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1
Dwyer, Tom. "The Industrial Safety Professionals: A Comparative Analysis from World War I until the 1980S". International Journal of Health Services 22, n. 4 (ottobre 1992): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/x3kl-exyc-12g7-ptx3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The birth of industrial society produced demand for the services of professionals specialized in matters related to industrial safety. Three professions—safety engineering, industrial medicine, and ergonomics—are examined. These professions are observed to either submit to single sets of demands, to integrate contradictory demands, or to experience scission. Until the late 1960s their growth appears to have been relatively peaceful and uncontroversial. From this period onward, controversy breaks out over questions related to industrial safety, and professions and government administrations grow. Increasingly, the traditional approach of safety professionals is called into question, and they adopt new orientations. These changes are mapped through the examination of data drawn principally from the United States, France, Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Brazil. The traditional standards approach competes with cost-benefit analysis and with systemic safety for influence; in addition, an emergent approach that analyzes accident causes in terms of social relations of work is detected. From Bhopal to Chernobyl, new technologies subject civilian populations to risks of catastrophic accidents, and the action of safety professionals comes under the spotlight. The analysis constructed permits new understandings of the past and the future of these professions.
2
Vogel, David. "When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash". Journal of Public Policy 10, n. 4 (ottobre 1990): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006085.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.
3
Luckett, Jonathan. "Regulating Generative AI: A Pathway to Ethical and Responsible Implementation". International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics 12, n. 5 (12 agosto 2023): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijci.2023.120508.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming more and more prevalent in our daily lives, and its potential applications are practically limitless. However, as with any technology, there are concerns about how AI could be misused or abused. One of the most serious concerns is the potential for discrimination, particularly against women or minorities, when AI systems are used for tasks like job hiring. Additionally, there are concerns about privacy and security, as AI could be used to monitor people's movements or launch cyberattacks. To address these concerns, regulations must be developed to ensure that AI is developed and used ethically and responsibly. These regulations should address issues like safety, privacy, security, and discrimination. Finally, it is important to educate the public about AI and how to use it safely and responsibly. In this paper, I will examine the AI regulations and challenges that exist today, particularly in the United States. Two regulations I will focus on are the AI in Government Act of 2020 and the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020. Additionally, I will examine two Executive Orders that have addressed the issue of AI in the federal government. Finally, I will conclude with some policy considerations and recommendations for federal agencies.
4
Langinen, Alexei. "Sparsely populated and rural areas in the United Kingdom: measures to solve governance challenges". Socium i vlast 6 (2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-6-29-39.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. The problems of state and local governance in sparsely populated and rural areas is relevant for the Russian Federation due to the presence of depressed areas, depopulation of the countryside, small towns, monotowns, migration of the rural population to large cities, regional capitals, other regions and abroad. These processes are typical for many other modern states. Solving the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas includes providing socially significant services, protecting the health and safety of residents, developing education, creating and maintaining social infrastructure, and creating jobs. The purpose of the article is to identify the most important management problems in rural and sparsely populated areas and reveal possible solutions to these problems using the example of Great Britain. Methods. The research is based on a systematic approach to management in rural and sparsely populated areas. Analysis of factual data, legal sources, published survey results, foreign Internet sources. Comparative analysis of problems and measures of state policy in different states. Scientific novelty of the research. The author highlights the current measures taken in the UK at the central, local levels in order to overcome the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas. These activities as a basis for developing practical recommendations may be important for solving similar problems in Russian regions, including in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic and economic problems in the near future. Results. As a result the author identifies problems in the field of management in rural and sparsely populated and hard-to-reach areas, as well as possible directions of state policy in the UK and Russia to overcome these problems. Conclusions. The most important direction of state policy for solving the problems highlighted in the study is the development of local interests of the community, the integration of state support measures and local events. As measures aimed at solving social and infrastructural problems of sparsely populated areas in the UK, one can single out government programs implemented at the national and regional levels with the participation of industrial enterprises and businesses, a grant mechanism for the implementation of financial support, combined with the empowerment of local communities. There is no such policy in Russia yet.
5
GUDZ, PETER, MARYNA GUDZ e BARBARA DĄBROWSKA. "COMMON POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE SPHERE OF INDUSTRY: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE NEW REALITY OF POSTPANDEMIC". Economic innovations 23, n. 3(80) (20 agosto 2021): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).85-100.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Topicality. The urgency of studying the problems and challenges of the European Union's common industrial policy in the post-pandemic is due to the need to overcome the recession caused by the epidemic crisis and find innovative ways and means to transform European economies to rebuild the economy for the welfare of citizens and environmental security. Another prerequisite for the intensification of industrial policy as a driver of development of the EU common market is the realization of competitive advantages over the economies of the United States and China.Aim and tasks. The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and general challenges of the European Union's industrial policy in the new realities after the pandemic. The COVID-19 crisis has created many problems and posed many challenges to the European Union, but this is not the first crisis it has faced. The paper analyzes the challenges that have arisen during the measures taken to correct the economic downturn, as well as plans for the recovery and development of the European Union, including on the basis of digitization of the common industrial policy.Research results. The day, the genesis of the new, the fourth stage of the development of the industrial policy of the European Union has been designated. Established, according to the main method of industrial policy, and at the same time, 24 industrial halls of the 27 countries ЄC to improve the competitiveness of the European industry, as a step towards the development of the age of the mainstream of work. It was approved by the tools for the implementation of the industrial policy and criteria and indicators of evaluation and development. Sectoral analysis of industry, allowing you to camp for 2018 p. advanced development of machinery and equipment for the indicator of additional costs for production of coke and products of naphtha processing, automobiles, hairstyles and applications, industrial production of metal products for machinery. An analysis of the indicator of security to the given variability in the industrial spheres has taken into account the tendency to the concentration of security in the five countries of the world, some of the economies of Nimechchin. Analyzed the Eurocomisin's praise for April 2020. The plan for the development of Europe and the plan for the middle of the initial ones is the concept of industrial ecosystems. The concept of Europe is a light leader and ecology of the economy, realizing the industry and economy of the state government, the energy and economics of the program “Green Ladies”, as well as the economics of the economy.Conclusion. Problems and directions of overcoming challenges, determined by coronary crisis in industry and economy in general are identified: assistance in resumption of activity of industrial enterprises, coordination of partnership principles, limitation of pandemic expansion, preservation of jobs, tax benefits and credit policy of national banks aimed at investment development, financial assistance governments to support small and medium-sized businesses, assistance to relevant sectors of economic activity. The common industrial policy of the European Union covers many areas. Therefore, it is known that in times of the COVID-19 pandemic, the common industrial policy will face many challenges and problems. The article highlights not only the difficulties that the European Union had to overcome, but also the measures and measures it has taken to solve these problems. Putting the safety of its citizens first, the European Union has temporarily suspended its common industrial policy to focus on priorities. The most important aim was to help the most needy Member States and to support the economic sectors most affected. In addition, the Union has also launched a ten- action plan to rebuild Europe. The reconstruction plan for Europe allowed the European Union authorities to focus on the original goals of the Union, thus putting the new industrial strategy for Europe into effect. The European Council plans not only to increase the global competitiveness of its industry as well as its autonomy and resilience, but also to increase the resilience of the single market and ensure the leading role of the EU in the ecological and digital transformation.
