Tesi sul tema "Initiatives collectives"

Ce travail porte l’étude des innovations autour d’activités agricoles, notamment la valorisation de la culture du sésame considérée comme une culture de femmes dans l’Ouest du Niger. Pour appréhender les dynamiques en cours, l’étude procède d’une analyse des rapports de genre à travers les pratiques sociales et culturelles au sein du milieu concerné. L’analyse des processus d’émergence des initiatives collectives des femmes a permis de mettre en évidence des positions sociales mais aussi des capacités d’action ayant favorisé des reconnaissances institutionnelles. Les groupements constitués dans le cadre des activités maraîchères et de celles de la mise en valeur du sésame offrent un cadre d’apprentissage associatif favorable à la construction d’une identité collective. La mise en œuvre d’innovations techniques et les interactions qu’elles nécessitent permettent aux femmes l’acquisition de compétences contribuant à l’émergence d’une identité socioprofessionnelle
This study is based on innovations in agricultural activities, notably the valorization of sesame cultivation which is considered as women’s activity in Western Niger. To understand the current dynamisms, this study proceeds by analyzing gender relationship through social and cultural practices within the study region. The analyses of the emergence of women’s collective initiatives permitted us to bring to light their social positions and their capacity to act has greatly favored their institutional recognition. The groupings involved in horticultural activities and those valorizing sesame offer a favorable learning framework for the construction of collective identity. The implementation of technical innovations and the necessary interactions as a result let women acquire the competence that contributes to the emergence of their socioprofessional identity

Le departement de bignona, situe en basse casamance au sud du senegal, est le cadre d'une importante dynamique d'organisation, tant au niveau local que federatif. Plus de 410 groupements sont federes dans neuf organisations federatives, elles-memes reunies, depuis 1988, dans la coordination des organisations professionnelles rurales du departement (cord). A la base de ces organisations, les femmes occupent une place importante: elles sont les plus nombreuses et sont impliquees dans la plupart des activites des groupements. Ces organisations nouvelles et modernes sont etroitement imbriquees aux organisations anciennes (associations par classe d'age et par sexe, ou ekafay, petits groupes de travail par affinites). La presente these tente de demontrer, a partir de l'etude des modes d'organisation des activites des femmes, comment leurs initiatives individuelles et collectives s'articulent et servent a la mise en uvre de leurs strategies individuelles et collectives. Ces strategies diversifiees favorisent une redefinition du role des femmes au sein de la famille. De maniere plus generale, ces strategies combinees avec celles des hommes sont favorables a l'emergence de nouveaux rapports sociaux, et notamment a des relations de genre nouvelles dans les organisations de base et federatives: les femmes ont une plus grande maitrise des ressources et un acces meilleur aux postes de responsabilites. Ces changements a leur tour semblent devoir se repercuter ineluctablement au niveau familial. En outre, meme si les regles regissant la societe diola evoluent lentement, les changements amorces dans les rapports sociaux sont favorables a des transformations notables, se repercutant tant au niveau des organisations qu'au niveau de la famille

Le bassin du Guir marocain dans le Sud de l’Oriental, région frontalière périphérique, s’est trouvé de plus en plus marginalisé avec un contexte défavorable au maintien des populations, accélérant la dégradation des oasis Ce bassin a connu depuis le milieu des années 2000, une transformation considérable encouragée par différentes stratégies étatiques (Plan Maroc Vert…), due essentiellement à l’investissement agricole grâce à l’irrigation et à l’accaparement de terres collectives. Ces mutations déstabilisent profondément le milieu socio-naturel. Deux mondes se heurtent : une économie traditionnelle de subsistance quasi autarcique mais précaire, faite d’agriculture vivrière, tributaire de la précieuse ressource en eau, du pastoralisme et des mines artisanales, face au «progrès » sous forme de grandes exploitations agro-industrielles intensives, fruit de valeurs ultra libérales, qui entraînent des effets secondaires à double tranchant pour ce milieu fragile. Dans un espace, jusque là majoritairement destiné aux nomades, ces formes nouvelles d’exploitation impactent l’organisation des territoires, accélérant la crise du nomadisme. Ses effets délétères sur l’écosystème oasien et hamadien ont accéléré la raréfaction, voire la disparition d’espèces endémiques, emblématiques de la région, indicatrices d’un environnement autrefois en relatif équilibre. Cette recherche est consacrée à l’exploration de ces nouveaux paysages. Elle s’efforce de dévoiler les logiques à l’œuvre, et leur contribution au développement. De l’action publique, émerge une recomposition des étendues présahariennes et de la société locale. La relation Etat /société locale, se modifie : Les concepts de bonne gouvernance et de participation citoyenne sont intégrés par l’Etat pour accompagner ses réformes, dans la gestion communale (PCD) comme dans les projets portés par des associations et coopératives et financés par les fonds de développement (INDH, ANDZOA, FDA…). Au sein de la société locale, l’apparition de valeurs libérales fortes, fait émerger une « élite économique » d’investisseurs agricoles. Suppléées par de nouvelles organisations de la société civile représentant l’État moderne, les instances anciennes (jmâa) qui puisaient leur légitimité dans l’organisation des terres collectives, sont reléguées à l’arrière-plan. À cette alliance stratégique entre administration et associations s’ajoute la réforme des terres collectives annonçant la destitution définitive de la jmâa. Tout cela affecte l’organisation ancestrale de la société oasienne. Mais est-ce le rôle de l’Etat de faire émerger de nouveaux acteurs ? Une certaine communauté d’intérêt entre l’Etat et société civile comme locale, crée l’ambiguïté. L’intérêt se cristallise sur les ressources naturelles et les enjeux du développement, notamment agricole et urbain. En revanche, les logiques sociales redessinent une société clivée là où le foncier est en ébullition. Et si la tribu représente encore le pôle majeur d’identification, surtout chez les nomades, des conflits intra-communautaires apparaissent. La recomposition du bassin est marquée par la progression d’une nouvelle ruralité. Par contre, l’émergence d’un nouveau « patrimoine socio-environnemental » n’est ni synonyme de développement durable ni d’émergence d’une identité territoriale solide. Les interactions entre les composantes et les découpages administratifs successifs de ce bassin laissent apparaître des micro-localismes et une mosaïque de micro-populations aux identités fortes mais sans ciment véritable. Pris en tenaille entre le Tafilalet et Oujda qui ont une identité forte, le bassin du Guir reste en quête de celle-ci
The Moroccan Guir Basin in the south of the Oriental, an outlying border region, has been increasingly marginalized with an unfavorable context to on site maintenance of populations, accelerating the degradation of the oases. this basin has experienced since the 2000s, a considerable transformation, encouraged by various state strategies ("Green Morocco Plan"), mainly due to agricultural investment through irrigation and monopolization of collective lands. These mutations deeply destabilize the socio-natural environment. Two worlds are colliding: a traditional one, almost self-sufficient but precarious subsistence economy, made up of subsistence farming, dependent on the valuable water resource, pastoralism and artisanal mines, facing «progress" with large, intensive agro-industrial exploitations based on extreme liberal values, which lead to double-edged side effects for this fragile environment. In a space, until now mostly assigned to nomads, these new forms of exploitation impact the organization of territories, accelerating the crisis of nomadism. Its deleterious effects on the oasis and hamadian ecosystem have accelerated the rarefaction or even disappearance of endemic species, emblematic of the region, indication of an environment formerly in balance. The purpose of this study is the exploration of these new environement. Trying to reveal the logic at work, and their contribution to development. From public action emerges a recomposition of pre-Saharan areas and local framework. The relationship between State and local society is changing: The concepts of governance and citizen participation are integrated by the State to accompany its reforms, in the communal management (PCD) as in the projects carried by associations or cooperatives and financed by the Development Fund (INDH, ANDZOA, FDA ...). In the local society, from strong liberal values, emerges an "economic elite" of agricultural investors. The old instances (jmâa) that drew their legitimacy in the organization of collective lands are relegated to the background by new organizations of civil society representing the modern state. Added to this strategic alliance between administration and associations, the reform of the collective lands announces the definitive destitution of the jmâa. All this affects the ancestral organization of the oasis society. But is it the role of the State to bring in new actors? A community of interest between the State and civil and local society creates ambiguity. The interest is going to natural resources and issues of the development, especially agricultural and urban. In another hand, social logics redraw a split society where there is land speculation. And there where the tribe still represents the main pole of identification, especially among nomads, intra-community conflicts appear. The recomposition of the basin is marked by the progression of a new rurality. On the other side, the emergence of a new "socio-environmental patrimony" is neither synonymous with sustainable development nor of solid territorial identity. The interactions between the components and the successive administrative divisions of this basin reveal micro-localities and a mosaic of micro-populations with strong identities but without real connexions. Caught between the Tafilalet and Oujda who have a strong identity, the Guir Basin remains in search of it

