Tesi sul tema "Industrie – Effets de la pollution atmosphérique"
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Lepers, Capucine. "Pollution atmosphérique de proximité et toxicité respiratoire : recherche in vitro des mécanismes d'action toxique induits par des aérosols atmosphériques particulaires (PM₂.₅) industriels, urbains et ruraux". Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0352/document.
Testo completoFine airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and retained in deep lung for long periods, leading to onset or exacerbation of cardio-respiratory diseases. However, the complex composition of PM₂.₅ makes difficult the study of their mechanisms of action. This work fits into a global approach aiming to identify the toxicity mechanisms involved in a putative PM₂.₅ carcinogenicity, in association with PM composition. We study six PM samples collected either under industrial, urban or rural area, in spring-summer 2008 or autumn-winter 2008-2009 seasons. Biological fraction analysis revealed numerous and diverse bacterial and fungal components. We carried out Ames tests revealing a high mutagenic potency for PM samples, presumably linked to their nitro-aromatic content. Based on previous cytotoxicity assays, we studied PM effect on bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, at two concentrations (3.75 and 15µg/cm²). We demonstrated gene induction of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic activation. This was associated with an increase in their catalytic activity, leading to bulky DNA-adducts formation in exposed cells. Furthermore, PM₂.₅ lead to DNA single- and double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and disturbed telomerase activity. In addition to these genotoxic effects, our study revealed epigenetic alterations such as P16ᴵᴺᴷ⁴ᴬ promoter hypermehylation, histone 3 post-translational modifications, and miRNAs expression changes. Considering the impact of chemical composition on PM toxicity, organic compounds lead to the highest genotoxicity, whereas metals seem to induce more pronounced epigenetic modifications. Altogether, our results indicate that the studied PM₂.₅ samples, through cooperative action of organic and inorganic fractions, may lead in vitro to multiple alterations involved in initiation and promotion steps toward pulmonary carcinogenesis
Dappe, Vincent. "Impact de la pollution de l'air en milieu industriel sur l'accumulation et le transfert foliaire des métaux dans les végétaux". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10174/document.
Testo completoIndustrial activities such as production and recycling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals can emit in the atmosphere large quantities of metal(loid)s-rich particles (As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Sb, Zn …) which may have an impact on the environment and human health. Especially when these industries are located near urban areas, particles can contaminate soils and plants when they fallout, thus inducing a health risk for the population. Contamination of vegetables by metals is a topic of concern for public authorities and the scientific community. Studying the accumulation and transfer of metal(loid)s in food webs is therefore of major importance to assess health risks. The plant contamination by the soil-plant transfer has led to numerous studies and the contamination of vegetables by foliar pathway can't be ignored, as shown by recent work. The study of accumulation and transfer of metals (metalloids) has been carried out in situ and under controlled conditions for various consumable plants with different morphological characteristics (lettuce, ryegrass and cabbage). The accumulation and transfer of metals and their phytotoxicity, characterized by microscopy and spectrometric techniques (SEM-EDX, Raman, EXAFS/XANES, LA-ICP-MS, EPR…) and biological tests (photosynthetic activity, genotoxicity, gene expression), have been discussed in terms of metals concentration, metals location and speciation on/into leaves and exposure time
Defossez, Florent. "Contribution au développement d’un Système d’Analyse de Feux et Emanations par Spectroscopie Infrarouge à Distance et Embarqué". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023REIMS056.
Testo completoDuring the acute phase of a SEVESO accident, a precise assessment of air quality near the site is necessary to implement emergency measures aimed at protecting the surrounding populations. There are currently many commercial and portable gas detectors that can be used to carry out this type of analysis in the field. However, these detectors have certain drawbacks, especially when analyzing a smoke plume. Indeed, these devices, mainly based on technologies such as non-dispersive infrared, electrochemical, and semiconductor, are often limited in terms of the number of detectable gases and may encounter cross-sensitivity issues. To overcome these limitations, it may be necessary to take on-site samples that will later be analyzed in the laboratory using more accurate but less field-friendly instruments. This thesis, part of the SAFESIDE project, aims to contribute to the development of a portable multi-gas analyzer based on an infrared laser spectrometer capable of performing measurements locally and remotely. Detecting multiple gases using infrared laser spectroscopy requires the implementation of a widely tunable laser source. The work carried out during this thesis involved setting up a laser spectrometer using an Optical Parametric Oscillator developed as part of the project. Several tests of this source were conducted in the laboratory to implement direct absorption and Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy techniques. In parallel, development work on a dense-pattern Herriott cell was also carried out with the aim of increasing the sensitivity of local measurements. The various technological components developed were finally implemented during large-scale outdoor tests. During these two campaigns, local measurements of CO2 concentrations and remote measurements of NH3 were carried out
Xiang, Yang. "Analyse dynamique en champ proche de la contribution des sources de composés organiques volatils, en région urbaine sous influence industrielle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0408.
Testo completoRecently, sources apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has been the subject of a great numbers of studies, in order to determine their contributions to atmospheric pollution. However, the dynamical behavior of atmosphere, within its micro-meteorological scale, has never been taken into account in the sources-receptor approach, yet it is the main factor to interpret near-field physic-chemical measurements of air pollution, in an urban area under industrial influences. The complexity of such a study area results from not only the emission modes and the various industrial activities, but also the meteorological phenomenon in multi-scale, which influences the dispersion and transport in a small scale (tipically several kilometers). With measurements of 85 VOC (including 23 oxygenated VOC) during several months, we have developed an innovative methodology, associating the results of the PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) modeling and the meteorological parameters, in order to identify the sources and to understand their dynamical behaviors. By introducing the vertical turbulence for the first time in this kind of analysis, the temperature and the solar radiation, as parameters of factor analyses, two behaviors have been distinguished, leading to identify the emissions near ground and in the upper part of surface layer. In this way, we have labeled the sources according to their nature as well as their emission mode, and we have highlighted the aged air mass containing secondary pollutants
Xiang, Yang. "Analyse dynamique en champ proche de la contribution des sources de composés organiques volatils, en région urbaine sous influence industrielle". Thesis, Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0408.
