This prospective, observational and open labeled, comparative study done for a period of one year in a tertiary care health centre, in South India, prior approval from Institutional ethics committee was taken. 60 patients were included and each of 60 patients was randomized (sealed, numbered and opaque envelopes) to one of two groups of 30 patients. Each of the patients enrolled in the study received one of two solutions: levobupivacaine or Ropivacaine, patient was turned supine immediately after injection, time of which was defined as ‘zero’. Thereafter, investigator, assessed upper and lower limits of sensory block (analgesia to pinprick), degree of motor block and recorded heart rate and arterial pressure. The patients were then transferred into the operating theatre and assessments were continued at 30 min intervals thereafter until complete motor and sensory blocks regression. Data were analysed using a standard computer-based statistics package.Mean time of onset of sensory blockade for levobupivacaine was 3.85±0.5 min and in Ropivacaine was 3.90 ± 0.6 min. Mean time of onset of motor blockade in levobupivacaine group was 3.65 ± 0.72 min and in Ropivacaine group was 3.82 ± 0.88 min, mean duration of motor blockade in Levobupivacaine group was 201.15±22.06 min and in Ropivacaine group was 204 ± 21.20 min. Mean time for regression for levobupivacaine was 98.27±10.18 min and for ropivacaine was 96.33 ±8.21min. There is no significant difference, Mean time for first request of analgesic for Levobupivacaine was 262.22 ±36.60 and for Ropivacaine was 261.20 ± 32.71 min. There is no statistically significant difference; there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events in both the groups. So both the drugs are considered to be safe in spinal anesthesia.In conclusion, Ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine has similar onset of sensory and motor blockade with comparable hemodynamic parameters and time for rescue analgesic administration was comparable between two groups and incidence of post- operative complications is not significant with both drugs.
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Elhassan, Yahya, e Ray Monkhouse. "The Outcome of Extended Tarso-Metatarsal and Mid-Tarsal Midfoot Arthrodesis". Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, n. 1 (gennaio 2022): 2473011421S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Arthrodesis of extended midfoot arthritis (more than four joints) remains surgically challenging and technically demanding due to bone loss and deformity with a goal to achieve fusion between multiple joints. Yet the outcome and fusion rate of this particular group was sparsely reported and with a lot of heterogeneity. The aim of this study is to assess the outcome of extended midfoot arthrodesis, which included a combined fusion of Tarsometatarsals, Naviculocuneiform, and/or the Talonavicular joints. Methods: Patients who underwent extended midfoot fusion (> four joints) over ten year period (2009-2019) were identified. Only non-neuropathic patients where multiple joints midfoot fusion were performed were included, more specifically the group of patients who required combined fusion of the second and third Tarsometatarsal joints with extension to the Naviculocuneiform, the Talonavicular, and/or the first Tarsometatarsal joints. All operations were performed by the senior author through a single incision using non-locking compression lag screws and 2.7mm locking plates. Institutional review board approval was obtained to review electronic patient records and imaging. Etiology of midfoot arthritis, fusion rate, reoperation, postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction were independently evaluated. Pre-paid addressed envelopes were posted and Patient Report Outcome Measures (PROMs), including patient satisfaction, MOxFQ (Manchester Oxford Foot ) were collected, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Fifty-one patients (59 feet) out of 162 patients were included. The questionnaire response rate was 82.3%. Female: male ratio was 2.9:1 with a mean age 56.9. The most prevalent diagnosis was primary osteoarthritis in 54.2%, rheumatoid arthritis in 10.2 %, post-traumatic arthritis 17%. AVN of the navicular was the indication for surgery in 18.6%. Extension to naviculocuneiform and talonavicular joint was performed in 100% and 40.6% respectively. 73.8 % were satisfied, with a higher satisfaction rate in older age (P < 0.005) and talonavicular group (P <0.05).Total number of joints fused was 292, with a fusion rate of 95.6%. A lower fusion of the talonavicular and naviculocuneiform joints was observed at 89.8% and 79.2% respectively (Table).Other minor complications included removal of metal, metatarsals stress fracture, metatarsalgia, talonavicular arthrosis, delayed wound healing, SPN neuroma, and CRPS. Deep infection was not reported. Conclusion: In this series, we highlighted that extended multiple joint midfoot arthrodesis which included fusion of the naviculocuneiform or/and the talonavicular joints produced a high fusion rate when compared to the total number of joints fused, although a lower fusion rate was observed across the naviculocuneiform and talonavicular joints. Extended midfoot arthrodesis is complex; patients should be well informed and counseled about the outcome and the consequences, with a careful approach when quoting satisfaction.
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Tzempelikos, Athanassios, Andreas K. Athienitis e Panagiota Karava. "Simulation of façade and envelope design options for a new institutional building". Solar Energy 81, n. 9 (settembre 2007): 1088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2007.02.006.