La déforestation, le changement climatique et la pauvreté sont devenus des sujets critiques de ce siècle. [...] L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre le rôle des initiatives multi-acteurs ou collectives visant à traiter les problèmes complexes -« wicked problems »- dans le contexte des chaînes logistiques globales. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, il est important, dans un premier temps, de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces initiatives collectives, leurs mécanismes de gouvernance, comment elles sont organisées, et quelles dynamiques politiques et de pouvoir sont présentes au sein de ces initiatives multi-acteurs dans le contexte des chaines globales. Cette étude s'inscrit principalement dans le domaine du management durable de la chaîne logistique (Sustainable Supply Chain Management ou SSCM). Malgré le fait que la littérature de ce champ reconnaît l'importance de prendre en compte les enjeux de développement durable tout au long de la chaîne et d'y inclure les différents acteurs, la réalité est que la plupart des recherches menées à ce jour se sont concentrées sur les relations dyadiques, mettant ainsi en évidence la perspective des entreprises focales (Lee, 2008; Mena, et al., 2013; Beske-Janssen, Johnson, and Schaltegger, 2015; Busse, Meinlschmidt and Foerstl, 2017; Foerstl, Azadegan, Leppelt and Hartmann, 2015). De ce fait, les recherches ont soit négligé les acteurs « non traditionnels » de la chaîne logistique (tels que les Organizations non-gouvernementales, les initiatives multi-partie prenantes), soit les ont simplement considérés comme des acteurs qui servent les intérêts de l'entreprise focale (Montabon, et al., 2016). La littérature en responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), et en particulier l’approche politique de la RSE (PCSR en anglais pour Political CSR) apporte une nouvelle perspective à la littérature SSCM en explorant la pertinence et la légitimité des initiatives collectives face aux enjeux de développement durable. La littérature PCSR propose une série de critères permettant un transfert de la régulation de la sphère publique vers les acteurs privés. Par exemple, la participation démocratique est considérée comme un mécanisme clé pour la légitimité du processus (tels que l'inclusivité, la transparence et l’égalité), et pour la légitimité des résultats (tels que la couverture, l’efficacité et l’application) (Mena and Palazzo, 2012). L’ensemble de cette thèse repose sur une démarche inductive qualitative afin d’explorer les initiatives collectives à partir du cas de la RSPO. Plus précisément, l'analyse multimodale critique du discours (M-CDA) nous permet d’'intégrer de multiples ressources pour l’analyse non seulement des textes écrits mais aussi des médias, de la vidéo, de la voix ou des gestes. En tenant compte de la diversité des acteurs aux connaissances, perspectives et attentes multiples, une approche discursive semble appropriée pour étudier les initiatives multi-acteurs. Dans ce travail, l’analyse critique du discours est ainsi utilisée pour explorer les interactions, les relations et les contradictions entre le texte, l'image et la voix afin de révéler les récits et contre-récits présentés simultanément par les multiples acteurs de la RSPO. Au total, les données de cette étude comprennent : 66 vidéos, 29 entretiens, 57 articles de journaux, et une série de données secondaires (rapports annuels, code de conduite et statuts de la RSPO, observations lors de la participation à la conférence annuelle de la RSPO). Les résultats de cette thèse s'articulent autour de quatre articles [...]
Deforestation, climate change and poverty have become some of the hottest topics of this century. Both scholars and practitioners recognize them as major societal grand challenges, with a growing number of academics referring to them as “wicked problems”. Due to their complex, uncertain and controversial nature, wicked problems cannot be effectively handled by individual actors. Their magnitude calls for a collective governance approach, including a wide range of heterogeneous actors with a diverse set of expertise and background, each of them bringing a different perspective to the problem. The purpose of this research is to better understand the role of collective arrangements tackling wicked problems in the context of global supply networks. This study is mainly framed within the field of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). Although collective initiatives are the focus of a growing number of studies in the SSCM literature, scholars from the discipline still refer to these players as “nontraditional” supply chain actors. The political CSR (PCSR) theoretical stream complements the SSCM literature and provides a new perspective to shed the light on the effectiveness and legitimacy of collective arrangements in dealing with wicked problems in global supply networks. This research adopts an inductive qualitative approach and explores collective arrangements through the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The findings are articulated around four papers, exploring the following issues: (1) the role of nontraditional actors in the governance of SSCM; (2) the mechanisms employed by a leading collective initiative to promote sustainability along the palm oil supply network; (3) the “dark sides” of these new forms of governance of wicked problems and; (4) the construction of a collective identity and a legitimate authority in tackling wicked problems. In contrast to the current normative approach of PCSR, mobilizing the discourse analysis methodology in the PCSR field to shed light on the political multivocal discursive construction of collective identities, contributes to the exposure of subtle and less-apparent power dynamics, underpinning the legitimacy construction of collective initiatives. By adopting a critical approach, the main contribution of this research to the SSCM literature is the shift from the traditional SCM assumptions of linearity (dominated by the focal-firm-centric perspective) to a more integrative logic at the supraorganizational level. In doing so, it is possible to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of collective arrangements in the context of supply networks and reveal their underlying political and power struggles in framing the different facets of wicked problems

O presente trabalho versa sobre os modos de fazer de coletivos e iniciativas coletivas de artistas ou multidisciplinares na América Latina. Foram estudados coletivos atuantes fora dos espaços tradicionais de arte. Com suas práticas eles inventam e ativam outros espaços. O coletivismo como posição política. A criatividade e a arte são as ferramentas principais destas ações conjuntas que se desenvolvem em espaços cotidianos promovendo experimentações, experiências e trocas.
This work discusses the ways of doing from collective initiatives of artists and multidisciplinal groups in Latin America. Particular attention is given to collective agencies that work outside the traditional art spaces. These practices invent and activate other spaces. The collectivism is a political position. The creativity and art are the principal tools of these joint actions. These practices are developed in daily spaces promoting experimentations, experiences and social relations.