Testo completoRecently, sources apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has been the subject of a great numbers of studies, in order to determine their contributions to atmospheric pollution. However, the dynamical behavior of atmosphere, within its micro-meteorological scale, has never been taken into account in the sources-receptor approach, yet it is the main factor to interpret near-field physic-chemical measurements of air pollution, in an urban area under industrial influences. The complexity of such a study area results from not only the emission modes and the various industrial activities, but also the meteorological phenomenon in multi-scale, which influences the dispersion and transport in a small scale (tipically several kilometers). With measurements of 85 VOC (including 23 oxygenated VOC) during several months, we have developed an innovative methodology, associating the results of the PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) modeling and the meteorological parameters, in order to identify the sources and to understand their dynamical behaviors. By introducing the vertical turbulence for the first time in this kind of analysis, the temperature and the solar radiation, as parameters of factor analyses, two behaviors have been distinguished, leading to identify the emissions near ground and in the upper part of surface layer. In this way, we have labeled the sources according to their nature as well as their emission mode, and we have highlighted the aged air mass containing secondary pollutants
Meier, Laurent. "Pollution atmosphérique et asthme". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P112.
Testo completoYoussouf, Hassani. "Effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique : prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de pollution". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066456/document.
Testo completoThe objectives of this thesis were to study the respiratory effects of air pollution by taking into account three levels of exposure: the macroscopic, semi-individual and individual levels. For the macroscopic level, we studied the health effects of emissions from forest fires in an ecological study. Through a literature review, we found that several epidemiological studies have shown the association between exposure to wildfire emissions and increase cardiopulmonary disease and mortality for the people living nearby. The main limitation of these studies is given by the exposure assessment. In a case study of the wildfire occurred in Marseille in the summer 2009, we observed effects at the limit of significance 8 and 9 days after exposure between concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) from fire and respiratory effects .For semi-individual level, we have studied the link between domestic and occupational pollution and respiratory diseases among farmers from Auvergne using a cross-sectional study. We observed that the halogenated hydrocarbons and Etyl-butoxyacetate were significantly associated with the small airways disease. Benzene concentration in the living room of the farm was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma. Finally, the use of a biomarker (the mercapturic acid) in the context of a case-control study allowed us to measure the internal dose of the exposure to benzene and its link with asthma among children included the study
Zimmer, Alexis. "Brouillards mortels : une histoire de la production de météores industriels, 19e/20e siècles : le cas de la vallée de la Meuse". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAB014/document.
Testo completoFrom the 1st to the 5th December 1930, a thick fog spread in the Meuse valley. Many losing their lives. One year later, experts came to conclusions: coal and sulphuric compound of it combustion were implicated. But how does "coal" come to participate in the production of fogs and to befoul, fatally, the lungs of those forced to inhale it ? The « coal - toxic fog - lungs » links is not obvious. This study aims to reconstitute the historic conditions of their construction. By considering this disaster over the period necessary for its production - as a process and not as an hiatus - ; by following the trail of the materials of its constitution - their progress and the technical, social, political and discursive assemblies - necessary for their transformation; by studying the role and the effects of the scientific practices, this work allows an understanding of the joint transformation, by the industrialization, of bodies and environments and the production of new meteorological phenomena
Bentayeb, Malek. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé respiratoire des personnes âgées". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066069.
Testo completoThe main objective of this thesis was to increase knowledge on the respiratory effects of air pollution in the elderly where few data are available. Specific objectives were: (1) To study the relationship between proximity air pollution and respiratory health in elderly (2) To study the relationship between indoor air pollution measured objectively (in French households and in European nursing homes) on respiratory health of elderly (3) to explore the hypothesis of higher susceptibility of the elderly to the effects of outdoor and indoor air pollution. Data from three epidemiological studies based on samples of a general population were used: the three cities study (3C) in the investigation of the effects of outdoor air pollution, the campaign of the French Observatory for Indoor Air Quality (OQAI) and "GERiatric study In Europe on health effects of air quality in nursing homes"(GERIE) to investigate effects of indoor air pollution. Our results are consistent with previous data and suggest that exposure to air pollution (outdoors and indoors), even at lower concentrations, could be significantly related to high prevalence of respiratory health outcomes among elderly more specifically symptoms suggestive of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) such as breathlessness, dyspnea, chronic cough and phlegm, and wheezes suggestive of asthma. The most consistent results were obtained for breathlessness and dyspnea. Some associations were more pronounced in older subjects, this support the hypothesis of greater susceptibility of elderly regarding exposure to air pollution
Melki, Pamela. "Health impact of airborne particulate matter in Northern Lebanon : from a pilot epidemiological study to physico-chemical characterization and toxicological effects assessment". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0444/document.