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Poonai, N., A. Butter, D. Ashok, M. Rieder e S. Ali. "GD03: Hyoscine butylbromide (Buscopan) versus acetaminophen for non-surgical abdominal pain in children: a randomized controlled superiority trial". CJEM 19, S1 (maggio 2017): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.163.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Children with abdominal pain in the emergency department (ED) are at particular risk of suboptimal analgesia due to fears of missing appendicitis and absent guidelines. Many still experience pain at discharge. Acetaminophen is the most commonly used analgesic and efficacy of hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) is supported by adult evidence. However, no evidence exists for either agent in children with abdominal pain. Objective: To determine if HBB is superior to acetaminophen for abdominal pain in children. Methods: We will consecutively recruit children 8-17 years presenting to the ED with presumed non-surgical abdominal pain rated >4/10 on the Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R) and described as colicky, excluding:-Suspected appendicitis or bowel obstruction-Anticholinergic, analgesic, or antispasmodic <12 hours-Peritoneal inflammation-Unable to swallow pills-Hypersensitivity to either intervention-Medically unstable-Previous bowel obstruction, abdominal surgery, myasthenia gravis, liver disease, glaucoma, or recent abdominal trauma (<48 hours)-Toxin ingestion (<24 hours)-Vomiting-Pregnancy Randomization and allocation concealment will be pharmacy-controlled and performed using a computerized random number generator and sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes, respectively. The physician, research assistant, nurse, and participant will be blinded. Due to perceptible differences, participants will be randomized in a double-dummy approach to:-HBB 10 mg tablet + acetaminophen placebo OR-Acetaminophen 15 mg/kg liquid (maximum 975 mg) + HBB placebo. The primary outcome will be the difference from baseline on the FPS-R at 120 minutes, reflecting HBB’s time to peak plasma concentration. The FPS-R has been validated in children >five years. Secondary outcomes include:-Pain scores at 15, 30, 45, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes post-intervention (FPS-R and 100 mm visual analog scale)-Discharge pain score-Rescue analgesia-Time to achieve a 20% reduction in pain-Adverse effects-Recidivism <48 hours-Missed surgical diagnoses (National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) database)-Caregiver satisfaction (five-item Likert scale). Using the intention to treat principle, ordinal, ratio, and categorical data will be analyzed using the Mann-Whitney, paired t-test, and Pearson’s chi-square, respectively and summarized using 95% confidence intervals. Assuming a standard deviation of 2 faces, 83 children per group will be required to detect a 1-face difference at 5% significance with 90% power. Increasing by 20% equals 100 participants per group. P values <0.05 will be considered significant. An institutional audit revealed 380 eligible patients per year during research assistant availability. Given a 30% refusal rate, we expect five participants enrolled per week for 40 weeks. Importance: Our findings will guide evidence-based analgesic choices for children with non-surgical abdominal pain in the ED.
Tesi sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Mialhe, Stéphanie. "Vécus de violences professionnelles et décompensation cancéreuse : Recherche en psychologie clinique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 2, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO20019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
L’enjeu principal de cette recherche est de questionner les liens éventuels entre les décompensations cancéreuses et les situations professionnelles vécues comme violentes et traumatiques. En effet, à partir de sa clinique dans un service d’onco-hématologie et à la suite de plusieurs rencontres avec des sujets invoquant la sphère professionnelle comme responsable de leur affection, l’auteure a souhaité mener sur le terrain des investigations plus étendues et précises autour de ce sujet. Les objectifs étaient de se rendre compte du nombre potentiel de sujets « malades du travail » et de s’entretenir avec eux en vue de repérer les mouvements conscients et inconscients contributeurs, entre autres facteurs selon eux, à une telle situation somatique.Les entretiens cliniques avec vingt sujets, très investis dans leur travail, ont mis en lumière pour ces derniers les effets d’/de (ob)scénalisation de la scène inconsciente sur la scène professionnelle et la possible collision traumatique entre ces deux scènes. Ses hypothèses théoriques ont permis à l’auteure de proposer une compréhension de ses mouvements à travers l’existence d’un Moi-pro en lien avec des enveloppes institutionnelles - composées de l’Institution, de l’organisation du travail et des différents groupes auxquels le travailleur appartient – qui seraient au service de l’équilibre psychique et somatique du sujet lorsque sa subjectivité se déploie au travail. Inversement, lorsque la subjectivité est empêchée, l’auteure a montré comment les éléments autrefois contenus et/ou métabolisés pouvaient faire retour et faire écho aux éléments non liés de l’inconscient amential provoquant une somatisation grave (la dysfiliation originelle et primaire venant se collapser de manière traumatique à la désaffiliation professionnelle)The main aim of this research is to examine the possible links between cancer decompensation and work situations experienced as violent and traumatic. Based on her clinical experience in an onco-haematology department, and following a number of encounters with subjects who cited the professional sphere as the cause of their illness, the author wished to carry out more extensive and precise field investigations into this subject. The aim was to find out how many subjects were potentially 'work-sick', and to talk to them in order to identify the conscious and unconscious movements that, in their view, contributed to such a somatic situation, among other factors.The clinical interviews with twenty subjects, who were highly committed to their work, highlighted the effects of (ob)scenalisation of the unconscious scene on the professional scene, and the possible traumatic collision between these two scenes. Her theoretical hypotheses enabled the author to propose an understanding of these movements through the existence of an ego-pro linked to institutional envelopes - made up of the institution, the work organisation and the various groups to which the worker belongs - which would serve the subject's psychic and somatic equilibrium when his subjectivity unfolds at work. Conversely, when subjectivity is prevented, the author has shown how elements previously contained and/or metabolised can come back and echo the unbound elements of the amential unconscious, causing serious somatisation (the original and primary dysfiliation collapsing in a traumatic way with professional disaffiliation)