The aim of the study is to investigate how Facebook is used to facilitate and inspire collective action. This will be done through a case study of the Swedish network of volunteers and professionals #vistårinteut [We Will Not Stand It] (VSIU). Further the aim is to examine what it is that makes people convert their concerns on social change into collective action by mobilisation in the network. Because they are part of the same network, the participants are assumed to have aspects as identity, motive, and purpose in common and the perception of collective identity and interest will be part of the study. The method for data collection is internet-based using two steps; 1) web-based survey and; 2) focus groups investigated through Facebook. Furthermore a Coding Scheme will be used to analyse the results through the theoretic framework of Collective Action theory, and the four solution categories to the Collective Action problem; market category, community category, hierarchy category and contract category. Eleven solution groups are selected due to the potential of social media to influence the capacity of each solution.The most noticeable solution category in the results from VSIU is Community with strong indications of both common knowledge and common values, contributing to a steady community building and collective action online and in the streets. Facebook contributes to the common identity and community building by providing availability to information and support within the group. Another significant characteristics of Facebook as platform for collective action is the breakdown of geographical, political and social barriers.However Community solely is discovered to be insufficient to solve the collective action problem and demands for solutions from at least one other category.

With the deployment of renewable energy technologies, the energy market is going towards a polycentric system characterized by the cohabitation of large- and small-scale installations. This configuration allows for the presence of new actors, fostering the deployment of renewable energy and representing a new tool to fight against climate change. This thesis investigates the role of one of these new players: energy communities. Energy communities represent a form of collective management based on the principle of “one people, one voice”, where citizens are the direct owners of energy, contrasting thus with the previous energetic model based on fossil-fuel energy and big companies and states. Furthermore, energy communities, intensely caring about social issues and inclusivity within their initiatives, imply political and social shifts. In this, they are related to energy democracy and justice, allowing all citizens to participate directly in the energy transition. This research inquiry analyses the reality of these initiatives, investigating whether possible gaps emerge between the citizen and the energy communities’ characteristics for potential inclusiveness at a time when part of the literature tends to raise attention towards the fact that energy communities could still be far from bringing more energy democracy and justice in this field. Another point to underline is that thanks to adopting a comparative perspective, this research also looks to identify how some traditional determinants of collective action initiatives as size but also socio-territorial context, can impact the capacity of these initiatives to bring more energy democracy and justice.

This thesis aims to describe and analyze the historical images of European identity and the contemporary initiatives of the European Union to promote it. By analyzing the common cultural elements that European identity consists of, namely Ancient Greece, Roman Empire, Christianity, Renaissance, Reformations, Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Modernity in terms of the images of European identity, the limits of these common cultural elements and how much they have contributed to the creation of a European identity will be presented. And by examining the contemporary initiatives of European Union to promote European Identity such as creating a European flag, anthem, passport, constitution, this thesis aims to explore and present the prospects for a common European Identity. In this regard, it is the main argument of the thesis that European identity is a limited form of a collective identity, among the multiple identities that a person has.

Dans de nombreuses métropoles, il n'existe pas de transports collectifs centralisés, publics ou privés. Des solutions alternatives se sont développées grâce à des systèmes de transports artisanaux qui reposent sur l'éclatement de la propriété et l'autonomie des équipages de véhicules. Leur mode d'organisation permet aux transports artisanaux de s'adapter à la demande de manière dynamique. Nous proposons d'analyser les caractéristiques de ces systèmes grâce à la modélisation multi-agents et les théories de l'auto-organisation. A travers plusieurs modèles, nous verrons comment les structures et les dynamiques de ces systèmes dépendent des stratégies individuelles et de la structure urbaine. A travers la question de l'adaptabilité du transport en commun, les transports artisanaux nous amènent à nous interroger sur les dimensions urbaines de la mobilité collective mais également sur la flexibilisation des services de transport
Several metropolises have not any centralized collective transport system, neither private nor public. Alternative solutions appeared, their caracteristics are principally that the ownership is spread out and the vehicle crew is self-directed. The mode of organization of these transports allows them to adapt dynamically to the demand.We propose to analyse the caracteristics of these systems by means of multi-agents modeling and self-organization theory. Using several models, we show how structures and dynamics of these systems are linked to individual strategies and urban structure.Through the question of adaptability of collective transport, small-scale transports led to concern about urban dimensions of collective mobility and flexibilisation of transport services

The Tea Party movement became a significant political force in American politics in 2009. Soon after their arrival on the national scale, this movement turned its attention to environmental policymaking. In particular, it spurred a strong opposition to local sustainable development initiatives. While this conflict has run its course in most places, it remains an example of the type of opposition future environmental or sustainability work may face. This three-part study is focused on determining the extent and nature of this opposition with particular emphasis on how it reflected the broader conflict between individualism and collectivism. First, we analyzed general interest in the topics associated with the opposition using media interest and internet search trends. Next, we evaluated what was driving this opposition through rhetoric analysis of local Tea Party organizations from across the country. This helped uncover several of the predominant themes in the opposition, including a belief in American Exceptionalism, concern over our system of Governance and a strong preference for individualism. Lastly, we conducted a case study of the conflict in Roanoke, VA. This allowed us to map out the specifics of one segment of the broader conflict and explore the driving themes further. The results of all three parts point to a substantial, but diffuse, opposition that was driven in no small part by a preference for individualism. This work demonstrates that individualism can be used as a lens through which a fuller understanding of this, and future, opposition of environmental legislation may be generated.
Master of Science

Many social change groups employ formalized multiparty collaborative efforts to create sustainable social change around today's complex public issues. This study investigates the role and perspective of foundations in these interorganizational collaboratives, specifically collective impact initiatives. It highlights a disconnect between the traditional culture of philanthropy that provides only short-term funding and the long-term nature of systems change. This paradox hinders the impact that foundations and nonprofits alike can make toward addressing complex issues. The study recommends that nonprofits and foundations take active roles in changing the narrative of separatism between philanthropy and nonprofits and begin seeing themselves as part of one interconnected system. This will require foundations to become more active participants and make longer term investments in interorganizational change efforts. Social change groups in turn must consider foundations as more than a funding stream and include them in the cocreation of the collective impact effort and evaluation.

BACKGROUND:  This is an ethnographic study of two communities coming together to serve at-risk youth in St. Augustine, Florida. Compassionate St Augustine (CSA) is a non-profit organization grounded in the Golden Rule that promotes compassion-based practices in schools, businesses, faith communities, and government. The Youth Academy is a high-risk residential juvenile facility housing 70 boys between the ages of 13 and 19. The two joined forces to bring opportunity, healing and hope to these boys and over the last two years, CSA has had over 30 ongoing classes, programs, events and workshops at the academy – teaching everything from Qi Gong to how to properly butter your bread. AIM: My overall aim is to study spiritual activism to inspire action and create a shift in collective consciousness. In this specific setting, I examined what spiritual and/or humanistic factors motivate transformation, what impact happens from the spiritual activism and how does it change the future? THEORY: I examine these questions through the lens of spiritual activism, using ethnographic social science theory. In ethnography, it is important to present a full picture, to use description and quotations. It was important to me to give these at-risk young men their voice, to share their quotes and the pictures they took to give insight into their lives. After the inductive study of ethnography, I applied a deductive study to my observations through a framework of existential health theory, thus doing an abductive study of the spiritual activism and its impact.   METHOD: I spent five weeks doing participatory observation in classes, meetings and events. I conducted semi-structured interviews with students, activists and staff. The boys also participated in Photovoice, taking pictures to show aspects of their life and transformation.     RESULTS: I found the program components of meditation & Alternatives to Violence Program, music, art & etiquette, compassion & service and restoring health equity & social justice created changes the existential health dimensions of these young men. They received tools to transform their current life and their futures.        CONCLUSION: The goal of the CSA program at the Youth Academy is to help change the mindset of the young men and improve their quality of life. The overall goal of spiritual activism is to create an individual transformation in hearts and minds in order to create a collective consciousness shift in worldview. Both involve changing people existentially – changing how a person relates to themselves, to each other, to the world and to life. How we relate to existence determines how we define existence. CSA is helping to fulfill the Youth Academy’s vision of offering these underprivileged young men a true academy – a learning environment filled with opportunities for growth, exploration and healing that will give these boys a new chance to define who they are from a place of wholeness. They are a clear example that restorative justice is what is needed to help heal these young men, to help bring more social justice to society in general and to bring health equity to future generations.