Testo completoExposure to air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), remains a major health risk, mainly in the developing countries. Northern Lebanon is affected by several sources of anthropogenic, urban and industrial pollution. However, no studies have examined the impact of PM₂.₅ on public health in this region. In addition, it should be noted that the toxicity mechanisms of PM₂.₅ are not fully identified. The aim of this work is to study the composition and the health impact of the atmospheric particulates in Northern Lebanon. An epidemiological survey was performed and fine particles were extracted and characterized physico-chemically and toxicologically. This study was conducted in two sites, one of which is influenced by industrial activities. Perception and epidemiological survet, conducted in two areas in Northern Lebanon, rural and industrial (310 treatable questionnaires/area), showed a relationship between annoyance, respiratory diseases and living in proximity to industrial activities. Moreover, results confirmed the interest in conducting a toxicological study in this region. Hence, to contribute to fulfill the gap of knowledge about the pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter and the mechanisms of action involved in the carcinogenicity, the study of physicochemical characteristics and toxicological endpoints of PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ from both sites were performed. Physicochemical analyses of the collected particles evidenced similar characteristics in major species. In particular, we have shown slightly higher levels of PAHs and trace metals and up to 100 times higher dioxins concentrations at the vicinity of industries. Our results evidenced the influence of numerous combustion sources (diesel, gasoline, coal and biomass burning) ; waste combustion and other industrial processes are also suspected. A more pronounced genotoxic and mutagenic potential was evidenced after exposure to particles collected at the vicinity of industries when compared to the rural ones, using the Ames fluctuation test and SOS chromotest. The effects of the collected particles are probably related to their organic composition. In order to assess the underlying toxic mechanisms, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were then exposed to different concentrations of the sampled PM₂.₅₋₀.₃. Genotoxicity mechanisms such as metabolic activation of organic compounds (CYP1A1) and consecutive DNA damages such as DNA strands breaks (yH2AX quantification by flow cytometry analysis and in-cell western assay) were induced by the two samples of PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ , with a more pronounced effect of industrial particles. Moreover, PM showed tendency to alter the DNA repair process (OGGI, NTH1, APE1, NUDT1, DNMT1, MGMT, XPA, XRRC1 gene expression and PARP1, DNMT1, OGG1 proteins expression). DNA repair mechanisms were repressed up to 48h of exposure to PM especially to the industrial influenced PM₂.₅₋₀.₃ and reactivated after 72h of exposure. The DNA damages involve bulky DNA adducts, oxidative stress damages, DNA strand breaks and methylation. These results suggest mutagenic, genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms of action involved in the carcinogenicity of fine particles, partly related to their organic composition
Ejlali, Farid. "Climatologie locale, pollution atmosphérique et leurs effets sur la végétation urbaine à Téhéran". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA01A002.
Testo completo[This research attempt to show the origins of the pollution in the city of Teheran, the distribution of the particules in suspension in the city and its consequences on the trees of the streets and the parcs. The differents types of anticyclonics weathers, the frequence of "calmes" and the basin topography facilitates the formation of a dome of pollution that has problems to evacuate outside. A displacement of the maximum of pollution takes place during the day inside the urban tissue, in relation with the breezes of the slopes. In the morning, a pollution pick is evident in the heart of the city (around 10h). The origins of chemical pollution are internal to the city : traffic and industrial activities. Event though they are diffused the maximum remains in the south and center east. The physical pollution, particles come from the southern extra urban deserts and penetrate into the city through the south gully. From the point of view of microclimatology and topoclimatology the center and center south sectors of the city are therefore the most hit. The trees of the sidewalks and for the parks and gardens are in a better sanitary state and their growth is more rapid in this sector. This paradox allows us to conclude that pollution is not the major problem of ligneous trees. The planes, in particular, must suffer from a lack of water at the level of their rooting system much more than from a physical or chemical modification of the urban atmosphere. ]
Ramgolam, Kiran. "Effet des particules atmosphériques fines (PM2. 5, PM1) et ultrafines (PMO. 1) provenant de la région parisienne sur lépithélium respiratoire humain in vitro". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077040.
Testo completoEpidemiological studies have highlighted the health impacts of ambient particulate matter (PM), and especially on cardio-respiratory diseases. Inhaled PM induces an inflammatory response in the respiratory tract that results from an increased release of inflammatory mediators such as the pro-inflammatory cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of this work was to characterize in vitro the pro-inflammatory response induced by fine (PM2. 5 and PM1 : particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter les than 2. 5 and 1 um) and ultrafine (PM0. 1) particulate matter in human respiratory epithelial cells. The comparison of the size fractions of Paris aerosol (PMO. 03-0. 1, PMO. 1-1, PM1-2. 5 and PM2. 5-10) showed that fine PMO. 1-1 and ultrafine PMO. 03-0. 1 systematically induced the highest release of the pro-inflammatory biomarker GM-CSF. This pro-inflammatory effect was correlated to particle organic carbon content. The study of the mechanisms of the pro-inflammatory response induced by Paris PM2. 5 revealed that (1) the expression and release of the growth factor amphiregulin (AR) which is an EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand, were increased through EGFR and MAP Kinases activation and (2) AR participates in PM2. 5-induced GM-CSF release. These results strengthened the hypothesis of a higher reactivity of fine and ultrafine urban PM and highlighted for the first time the involvement of EGFR and its ligands in PM-induced pro-inflammatory response of respiratory epithelial cells
Auger, Floriane. "Implication des particules atmosphériques fines dans l'induction de pathologies cardiorespiratoires : étude in vitro des réponses cellulaires de l'épithélium respiratoire et de l'endothélium vasculaire". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077068.
Testo completoAir pollution is a current concern. Many epidemiological studies suggest that particulate air pollution is responsible for exacerbation and/or induction of cardiorespiratory diseases and cancer. Potential targets of particles are airway epithelial cells, resident inflammatory cells and endothelial cells of microvessels. Mechanisms for the action of particle are largely unclear, although the hypothesis of development of an inflammatory response in the airways is accepted. In the present study, we used model cell Systems in which cells were in an environment quite similar to that of the in vivo context. This enabled the study of the effects on ambient urban particles on non-injured upper airway epithelium and vascular endothelium, either directly or indirectly via the alveolar epithelium. Results showed that fine particles do not enter into well-differentiated epithelial cells. Nevertheless, particles induce release of mediators, and notably proinflammatory cytokines. I addition, particles enhance intracellular oxidative stress and alter the permeability of the airway epithelium. Moreover, the vascular endothelium directly exposed to particles overexpressed PAI-1 and MMP-1 genes, which may play a crucial role in coagulation and tumor progression. Thus, our results suggest that thé airway epithelium is implicated in the local inflammatory response in the lung, and that endothelium damaged by particles may be responsible for certain diseases
Gautier, Mathieu. "Effets de l'hypoxie chronique et du monoxyde de carbone sur la fonction cardiaque et l'activité des canaux potassiques des cellules musculaires lisses d'artères coronaires chez le rat". Tours, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUR4040.
Testo completoAloui, Lisa. "Pollution atmosphérique et risque de cancer : bilan des études épidémiologiques récentes". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P193.
Testo completoFilleul, Laurent. "Pollution atmosphérique et sante : le cas des personnes agées". Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21024.