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Melnykova, Maryna, Mykola Boichenko, Nadiia Ragulina e Iryna Kocheshkova. "The Task of "recycling-revitalization" as a Priority of Sustainable Development of Ukrainian Industrial Cities". European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n1p212.
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Ukrainian industrial cities are characterized by a high level of technogenic load and pollution of the territory, which determines the priority of strengthening environmental safety in comparison with the other two components of sustainable development, ensuring social consensus and rational using of local resources. The environmental safety fortification actualizes the research of the processes of introducing of circular economy elements into production and restoration of urban territories which are occupied by industrial waste, i.e. solving the "recycling-revitalization" task in an industrial city. The general scientific and special methods of cognition have been used during the research. So, it allowed us to obtain the following results. The objective necessity and possibility of the "recycling-revitalization" task solving by Ukrainian industrial cities on the basis of the development and implementation of programs and projects, as well as the formation of eco-industrial parks has been substantiated. The experience of introducing of circular economy elements and ecological revitalization of the industrial cities’ territories in Europe and the United States has been analyzed including industrial symbiosis and powers in the environmental sphere of local governments. Three approaches to the management of industrial waste in the city have been considered: production-oriented, social-oriented, marketing-oriented. It has been determined that the production-oriented approach allows to form and implement of "recycling-revitalization" task solutions within the city. The organizational and economic solutions of "recycling-revitalization" task have been presented. The organizational solutions include coordinated interaction of enterprises of the city-forming, urban maintenance and urban planning sector in the management of industrial waste. Economic solutions to the “recycling-revitalization” task involve the using of three matrix models: a model of balanced resource allocation; assessing the impact of local indicators on the integral indicator of economic efficiency; model for accounting for uncertainty and risk factors. It has been argued that a socially-oriented and marketing-oriented approach to waste management in Ukrainian industrial cities presupposes concerted actions of participants at the regional and interregional level, which requires institutional and logistical support, which should be the subject of further research
7
Vasiliev, V. S. "Federal debt pyramid and record budget deficits as a threat to national security of the USA". Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n. 11 (18 novembre 2022): 804–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2211-04.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article analyzes the transformation of the problem of federal debt and budget defi cits in the United States from a sphere that has a purely economic dimension to the most acute task of ensuring the US national security. It is emphasized that the main demarcation line that predetermined the distinction between the purely economic dimension of the problem of debts and defi cits and national economic security was the ratio of federal debt to GDP, equal to 119 %, recorded in the mid-1940s after the end of World War II. This indicator was considered a benchmark for the historical strength and stability of the entire US federal fi nance system. Before the start of the fi nancial and economic crisis of 2020–2021, provoked by COVID-19 pandemic, the United States believed that they had about 10–15 years during which they could solve the problem of debts and defi cits relatively painlessly, but already in 2020 as a result "Super-aggressive" fi scal policy aimed at keeping the American economy afl oat, the United States has come close to the debt-to-GDP ratio of 130 %. Forecasts by federal government offi cials indicate that the debtto- GDP ratio will not fall below this level over the next 30 years, leaving the federal fi nance system highly vulnerable to shocks and economic blows that could potentially lead to a sudden collapse of the accumulated debt pyramid. The rapid transformation of the situation with debts and defi cits into the most acute problem of national economic security has already led to an almost complete paralysis of fiscal policy, which, in the context of the recession of 2022, turned out to be almost completely devoid of a countercyclical orientation. In addition, the US Federal Reserve took the path of using inflation to reduce the debt burden on the US economy, which predetermined the formation of a "toxic" inflationary environment both in the US and in the global economy in the near foreseeable future. The debt trap that the United States fell into at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century predetermined the extremely aggressive forms of US behavior in the system of international economic relations, including the unleashing of economic wars, with the ultimate goal of demonstrating to the world community that the United States will never, under any circumstances, pay off their accumulated public debt, as well as the debts of other sectors of the US economy.