Pour qui s'intéresse à la participation citoyenne aux affaires publiques et politiques, il apparaît de plus en plus clairement que certains canaux institutionnels sont délaissés au profit de nouveaux canaux et de nouvelles manières de prendre part. En urbanisme, ces nouvelles méthodes sont moins formelles et à échelle réduite, mais ont un impact immédiat sur le milieu local. Par exemple, des projets de verdissement émergent en milieux urbains, qui remettent en question la planification urbaine et ses pratiques et expriment le souhait populaire d'agir sur le milieu. Dans ce contexte de transformation de l'action publique et de l'action collective, ce mémoire de maîtrise en aménagement du territoire et développement régional (M.ATDR) s'intéresse à la contribution des citoyens dans l'adaptation des milieux de vie. Par la recherche-action, il examine le cas des projets de ruelles vertes à Québec. Ces initiatives sont de nature citoyenne, mais elles ne sont pas entièrement autogérées. L'organisme Nature Québec coordonne les projets et offre une expertise à titre de facilitateur. Concrètement, la recherche s'intéresse à la portée de ces implications citoyennes autour d'une action ou d'un projet sur 1) l'engagement citoyen ; 2) le rapport entre citoyens et organisations publiques ou communautaires ; 3) le milieu urbain. L'étude amène à constater que l'engagement à ces initiatives n'est pas celui des populations les plus novices, ni même les plus vulnérables. Certains apprentissages se font tout de même. Relativement à l'accompagnement fourni par l'organisme, il est plutôt d'ordre technique. L'organisme possède des ressources humaines et financières, de même que des compétences en aménagement qui facilitent les démarches. Finalement, les actions posées sur le milieu urbain sont concrètes, relativement faciles à réaliser et le résultat est immédiat. L'impact des initiatives de verdissement reste toutefois limité sur la qualité de l'environnement. Ces initiatives sont ainsi perçues comme une première étape et comme un message clair aux décideurs quant au souhait des citadins d'améliorer le paysage urbain par le verdissement.
For those interested in civic engagement, whether in public or political affairs, it is becoming increasingly clear that some institutional channels are being abandoned in favour of new modes of participation. In urban planning, these new methods are less formal and smaller in scale, but have a much more immediate impact on the local space. For example, within urban areas, greening projects have emerged to address issues such as climate change or to challenge institutional urban planning and practices. In a context of the transformation of public and collective action, this master's thesis in territory planning and regional development focuses on the contribution of citizens in the adaptation of the living environment. Based on research-action, this research examines the case of green alley projects in Quebec City (QC, Canada). These initiatives are citizen driven, but they are not entirely self-managed. The organization Nature Québec coordinates the projects and offers expertise as a facilitator. The research focuses on citizen initiatives around green alley projects in relation to 1) civic engagement, 2) the relationship between citizens and public or community organizations and 3) the urban environment. The study shows that the engagement to these initiatives is not that of the most novice or even the most vulnerable populations. Also, the organization offers support that is mainly technical. It provides human and financial resources, as well as urban planning skills that facilitate the process, but does not address urban issues more broadly. Finally, the actions taken on the urban environment are concrete; they are relatively easy to achieve and the result is immediate. However, the impact of greening initiatives remains limited regarding the quality of the environment. These initiatives are thus seen as a first step and as a clear message to decision-makers about the desire of urban dwellers to improve the urbanscape through greening.

Biodiversity stewardship is a mechanism that is used to conserve high value biodiversity assets. Biodiversity stewardship programmes focus on areas that are under immediate threat from development or under medium to long term threat from degradation or transformation that will result in habitat loss. Biodiversity stewardship provides a solution to the resource crisis being faced by many state and provincial conservation agencies, NGO’s (Non-Governmental Organisations) and PBO’s (Public Benefit Organisations) in that it facilitates the declaration, and the subsequent improved conservation management, of private or communally owned land whilst still retaining the existing tenure. The rate of habitat loss can often be slowed, or even reversed, by proactively securing these areas and facilitating management decision-making with a focus on biodiversity outcomes without the capital investment required by the State to purchase the land. In return for conservation management actions, certain land-use restrictions and the associated opportunity costs, the State offers a suite of incentives and benefits that are, where possible, tailored to meet the needs of the landowner. Particular regions of South Africa lend themselves well to the development of biodiversity stewardship initiatives which are designed to secure ecological processes and ecosystems across a landscape or an ecological feature at scales of tens of thousands of hectares. When developing landscape level biodiversity stewardship initiatives, negotiations tend to be focussed on groups of landowners. This requires collaboration and the collective alignment of natural resource management decision-making and conservation actions amongst neighbours. Gaining a better understanding of how the social constructs of ecological understanding, place attachment, connectedness to nature, occupational identity and social and personal identity influence decision-making, behaviour and group structure is a critically important factor when developing a tool to predict the likelihood of landowners to collectively commit to long-term, legally binding biodiversity stewardship programmes. The overarching hypothesis was that the social constructs listed above influence group dynamics within the context of collective pro-conservation behaviour. Social dynamics associated with large-scale biodiversity stewardship initiatives become complex when multiple landowners are involved. Could social cohesion and group culture be influenced by aspects of identity and do these in turn develop into barriers or motivators to coordinated and sustained conservation efforts? Further influences on the successful implementation of landscape scale biodiversity stewardship initiatives could include ecological understanding, connectedness to nature and place attachment. Structured interviews were held with the landowners engaged in two separate large-scale biodiversity stewardship sites, the Compassberg Protected Environment and the Baviaanskloof Hartland, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The interviews were followed up with surveys containing psychometric scales related to the influence of ecological understanding, place attachment, connectedness to nature and aspects of identity on commitment to collective long-term, large-scale biodiversity stewardship initiatives. The results from a set of non-parametric (exact) Wilcoxon rank-sum tests showed that scores on the new ecological paradigm scale and the place attachment scale latent variables were significantly different at the two study sites, at the 10% level of significance. Demographic differences between the two study sites influenced group dynamics, collective decision-making and commitment. The relationship between the latent variables (the five psychometric scales measured) and the ancillary variables (the demographic data describing the respondents) cannot be considered conclusive; however they do provide relatively useful insights into the development of a scale or tool to measure conservation opportunity. The thesis concludes with a proposed conservation opportunity assessment tool that can be utilised alongside the existing, well refined, conservation priority assessment tools to assist in decision-making when planning large, landscape scale biodiversity stewardship initiatives in South Africa.

