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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 30 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Harrewijn, Paul, Albert K. Minks e Chris Mollema. "Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships". Chemoecology 5-6, n. 2 (giugno 1994): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01259434.

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Schoonhoven, Louis M. "Insect–plant relationships in a Linnaeus decor". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 128, n. 1 (13 maggio 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00715.x.

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Scriber, J. Mark. "Evolution of insect‐plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104, n. 1 (luglio 2002): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.01009.x.

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Jermy, T. "Evolution of insect-plant relationships - a devil's advocate approach*". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 66, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb00686.x.

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Barrett, Mark A., e Peter Stiling. "Relationships among Key deer, insect herbivores, and plant quality". Ecological Research 22, n. 2 (25 agosto 2006): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0021-0.

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Andersson, Petter, Christer Löfstedt e Peter A. Hambäck. "Insect density–plant density relationships: a modified view of insect responses to resource concentrations". Oecologia 173, n. 4 (24 luglio 2013): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2737-1.

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Hopkins, Richard J., Nicole M. van Dam e Joop J. A. van Loon. "Role of Glucosinolates in Insect-Plant Relationships and Multitrophic Interactions". Annual Review of Entomology 54, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090623.

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Manners, Andrew G., William A. Palmer, K. Dhileepan, Graeme T. Hastwell e Gimme H. Walter. "Characterising insect plant host relationships facilitates understanding multiple host use". Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4, n. 1 (23 ottobre 2009): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-009-9079-2.

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Wu, Jinyu, Wanjiang Tang, Zhengyang Li, Amrita Chakraborty, Cao Zhou, Fei Li e Shulin He. "Duplications and Losses of the Detoxification Enzyme Glycosyltransferase 1 Are Related to Insect Adaptations to Plant Feeding". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, n. 11 (31 maggio 2024): 6080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116080.

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Abstract (sommario):

Insects have developed sophisticated detoxification systems to protect them from plant secondary metabolites while feeding on plants to obtain necessary nutrients. As an important enzyme in the system, glycosyltransferase 1 (GT1) conjugates toxic compounds to mitigate their harm to insects. However, the evolutionary link between GT1s and insect plant feeding remains elusive. In this study, we explored the evolution of GT1s across different insect orders and feeding niches using publicly available insect genomes. GT1 is widely present in insect species; however, its gene number differs among insect orders. Notably, plant-sap-feeding species have the highest GT1 gene numbers, whereas blood-feeding species display the lowest. GT1s appear to be associated with insect adaptations to different plant substrates in different orders, while the shift to non-plant feeding is related to several losses of GT1s. Most large gene numbers are likely the consequence of tandem duplications showing variations in collinearity among insect orders. These results reveal the potential relationships between the evolution of GT1s and insect adaptation to plant feeding, facilitating our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insect–plant interactions.

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Carlberg, Ulf. "Review: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships". Entomologica Fennica 5, n. 2 (1 giugno 1994): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83806.

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Menken, S. B. J., Visser, J. H. & Harrewijn, P. (Eds.) 1992: Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. - Series Entomologica, vol. 49. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston & London. 436 pp., 81 figs., 43 tables. Size 15.5 x 24.0 em. ISBN 0- 7923-2099-9. Price DFL 250.00.

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Tesi sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Crosswhite, F. S., e C. D. Crosswhite. "Editorial - Insect-Plant Relationships". University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/609111.

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Groen, Simon Cornelis. "Manipulation of plant-insect interactions by insect-borne plant viruses". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648187.

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Guillet, Gabriel. "Ecophysiological importance of phototoxins in plant-insect relationships". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26120.pdf.

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Hunt, Matthew. "Effects of environmental change on endophyte-plant-insect relationships". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275301.

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Barrett, Kerry Louise. "Effects of nitrogen deposition on plant/insect herbivore relationships". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307936.

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Laxton, Emma. "Relationship between leaf traits, insect communities and resource availability". Thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/483.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2005.
Bibliography: p. 178-203.
Introduction -- Study sites -- Leaf characteristics and resource availability -- Insect herbivory and resource availability -- Insect communities and resource availability -- Influence of resource availability on recovery from herbivory -- Conclusions.
This project used the resource availability hypothesis (Coley et al., 1985) as a framework for investigating the relationship between resource availability (as defined by soil nutrients), leaf traits, insect herbivore damage and insect community structure. According to the hypothesis, plants from low resource environments should be better-defended, have longer leaf lifespans and slower growth rates than plants from higher resource environments. Higher resource plant species are expected to suffer higher levels of herbivory and recover faster from herbivory than low resource plant species (Coley et al. 1985). A corollary to this hypothesis is that plants from higher resource sites should support greater densities of insect herbivores than low resource species. Comparisons between high and low resource sites were made in terms of: (i) leaf traits of mature and immature leaves; (ii) phenology of leaf maturation; (iii) herbivore damage in the field and laboratory; (iv) diversity and abundance of herbivorous insect fauna; and (v) ability to recover from herbivory.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
243 p. ill., maps

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Carey, David Brennan. "Factors determining host plant range in two lycaenid butterflies". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185907.