Testo completoIt is accepted that there is an health effect of actual levels of air pollution in industrialized countries on but some questions subsist on identification of susceptible subgroups. Based on a group of elderly people has been studied in this thesis. We have confirmed from Program PSAS-9, relationship between daily mortality and daily air pollution levels. Compared to all age population, elderly subjects showed a higher significant association between daily mortality and air pollution. We have investigated of individual factors of susceptibility among elderly in PAQUID cohort. We have observed that women and subjects living alone were more sensitive to air pollution. The association between chronic exposure to air pollution and long term mortality has been studied on a 25 year period in PAARC survey. Whatever age of subjects, we did not find a significant relationship. In conclusion, this work demonstrates a greater effect of air pollution among subjects ager 65 and over, especially in women and people who live alone. Identification of such factors appears useful to target preventing actions
Nguyen, Thi-Phuong. "Etude des effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la dégradation de la gélatine photographique". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES101.
Testo completoPalluau, Fabienne. "Mise au point et optimisation des techniques de prélèvement et d'analyse des composés organiques volatils (COV) dans l'atmosphère : Etude de l'influence de facteurs climatiques et de l'ozone sur les teneurs mesurées en COV". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13162.
Testo completoSemadi, Ammar. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique (pollution globale, fluorée et plombique) sur la végétation dans la région de Annaba (Algérie)". Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066455.
Testo completoAudebrand, Michel. "Etude des polluants particulaires de l'atmosphère par spectroscopie de vibration et de leur rétention par l'appareil respiratoire". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10503.
Testo completoBurte, Marthe-Emilie. "Rhinite : caractérisation et association avec la pollution atmosphérique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV004.
Testo completoWhereas rhinitis has an important public health impact, in adults there is no standardized definition of rhinitis in epidemiological studies. Furthermore, environmental factors of rhinitis are barely known, and in particular, there are very few studies on the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on rhinitis in adults. To fill these gaps, we used data from two European multicentre epidemiological studies with extensive data on respiratory health and individual estimated exposures to long-term air pollution. Our findings showed that to better characterize rhinitis, one need to consider together all the characteristics of the nasal symptoms, the comorbidities and the allergic sensitization, and not to restrict the disease to one question or one allergic sensitization test. We found no association between long-term air pollution and incidence of rhinitis, but we showed that long-term exposure to air pollution is associated to an increased severity of rhinitis, emphasising that air pollution needs to be controlled
Belandria, Molina Gladys. "Lichens et pollution atmosphérique dans la région Rhône-Alpes : biodétection de la pollution acide et fluorée, effet des polluants sur la germination des spores". Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10051.
Testo completoDissou, Latifatou. "Toxicologie de la pollution par les oxydes d'azote". Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P133.
Testo completoLaffray, Xavier. "Pollution atmosphérique dans la vallée de l’Arc (Maurienne, Savoie) : Nouvelles approches en biosurveillance végétale". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10097/document.
Testo completoThe Maurienne is subjected to a heavy traffic of lories and cars crossing the Alps through the Frejus tunnel. Atmospheric pollution depending on traffic has been studied using a dense net of biological and chemical sensors. The adhesive properties of plant cuticles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Picea abies were used for spatio-temporal analyses of emitted particles. Elementary composition of deposits was determined using SEM and Xray spectrometry. Analyses were focused on P and traffic tracers (Al, Ti, Fe). Results show that traffic particles can be transported as far as 300 m from the roads and highways while Phosphorus was detected at some kilometers from the factory. The poaceae Molinia caerulea was used for nitrogen pollution study. Leaf growth and nitrogen content were related to NOx levels and traffic density. Moreover, nitrogen isotopic composition (d15N) of leaves depend on exposure to traffic related nitrogen oxides. Taken altogether, results show that Molinia can be used as a nitrogen bioindicator and give information on the potential impact on mountain ecosystems in the vicinity of main roads and motorways. Both biological (tobacco Bel-W3) and chemical methods were used for determination of levels and distribution of tropospheric ozone in the Maurienne valley in 2004 and 2005. Results confirm the usefulness of both biological and chemical approachs for ozone levels determination at low altitudes. However, a sensitivity loss of ozone sensitive tobacco plants in hard mountainous conditions was characterized, limiting its use under 1000 m. This approach by the simultaneous use of several techniques and a dense network of stations give a realistic picture of the atmospheric pollution in a mountain valley and its potential impacts on forest ecosystems
Almarj, Elie. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé : développement de protocoles innovants de simulation d'atmosphères urbaines et d'exposition de modèles précliniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6223&f=54454.
Testo completoThe World Health Organization estimates that exposure to atmospheric pollution causes more than 4 million premature deaths annually worldwide. Atmospheric pollution is therefore a major health risk. However, the assessment of the health effects of atmospheric pollution has shortcomings. Indeed, epidemiological and experimental studies only take into account regulated atmospheric pollutants without considering the synergy that may exist between them, whereas atmospheric pollution is a multiphasic mixture of gaseous and particulate compounds interacting with each other and with environmental parameters. Moreover, the concentrations studied are rarely within realistic ranges. The objective of this work is to implement an innovative platform to study the effects of atmospheric pollution on health. To do this, mice were exposed to atmospheric situations representative of real atmospheres and episodes of urban air pollution, simulated in the laboratory. These simulated atmospheres were then qualified. We have thus succeeded in reproducing multiphasic urban atmospheres, by simulating their gaseous and particulate phases in the laboratory. The formation of secondary organic aerosols and functionalized volatile organic compounds confirm the quality of our simulations (proxy of real urban atmospheres), by highlighting the oxidation of organic matter. The results of the biological analyses on the exposed mice have highlighted the relevance of the platform for studying the effects of atmospheric pollution on health
Bachereau, Frédéric. "Effets de l'exclusion sélective du rayonnment solaire (visible et UV) de haute altitude sur la biochimie et la physiologie de divers modèles végétaux : Pisum sativum L. (pois cultivé), Sedum album L. (orpin blanc) et Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (lichen terricole)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10268.
Testo completoScapecchi, Pascale. "Méthodes d'évaluation contingente par questionnement séquentiel et simultané appliquées à la perception de la pollution atmosphérique". Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX24002.