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G. Mujtaba, Bahaudin, e Belal A. Kaifi. "Safety Audit Considerations for a Healthy Workplace that Puts «People Before Profit» and OSHA Compliance". Health Economics and Management Review 4, n. 1 (2023): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2023.1-02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Every organization should provide a safe and healthy workplace for all stakeholders by putting “people before profit”. Such a workplace must be consciously created, assessed, and internally examined through regular audits before the government conducts their inspections. Business owners, managers, and employees should know that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspections do not always come with a warning, as inspectors can enter a business at any day or time without scheduling their arrival. As such, all employees must work safely and be prepared for an unannounced inspection. Every business should have a formal checklist for audits and daily usage on a periodic basis to ensure the safety of their workers in a healthy work environment. The benefits of implementing an effective safety and health program can be many, including higher optimism of the workforce, improved company reputation, and lower Workers’ Compensation Insurance rates. This paper provides an overview of common safety measures in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements. Data, statistics, examples, checklist recommendations, and audit suggestions are provided for managers and human resource professionals to internally assess the organization on a periodic basis to proactively prevent accidents, injuries, and possible citations by the federal government or state health inspectors. Managers must pay even closer attention and provide additional training for underage school children that work part-time as they are more vulnerable and not allowed to use certain machines and heavy equipment in the workplace. Leaders and managers must develop and emphasize a “people before profit” mindset to create an organizational culture that is focused on safe work practices. It is important that all managers and human resources professionals understand that all USA companies must provide their employees with a safe and healthy work environment. Furthermore, these professionals must know the OSHA regulations and state laws which are applicable to their firms and industries so that the organization can be in full compliance with the requirements. Of course, we recommend that managers and firms go above and beyond the law to put “people before profit” in the organization’s culture. The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act of 1970, which is enforced by OSHA, has done an excellent job of getting managers and human resource professionals to make sure their places of work are as safe as possible. They have produced many great informational content and training materials that are freely available for all workers, managers, owners, and corporate executives to use in their pursuit of a safe and wholesome workplace. Consequently, OSHA standards and rules have become a part of corporate America, which has been a positive approach. A practical example that most American workers are familiar with is the “Fire Safety” procedures as all employers have a Fire Prevention Plan. Consequently, most firms and institutions in the United States regularly practice for fire safety drills; as such, it has become a part of their organization’s culture. And so should be the mindset of putting “people before profit”.
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Kang, Sangjun, e Jin-Oh Kim. "Global Community Safety Policy Cases and Policy Implications". Institute of Art & Design Research 25, n. 1 (31 agosto 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59386/jadr.2022.25.1.35.
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Community safety is a very comprehensive concept that extends from traditional disaster disasters to environmental pollution, crime, traffic, and domestic violence. The purpose of this study is to examine the global community safety policy cases and to derive policy implications. This study employs a literature review method and the countries investigated are the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Singapore, Japan with diverse geographical and social environments.
The major finding is that a public-private cooperation system based on the active participation of citizens is important. In addition, it is necessary to revisit the related legal system and promote an incentive system supported by the central government.
10
Lane, Bradley W., Natalie Messer–Betts, Devin Hartmann, Sanya Carley, Rachel M. Krause e John D. Graham. "Government Promotion of the Electric Car: Risk Management or Industrial Policy?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 4, n. 2 (giugno 2013): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00003366.
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There are two prominent motivations for why governments seek to promote the electric car: risk management and industrial policy. This article provides operational definitions of these two motivations and uses them to characterize the public policies of six political jurisdictions: California, China, the European Union, France, Germany, and the United States. The article finds that while the European Union is focused primarily on risk management, China, Germany and the United States are primarily engaged in industrial policy. California and France are intermediate cases with a substantial blend of industrial policy and risk management. Future research into the ramifications of industrial policy for liberalized international trade is recommended.
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Crow, Michael M., Mark A. Emmert e Carol I. Jacobson. "Government-Supported Industrial Research Institutes in the United States". Policy Studies Journal 19, n. 1 (settembre 1990): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1990.tb00876.x.
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Greenlund, Kurt J., e Ray H. Elling. "Capital Sectors and Workers' Health and Safety in the United States". International Journal of Health Services 25, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2gp3-2d9r-dy90-hkub.
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The dual or segmented economy perspective suggests that the U.S. production system within a capitalist world-system can be divided into distinct sectors based on elements such as levels of industrial concentration, foreign involvement, and unionization. The differing organization of these sectors is argued to influence worker health and safety (WHS) outcomes. An economic segmentation model was applied to national occupational health data to examine the relationship between structural divisions in the economy and occupational hazard exposure, injury, and illness. Workers in more global industrial sectors had only average levels of hazardous exposure but a greater likelihood of occupational injury and illness than workers in other sectors of the economy. These differences are related to the structure of work in the various sectors. The findings suggest the need for (1) greater surveillance and reporting of WHS problems through the general health care system; (2) planning of economic and productive activity that takes WHS issues into account; and (3) greater worker organization and power within and between nations to improve WHS.
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TROTTER, GRIFFIN. "The Moral Basis for Healthcare Reform in the United States". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 20, n. 1 (gennaio 2011): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180110000666.
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In speculating on the motives for government, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes identified the pervasive role of fear and the danger of violent death, holding famously that where no government prevails to secure physical safety and property, there can also be no enduring knowledge, art, or civilization—leaving human lives “solitary, poore [sic], nasty, brutish and short.”
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Ko, Chien-Ho, e Hani A. Abdulmajeed. "Improving Construction Safety: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 in the United States". Sustainability 14, n. 12 (10 giugno 2022): 7137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127137.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, construction accidents in the United States (US) dropped dramatically compared to previous years. This research uses Saunders’ research onion approach to conduct a deep and systematic analysis of pre- and post-COVID-19 data to understand this phenomenon. The proposed research framework examines safety and prevention measures implemented by the US government, using data collected from various US government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and US Bureau of Labor Statistics. COVID-19’s effects on construction site health and safety were analyzed and ranked in order of efficacy in a hierarchy of control, and findings reveal a number of safety measures that can potentially be implemented to promote improved construction safety even after COVID-19 is over.