Libri sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Fawcett, Paul, Matthew Flinders, Colin Hay e Matthew Wood. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter returns to the idea of ‘nexus politics’ and the collection’s overall concern with how depoliticization functions to reinforce anti-politics in the context of changes in governance. We organize an agenda for further research around theoretical, methodological, and empirical themes. Theoretically, we argue that further work is needed to better account for how and why depoliticization and politicization occur, and on which forms of politicization promote choice, deliberation, and agency. Methodologically, we need to develop analytical models that map out what institutional and discursive configurations make choice and collective agency appear more or less visible. We need to keep pushing the envelope by examining how depoliticization operates in unconventional arenas. While much more work still needs to be done, this book makes a modest yet distinctive contribution towards a better understanding of ‘nexus politics’ and the growth of anti-politics as one of the most significant issues of our time.
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M., Bolton. The Rise of the American Security State. Praeger, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216009184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This book examines the impact of the National Security Act of 1947, the most important foreign policy legislation that many Americans (including policymakers and academics) have never heard of. Since September 11, 2001, the White House―under both Bush and Obama―has pushed the envelope of taking the United States to war (without declarations), interrogating prisoners of war, spying on potential threats, and acting unilaterally. Why have these trends occurred? How has the apex of foreign power shifted, causing a sea change that has fueled a continual turf war between Capitol Hill and the White House? And perhaps most critically, what is America’s role in the world now, and what should it be? The Rise of the American Security State: The National Security Act of 1947 and the Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy argues that the National Security Act of 1947 and the early Cold War created a bipartisan consensus among U.S. policymakers that spanned several administrations. The result of this consensus and the National Security Act was the creation of permanent institutions: the permanent Defense Department with a secretary of defense; the intelligence community, which has grown to 17 agencies; and significantly, the National Security Council inside the presidency. Collectively, these three developments have led to the militarization of U.S. foreign policy. Readers will grasp how concepts and strategies that were in their infancy during the Cold War era have persisted and continued to affect today's U.S. foreign policy.?
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Praspaliauskiene, Rima. "Epilogue". In Enveloped Lives, 119–24. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501765469.003.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter considers the envelope as a polyvalent object and a concept that resists simple explanations based on rationality, socioeconomic status, institutional violence, corruption, generosity, or the force of habit. The envelope is an interpretative framework through which patients and caregivers make sense of medical encounters and relationships. It also describes the envelope as part of the treatment and healing process itself. The chapter highlights how the envelope expresses a situated relationship to caring, one that leads to more nuanced understandings of good and bad care. The envelope is an embodiment of the uncertainty and ambiguity people continue to experience in the context of institutionalized medicine in both capitalist and socialist regimes.
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Héroguel, Jérôme. "Enveloppes soignantes, individuelle et groupale, autour du patient psychotique". In Corps, psychose et institution, 273–77. Érès, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eres.delio.2007.02.0273.
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O’Mahoney, Joe, e Calvert Markham. "The Ethics of Consultancy". In Management Consultancy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hebz/9780199645473.003.0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter argues that ethical practice in consulting is not getting any better, despite the burgeoning interest in corporate social responsibility, ethical codes, and other pursuits. It emphasizes how consulting ethics are increasingly made the responsibility of the individual consultant rather than the institutions and structures which envelop consulting practice. It also outlines the historical and institutional forces that led to unethical practice in the consulting industry. The chapter highlights regulatory and voluntary changes that have occurred in consulting in the past decade, suggesting that without efforts to reduce institutional conflicts of interest, ethical practice will not improve. It considers specific charges that have been made against consultants by academics and the press.
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Killian, Sheila, Philip O’Regan, Ruth Lynch e Martin Laheen. "Tax Experts’ Response to Regulatory and Institutional Triggers". In Combating Fiscal Fraud and Empowering Regulators, 215–35. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854722.003.0012.