Testo completoChassard, Guillaume. "Interaction de l’ozone avec des particules carbonées : cinétiques de capture, dégradation des HAP et impact sur la réponse inflammatoire épithéliale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10140.
Testo completoSoot particles, ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere, exhibit extreme chemical and morphological complexity. Adsorbed on their surface, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a proven pulmonary toxicity. During atmospheric transport, they may, through oxidation and photolysis process, form oxygenated and nitrated products about which health impacts are not well known. We propose to characterize the atmospheric aging of soot particles and to study the impact of aging on the lungs. This work deals with the generation of soot models particles; laboratory simulation of aging by exposures to ozone; and the study of the inflammatory effects of aged or not particles on lung cells. In a first step a carbonaceous aerosol has been exposed to ozone in a flow reactor. The influences of contact time, initial ozone concentration, relative humidity, UV radiations and particle size were studied. The role of the atomic oxygen in the reaction mechanism was also evaluated. Then the heterogeneous reactivity between PAHs adsorbed on carbonaceous particles and ozone has been investigated. Degradation kinetics of particulate PAHs were thus performed. Finally, we studied the inflammatory response of PAHs alone or in particulate phase on lung cells by assay of pro-inflammatory interleukins. The effect of aging models particles and the role of pulmonary surfactant were evaluated
Leriche, Pierre. "Les situations météorologiques associées aux épisodes de pollution atmosphérique dans la région lilloise". Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/ae7b1b5d-3c24-42b7-842e-8f5e260da440.
Testo completoMilliez, Maya. "Modélisation micro-météorologique en milieu urbain : dispersion des polluants et prise en compte des effets radiatifs". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENPC0629.
Testo completoNakhle, Myriam. "Impact de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé à Beyrouth". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066581.
Testo completoInternational studies show that air pollution has adverse effects on health. In Lebanon, air pollutants exceed the limits recommended by WHO and laws barely exist. This thesis attempts to study the effects of exposure to air pollutants on respiratory, cardiovascular and skin diseases in Beirut using the methodology of time series analysis.To estimate the health effects of air pollution in Beirut, we mainly used data from emergency registers of seven hospitals as well as data from the air quality monitoring network in Beirut for a period of eighteen months. Regression analysis taking into consideration pollution and health indicators and other confounding factors allowed us to demonstrate a significant relationship between admissions for respiratory, cardiovascular and skin diseases and the increased levels of air pollutants. The analysis conducted in children and elderly groups apart have shown that there is a significant relationship, same day, between emergency admissions for respiratory causes and the increase in particles concentrations of 10μg.m-3. However, this significant association exists in adults group but for a delay of six to seven days. The relationship between increasing levels of air pollution and emergency admissions for cardiovascular causes was barely significant. Beside strong association was found between air pollutants and emergency admissions for skin diseases. In conclusion, our results proved the effect of air pollution on health in Beirut especially among vulnerable groups (children and elderly groups) and stressed the need to conduct additional studies on this subject
Chabas, Anne. "Rôle de l'environnement atmosphérique marin dans la dégradation des marbres et du granite de Delos (Cyclades - Grèce)". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120052.
Testo completoChassard, Guillaume. "Interaction de l’ozone avec des particules carbonées : cinétiques de capture, dégradation des HAP et impact sur la réponse inflammatoire épithéliale". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10140/document.
Testo completoSoot particles, ubiquitous in the urban atmosphere, exhibit extreme chemical and morphological complexity. Adsorbed on their surface, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a proven pulmonary toxicity. During atmospheric transport, they may, through oxidation and photolysis process, form oxygenated and nitrated products about which health impacts are not well known. We propose to characterize the atmospheric aging of soot particles and to study the impact of aging on the lungs. This work deals with the generation of soot models particles; laboratory simulation of aging by exposures to ozone; and the study of the inflammatory effects of aged or not particles on lung cells. In a first step a carbonaceous aerosol has been exposed to ozone in a flow reactor. The influences of contact time, initial ozone concentration, relative humidity, UV radiations and particle size were studied. The role of the atomic oxygen in the reaction mechanism was also evaluated. Then the heterogeneous reactivity between PAHs adsorbed on carbonaceous particles and ozone has been investigated. Degradation kinetics of particulate PAHs were thus performed. Finally, we studied the inflammatory response of PAHs alone or in particulate phase on lung cells by assay of pro-inflammatory interleukins. The effect of aging models particles and the role of pulmonary surfactant were evaluated
Muratet, Sophie, e Odile Vernet. "Etude et comparaison des effets génétiques et biologiques de la pollution atmosphérique et de très faibles doses de radioactivité naturelle". Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30042.
Testo completoDeweirdt, Juliette. "Effets de la pollution atmosphérique particulaire sur la circulation pulmonaire : rôles du stress oxydant et de la signalisation calcique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0333.
Testo completoHuman exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is a health risk concern. Particulate air pollution is composed of different PM: coarse particles (PM10 diameter < 10 μm), fine particles (PM2.5 diameter < 2.5 μm) and ultrafine particles (UFP) (PM0.1 diameter < 100 nm). The excess of mortality observed in several epidemiological studies is mainly associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. After inhalation, the finest particles (PM2.5 and UFP) penetrate deeply into the airways, accumulate in pulmonary alveoli, cross the epithelial barrier to reach the pulmonary circulation and exert deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system. Inhaled particles are therefore observed in the pulmonary circulation, in direct contact with endothelial cells lining the inner surface of blood artery. Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) is the main disease of the pulmonary circulation characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary wall, changes in pulmonary vascular hyperactivity and inflammation. Oxidative stress and alteration in calcium signaling are also critical events involved in the physiopathology of PH. However, the effect of PM on these pulmonary vascular cellular targets is poorly described. In this context, the objectives of the present study are to assess the cellular and molecular effects of particle exposures in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC). Our results highlighted various cellular homeostasis alterations of HPAEC in response to PM2.5 and black carbon nanoparticles (FW2 NPs). We observed a significant increase of oxidative stress including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide anion production in concentration dependent-manner. Moreover, we observed calcium signaling alterations, mitochondrial damages, as well as a deregulation of vasoactive factors secretion such as nitric oxide (NO). Finally, we studied these cellular targets under physiological and pathological conditions mimicking PH. We have first developed a new in vitro model that mimics the vascular dynamics observed in the PH. Then, we investigated the effects of FW2 NPs in both experimental conditions. Our results showed, in pathological conditions, a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory response characterized by interleukin secretion such as IL-6 as compared to cells in physiological condition. In addition, the calcium signaling seemed also be impaired in pathological conditions
Goger, Thierry. "Unindicateur d'impact environnemental global des polluants atmosphériques émis par les transports". Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0099/these.pdf.