15
Block, Richard N. "Collective bargaining, competitiveness and employment in the United States". Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 7, n. 4 (novembre 2001): 697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890100700412.
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This paper discusses collective bargaining in the United States over matters of job security, employment creation, and firm competitiveness. It first points out that US policy on economic issues is oriented toward facilitating the operation of markets; therefore, there is almost no public policy toward job security, employment creation, and competitiveness on which collective bargaining can build. Within the collective bargaining system, government policy merely enables unions and employers bargain over job security, employment creation, and firm competitiveness; it neither requires it nor even encourages it. Incidence of such use of collective bargaining thus varies by industry, with occasional use for competitiveness, but rare use for job creation. An exception is the automobile assembly industry, which is highlighted.
16
Ikenberry, G. John. "Market solutions for state problems: the international and domestic politics of American oil decontrol". International Organization 42, n. 1 (1988): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300007165.
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The dramatic upheaval in oil prices in the 1970s posed difficult policy dilemmas for the United States. Like other industrial importing nations, the United States was forced to make decisions concerning how to adjust its economy and society to the new and troubling international energy reality. From the Nixon to the Carter administrations, government officials attempted to implement policies of energy adjustment. These efforts began with ill-fated international schemes to form a “consumer cartel” of industrial nations, and ended with the decision in 1979 to decontrol oil prices.
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Berg, Joel, e Angelica Gibson. "Why the World Should Not Follow the Failed United States Model of Fighting Domestic Hunger". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 2 (12 gennaio 2022): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020814.
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Many industrialized nations have followed the lead of the United States (US) in reducing workers’ wages and cutting government safety nets, while giving their populaces the false impression that non-governmental organizations can meet the food and basic survival needs of their low-income residents. The history of the last 50 years and the global COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate why that is a mistake, leading to vastly increased household food insecurity, poverty, and hunger. This paper takes a close look at US data to help to better understand the significant impact US federal government policy measures had on limiting hunger throughout the pandemic and how we can learn from these outcomes to finally end hunger in America and other developed nations. The top three policy prescriptions vital in ending household food insecurity in the US and industrialized countries are as follows: (1) to create jobs; raise wages; make high quality healthcare and prescription medicine free; and ensure that high quality childcare, education, transportation, and broad-band access are affordable to all; (2) to enact a comprehensive “Assets Empowerment Agenda” to help low-income people move from owing to owning in order to develop middle-class wealth; and (3) when the above two steps are inadequate, ensure a robust government safety net for struggling residents that provides cash, food, and housing assistance.
18
Budavári, Krisztina. "The First National Defense Industrial Strategy of the United States of America". Hadtudomány 34, E (8 luglio 2024): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17047/hadtud.2024.34.e.148.
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The U.S. Department of Defense released its first National Defense Industrial Strategy (NDIS) on January 11, 2024. The purpose of the NDIS is to guide the Department’s engagement, policy development, and investment in the industrial base over the next three to five years. Guided by the National Defense Strategy (NDS), the NDIS will catalyze a generational shift from the existing defense industrial base to a more robust, resilient, and dynamic modernized defense industrial base and innovation ecosystem required to defend the United States, its allies and partners, and its interests in the 21st century. Among the many threats and challenges, China’s emergence as a „global industrial powerhouse” is a central focus. The strategy provides a strategic vision and path along four strategic priorities – resilient supply chains, workforce readiness, flexible acquisition, and economic deterrence – and emphasizes cooperation and coordination across the U.S. government, the private sector, and international allies and partners. However, implementation and defense budget resources will be critical to achieving the desired impact.
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Gray, Gavan Patrick. "Evidentiary Thresholds for Unilateral Aggression: Douma, Skripal and Media Analysis of Chemical Weapon Attacks as a Casus Belli". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, n. 3 (25 settembre 2019): 133–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130307.
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The initiation of military or economic punishment generally on states requires significant justification, lest it be judged an act of aggression. In 2018 two separate incidents invoked similar rationales for such acts of reprisal, specifically that they were responding to attacks using chemical weapons. The incidents were an alleged sarin gas attack by the Syrian government on political opponents, which led to military strikes from the United States, and an alleged poisoning via novichok nerve agents by the Russian government on a Russian ex-spy and his daughter, which led to economic sanctions from the United Kingdom. In both cases, however, evidence of culpability fell short of what legal standards typically require. Despite this, media coverage has failed to examine alternative scenarios or to offer effective critical assessment of the weak rationalizations offered by US and UK governments. The result, precipitate and incautious policy, driven by hasty conclusions rather than careful analysis, represents a failure on the part of both media and government institutions to present the public with an even-handed and neutral assessment of matters vital to their national interest.
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Kim, SongJune, e Seung-Hun Hong. "Regulating Artificial Intelligence: Choices for Government and Its Limitations". Korea Public Choice Association 2, n. 2 (30 settembre 2023): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55795/jpc.2023.2.2.035.
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Artificial intelligence (AI), the key technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is expected to bring numerous socioeconomic benefits, but there are also concerns about its adverse effects. This study aims to explore policy options for building trust in AI and discuss their limitations. Specifically, we analyze the EU and US approaches to creating so-called “trustworthy AI” and draw policy implications for South Korea. The EU's approach to overcoming differences in socioeconomic maturity, government capacity, and institutional context among its member states is both normative and centralized. On the other hand, the United States, which aims to maintain its technological hegemony, has taken a light-touch approach to promoting the AI industry by granting discretionary authority to sectoral regulators while encouraging private sector autonomy. The changing environment calls for a full-scale discussion on AI regulation in Korea. In this paper, we point out that it is essential to consider regulatory arrangements that include at least three elements: risk-based regulation, co-regulatory framework, and harmonization with international standards. We conclude by discussing policy options and limitations.