Through globalization non-state actors including transnational corporations (TNC), have taken on a more important global governance role from the nation state, where they through their CSR initiatives, impact social issues surrounding development. There are however conflicting views whether CSR could contribute to development in the society. TNCs CSR engagement mainly concerns social issues at the workplace such as complying with labour rights. But workers right to organize and bargain collectively (FoA), which is a universally adopted labour right, is not emphasized on despite being vital for a democratic and sound labour market that ensures decent working and living conditions and even facilitates poverty reduction and development. Respecting FoA is particularly important in the context of a low-skilled and labor-intensive workforce with a low rule law and bad working conditions, which is often the case in developing countries where many of the apparel and telecom sector produces. Based on the importance of FoA and the critical views whether TNCs CSR initiatives really can improve FoA and thus development, this thesis will explore whether and how three TNCs, that produces in the above described context, address FoA by analyzing their strict policy and practical measures taken. Through using and applying theory and empirics of CSR and FoA, this thesis is conducted as a comparative case study of H&M, IKEA and Ericsson through a qualitative text analysis. The result shows that two out of three TNCs do not emphasize on addressing FoA since they disregard it as well as do not enforce practical measures directed toward FoA, but takes a more overall human rights approach. Whereas H&M highly address FoA by enforcing many projects that physically involves thousands of workers and enables them to organize and bargain collectively, which facilitates improved working and living conditions. The conclusion is that when TNCs, through their CSR initiatives, takes on a global governance role, they should address FoA by enforcing practical measures that physically involves and enable workers to organize and bargain collectively, since this can facilitate poverty reduction and development.

Que reste-t-il de la Première Guerre mondiale cent ans après le conflit? De nombreuses traces (cimetières, tranchées, fortifications et autres monuments), de nombreux témoignages prenant des formes diverses (témoignages d'anciens combattants ou de civils, romans, carnets militaires, peintures, chansons...) révèlent une histoire qui a bouleversé le monde. Aujourd'hui, de nombreux projets tendent à faciliter l'accès à cette histoire, projets que le centenaire du conflit a fortement relancés, réactivant par la même occasion la mémoire collective de ce dernier. Le concept de paysage de mémoire permet de rendre compte de la dimension géographique de la mémoire. D'abord, parce que le paysage tel que nous le voyons aujourd'hui nous révèle un pan de notre histoire et nous inscrit dans cette histoire. Il est l'ultime témoin vivant de la Grande Guerre. Ensuite, parce que les pratiques mémorielles contemporaines, et notamment celles des collectivités territoriales, sont étroitement liées aux expériences pratiques du paysage. Ces pratiques sont plurielles, elles sont à la fois patrimoniales, culturelles, touristiques et en tout état de cause territoriales. Elles posent nécessairement la question de l’intérêt du concept de paysage de mémoire dans sa dimension théorique et opérationnelle
One hundred years after what remains of the First World War? Many traces ( Cemeteries, trenches, monuments and some concrete positions ), many various ways of statements ( Accounts of veterans or civilians, novels, military note books, paintings, songs ..) disclose an history which shattered the World.Today, many projects tried to make an easy access to this history, projects that the Centenary of the war has strongly boosted, causing the revival of its joint memory. The concept of landscape of memory make us aware of the Geography of memory. First of all, because today the landscape as we see it show us a part of our history and inscribed us in that history. It is the last witness of the Great War. Then, because of contemporary memorial practice, and especially those of local authorities, are tightly connected to landscape practice experience. These practice are plural, they are in the meantime patrimonial, cultural, tourist and as a matter of fact territorial. They necessary ask the question of landscape concept interest in its theoretical and practical dimension

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a negociação coletiva vista de forma a concretizar os princípios do valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Assim, é situada a ordem constitucional vigente, na qual está inserido o mercado de trabalho. Depois, é trazida a noção de conflito coletivo e, então, da autonomia privada coletiva, com um breve repasse dos sindicatos. São vistas as bases, origens, definição, princípios da negociação coletiva e, ainda, é verificada a greve como fomentador da negociação. São vistas as cláusulas mais usuais nos últimos tempos no Brasil, bem como é examinada a posição do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho sobre a diminuição de vantagens e ultratividade da norma coletiva. Por fim, são estudados o alcance dos princípios eleitos, o dever de sua implementação, as técnicas de negociação, o direito comparado e as cláusulas a serem incluídas nas negociações para garantir o alcance pretendido.
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This work presents a collective negotiation study form sight to materialize the principles of the social value work and the free initiative. Thus, the effective constitutional order is situated, in which the work market is inserted. Later, it´s brought a collective conflict notion and them, a collective private autonomy, with a briefing to repass of the unions. The bases, origins, definition, principles of collective bargaining are seen, still, strike is verified as a negotiation stimulate. The clauses most usual in the last times in Brazil are seen, as well as it is examined the Tribunal Superior do Trabalho position on the reduction of advantages and overtake time of the collective norm. Finally, principles elect reach, implementation duty, negotiation techniques, comparative jurisprudence and clauses to be enclosed in the negotiations to guarantee the intended reach are studied.

This thesis explores content design – an area which encompasses the practices and the conceptions of the description, organisation and manipulation of digital content. The overall aim was to identify and examine principles, methods and tools appropriate for content design within the humanities and the social sciences. Another purpose was to investigate the limitations and opportunities of the identified methods and tools by means of modelling and applications of prosopographical materials, designed for research and teaching in history of education.

The prosopographical collection consists of three different kinds of sources: transcriptions from biographical reference books, written biographical accounts and digitalised archival sources, such as enrolment registers. These resources were encoded according to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) guidelines with the purpose to denote specific structures and semantic features of the content. The thesis demonstrates how the prosopographical collection, stored in a master file in TEI/XML format, was encoded and organised and then further transformed, migrated and manipulated by other tools and to other platforms. This resulted in several examples of applications demonstrating a broad range of uses for research and teaching in history of education and alike.

One conclusion is that the TEI guidelines serve well as a valuable tool for the markup of rather complex historical materials designed for multiple purposes: for qualitative analyses, and as input to multivariate statistical analyses, and for migration into relational databases. Another conclusion is that such digital collections, provided with markup, could be treated as research tools themselves, because they lend themselves much more than simply access, retrieval or reading. In this prosopographical collection, the markup contributes to make explicit the underlying theories and thus provides scholars, teachers and students with tools to reuse and rearrange the content for other kinds of uses in other areas.