Testo completoWe intend to build a global environmental impact indicator of air pollution to assess transport infrastructures, technologies or flows. This indicator tries to be simple and transparent to facilitate its use in decision-making. The intention is for the indicator to be like the Global Warming Potential (GWP), which establishes a relationship between the emission of six greenhouse gases and the average temperature increase of the Earth. The indicator therefore allows estimating the global environmental impact of transport-generated air pollution, while simultaneously conserving the value of the environmental impact of each type of air pollution and the emission assessment. This work is based on an environmental impact typology, a set of indicators, and aggregation architecture of atmospheric pollution. The typology is established as a function of the specific and homogenous characteristics of each type of pollution in terms of pollutants, impact mechanisms, targets and environmental impacts. To ensure exhaustiveness and non-redundancy, 10 types of air pollution impact are proposed: greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, direct ecotoxicity (this type of pollution excludes greenhouse effects on nature, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification and photochemical pollution), eutrophication, acidification, photochemical pollution, restricted direct health effects (not taking into account welfare, and excluding the effects on health of the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acidification and photochemical pollution), sensitive pollution (annoyance caused by odours and fumes), and degradation of common and historical man-made heritage. Indicators similar to GWP can be identified in the literature for each type of atmospheric pollution, except for the degradation of common and historical man-made heritage, for which none indicator have been suggested. However, these indicators do not seem to have achieved wide scientific consensus, except for GWP, which may make it necessary to continue research in this field. Aggregating the different indicators is proposed by using an architecture composed of two structures that aggregate types of air pollution. One is based on the target affected, whereas the second has three dimensions, i. E. Targets, space and time. This architecture allows also the indicator’s users to establish a hierarchy of concerns for each type of atmospheric pollution. The indicator makes thus it possible to give a global value to impact of air pollutants, taking into account scientific assessment and social perception
Loup-Desqueyroux, Hélène. "Effet à court terme de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine sur l'aggravation de l'état de santé des patients asthmatiques et insuffisants respiratoires : étude de deux panels à Paris". Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05P604.
Testo completoBen, Romdhane Safa. "Effets du climat et de la pollution de l'air sur la santé respiratoire à Tunis". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC027/document.
Testo completoThe Greater metropolitan area of Tunis, often referred to as Grand Tunis or Tunis, presents a vulnerability to air pollution due to the high concentrations of population and the infrastructures characterizing its territory. Ozone (O3) and particles (PM10) often exceed the Tunisian thresholds for these pollutants. As for the international standards set by the WHO (world health organization), they have not been met infrequently.The respiratory tract is a preferred route of exposure to aggressions related to the environment. Many lung diseases are directly linked to inhalation of pollutants in the atmosphere. The influences of climate mechanisms on respiratory health are also very extensive, including extreme weather events, also called weather paroxysms.The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the impact of environmental factors, climate and atmospheric pollutants on respiratory health in Grand Tunis. We have chosen to quantify this relationship from the biometeorological indicators and absolute thresholds of meteorological stress, specific Tunisian climate, and air quality to predict episodes at risk for respiratory health and thresholds of weather variables and air quality resulting in excess hospital admissions for respiratory causes. And this from the climate extremes of the parameters affecting the respiratory health : temperature, relative humidity and maximum wind speed. We, too, set realistic standards for air quality, relative to O3 and PM10, identifying critical thresholds excess hospitalizations in Grand Tunis and can be applied throughout the country. Given the effect of some climatic parameters on the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, we also studied the relationship between climatic parameters and pollutants of O3 and PM10. The results of this study reveal that, throughout the year, Tunisians are confronted with at least an environmental risk : photochemical pollution and heat waves, which are very responsive during the hot season ; during the cold season, it is the risk of cold and particulate pollution; and during the off-season, biological pollution, together with pollen, is more at risk. However, short-term exposure to these risks, the worsening of the respiratory illness or irritation of the respiratory system is real. This study showed that the development and worsening of respiratory diseases appear to result from a complex interplay of individual and environmental factors. They are mainly in relation to time, air quality and atopy. The importance of these factors varies the respective disease. Moreover, the low socioeconomic status of the family increases the likelihood of being exposed to more of these risk factors. Added to this are behavioral factors such as alcohol, active and passive smoking
Bernard, Nadine. "Mesure de l'exposition individuelle au photo-oxydants atmosphériques et recherche de marqueurs biologiques". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20025.
Testo completoDergham, Mona. "Evaluation de l'impact toxicologique de la pollution particulaire (PM₂.₅) à Dunkerque : études sous influences industrielles, non industrielles et rurales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DUNK0517.