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Tong, Yihui, e Yulin Tong. "Comparative Study on Mechanisms and Policies of Public Emergency of China and The United States". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 15 (13 giugno 2023): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v15i.9106.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nowadays, the severity of public emergency causes serious harm to people’s life and property safety, which requires the government’s constant improvement of the ability to cope with public emergency incidents. The objective of the paper is to compare the policies and mechanisms of China and the US on public emergency management by collecting specific cases, analyzing the reasons behind the differences between the two countries, and providing referential value for the improvement of national policy. Comparative analysis and case analysis were the mainly applied methods in the paper. Three dimensions including the governance subject, legal documents and emergency response mechanisms were compared in the paper. Through comparison, the paper analyzes the distinctive features of the emergency response mechanisms from China and the United States. For China, the “strong government” model ensures efficiency in dealing with relevant events, while ignoring the initiative of local governments to some extent. In light of that, the legislation of emergency management ought to focus more on clarifying the rights and responsibilities of both the central state council and the local government. For the United States, given the limitation of the power of the federal government, the coordination between the two subjects is important.
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Sugarman, Stephen D. "Quebec's Comprehensive Auto No-Fault Scheme and the Failure of Any of the United States to Follow". Régimes de no-fault 39, n. 2-3 (12 aprile 2005): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043495ar.
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Although Quebec's no-fault auto insurance scheme has served for 20 years as an exemplary model to follow, so far not one of the United States has adopted anything even close to it. This article examines the reasons for that failure, both in California and throughout the country. Emphasis is given to several factors that stand in the way of U.S. reform and that may distinguish states in the U.S. from Canadian provinces generally and Quebec in particular: 1. State politics — the power of the lawyers who represent victims, the position of the insurers, and the structure of state government. 2. Public perceptions — negative attitudes towards government, the insurance industry, and the prospects of saving money on auto insurance premiums. 3. Traditions—the ideological strength of individualism and ideological weakness of collective responsibility. 4. Tradeoffs — doing away with the tort system means giving up more in the U.S. than elsewhere. 5. Policy concerns — fears about safety, costs, and the « slippery slope ». Finally, the possibility that one or more U.S. states might in the future evolve towards the Quebec solution is explored.
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Vasil Khizanishvili, Vasil Khizanishvili. "The Japanese economic miracle and the role of government in the process of its achievement". New Economist 16, n. 03 (28 gennaio 2022): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/nec62-6303-042021-48.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Japanese economic miracle is known as the record period of Japanese economic growth between the end of World War II and the end of the Cold War (1945–1991). One of the reasons for Japan's rapid recovery from post-war trauma was the government's successful economic reform. The government institution that dealt mainly with industrial policy in Japan was the Ministry of Industry. One of the most important economic reforms was the introduction-adaptation of the "Inclined Production Mode". This success has been largely ensured to the interventionist policy of the Government of Japan and, in part, to the assistance provided by the United States in the form of the ,,Marshall Plan“. Keywords: role of government, protectionism, reconstruction, US aid ("Marshall plan"), Japanese economic miracle.
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Huh, Koungmi. "Crime Prevention Strategies in Rural Areas of an Aging Society". Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, n. 5 (31 maggio 2022): 651–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.5.44.5.651.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Huh Koungmi(Keimyung University) The purpose of this study was to examine the crime prevention strategies developed and implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the United States in line with the aging and depopulation of rural areas, and to find ways to supplement and apply them to rural areas in Korea. As a crime prevention strategy in rural areas, the UN Secretariat for Drug Crimes presented local-based crime prevention strategies, life development crime prevention strategies, situational crime prevention strategies, and reintegration strategies as action strategies. In the case of the United States, the federal government, each state government, criminal justice agencies, including local police departments, and regional researchers developed various rural crime prevention strategies together, complementing each other and disseminating it. Representative rural crime prevention strategies include hotspot policing strategy, problemoriented policing, ACTION, Police-Mental Health Provider Co-Responder Model, outreach using social media, and support for criminal recovery through Offender Review Board. This study can be used as a security policy to promote the safety of rural residents, and is expected to trigger follow-up research in related fields.
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Lin, Ying-Jun. "Exploring the Interplay between Trade and Industrial Policies and the Impact of Geopolitics on the Transformation of Taiwan's Economy". UNISCI Journal 21, n. 63 (15 ottobre 2023): 249–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31439/unisci-186.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Over the past five decades, Taiwan's economy has shifted from inward-oriented to outward-oriented, from an import-substitution policy to an export-expansion policy. This evolution in economic structure has also brought about changes in the industrial landscape. While there is an ongoing debate about the respective roles of the market and the government in promoting Taiwan's economic growth, this article argues that the history of Taiwan's economy demonstrates a mutually beneficial relationship between trade and industrial policies. The integration of market forces and government intervention has played a crucial role in Taiwan's economic success story. However, the dynamics between the United States and China, as well as the emergence of new Asian regionalism, pose challenges to Taiwanese industries and enterprises. In conclusion, this article emphasizes the importance of refining trade and industrial policies in line with the geopolitical context in order to maintain the momentum of Taiwan's economy.