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This chapter explores the situations in which tax experts are most likely to take an innovative or aggressive tax position, focusing on the self-perception of the experts themselves of the factors that may influence them in taking such a position. The results highlight the micro-influences on tax experts that may move them along the spectrum of tax avoidance, which has been acknowledged as posing a significant risk to public welfare, equality of opportunity, and the common good. The chapter presents findings from an international survey of tax professionals and experts and highlights some key risk factors. The factors that lead tax experts to take a position that pushes the envelope of regulation are explored in aggregate and compared across the jurisdictional boundary of high or low levels of financial secrecy. The findings have the potential to empower both regulators and professional bodies in addressing the problem of tax avoidance.
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Robinson, Courtney L., e Zachary A. Turner. "Tuskegee Female College and the Confederacy". In Persistence through Peril, 111–28. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496835031.003.0006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Founded by the Methodist Church prior to the Civil War, Tuskegee Female College (now known as Huntington College) was one of the few Southern institutions of higher education to remain open during the war. In 1860, over 200 students enrolled. Following Abraham Lincoln’s election and the inauguration of Jefferson Davis as the president of the Confederate States of American just miles away from the college, the campus was within earshot of rockets and regional bombardment. Student life was enveloped in wartime strife. One student made a flag for the local cavalry while other students sewed clothing for Confederate soldiers. Though the college remained open during the war, enrollment remained precipitously low, causing many to wonder if the young institution would remain in existence.
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Wright, Mark P. J., e Alastair W. S. Ritchie. "Radical nephrectomy". In Biology and management, 280–84. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198508229.003.0027.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In 1948 there were almost simultaneous case reports of large renal cell carcinomas (RCC) being removed through a thoraco- abdominal approach. Robson (1963) published a paper describing the procedure of radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal tumours. In this procedure ‘ the entire envelope of perinephric fat, kidney and adrenal en-bloc and the lymphatic drainage field’ are removed. The premise for performing this procedure for renal cancer was based on the retrospective analysis of previous nephrectomies performed at his institution where 28 per cent of cases had involvement of perinephric fat and 22 per cent had lymph node involvement.
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Le Yondre, François. "Stigmate, enveloppe-moi ! Sécurité ontologique et institution du stigmate des chômeurs". In La chute des masques, 191–207. Presses universitaires de Grenoble, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pug.darge.2016.01.0191.
Testo completo
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Nandini M.H. e Shakti Chaturvedi. "Antecedents and Outcomes of Positive Social Psychology on Millennial Leader Behavior". In Considerations and Characteristics of the Millennial Leader in Today’s Global Society, 179–205. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4711-6.ch010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter will systematically review the effects of positive social psychology interventions applied through organizational context on the wellbeing and performance of millennial leaders. This literature study envelopes the independent variables, dependent variables, outcomes, the contexts of positive social psychology, and types of studies performed on positive social psychology systems concerning the millennial leaders in the organizations. Consequent evaluations of these learnings have uncovered that the positive social psychology intrusions appear to be a promising instrument for improving millennial leaders' performance and wellbeing. However, research investigating happiness in the workplace among a sample of millennial leaders has been minimal to none. Thus, it is essential to explore the motivation for millennial leaders and how it contributes to their happiness. Repercussions of these findings for both theory and practice and recommendations for further research in positive social psychology interventions within institutions are being discussed.
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Chamberlain, James A. "Flexibility". In Undoing Work, Rethinking Community. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501714863.003.0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter explores the regime of flexibility as a neoliberal instantiation of freedom in relation to work, focusing in particular on its perverse effects. Flexibility constructs an individualistic social formation by dismantling collective institutions, particularly unions, and empowering individual employees through a menu of rights and norms. Moreover, the decollectivizing and individualizing modes of flexibility compel and reward a spirit of self-entrepreneurialism and adaptability. Rather than the flexible worker taking control of work, the chapter argues that work has enveloped the life of the flexible worker and created a subject more committed than ever to devoting his or her energies to its demands, which in turn imperils non-monetary activities, such as leisure, care, and community service.
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Oxford, John, Paul Kellam e Leslie Collier. "Paramyxoviruses: measles, RSV, mumps, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, and the zoonotic henipaviruses". In Human Virology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198714682.003.0017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter investigates the Paramyxoviridae, which cause a variety of diseases involving the respiratory tract in humans, birds, and other animals. In humans, they include measles, respiratory infections caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, and metapneumovirus, and the more innocuous salivary gland infection of mumps. The chapter discusses the worldwide distribution of paramyxoviruses, which cause respiratory disease in all age groups and are responsible for a number of economically important infections in domestic and farm animals. The henipaviruses Nipah and Hendra are pathogenic zoonotic members of the family and are transmitted by airborne droplets or hand contact, and spread is rapid among children in institutions. The chapter describes members of the family Paramyxoviridae as enveloped, negative-stranded ssRNA viruses.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Bin Masood, Junaid, Sajid Hussain, Ali AlAlili, Sara Zaidan e Ebrahim Al Hajri. "Detailed Dynamic Model of an Institutional Building in Hot and Humid Climate Conditions". In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3582.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper is an ASHRAE Level 3 study of the energy audit process carried out in an institutional building, The Umm Shaif Building, of The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. It undertakes the study by collecting data and conditional surveys. The energy loss locations are highlighted through psychrometric and infrared camera analysis. The detailed dynamic model has been simulated using the EnergyPlus® simulation engine. The details of the building envelope, and fenestration, the occupancy schedules, the equipment energy consumption and HVAC details are presented. The detailed building model is used to allocate the energy usage and identify key energy consumers. The main results are reported using monthly total energy consumption. The validation and calibration are performed through different statistical metrics including Coefficient of Determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Variance Root Mean Square Error (CVRMSE). Finally, energy conservation measures are suggested with the energy and cost savings.