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Components of host plant affiliation for two, small, blue butterflies were examined and compared. The two butterflies, Glaucopsyche lygdamus and Plebijus icariodes (Lycaenidae), are superficially quite similar but differ in host range. Oviposition preferences were determined for each butterfly species by following individual butterflies in the field and recording butterfly behavior, host plant availability and host plant characteristics. Where preferences for one host species or one plant part over another were found, potential explanations were pursued by assessing and comparing larval performance on those plant species and parts in question. Larval performances were measured in terms of survival, growth, and ant attendance in the field, and survival, growth, and pupal mass in the laboratory. All foods were also analyzed for alkaloid content, and larvae were raised on plants known to differ in alkaloid content. Individuals of both butterfly species preferred to oviposit on those host species with which they had had recent experience; nevertheless, individual butterflies of both species frequently oviposited on multiple host species during the course of a single follow bout. For G. lygdamus the availability of flower buds was critical for ovipositing adults and feeding larvae. Flower buds of any one host species were unpredictable, however, and G. lygdamus consequently utilized different host species at different times. This observation predicted a positive relationship between butterfly population density and host species diversity. This prediction was tested and supported by two large-scale surveys of hostplant patches. P. icariodes differed from G. lygdamus in that both ovipositing adults and feeding larvae preferred old leaves to flower buds. The two species also differed in diapause stage, growth rates and reaction to alkaloids. Results predicted a relationship between diapause stage, oviposition site on the plant, and host range. The prediction was tested and upheld by a general survey of temperate lycaenid butterflies. The relationship was significant even when phylogenetic relationships were included in the analysis, and diapause stage was suggested as the characteristic evolutionarily most constrained.

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Morrison, Peter D. S. "Host plant variation and population limitation of two introduced insects". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27464.

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The response to host plant variation shapes the long-term success of phytophagous insects. Two gall-forming tephritid flies, Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata, oviposit in flower buds of Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa (Asteraceae). Females of both fly species chose among plants, among groups of buds on plants, and among buds. Among plant choices were correlated with buds per plant. Among bud choices corresponded to larval developmental requirements. Insect attack led to gall formation, bud abortion, and reduced seed production. Bud abortion, caused by probing females, limited gall densities. Increased densities of U. affinis females relative to oviposition sites led to more U. affinis galls, increased bud abortion, fewer U. quadrifasciata galls, and fewer seeds. A temporal refuge for seed production was observed. Plants compensated only slightly for aborted buds. Bud abortion may increase the search time between successful ovipositions. A simulation model based on this premise implied that bud abortion may dramatically reduce total gall formation. Plant quality was manipulated in an attempt to shift three population limiting factors. Plants responded to fertilization and watering with an increase in bud numbers. Except for two year-site-treatment combinations, galls per developed bud did not differ significantly between treatments. Treated plants did not differ in their propensity to abort buds. U. affinis larvae developed faster in fertilized plants. Among year comparisons showed that the density of buds available for oviposition was limited by precipitation, non-random insect attack, and, in the longer term, by the reduction in seed production due to fly attack. Bud densities, in turn, limited gall densities.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate

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Helson, Julie Elizabeth. "Tropical host plant-insect relationships as guides to medicinally-active plants". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98723.

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Previous studies have shown that: (1) plant defensive compounds may have medicinal properties; and (2) defensive compounds present in aposematic insects are often sequestered from their host-plant(s). This study addresses whether aposematic insects can be used as guides to detect plants containing medicinally-active compounds. First, ten tropical medicinally-active plants and ten non-active plants, selected using previous ICBG bioassay results, were observed regularly to determine their insect populations. Aposematic insects were found more frequently on active than non-active plants ( X2=8.167, P=0.01). Second, three aposematic insects feeding on Tithonia diversifolia were examined chemically to determine the fate of the plant's pharmaceutically-active compounds. They were not found to sequester or excrete these compounds. Therefore, using aposematic insects could increase the likelihood of finding plants with medicinally-active compounds; however, these insects may not necessarily utilize these compounds for defensive purposes. The underlying basis for this significant association between aposematic insects and medicinally-active plants requires further investigation.