Puisque les déterminants sociaux de la santé sont en dehors du secteur institutionnel conventionnel de la santé, la collaboration intersectorielle apparaît comme la stratégie de choix pour agir sur ces déterminants. Comme souligné par Jackson et coll. (2006), la collaboration intersectorielle et les partenariats interorganisationnels sont des actions transversales qui doivent se produire à des niveaux structurels, sociaux et personnels et qui doivent être imbriquées dans toutes les stratégies de promotion de la santé mises de l’avant par la Charte d’Ottawa. Mais que signifie la collaboration intersectorielle, comment est-elle vécue, et comment ces processus intersectoriels peuvent-ils être réussis? L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était de contribuer à l’élaboration d’un cadre conceptuel de l’action intersectorielle, développé à partir de la littérature disponible et validé empiriquement par quatre études de cas, à l’intérieur d’une région du Québec (Chaudière-Appalaches). Ces quatre initiatives se sont déroulées entre 1997 et 2012 : • Cas 1 : Programme de prévention de la détresse psychologique auprès des agriculteurs • Cas 2 : Construction du parc de jeu destiné aux enfants de 0 à 5 ans • Cas 3 : Programme de cuisines collectives à Beauce-Sartigan • Cas 4 : Programme de prévention de l’alcool au volant La première partie de la thèse se concentre sur la compréhension de termes reliés à l’intersectorialité en santé, en comparant les définitions théoriques (à partir d’une revue systématique de la littérature grise et scientifique) à la terminologie utilisée sur le terrain (à partir des études de cas). La deuxième partie de la thèse consiste en une analyse transversale des quatre études de cas qui ont été élaborées autour des sept dimensions suivantes : le problème, les objectifs de santé de populations, les autres objectifs, les résultats, les acteurs, les processus et le contexte. L’analyse transversale porte principalement sur les avantages, les conditions facilitantes et les défis de l’action intersectorielle en santé, incluant une discussion sur le rôle et la légitimité du secteur santé en tant qu’instigateur du partenariat intersectoriel. Thesis Abstract Since the social determinants of health lie outside the conventional institutional health sector, intersectoral collaboration appears to be the strategy of choice to act on these determinants. As Jackson et al. note (2006), intersectoral collaboration and inter-organizational partnerships are cross-cutting actions that must occur at structural, social and personal levels, and they should be embedded in all strategies for health promotion put forward by the Ottawa Charter. But what does intersectoral collaboration mean, how it is lived, and how can these intersectoral processes be successful? The main objective of this research project is to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for intersectoral action. That framework is developed from the literature and empirically validated by four case studies within a Quebec region (Chaudière-Appalaches). These four initiatives took place between 1997 and 2012: • Case 1: Program for the prevention of psychological distress among farmers • Case 2: Construction of a play park for children aged 0 to 5 years • Case 3: Program of collective kitchens in Beauce-Sartigan • Case 4: Program for the prevention of alcohol-impaired driving The first part of the thesis focuses on understanding terms related to intersectoriality in health by comparing the theoretical definitions (from a systematic review of scientific and grey literature) to the terminology used in the field (captured by conducting case studies). The second part of the thesis is a cross-sectional analysis of four case studies developed around the following seven dimensions: the problem, the population health objectives, other objectives, the outcomes, the actors, the processes and the context. This cross-sectional analysis focuses on the benefits, facilitating conditions and challenges of intersectoral action in health, including a discussion of the role and legitimacy of the health sector as an instigator of intersectoral partnerships.

Le contexte en ébullition des mouvements sociaux en Haïti vers la fin de la décennie 1980, a amené plusieurs études sur les organisations populaires, l'éducation populaire, les mouvements sociaux. Des études qui ont en grande partie traité des questions de démocratie et de changement social dans un sens général. Nous avons pris le parti d'explorer dans notre étude le cas de figure d'une commune rurale d'Haïti. Nous avons donc analysé les initiatives collectives en lien avec le développement socio-économique dans la zone retenue. De façon spécifique cette recherche tout en repérant la situation socio-politique de la commune d'Aquin et les conditions de vie des membres d'organisations paysannes vise à analyser les initiatives collectives d'auto-organisation et de développement initiées par les membres. Les perspectives constructiviste, critique et féministe nous ont permis dans un premier temps de mettre l'accent sur la participation de chaque membre dans l'expérience d'éducation populaire à la POPCA. Ensuite, sur le fait que ces initiatives découlent des situations de pauvreté et de misère vécues par des catégories de la population laissées pour compte. Enfin, la participation des groupes de femmes ainsi que les interventions sur les thèmes féministes ont été pour nous une préoccupation lors de l'enquête sur le terrain. L'analyse nous a amenée à avancer que l'émergence de la POPCA, en dépit des incitations d'ordre extérieur, s'est produite à partir de problèmes sociaux locaux vécus par la base. Au fur et à mesure que les membres participent à des séances de formation, ils utilisent leurs nouvelles connaissances en vue de résoudre des problèmes anciens ou nouveaux posés dans la vie communautaire. L'éducation populaire pratiquée au sein de la POPCA, a donc permis l'expérimentation de la démocratie : la tendance à la satisfaction des besoins des membres et leur participation effective à la quête de solutions, l'émergence de nouveaux acteurs et de nouvelles actrices. Dans un certain sens, nous avons pu observer un changement certain dans la mentalité des femmes et des hommes de la Plate-forme. Cette recherche pose des questions qui ouvrent des possibilités d'approfondissement de l'étude sur les initiatives collectives et leur relation avec le développement de nouveaux acteurs et actrices dans une communauté donnée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Éducation populaire, organisation paysanne, femmes, initiatives collectives.

The Health Internetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) and the Access to Global Online Resources in Agriculture (AGORA) programs provide free access to academic journals through the internet to researchers in the developing world. The objective of the programs is to engage researchers in the scholarly communication process through the scholarly use of these journals. A measure of scholarly use of a journal by a researcher is the number of times the journal is cited by that researcher. A citation study was conducted to explore the patterns of use of these journals by researchers in eligible countries. Bibliographic data for citations made by researchers from 108 eligible countries for each year from 2000-2007 were downloaded from the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index. The citation data were matched against HINARI and AGORA title lists in a database developed for this purpose. The frequency of citations made to journals in the AGORA and HINARI collections and the annual percent change in the frequency of these citations were analyzed for suggestions that the programs positively impacted the scholarly use of the journals by these researchers. The data treatment for each country, sub-region and region was guided by twelve research questions. Results were summarized and interpreted at the regional level. The data suggests that for some geographic groups, life science and agricultural researchers have become more engaged in formal scholarly communication since the initiation of the HINARI and AGORA programs and at a greater average percent change than other researchers. However, data for other geographic groups suggest that their researchers have not become more engaged in the scholarly communication process. Further research that couples these findings with other data will lend explanatory power to the results and inform future program planning for HINARI and AGORA.

O presente estudo analisa, em termos qualitativos (análise de conteúdo), a Estratégia de Acção Colectiva conduzida a cabo pelo programa Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura, entre o grupo de actores. O referido programa visa a qualificação urbana e social do bairro em questão, mediante a aplicação de um modelo de intervenção participativo. A partir da análise, conclui-se que embora exista uma evidência sobre os factores que influenciam positivamente a eficácia da Estratégia de Acção Colectiva, o caminho para o sucesso terá que passar por encontrar novas formas de estruturação, ou dinâmicas de participação dos actores. Verifica-se que o modelo actual de sistema de intervenção conjunta de Acção Colectiva, pelos quais os actores se regem, poderá estar a discriminar ferramentas e a desfavorecer os resultados. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstram que apesar do desafio associado às questões metodológicas salienta-se que existe uma manifestação de que a acção tem conduzido a mudanças efectivas, no que se refere à relação entre os actores da Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura.
The present study examines, in qualitative terms (content analysis), the Strategy for Collective Action carried out by the programme Critical Neighbourhoods Initiative – Cova da Moura (Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura), as one of the players. The aforesaid programme aims to foster the urban and social regeneration of the neighbourhood in question through the implementation of a participative intervention model. The analysis undertaken allows us to conclude that although there is evidence of factors that influence positively the efficacy of the Strategy for Collective Action, the pathway to success necessarily involves identifying new structuring forms, or ways to engage the players in question. It is equally visible that the current model of joint intervention for Collective Action, by which players are governed, may be discriminating tools and undermining results. On the other hand, results demonstrate that, despite the challenge associated to issues of a methodological nature, there is evidence that the initiative has led to effective change with regard the players involved in the Critical Neighbourhoods Initiative – Cova da Moura (Iniciativa Bairros Críticos – Cova da Moura).