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Ariyaratne, R. G. R. N. K., H. P. Karunathilake e H. K. G. Punchihewa. "Effect of envelope energy performance enhancement strategies on building energy loads: Case study for a tropical institutional building". In 2022 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon55799.2022.9906180.
Testo completo
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Grover-Silva, E., D. A. McKahn e D. Weisbord. "Campus Assessment of Building Heating Energy Consumption: Informing the Climate Action Plan". In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39156.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We present a methodology to assess the technical feasibility of building thermal energy reduction strategies from an architecturally diverse building stock that is not metered. While carbon emissions forecasting efforts are typically the domain of planning and policy, the process detailed here can inform institutional decision-making relative to investments in renewable energy, infrastructure, and offsets to further reduce carbon footprint. As a case study, we estimated the Smith College campus building thermal energy losses, an analysis which informed our Sustainability and Climate Action Plan [1]. Due to building specific physical constraints and planned renovations, different thermal envelope improvement scenarios were then considered to estimate the heating energy reduction potential of these envelope improvements. The current total heating energy consumption from 79 of our campus buildings was found to be 57,000 MMBTU/yr. Across the three building categories with minimal existing insulation and poor sealing conditions, the nominal annual thermal energy loss per square foot ranged from 27,000–37,000 BTU/ft2. Should envelope improvements be made targeting a 5 year simple payback, this annual thermal energy loss would be reduced by 40% to 34,000 MMBTU/yr. More extensive and less cost effective envelope improvements suggest further energy reductions approaching 30,000 MMBTU/yr (between 13,000–23,000 BTU/ft2/yr depending upon the building type).
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Blough, Lawrence, e Simone Giostra. "Solar Sculpting: Building Form & Energy". In 2021 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2021.18.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rapid depletion of natural resources and increased environmental degradation demand a vigorous scrutiny of accepted design and construction methods. For more than ten years, New York City has promoted energy efficiency policies—including PlaNYC and the Greener, Greater Buildings Plan—that will radically reshape the education of architects toward energy performance in buildings, reduction of emissions, and the efficient use of resources. Our series of undergraduate studies investigates the relationship between the building form and energy performance, using form-finding algorithms based on solar radiation to shape mid-rise housing typologies for New York City. Currently funded by the Institute of Design and Construction Foundation, we have been exploring the important environmental design opportunities that exist within building envelopes, particularly in residential buildings that are responsible for most of the greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and power consumption. By integrating and extending current solar technologies such as photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) for the predominantly vertical infrastructure of the city, this research targets innovative building mass and surface strategies that are highly energy efficient, generateon-site renewable energy, and produce a new vocabulary for sustainable construction. As part of the initiative, we have also formed an international exchange program between our two institutions to share content and expertise.
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Chude, Ricson, Hugo Gil, Daniel Jarrous, Jaime Hernandez, Brian Choi, Ryan Reyes e Sonu Upadhyay. "CSULA Campus Energy Assessment Project". In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54196.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As concerns over the rapid depletion of our natural resources, air quality, and the environment continue to grow, so do the technologies being developed to address those issues. Thus it’s essential that government agencies and educational institutions alike become leaders in the promotion of “green” technologies and “green” design as they are becoming more than ever before concrete solutions to our environmental concerns. This report describes the project undertaken by a multi-disciplinary group of Engineering and Technology students at California State University, Los Angeles. This project looked into a sustainable approach to reduce the overall campus energy use and its environmental impact. Over the course of the project, a detailed investigation of the campus energy demand was conducted and solutions to improve the aging campus energy infrastructure were drafted. Some of thee short term solutions included Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) that focused on the operation and management of our energy with respect to lighting, air conditioning, and building envelope. Some mid-range solutions included the increase in capacity of the TES and an overall design of a hydrogen generation station was developed for future consideration.