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Steffan, Shawn Alan. "Biodiversity and fear ecology the cascading effects of species richness and nontrophic interactions /". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/s_steffan_041709.pdf.

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Libri sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Schoonhoven, L. M. Insect-plant biology. 2^a ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Raju, A. J. Solomon. Pollen-insect interactions. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, 2008.

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Derek, Chadwick, Goode Jamie, Novartis Foundation e Symposium on Insect-Plant Interactions and Induced Plant Defence (1998 : Novartis Foundation), a cura di. Insect-plant interactions and induced plant defence. Chichester: Wiley, 1999.

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B, Brattsten Lena, e Ahmad Sami, a cura di. Molecular aspects of insect-plant associations. New York: Plenum Press, 1986.

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Schoonhoven, L. M. Insect-plant biology: From physiology to evolution. London: Chapman & Hall, 1998.

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Banerjee, Barundeb. Insect-plant interface: Ecological significance and defence chemistry of plants. Udaipur: Agrotech Pub. Academy, 2000.

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1925-, Ananthakrishnan T. N., e Raman A. 1951-, a cura di. Dynamics of insect-plant interaction: Recent advances and future trends. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1988.

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New, T. R. Associations between insects and plants. Kensington, NSW, Australia: New South Wales University Press in association with the Australian Institute of Biology, 1988.

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International, Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships (9th 1995 Gwatt Switzerland). Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1996.

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J, Menken S. B., Viser J. H e Harrewijn P. 1937-, a cura di. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Dordrecht [Netherlands]: Kluwer Academic, 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Whitehill, Justin G. A., Jörg Bohlmann e Paal Krokene. "Forest Insect—Plant Interactions". In Forest Entomology and Pathology, 169–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11553-0_7.

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AbstractInsects and plants dominate terrestrial ecosystems in terms of both species numbers and biomass. Ecological relationships between insects and plants are ubiquitous and insect-plant interactions are important for ecosystem structuring and functioning.

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Francke, Wittko. "Chemistry of insect-plant interactions". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 373–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_124.

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Blaney, W. M., e M. S. J. Simmonds. "Variability in insect-plant interactions". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 389–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_126.

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Scriber, J. Mark. "Evolution of insect-plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits". In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 217–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2776-1_25.

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Douglas, A. E. "Microbial brokers of insect-plant interactions". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 329–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_107.

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Southwood, T. R. E. "Insect-plant relations: overview from the symposium". In Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 320–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1720-0_72.

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Dinan, Laurence. "Phytoecdysteroids and insect-plant relationships in the Chenopodiaceae". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 86–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_26.

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Simmonds, M. S. J., e F. Camps. "Insect behaviour". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 383–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_125.

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Norris, Dale M., e Shaohua Liu. "A common chemical mechanism for insect-plant communication". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 186–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_64.

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Futuyma, Douglas J. "Genetics and the phylogeny of insect-plant interactions". In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 191–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_65.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Morales, Juan Enrique Tacoronte, Roddy Quiñonez, Mirna Bedoya Flores, Narcisa Espinal Santana e Joseph Cruel Sigüenza. "Getting into Structure-Activity Relationships of Ecdysteroids for Plant Protection Strategies against Insect Pests". In IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11968.

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Volosciuc, Leonid, Pantelimon Zavtoni, Aurelia Stingaci, Maria Magher, Galina Busmachiu, Victoria Nistreanu, Alexandr Pascari, Vladislav Caldari e Eugen Volosciuc. "Abordări biogeocenotice pentru promovarea protecției biologice a plantelor in cercetările lui Mircea Ciuhrii". In International Symposium "Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects". Institute of Zoology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.09.

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The article contains information about ecologic problems in agriculture and relationships between harmful and useful organisms in agro ecosystems. For the purpose of developing biological plant protection measures, relationships between crop plants and insect pests are investigated. It examines the role of Dr. Mircea Ciuhrii in defining the mechanisms of interaction of crop plants with harmful organisms on the one hand and their use with useful organisms. Establishing relationships between harmful and useful organisms have been the basis for the development of biological methods of plant protection, especially the application of useful microorganisms in the formulation of biological preparations. This allowed the development of technological processes for the production and application of entomophages, sex pheromones and other environmentally friendly means of plant protection. The main achievements of Dr. M.Ciuhrii are set. This demonstrates the amazing capacities and virtues of the scientist in promoting the biological protection of plants.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Insect-plant relationships"

Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski e Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.

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The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.

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Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus e Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.

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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.

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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling e Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, febbraio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):

The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.

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