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Johanning, Eckardt, Mark Goldberg e Rokho Kim. "Asbestos Hazard Evaluation in South Korean Textile Production". International Journal of Health Services 24, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/27ab-6j6d-udhk-qupk.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The manufacture and use of asbestos-containing products has become the object of restrictive environmental and occupational health regulation in the United States and many European countries. World production, however, has not declined, but rather shifted to developing countries. Our knowledge of the working conditions in these countries is limited. This article describes an investigation conducted in 1991 into the conditions and work practices in asbestos textile manufacturing in South Korea. The findings are based on site visits to several asbestos textile manufacturing facilities, meetings with industrial safety experts, and labor and industry representatives. The authors describe the current status of exposure control technology and industrial hygiene practices, and the results of personal asbestos dust monitoring at five representative textile production workstations. In general, manufacturers and regulatory agencies have not taken the precautions necessary to adequately protect employee health and meet international standards. Worker exposure to asbestos dust well above U.S. and German standards is commonplace in South Korea. International cooperation of health and safety experts with experience in asbestos-related problems should be promoted to improve the level of industrial safety in developing countries.
27
Vinslav, Yuri. "Formation and contours of modernization of the state industrial policy in the Russian Federation: analysis of post-Soviet realities in the context of global threats and taking into account the experience of a number of foreign countries". Russian Economic Journal, n. 2 (8 giugno 2021): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2021-2-3-32.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines the main trends of industrial activity in Russia in the post-Soviet period, including trends in the dynamics of industrial output and the movement of indicators of efficiency and innovation of production. The problems of ensuring rapid, sustainable and high-quality industrial growth are systematized. The article describes the practice of implementing industrial policy in a number of modern nation-states; it draws on materials related to the United States, Western European countries and Japan, China and India. The critical importance of issues of state regulation of industry in the context of the presence and expansion of a complex of global financial and non-financial threats is emphasized. The directions of modernization of the industrial policy of Russia at the federal level are outlined, together with the lines of improvement of the regulatory framework on this issue. The issues of interaction between industrial corporations and government structures in the aspect of implementing an active industrial policy are covered in detail. The existing shortcomings of the existing documents of strategic planning of industrial development are identified and recommendations for their improvement are justified.
28
Loue, Sana, Janet L. Lowder, Sandra J. Buzney e Amanda M. Buzo. "Caring for an Adult Child With Cognitive Disabilities: Meeting the Dual Needs of an Adult and Child". Care Management Journals 7, n. 4 (dicembre 2006): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmj-v7i4a004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A significant proportion of families in the United States provide care for an adult child who has a cognitive impairment. Significant issues may arise in the context of providing this care, including medical concerns, the nature of the relationship between the adult cognitively impaired child and his or her parents, safety concerns in the home, difficulties that the adult child may face in the community, and employmentrelated issues. We focus, as well, on the need to plan for the future through the execution of powers of attorney, living wills, and accessing government benefits for the individual. Caregiver stress is also a concern. We provide various alternatives for the management of these issues.
29
PIERSON, PAUL, e MIRIAM SMITH. "Bourgeois Revolutions?" Comparative Political Studies 25, n. 4 (gennaio 1993): 487–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414093025004003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Much of the literature on reform politics has focused on social democratic governments. This article reexamines the dynamics of reform by concentrating on conservative governments in four advanced industrial democracies during the 1980s: Britain, Canada, the United States, and West Germany. Conservative governments have attempted to dismantle well-institutionalized systems of government intervention in market economies. The authors argue that the structure of national political institutions is of central importance in explaining variation across these cases in government goals, strategies, and success rates. This article also stresses the need to consider the distinctive characteristics of different policy arenas. Governments found market-oriented reforms considerably easier to implement in some policy arenas than in others.
30
Aizer, Anna, Hilary Hoynes e Adriana Lleras-Muney. "Children and the US Social Safety Net: Balancing Disincentives for Adults and Benefits for Children". Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, n. 2 (1 maggio 2022): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.2.149.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Economic research on the safety net has evolved over time, moving away from a focus on the negative incentive effects of means-tested assistance on employment, earnings, marriage, and fertility to include the potential positive benefits of such programs to children. Initially, this research on benefits to children focused on short-run impacts, but as we accumulated knowledge about skill production and better data became available, the research evolved further to include important long-run economic outcomes such as employment, earnings, and mortality. Once the positive long-run benefits to children are considered, many safety net programs are cost-effective. However, the current government practice of limiting the time horizon for cost-benefit calculations of policy initiatives often fails to take this into account. Finally, we discuss why child poverty in the United States is still higher than most OECD countries and how research on children and the safety net can better inform policy-making.
31
Padot, Rebecca. "A higher education approach to active shooter incidents: Evidence from 40 United States university campuses". Journal of Emergency Management 22, n. 2 (1 aprile 2024): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0708.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In a post-9/11 environment with an increased United States (US) federal government emphasis on active shooter preparedness, this study seeks to understand how higher educational institutions have adapted to this changing policy environment. Furthermore, between 2000 and 2017, there were 15 active shooter incidents at US higher education institutions. This study provides data on how public and private higher education campuses are preparing for this increased active shooter threat. Interviews were conducted with higher education employees familiar with campus security policies from 40 higher education institutions across 18 states in the US. These colleges/universities also represented a range of institution type: community colleges (5), public institutions (9), and private institutions (26). Interviews were conducted with 18 Chief/Director of Campus Safety/ Security, 14 members of campus police or security, seven Chiefs of Police, and one staff member familiar with campus security policies.
32
Duanmu, Jing-Lin, e Francisco Urdinez. "The dissuasive effect of U.S. political influence on Chinese FDI during the “Going Global” policy era". Business and Politics 20, n. 1 (24 aprile 2017): 38–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2017.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractBuilding on the growing debate on political determinants of foreign direct investment, we investigate the relationship between U.S. political influence and the global distribution of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Using country-level and firm-level datasets of China's greenfield investment, we find strong evidence that Chinese state controlled firms strategically reduce investment in host countries under significant political influence of the United States. Our results are robust to alternative specification and two falsification tests. The findings suggest that the Chinese government uses FDI as a way of economic diplomacy.