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Borges, Ronaldo C., Francesco D’Auria e Antonio Carlos M. Alvim. "Independent Qualification of the CIAU Tool Based on the Uncertainty Estimate in the Prediction of Angra 1 NPP Inadvertent Load Rejection Transient". In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Code with - the capability of - Internal Assessment of Uncertainty (CIAU) is a tool proposed by the “Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Nucleare e della Produzione (DIMNP)” of the University of Pisa. Other Institutions including the nuclear regulatory body from Brazil, “Comissa˜o Nacional de Energia Nuclear”, contributed to the development of the tool. The CIAU aims at providing the currently available Relap5/Mod3.2 system code with the integrated capability of performing not only relevant transient calculations but also the related estimates of uncertainty bands. The Uncertainty Methodology based on Accuracy Extrapolation (UMAE) is used to characterize the uncertainty in the prediction of system code calculations for light water reactors and is internally coupled with the above system code. Following an overview of the CIAU development, the present paper deals with the independent qualification of the tool. The qualification test is performed by estimating the uncertainty bands that should envelope the prediction of the Angra 1 NPP transient RES-11. 99 originated by an inadvertent complete load rejection that caused the reactor scram when the unit was operating at 99% of nominal power. The current limitation of the ‘error’ database, implemented into the CIAU prevented a final demonstration of the qualification. However, all the steps for the qualification process are demonstrated.
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Ameri, Saleh Salem Al, Ajiv Mohan Nair e Jayadevan Pattali. "Integrity Challenges and Damage Mechanisms Affecting Storage Tanks Bottom Plates: Implementation of Cost-Effective Mitigation and Control". In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216040-ms.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This submission studies severe corrosion observed underneath oil storage tanks (Above Ground Storage Tank -AST) bottom plates from the external soil side. Monitoring and measurement of corrosion mechanisms in this context remains challenging for Integrity professionals due to limitations in effective monitoring technologies and measuring such corrosion. The propagation of such corrosion remains unpredictable and can be catastrophic considering associated impacts such as Loss of primary containment, HSE, environmental Impacts, production losses and institution reputation. Inadvertent failure on AST's used for millions of barrels of oil storage will turn out catastrophic resulting in production and operational impact as such equipment's are categorized as critical safety equipment. This case study focuses on the failure of AST bottom plate constructed as per API650 on the concrete ring wall foundation. The bottom is plate placed over soil and protected with a grid anode cathodic protection system with an expected design life of more than 30 years. However, the tanks were observed with severe soil side corrosion including through holes during the inspection within a mere 10 years from commissioning. This study delves into various factors contributing to the damage mechanism of tank bottom plates such as shortfalls in design, poor quality controls during construction, limitation of monitoring methodology etc. In addition, the study provides some recommendations on mitigation programs. This study report delineates the cases of three above-ground storage tank bottom plates with similar construction and operating envelopes that underwent off- stream inspection. This report aims to shed light on the causes and consequences of severe corrosion in AST bottom plates and offer practical recommendations for mitigating these risks.
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Davison, Craig R., e A. M. Birk. "Set Up and Operational Experience With a Micro-Turbine Engine for Research and Education". In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53377.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Set up and operation of a mid to large size gas turbine requires a significant investment in the engine and the test cell. The continuing cost of operation and maintenance is also substantial. Both the capital and operating costs are well outside the budget of many educational institutions, and small research centres. Micro-turbines, in particular engines used for model aircraft, are a viable alternative. Their capital costs are low and existing facilities can often be modified to support them. Micro-turbines are complete turbojets often utilizing a centrifugal compressor from a turbo-charger and an axial turbine. This work utilized a micro-jet engine commonly used to propel remote control aircraft. The engine has been set up for research into component degradation and as a laboratory for an upper year engineering course in turbomachinery. It is rated by the manufacturer to produce 150 N of thrust at 132,000 RPM. This paper examines some of the problems encountered in installing small total pressure and temperature probes in a micro engine. The entire test rig, including measurement of thrust and mass flow is presented. As well, the addition of a PC based control system is discussed. Operating data is presented and compared to larger engines to demonstrate the viability of this engine as a test bed. Some problems encountered in using an engine such as this beyond its normal operating envelope, along with some solutions, are presented.