This thesis reports a collective case study of the school educational experiences of five severely and profoundly deaf students who were enrolled in regular schools in rural areas of New South Wales. The students ranged in age from 6 to 18 years. Three issues were examined: (1) The impact of the philosophy of inclusive education and the question of why students with high degrees of deafness and high support needs were enrolled in regular schools in rural areas; (2) The specific linguistic an educational support needs of deaf students; and (3) The ability of the regular schools and teachers to cater for the educational needs of the deaf students in those settings. The case studies revealed that to considerably varying extents in different situations, the students were afforded inclusive educational opportunities. The extent of inclusiveness of students’ educational experiences was shown to vary according to a number of variables. The variables identified included: the type and quality of communication with the deaf student, teaching style, accessibility of content, particular lesson type, and the type and extent of curriculum adaptations employed. As a result of the analysis of the data from the five cases, a number of generalistions were possible. These generalisations were that (a) students with the ability to access spoken communication auditorily were more easily included than students using manual communication; (b) reduction of linguistic and academic input occurred as a response to student inability to access class programs because of reduced linguistic capabilities, resulting in the deaf students receiving different and reduced information to the hearing students; (c) communication between a deaf student and his or her class teacher needed to be direct for the most successful inclusion to occur; (d) teaching style needed to be interactive or experiential for successful language learning and literacy development to occur; (e) curriculum adaptations needed to involve provision of visual support for lesson material to be highly effective; (f) lessons/subjects easily supported by visual means, such as mathematics or practical subjects, when taught hierarchically, going from the known to unknown in achievable steps, meant teaching style could be either transmission or interactive, for lesson activities to be considered inclusive; (g) students with poor literacy skills were unable to successfully access an intact (i.e., unaltered and complete) high school curriculum; (h) the teaching style of the class teacher impacted on the support model possible for the itinerant teacher; (i) an interactive class teaching style allowed for cooperative teaching between class teacher and itinerant teacher who could then assist the class teacher with both the linguistic and academic needs of the deaf student; (j) a transmission style of teaching resulted in various levels of withdrawal for the deaf student unless the subject matter could be represented visually; (k) when curriculum content or expected outcomes were reduced, the deaf students did not have the same access to information as their hearing counterparts and consequently could not develop concepts or understandings in the same manner; and (l) language and literacy development were most facilitated when interactive teaching opportunities were established proactively for the deaf students rather than through the reduction of content as a response to their failure to successfully engage with the complete curriculum. The conclusions suggest an alternative support proposal for deaf students in rural environments. The model of support proposed involves the targeting of specific preschools and primary schools with the provision of teachers identified to teach collaboratively and interactively. Under the proposed model several students with impaired hearing would be located within the one school with the itinerant teacher position becoming a full-time appointment in that school. Such a model would enable coenrolment, co-teaching, co-programming, creative grouping, and the provision of demonstration opportunities and support for other teachers within the school and district that had deaf students enrolled. Finally, interactive teaching, based on a clearly defined theoretical model of language acquisition, development, and learning, is recommended for students with impaired hearing in such environments. It is argued that the support of linguistic development and academic learning could be facilitated concurrently, thus ensuring that by the time students had reached high school they would possess sufficient literacy skills to access a regular high school program successfully.
PhD Doctorate

This thesis reports a collective case study of the school educational experiences of five severely and profoundly deaf students who were enrolled in regular schools in rural areas of New South Wales. The students ranged in age from 6 to 18 years. Three issues were examined: (1) The impact of the philosophy of inclusive education and the question of why students with high degrees of deafness and high support needs were enrolled in regular schools in rural areas; (2) The specific linguistic an educational support needs of deaf students; and (3) The ability of the regular schools and teachers to cater for the educational needs of the deaf students in those settings. The case studies revealed that to considerably varying extents in different situations, the students were afforded inclusive educational opportunities. The extent of inclusiveness of students’ educational experiences was shown to vary according to a number of variables. The variables identified included: the type and quality of communication with the deaf student, teaching style, accessibility of content, particular lesson type, and the type and extent of curriculum adaptations employed. As a result of the analysis of the data from the five cases, a number of generalistions were possible. These generalisations were that (a) students with the ability to access spoken communication auditorily were more easily included than students using manual communication; (b) reduction of linguistic and academic input occurred as a response to student inability to access class programs because of reduced linguistic capabilities, resulting in the deaf students receiving different and reduced information to the hearing students; (c) communication between a deaf student and his or her class teacher needed to be direct for the most successful inclusion to occur; (d) teaching style needed to be interactive or experiential for successful language learning and literacy development to occur; (e) curriculum adaptations needed to involve provision of visual support for lesson material to be highly effective; (f) lessons/subjects easily supported by visual means, such as mathematics or practical subjects, when taught hierarchically, going from the known to unknown in achievable steps, meant teaching style could be either transmission or interactive, for lesson activities to be considered inclusive; (g) students with poor literacy skills were unable to successfully access an intact (i.e., unaltered and complete) high school curriculum; (h) the teaching style of the class teacher impacted on the support model possible for the itinerant teacher; (i) an interactive class teaching style allowed for cooperative teaching between class teacher and itinerant teacher who could then assist the class teacher with both the linguistic and academic needs of the deaf student; (j) a transmission style of teaching resulted in various levels of withdrawal for the deaf student unless the subject matter could be represented visually; (k) when curriculum content or expected outcomes were reduced, the deaf students did not have the same access to information as their hearing counterparts and consequently could not develop concepts or understandings in the same manner; and (l) language and literacy development were most facilitated when interactive teaching opportunities were established proactively for the deaf students rather than through the reduction of content as a response to their failure to successfully engage with the complete curriculum. The conclusions suggest an alternative support proposal for deaf students in rural environments. The model of support proposed involves the targeting of specific preschools and primary schools with the provision of teachers identified to teach collaboratively and interactively. Under the proposed model several students with impaired hearing would be located within the one school with the itinerant teacher position becoming a full-time appointment in that school. Such a model would enable coenrolment, co-teaching, co-programming, creative grouping, and the provision of demonstration opportunities and support for other teachers within the school and district that had deaf students enrolled. Finally, interactive teaching, based on a clearly defined theoretical model of language acquisition, development, and learning, is recommended for students with impaired hearing in such environments. It is argued that the support of linguistic development and academic learning could be facilitated concurrently, thus ensuring that by the time students had reached high school they would possess sufficient literacy skills to access a regular high school program successfully.
PhD Doctorate

A presente Dissertação visa a análise do fenómeno do despedimento colectivo, uma das formas de cessação dos vínculos laborais, relacionando-o com as tendências de flexibilidade que atravessam o direito laboral português. Primeiramente será feito um enquadramento do despedimento colectivo como parte do regime legal da cessação dos contratos de trabalho, e também do seu lugar na luta das forças de dois princípios antagónicos – o princípio da segurança no trabalho, e o princípio da livre iniciativa económica. Seguidamente partiremos para a análise da figura da flexibilidade, para posteriormente melhor compreendermos onde a mesma se encaixa no despedimento colectivo, aquando da análise do regime deste último. O objectivo é o de tentarmos compreender se a flexibilidade é um fenómeno com incidência positiva ou negativa no despedimento colectivo, na perspectiva do trabalhador.
The present Dissertation aims to analyze the phenomenon of collective dismissal, one of the forms of termination of labor relations, relating it to the tendencies of flexibility, that cross portuguese labor law. First of all, a framework of collective dismissal will be drawn as part of the legal regime of termination of employment contracts, and also of its place in the struggle of the forces of two antagonistic principles - the principle of job security and the principle of free economic initiative. We will then procede to analyze the figure of flexibility, in order to better understand where it fits in the collective dismissal, when analyzing the regime of the latter. Our goal is to try to understand if flexibility is positive or negative on collective dismissal, from the worker’s perspective.