Testo completoParticulate air pollution constitutes one of the major risk factors implicated in the high incidence of respiratory and cardio-vascular pathologies. In order to integrate the variation linked to emission sources and seasons, atmospheric particulate matter (PM₂.₅) were collected at Dunkerque under urban (u) and/or industrial influence (I) and at Rubrouck (R) under rural influence, in spring-summer 2008 and autumn-winter 2009. The physico-chemical characterization of the six particulate samples has shown a fine granulometry (79 to 98 % < PM₂.₅) and a specific surface of 3 to 6 m²/g. Their concentrations in ionic species as well as in major metallic elements were different (Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Cu > Ti ; I > U > R). Differences were also been observed in their organic element constitution (PAH : I2 > U2 > I1 > U1 > R2 > R1 ; PCDD/F and PCB : I2 > I1 > U2 > U1 > R1 > R2) with respect to considered influences (PMindustriel > PMurban > PMrural) and sampling seasons. After in vitro evaluation of particulate samples global cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), we had shown the capacity of the organic components absorbed to the surface of these particles to induce gene expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (CYP 1A1 and 1B1, and to a lesser extent, NQO1). Moreover, excessive intracellular production of reactive oxygen species within BEAS-2B cells exposed to the six PM₂.₅ samples induced oxidative damage (MDA production, 8-OHdG formation and/or glutathione status alteration). There was also a development of an excessive inflammatory response based on statistically significant increases in gene expression and/or protein secretion of cytokines (notably IL-6 and IL-8). These obtained responses were dose and/or time dependant. However, we couldn't observe mutations in the principal acting genes in the pathway EGFR/KRAS/BRAF
Milliez, Maya. "Modélisation micro-météorologique en milieu urbain : dispertion des polluants et prise en compte des effets radiatifs". Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004042.
Testo completoTaranto, Jérôme. "Etude des effets de paramètres influençant l’efficacité d’un épurateur photocatalytique d’air : modélisation et optimisation de l’éclairement sur des matériaux photocatalytiques plans, plissés et en nid d’abeilles". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T2361_jtaranto.pdf.
Testo completoThe objective of this thesis is to understand and optimize the effects of various parameters influencing performance of a photocatalytic reactor for indoor air treatment and to propose improvements to increase it. Amongst many factors mentioned in the literature , we selected those that relate to the formulation of the photocatalyst coating (type and amount of photocatalyst coated binder, calcination temperature , …), characteristics of the polluted air (type of pollutant and concentration , air flow rate ,. . . ) and UV irradiation ( wavelength, emitted UV power , number of lamps , etc …) and finally the type of material (fibrous , quartz or aluminum ) constituting the photocatalytic support as well as its geometry (plane, pleated, surrounding lamps, honeycomb ,. . . ). The ranges of variation of some of these parameters are determined based on technological factors associated with industrial requirements. The approach is to take into account from the outset all important parameters to reduce the number of tests using optimization methods (chemometrics). Tests of material characterization and systems efficiency will be performed. Tests in an experimental loop with an effluent in recirculating or one pass mode will quantify the performance for different options chosen during the study. The first chapter of this thesis is to introduce the concept of air pollution by identifying different types of gaseous pollutants according to their class, their source and their environmental and health impact , to present different techniques used for air treatment and, finally, to state the principle of photocatalysis and to identify the different manufacturers of photocatalytic air purifiers. In the second part, various photocatalytic titanium dioxides are investigated in powder form or supported on various materials. Photocatalytic degradation tests are carried out in a single pass or in a batch reactor. The parameters influencing TiO2 coating are identified using design of experiments. The third chapter concerns studies of a coated TiO2 plane fibrous material. Studied factors are irradiance and its distribution on the surface of the photocatalytic material, the geometry given to the material supporting TiO2, the temperature and the velocity of the air in the reactor, the pressure drop and the mixing of titanium dioxide with zeolite or activated carbon. Modeling the UV light on the photocatalytic material helps to determine the optimum configurations for a higher and distributed as homogeneous as possible irradiance in our test conditions. The same methodological approach is used in the fourth chapter to optimize a photocatalytic reactor constituted of an aluminum structure shaped honeycomb used as support for TiO2. The fifth chapter describes the results obtained when photocatalytic titanium dioxide is directly coated on UV lamps. Finally, the last section presents the results of preliminary tests when photocatalysis and cold plasma are coupled for VOCs treatment
Gouraud, Véronique. "Asthme et ozone". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P015.
Testo completoMigon, Christophe. "Étude de l'apport atmosphérique en métaux-traces et sels nutritifs en milieu côtier méditerranéen : implications biogéochimiques". Nice, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NICE4219.
Testo completoAl, Zallouha Margueritta. "Étude prospective pilote des effets d'une exposition ex vivo de lymphocytes T humains à la pollution atmosphérique particulaire : recherche de biomarqueurs et influence de l'âge". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0472/document.
Testo completoAtmospheric fine particulate matter (FP) are able to enter the lungs where some compounds can interact with lung cells and reach the bloodstream . Exposure to FP affects in particular susceptible populations such as the elderly. This thesis is part of a project aiming to identify the effects of FP on human T lymphocytes (LT) while attempting to determine biomarkers related to exposure and to evaluate the variation of the cellular response as a function of age. LT were isolated from blood samples of 91 volunteers belonging to three age groups (20-30, 45-55, 70-85 years) then exposed ex vivo for 72h to 45 µg/µl of FP collected in Dunkirk. The steps of isolation, purification and activation of LT were first optimized. Following the characterization of the sampled population, a homogeneous study population was selected (10 subjects/age class). We have demonstrated an induction of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of PAH identified in the PF sample. Characterization of the LT profile made it possible to propose a mixed th1/th2 profile cause by the exposure. Teh transcriptomic study of miRNAs revealed an overexpression of miR-124-3p involved in the regulation of several functions in the immune system and miR-1290 involved in several types of cancer. As for the influence of age, overexpression of the genes coding for the antioxidant enzymes (NQO1 and HMOX1), an increase in the concentration of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) as well as a modification of the expression profile of some miRNAs were noted on the elderly
Ioannidis, Eleftherios. "Local and remote sources of Arctic air pollution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03889862.