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Nijhawan, Sunil. "Severe Accident Related Vulnerabilities, Potential Design Enhancements and Opportunities for International Cooperation in Risk Reduction in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors". In ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nuclrf2015-49574.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Operating CANDU PHWRs present significant challenges with respect to their ability to mitigate accidents that are beyond the envelope of design basis drafted over 40 years ago. Today, consideration of severe accidents is a public as well as a regulatory requirement whose implementation begs serious reconsideration in an international coordinated effort. The PHWR enhanced vulnerabilities to accidents such as a sustained loss of AC power, as in Fukushima, arise not only out of the inherent design features but also out of the institutional arrangements that surround their licensing. For one, the reactors will, in absence of a containing pressure vessel as in PWRs, put fission product activity directly into the containment, sport multiple potential containment bypass vulnerabilities and produce copious amounts of flammable gases due to presence of large amounts of Zircaloy in fuel channels and carbon steel in feeders. The relatively thin walled, stepped, welded Calandria vessel into which the disassembled core debris will rest has potential to mechanically fail early, causing explosive and energetic interactions of hot debris with enveloping water. This can catastrophically fail the reactor structures. For severe accidents the containments, well designed for design basis accidents, are either small and weak as in single unit plants or unable to practically take any significant over pressure in negative pressure multi-unit reactor buildings that depend upon a single vacuum building, too small for a multi-unit severe accident. The paper presents analytical arguments in support of these observations, lists conclusions from a series of design reviews and discusses development of ROSHNI, a new generation PHWR dedicated computer code package for simulating an unmitigated station blackout scenario. It does not directly address the institutional issues that handicap a potent reduction of the residual risk posed by continued operation of these reactors without serious design upgrades but discusses the regulatory failures in this regard. It introduces ROSHNI, a newly developed severe accident simulation package that models the reactor core in a greatly enhanced detail necessitated by the variability amongst reactor fuel channels. For a single unit CANDU 6 reactor, the code simulates thermal-mechanical degradation of 4,560 fuel bundles in 380 diverse fuel channels individually (for a total of over 70,000 dissimilar fuel entities) and computes source terms into containment of flammable deuterium gas and fission products. A number of questions are raised about differences between Hydrogen source terms and mitigation measures that are being implemented for light water reactors and Deuterium specific reaction kinetics in generation and mitigation that must be clearly differentiated but ignored so far by PHWR operators. A discussion of effectiveness of certain severe accident specific design upgrade measures that have been implemented at some operating plants is also addressed. For example, potential for a smaller than optimum number (for severe accidents) of PARS units to actually cause Deuterium/Hydrogen explosions as an unintended consequence is discussed. Continued reluctance of CANDU utilities to address a long standing issue of inadequacy of reactor overpressure protection is also detailed.
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Myhre, Doug, Timothy Aadland, Michael Cornwell e Jerry Goeke. "Integrating Optical Sensors in Fuel Injectors for Combustion Control". In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51418.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As the industry pushes the envelope to run turbine engines as lean as possible, combustion can become very unstable, risking engine damage, or combustion extinction. The challenge is to find solutions that will allow engines to run leaner while eliminating these risks. Active Combustion Control Systems (ACCS) are becoming a viable way to control unwanted instabilities in turbine engines. Many areas of investigation are under way by several companies and institutions to develop ACCS. One of these systems utilizes sensors to detect abnormalities in the engine operation and provides a means of feeding back the corrective action in real time using fuel pulsation. Two technologies have been competing as the primary feedback sensor, optical and acoustic. Acoustics measures the secondary effect of combustion instabilities, namely the pressure pulses. Optics measures the primary source of the pressure fluctuations, namely the flame intensity variation. This paper describes a unique optical method for viewing the flame with sensors at the flame front. The flame is viewed at its source, the fuel injector. Optical rods are integrated into the injector to view the flame in the axial direction. Different fields of view are possible using simple methods to view different parts of the flame. Also, issues associated with fouled optics are discussed along with a proven approach to keep the viewing window clean. Other advantages of optical flame viewing and the additional intelligence that can be gained are also discussed. Some of these advantages are possible emissions determination, lean blow-out onset, fuel/air mixture ratio, and flame temperature. One of the unique ways in which optical flame detection is able to add intelligence to the control system is its ability to differentiate between types of instabilities (helical and longitudinal) and this may be useful in the application of countermeasures. Testing has indicated that direct sensing of the flame using optical sensors appears to be the fastest way to predict the onset of an instability or lean blowout. When using fuel control pulsations to quell instabilities, both the amplitude and frequency of the instability are needed. Testing has shown that the combination of acoustic and optical sensors provides the best signals for feedback to the fuel control system.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Institutional envelopes"