W toku prowadzonej w rozprawie analizy próbowano wypełnić następujące zadania badawcze: (1) scharakteryzować determinanty i kierunki polityki zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś; (2) zbadać miejsce Unii Europejskiej wśród kierunków i priorytetów białoruskiej polityki zagranicznej; (3) zbadać przyczyny zmienności w relacjach Białorusi z Unią Europejską, (4) ocenić istnienie zbieżności interesów obu podmiotów; (5) ocenić perspektywy współpracy obu podmiotów. Główna hipoteza rozprawy brzmi: Unia Europejska nie odgrywa w praktycznym działaniu znaczącej roli w polityce zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś, choć stanowi jeden z ważniejszych wektorów w założeniach i koncepcjach jej polityki. W sferze funkcjonalnej polityka zagraniczna Republiki Białoruś przekłada się na intensywny rozwój wschodniego kierunku działań zewnętrznych państwa białoruskiego. Istotny w tym kontekście jest fakt, że dotychczasowa polityka Unii Europejskiej w relacjach z Republiką Białoruś, oparta na krytycznym dialogu nie przyniosła zakładanych rezultatów a jedynie zniechęciła państwo białoruskie do pogłębiania współpracy. Polityka wielowektorowości Republiki Białoruś ogranicza się do próby kształtowania suwerenności przy znaczącej asymetrii pomiędzy potencjałem państwa białoruskiego w wymiarze politycznym, gospodarczym i wojskowym, a jego możliwościami. Ponadto przynależność Białorusi do wschodnich struktur integracyjnych ma decydujący wpływ na jej relacje z Unią Europejską. W pracy sformułowano również cztery hipotezy dodatkowe, stanowiące uszczegółowienie hipotezy głównej: Hipoteza 1. Niewielkie znaczenie Unii Europejskiej w polityce zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś jest uwarunkowane interesami narodowymi państwa białoruskiego, ukształtowanymi przez historię, czynnik ustrojowy, geopolityczny i ekonomiczny; Hipoteza 2. Odmienne postrzeganie podstaw współpracy przez Białoruś i Unię Europejską w znaczącym stopniu determinuje cykliczność ich wzajemnych relacji; Hipoteza 3. Białoruś poprzez uczestnictwo w programie Partnerstwa Wschodniego stwarza możliwość realizacji europejskiej drogi rozwoju w wymiarze ekonomicznym, co może mieć istotny wpływ na kształtowanie stabilności, bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju w regionie Europy Wschodniej; Hipoteza 4. Przyszły stan stosunków Unii Europejskiej i Republiki Białoruś będzie zależny nie tylko od wyboru strategii rozwoju państwa białoruskiego oraz kierunku jego przemian ustrojowych, ale także od oddziaływania środowiska międzynarodowego, w którym znaczącą rolę odgrywają Federacja Rosyjska i NATO. Weryfikacji powyższych hipotez dokonano na przestrzeni pięciu rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym, analizie poddano: uwarunkowania historyczne, ustrojowe, geopolityczne oraz ekonomiczne. Istotnym elementem był również kontekst Rosji w działaniach zewnętrznych Białorusi. W drugim rozdziale przedstawiono prawno-polityczny i ekonomiczny wymiar stosunków Republiki Białoruś z Unią Europejską. Przeanalizowano programy unijnych działań zewnętrznych, adresowane do państw Europy Wschodniej (w tym Białorusi) oraz przedstawiono ewolucję stosunków białorusko-unijnych od początku lat 90. do bieżących wydarzeń w XXI wieku. Całość rozważań dopełnił ekonomiczny wymiar dwustronnych relacji obu podmiotów. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony został roli i miejscu Białorusi w programie Partnerstwa Wschodniego. Przeanalizowano w nim aktywność państwa białoruskiego w multilateralnym i bilateralnym wymiarze programu oraz podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie w jakim zakresie obecność Białorusi w Partnerstwie Wschodnim wpływa na możliwość realizacji przez nią europejskiej drogi rozwoju. W rozdziale czwartym zaprezentowano praktyczny wymiar stosunków białorusko-unijnych, wyrażający się w realizacji konkretnych projektów, finansowanych z unijnego budżetu w ramach programów przewidzianych w Europejskiej Polityce Sąsiedztwa i Partnerstwie Wschodnim. W rozdziale piątym zaprezentowano trzy scenariusze przyszłych relacji Białorusi z Unią Europejską: stagnacyjny, regresywny i progresywny.
During the analysis, the following research tasks were attempted: (1) to characterize the determinants and directions of the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus; (2) examine the European Union's position among the directions and priorities of Belarusian foreign policy; (3) identify the causes of variation in Belarusian relations with the European Union, (4) assess the existence of convergence of the interests of both entities; (5) assess the future prospects for cooperation between this two entities.The main hypothesis of the dissertation is: The European Union does not play a significant role in the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus, although it is one of the most important vectors in its policy assumptions. In the functional sphere, the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus translates into the intensive development of the eastern direction of external actions of the Belarusian state. It is important, that the current policy of the European Union on the Republic of Belarus based on critical dialogue, did not bring the expected results, but only discouraged the Belarusian state from deepening cooperation. Multi-vector policy of the Republic of Belarus is limited to attempt to establish sovereignty during significant asymmetry between the political, economic and military potential of the Belarusian state and its capabilities. Moreover, Belarusian membership in the integration structures of Eastern Europe has a decisive influence on its relations with the European Union.In the dissertation have been formulated four additional hypotheses, to clarify the main hypothesis: Hypothesis 1. The minor importance of the European Union in the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus is conditioned by the national interests of the Belarusian state, influenced by history, political, geopolitical and economic factors; Hypothesis 2. The different perception of the basis for cooperation of Belarus and the European Union significantly determines the cyclicality of their relations; Hypothesis 3. By participating in the Eastern Partnership program, Belarus is able to realize the European economic development path, which can have a significant influence on building stability, security and development in Eastern Europe; Hypothesis 4. The future state of relations between the European Union and the Republic of Belarus will depend not only on the state development strategy, chosen by the Belarusian authorities and on direction of political transformation of the state, but also on the international environment, where the Russian Federation and NATO play a significant role.The dissertation is divided to five chapters. The first chapter focused on historical determinants, legal and constitutional conditions, geopolitical determinants and the economic conditions. An important element was also the context of Russia in external actions of Belarus. The second chapter focused on the legal, political and economic dimension of the relations between Belarus and the EU. The analysis included: EU external action programs addressed to Eastern European countries, the evolution of political Belarusian-EU relations from the early 1990s to current events in the 21st century and the main aspects of bilateral economic cooperation between this two actors. The analysis in the third chapter included: the presence and activity of the Belarusian state in the multilateral and bilateral dimension of the program and an attempt to answer the question how the participation of Belarus in the Eastern Partnership programme, enables realizing by this country the European development path. The analysis in the fourth chapter included realization of concrete projects financed by the EU budget under the programmes of the European Neighborhood Policy and Eastern Partnership. The fifth chapter focused on perspectives of future relations between Belarus and European Union. The analysis included three scenarios: stagnant, regressive and progressive.