Testo completoThe Arctic region is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to the effect of greenhouse gases, notably CO2, and short-lived climate forcers of anthropogenic origin, such as black carbon (BC). Over the last 20-30 years, remote anthropogenic emissions over mid-latitude regions have been decreasing. Anthropogenic emissions within the Arctic are also contributing and might increase in the future and further affect Arctic air pollution and climate. Natural emissions, such as sea-spray aerosols, also might increase due to on-going climate change. However, the processes and sources influencing Arctic aerosols and trace gases are poorly quantified, especially in wintertime. In this thesis, quasi-hemispheric and regional simulations are performed using the Weather Research Forecast model, coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The model is used to investigate atmospheric composition over the wider Arctic and during two field campaigns, one in northern Alaska at Barrow, Utqiagvik in January and February 2014 and the second in Fairbanks, central Alaska in November and December 2019 during the French pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) campaign. First, modelled inorganic and sea-spray (SSA) aerosols are evaluated at remote Arctic sites during wintertime. Then, the model is improved with respect to SSA treatments, following evaluation against Barrow field campaign data, and their contribution to the total aerosol burden within the Arctic region is quantified. A series of sensitivity runs are performed over northern Alaska, revealing model uncertainties in processes influencing SSA in the Arctic such as the presence of sea-ice and open leads. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate processes and sources influencing wintertime BC over the wider Arctic and over northern Alaska, with a focus on removal treatments and regional emissions. Variations in model sensitivity to wet and dry deposition is found across the Arctic and could explain model biases. Over northern Alaska, regional emissions from petroleum extraction are found to make an important contribution to observed BC. Model results are also sensitive to planetary boundary layer parameterisation schemes. Third, the improved version of the model is used to investigate the contribution of regional and local sources on air pollution in the Fairbanks area in winter 2019. Using up-to-date emissions, the model performs better in winter 2019 than in winter 2014, when compared to observations at background sites across Alaska. Underestimations in modelled BC and sulphate aerosols can be partly explained by lacking local and regional anthropogenic emissions. In the case of sulphate, additional secondary aerosol formation mechanisms under dark/cold conditions also need to be considered
Zeghnoun, Abdelkrim. "Relation à court terme entre pollution atmosphérique et santé : quelques aspects statistiques et épidémiologiques". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077199.
Testo completoKanoun, Myriam. "Impact de l'ozone sur le végétal : modification du métabolisme phénolique et altération de la Rubisco chez Phaseolus vulgaris L". Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3008.
Testo completoCatinon, Mickaël. "Détermination de la pollution atmosphérique métallique : étude critique de l’utilisation des écorces d’arbres". Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00554894.
Testo completoHuman activities are responsible for the atmospheric transfer of several types of compounds among which elements are present. One of the secondary effects of such transfer may be to affect human health and the functionality of ecosystems. After atmospheric transfer, a complex deposition of the elements occurs on the earth surface, with very unequal distribution, accumulation or dilution inducing quite different effects on water and soil composition and on the functionalities of living beings. The deposition process has been studied for approximately half a century on tree trunks. These organs constitute a very common vertical matrix on which quantitative or biomonitoring studies can be efficiently carried out, thus offering widely used routine tests. However, for a better exploitation of the information contained in such deposits, a much better understanding of this type of deposition was required. Such is the purpose of this report. A single tree species was chosen for this study: Fraxinus excelsior L. , a very common tree for our region, which was cultivated in the campus station and which could be found at several altitudes between 200 and 1700 m. Our methodological approach consisted in mixing two types of analytical techniques: ICP-MS and SEM-EDX which allowed to obtain an accurate concentration measurement of trace elements, a determination of their location or distribution at a microscopic scale and a chemical determination of the composition of crystallized or precipitated compounds. The time-scale of our studies on deposits ranged from 3 months to 40 years. Two types of fractions were analysed separately: a superficial one, on the stems, and another one, integrated inside the suber tissue and also inside other tissues. It was demonstrated that the superficial deposit was in fact a component of a specific small ecosystem characterized by a non-negligible photosynthetic rate and by a reviviscent ability. The superficial deposit is submitted to a partial lixiviation by rain. The suber tissue is a waterproof, apoplastic layer able to tightly retain most of the elements over long periods of time. It seems to be the best tissue for retaining atmospheric components over several decades. The deposit has several possible origins geogenic, biogenic or anthropogenic. In order to focus on this last fraction, a new system of calculation was conceived, which allows to determine the composition of an atmospheric anthropic elements fraction (AAEF). Moreover, this AAEF was fractionated into two parts, a dispersed one inside the deposit and a pattern of solid particles which were found either in the superficial deposit or inside the suber but not in the other tissues. A purification of the solid particles fraction was carried out, separating the water-soluble elements, the HNO3 2N-soluble ones and the solid residue. This last fraction contains most of the geogenic components, and of the Pb and Mn contents. The HNO3 fraction concentrates the elements such as Zn and Cu. The main purification steps are associated to the presence of the whole stock of dispersed K and Na inside the water phase and of Ca in the HNO3 fraction. This fractionation probably allows interesting speciation studies. With all these new experimental approaches, it seems possible to obtain realistic analyses of the historical and geographical distributions of elements deposits on different spatial scales
Kouassi, Serge. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et étude in-vitro de la toxicité pulmonaire d'aérosols atmosphériques (PM2,5) prélevés à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)". Littoral, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DUNK0245.
Testo completoAir pollutionhas become a global concern for public health, for a few years. Indeed, epidemiological studies associate particulate air pollution in the induction of many cardiorespiratory diseases. Emerging countries are particularly affected by these air pollution problems, because of their population growth and due to the absence of specific regulations. However, few data are currently available in these areas, regarding the health impact of such pollution or even their chemical composition. To overcome this lack of information, a study of fine particulate pollution (PM2. 5) in the district of Abidjan has been undertaken. Three sampling sites (i. E. Rural, urban and industrial areas) were chosen to highlight the heterogeneity of air pollutants according to their respective sources. The chemical composition of these samples confirmed their heterogeneity, and many inorganic (e. G. Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mg) and organic compounds (e. G. Paraffins) were quantified at the 3 sites. The dose-cytotoxic response relationship was then studied through the perturbation of different markers of global cytotoxicity in the human pneumocyte A549 cell line, thereby allowing the determination of the following Effect Concentrations (EC) (rural sites : EC10 = 5,91 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 29,55 µg/cm2 ; urban site : EC10 = 5,45 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 27,23 µg/cm2 ; industrial site : EC10 = 6,86 µg/cm2 ; EC50 = 34,29 µg/cm2). Exposure of A549 cells to Abidjan city’s PM samples has also enable the identatification of oxidative mechanisms (i. E. Malondialdehyde formation, alteration in superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione oxidation) as well as inflammatory response