33
Hundley, Greg. "The Law and Union Membership in US State and Local Government". Journal of Industrial Relations 30, n. 2 (giugno 1988): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568803000204.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
State and local government workers in the United States are covered by a wide variety of collective bargaining laws, thus providing a rare opportunity to analyse the effects of the law on union membership. Analysis of a large micro-data sample shows that several aspects of bargaining laws, particularly provisions relating to exclusive jurisdiction and union security, have a pronounced effect on the probability that a worker will be a union member. An individual covered by the right to strike is less likely to be a union member than an individual covered by a compulsory arbitration law. Estimates indicate that deregulation of an industrial relations system that provides incentivesfor unionism similar to those that exist in Australian policy would produce a dramatic decline in membership.
34
Loeppky, Rodney. "The Real Meaning of “Managed Care”: Adaptive Accumulation and U.S. Health Care". International Journal of Health Services 49, n. 4 (31 luglio 2019): 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419863651.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The boundaries of what constitutes “sufficient” health have always been open and, as such, health care has proven to be an opportune area for profit growth. In the United States, the allure of health as a market commodity has proven very strong, but even here it cannot be a mere spontaneous product of the market. It requires government to foster and develop public policy that effectively promotes and maintains health care delivery across the population. Historically, U.S. public policy has veered away from anything akin to universal care, and it has typically been understood as an outlier among advanced industrial states. But, simultaneously, it is also the largest health care market in the world, soon to engulf a full fifth of its GDP. In this paper, I argue that the complicated dynamic between a growing market in health delivery and a patchwork of political reforms has encouraged “adaptive accumulation,” a process whereby capital secures optimized accumulation outcomes from enhanced government intervention, deriving extra-market benefits along the way. To make this argument, I explore critical components of the health system, including Medicare Advantage, Medicare Part D, as well as the Affordable Care Act and its aftermath.
35
WANG, CONGYUE. "The Technological Confrontation between China and the United States: the Front and Core of the Sino-US Strategic Game". Мировая политика, n. 1 (gennaio 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2023.1.39781.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, China's scientific and technological power has risen rapidly, threatening the United States' supremacy in this field. In order to contain the continuous development of China's scientific and technological strength, the US government has adopted a series of policies and measures since the Trump administration. At present, the technological confrontation between China and the United States is becoming increasingly fierce. In order to better understand this technological confrontation, this paper will use methods of analysis, information synthesis, comparison, induction, and deduction to analyze the causes of Sino-US science and technology confrontation, list the specific measures taken by the United States, study the comparative advantages of the United States and China in this confrontation, and finally analyze the global impacts of the Sino-US technological confrontation. With the rise and development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, scientific and technological competition is gradually becoming the front and core of Sino-US strategic game, which is different from the traditional geostrategic competition in content and form. This is the first time that the strategic competition of major powers mainly focuses on the field of non-physical geography for mankind. Neither China nor the United States has sufficient experience, and there is also a lack of historical experience to learn from. This paper argues that the Sino-US technological confrontation will not only affect the relationship between China and the United States, but also have negative impacts on the world. Therefore, China and the United States should look for areas of science and technology that can cooperate actively, promote the common prosperity and development of global science and technology, and let science and technology play a new and more constructive role in global politics.
36
Wilbur, Ryan, Charles Stanley, Kristie A. Maczko e John Derek Scasta. "Perceptions of NRCS Assistance with Prescribed Fires on U.S. Private Lands: A Regionally Stratified Case Study". Fire 4, n. 3 (14 agosto 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4030047.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The benefits of prescribed fires are recognized throughout the United States, but the ability to assist with prescribed fire application on private land by government agencies has many possible constraints and challenges. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), a federal agency, is mandated to assist private landowners with meeting land management objectives, but the ability of employees to utilize prescribed fire as a management tool is complex. We conducted a regionally stratified online survey of NRCS employees across the United States to determine the barriers inhibiting their ability to assist private landowners with prescribed fire application. In January of 2020, we recruited 101 NRCS rangeland and grazing land specialists to participate in the survey with 50 completing the survey (regional sample size: Central n = 14, Northeast n = 5, Southeast n = 12, West n = 19). A majority (82%) of respondents thought prescribed fires were staying the same or increasing in number. Regional differences in assistance types were significant for conducting burns and providing technical education, but not for other assistance types. Regional differences for perceived constraints were also significant for how the public understands the risks of prescribed fire and the ecological constraints but not for state policy, federal policy, liability, or public understanding of prescribed fire benefits. Overall and across regions, the NRCS survey participants perceived federal policies, liability, and private landowners’ lack knowledge of prescribed fire limits their ability to assist in the utilization of prescribed fire. Creating a national policy that allows a streamlined process for NRCS employees to assist with prescribed fire implementation and collaborative initiatives to improve private landowner knowledge gaps has the potential to improve prescribed fire application across the United States.