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Tabakovic, Momir, Stefan Savic, Andreas Türk, Thomas Schostal, Gabriele Eder, Karl Berger, Dieter Moor, Lukas Gaisberger, Michael Grobbauer e Hubert Fechner. Analysis of the Technological Innovation System for BIPV in Austria. A cura di Michiel Van Noord. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/aocp4683.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This report analyses the Technological Innovation System (TIS) of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Austria. The study’s scope is consistent with the IEA PVPS Task 15 report [1].The analysis aims to facilitate and support the innovation, development, and implementation of industrial solutions of BIPV technologies. In Austria, the use of BIPV is still a niche application and covers under 2% of all implemented PV systems [1]. BIPV technology in Austria has historically developed with the support of different public financial incentives, national and European. The history of BIPV is somehow tightened to the history of PV. The first BIPV prototypes were developed by PV companies in the framework of national or European research activities, with the first development and innovation projects starting around 2003. In general, it should be mentioned that in the last years, PV and BIPV companies have increased specialization in the production of BIPV, especially colored and semitransparent PV modules. In this regard, a wide range of variants are offered (printing, coating, films). The colored components are mainly purchased from glass companies or polymer film producers. Another trend in Austria is the production of transparent glass/glass modules for integration in facades, skylights, winter gardens, or courtyard roofing. In 2020, the government of Austria presented a program called EAG (Erneuerabre Ausbau Gesetz) or Renewable Expansion Act [3.3.1 Hard institutions]containing certain working points to be implemented by 2024. Some of the measures are directly or indirectly relevant to the BIPV development and installation. Such as the PV encapsulation films using interference pigment technology from Lenzing Plastics. This TIS assessed the BIPV market through eight functional areas and provided the following results: ⁃ The analysis of knowledge development showed that it can be classified as moderate. On the one hand, there are not enough training and further education opportunities in the field of BIPV available, but on the other hand, the PV manufacturers and research institutions are driving forward the development of knowledge in the field of BIPV. ⁃ Knowledge dissemination is well advanced internationally within the research community but insufficient at the practical, national level, particularly between the PV industry and the construction sector. Architects are demanding more information from PV manufacturers and suppliers, who share their information only irregularly with the architectural community. Usually, architects obtain this information from PV technology platforms through workshops, brochures, and projects. However, architects have to engage with it more extensively. The goal is to make BIPV more appealing to architects. Thus, we have to summarize that knowledge dissemination is inadequate/weak. ⁃ Entrepreneurial willingness to experiment can be classified as moderate. Overall, it can be said that there are four players in the Austrian BIPV market and a substantial number of newcomers and small innovative players who could take the role of innovation drivers. However, there are too few opportunities for highly specialized small companies. ⁃ Resource mobilization is well positioned financially and in terms of network services. However, and this is essential if we want to expand the BIPV market strongly, there is a lack of skilled personnel (human resources) to carry out the expansion, which is why this function is rated to only be moderate. ⁃ The scoring of social capital is weak. The connection where there is a lack of communication is between the (BI)PV planner and the architects. In most projects, the (BI)PV planner is not involved in the early stages of the building design process. In addition, conventional PV planners have no experience or are hesitant of planning BIPV systems. ⁃ The legitimacy is moderate, but as the acceptance of PV improves from year to year, the chance of better acceptance of PV integrated into the building, i.e., BIPV, also increases. However, there are still reservations and resistance towards individual, specific BIPV projects. This resistance could be reduced by increasing knowledge about the multifunctional possibilities of BIPV at the decision-maker and customer stage as well as by showing best practice examples - Guidance of the search is moderate, as there are no specific political targets for BIPV, but there are for PV. However, the government and relevant authorities aim to implement clean energy development positively and apply applicable policies and regulations. There is an increased subsidy for innovative PV solutions [2] which also includes BIPV. ⁃ It can be stated that the market formation of BIPV in Austria still offers room for improvement. When it comes to governmental-driven incentives and support for the BIPVmarket development, the missing technical standards (e.g., fire safety regulations) and the absence of regulatory obligations on renewable energies in the local building codes are the biggest weaknesses. The structural and functional analysis is followed by a coupled structural-functional analysis. This assessment will help identify weaknesses and strengths and recommend strategies that will enable the growth of BIPV from a niche market to a major market segment. The aim is for photovoltaics (PV) on buildings to be primarily designed as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) to reduce additional costs. This, combined with the avoided costs for other components of the building, should result in cost parity with Building-Applied Photovoltaics (BAPV). It is also crucial to encourage all manufacturers of building envelope components to ensure that their products offer the dual benefit of serving as building components while also generating electricity. By doing so, such products can become standard in the industry. The transition from BAPV to BIPV was already analyzed in a 2015 BIPV brochure [2] from the Austrian Photovoltaics Technology Platform (TPPV), which discussed the advantages of an integrated solution versus an attached solution and outlined the necessary steps to make BIPV the standard for building PV. The recommendations are summarized as follows: i) It is important to involve (BI)PV in the early stages of the building planning process. ii) successful implementation projects must be made public through various channels to increase knowledge about BIPV technology and its possibilities (e.g., lighthouse projects in public buildings). iii) PV standards and construction codes have to be harmonized. iv) The Austrian government should stipulate the use of PV in the obligatory building specifications. v) Another recommendation would be to enact a law requiring every sealed area to be checked for dual use with (BI)PV. One positive development worth mentioning is the Climate Fund's Lighthouse call, which focuses specifically on integrated PV and offers higher grants for BIPV than the Renewable Expansion Act] , demonstrating increased interest and commitment to this technology. In addition, the TPPV Innovation Awards, which were awarded for the first time specifically for building-integrated PV and now include other topics of PV integration outside of buildings, are a sign that the industry is broadening its perspective and recognizing the importance of BIPV beyond traditional applications. These developments could help to further promote the acceptance and deployment of BIPV and drive innovation in this area. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the significantly higher costs of BIPV products, as well as the greatly increased planning effort that arises when PV becomes an integral building product.