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Zaky, Ahmad, e Retno Kusumastuti. "Sentiment Analysis of Covid-19 Vaccination Policy in Indonesia". Spirit Publik: Jurnal Administrasi Publik 17, n. 1 (16 agosto 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sp.v17i1.59627.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>In December 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had lasted for 10 months in Indonesia and there was no way out of the pandemic. A glimmer of hope came from President Joko Widodo in August 2020 when he said that the vaccination program would start in January 2021 and the vaccine had arrived in Indonesia in December 2020. Various responses have emerged in the community regarding the vaccination policy, especially on social media. Public trust in a policy is one of the factors driving a successful policy. This article shows how the public's sentiment is towards the covid-19 vaccination policy by conducting text mining on netizen comments on YouTube social media, analyzes the sentiment from citizens, and analyzes the topics discussed about the covid-19 vaccination policy. The results showed that the majority of netizens had negative sentiments about the covid-19 vaccination policy with concerns, among others, about vaccine safety issues and the potential for corruption from the policy. To increase public confidence in the covid-19 vaccination policy, the government must answer them. Concerns about vaccine safety can be overcome by giving an example of a high government official of being willing to be vaccinated beforehand and live broadcast as was done by the elected president and vice president of the United States Joe Biden and Kamala Harris. Meanwhile, concerns over the potential for corruption can be resolved by taking more transparent, accountable and responsive actions in implementing the vaccination policy.</p>
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Zaki, Amril Hanif, e Ahmad Sahide. "Joe Biden’s foreign policy in dealing with China". Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, n. 2 (27 novembre 2023): 2024024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study is to examine the foreign policy of the Joe Biden era in dealing with China. The authors use qualitative research, data sources from Web, Scopus, Taylor, and documents from the United States Department of State. The author uses a supporting application, namely, VOS Viewer. After that, it is analyzed using the theory of liberalism in tracing Joe Biden's foreign policy. Therefore, this article resulted in Joe Biden implementing his "Foreign Policy for the Middle Class" strategy. Joe Biden has revived EU-US dialog and coordinated sanctions against Chinese officials in response to human rights abuses in Xinjiang. The US uses a strategic approach in industrial planning to maintain competitiveness with China. Biden's first trade policy action involved an executive order regarding government procurement. Its military policy focuses on multilateral action to limit Chinese operations and reduce their impact on collaboration with allies.
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McKibbin, Warwick J., e Andrew B. Stoeckel. "Global Fiscal Consolidation". Asian Economic Papers 11, n. 1 (gennaio 2012): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The buildup in government debt in response to the “great recession,” has raised a number of policy dilemmas for individual countries as well as the world as a whole. The recent need for a change of fiscal policy stance has fuelled debates about the impact of fiscal consolidation on domestic economies that are tightening, the flow-on effects to the world economy, and also about how much tightening there should be and how quickly it should happen. This paper explores these issues in a global framework focusing on the national and global consequences of coordinated fiscal consolidation. It explores the implications this fiscal adjustment might have on country risk premia and what happens if all countries coordinate their fiscal adjustment except the United States. A coordinated fiscal consolidation in the industrial world that is not accompanied by U.S. actions is likely to lead to a substantial worsening of trade imbalances globally as the release of capital in fiscally contracting economies flows into the U.S. economy, appreciates the U.S. dollar, and worsens the current account position of the United States. The scale of this change is likely to be sufficient to substantially increase the probability of a trade war between the United States and other economies. To avoid this outcome, a coordinated fiscal adjustment is clearly in the interest of the global economy.
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Shearer, Christine. "The political ecology of climate adaptation assistance: Alaska Natives, displacement, and relocation". Journal of Political Ecology 19, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2012): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v19i1.21725.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although much research on climate change has focused on its disproportionate effects on the Global South, communities—particularly indigenous populations—within "developed" nations in the Global North can also face significant effects and inadequate assistance. One example is the native village and city of Kivalina in northwest Alaska. Through a case study of Kivalina, this article explores the gaps in U.S. policy for relocating Alaska Natives due to the effects of climate change. There is currently no policy in place—within the United States or internationally—for the resettlement of communities displaced by climate change. And in the United States there is no lead agency in charge of relocating displaced communities, despite several U.S. government reports stating that at least four Alaska Native villages, including Kivalina, must be resettled due to warming Arctic temperatures and erosion. This leaves government agencies in charge of assisting villages like Kivalina, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers, who are responsible for helping ensure Kivalina's safety but are not empowered to innovate new procedures and holistically address what is an unprecedented problem: climate change. This has left Kivalina in what is termed here an administrative orbit, with residents made to work their way through a patchwork of various government programs and procedures that are time-consuming and often insufficient. In exploring these intra-national inequities, this article examines how a protocol specifically designed for those displaced by climate change, such as "climigration," could be merged with existing government efforts around emergency management to help prevent disasters before they occur, and to protect at-risk communities like Kivalina.Keywords: Disaster management; Alaska: environmentally induced migration; indigenous studies; resilience; displacement; relocation.
41
Kim, Youn-Suk, e Yongseung Jung. "Innovation with imported technology in a dynamic global economy: the case of Korean industry". Human Systems Management 17, n. 4 (13 novembre 1998): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1998-17405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With more international trade, business, and technology, the World Trade Organization will promote the world economy toward globalized markets, more consolidation and greater efficiency in production. That is, national boundaries signify much less than they used to in terms of the flow of technology. Having the changing position of technology policy in Japan and the United States, Korea has to comply with the new situation of global economy, reformulate its technology policy, and promote its technological collaboration with the United States. In the era of global competition, Korea can no longer rely on technology and R&D imports. It has to evolve its own R&D institutions, reformulate its technology policy and re-engineer its corporations. In Korea, the government has deliberately and directly undertaken a very active policy towards creating a climate conducive to enhancing science and technology for catching-up high technology. This paper examines the ways in which Korea’s industrial innovation has been undertaken from imported technology. Korea with a modern educational system and a strong internal scientific and engineering community, can promote its own technological innovation complemented by technological transfer. As a medium-level-tech country, Korea might actively involve US investment as a partner so as to facilitate joint ventures of R&D and production.
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Álvarez, José Maurício. "illusion of the Oracle:". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, n. 10 (29 ottobre 2021): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.810.11011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract
The familiar face of empires is external intervention as opposed to local culture. We follow Michel Onfray's thesis about the oracular illusion when one more individual or country tries to avoid the fulfillment of a nefarious prediction, which materializes as a catastrophe. Algeria conquered in 1830 was incorporated into French territory. In 1954 the FLN rebelled, and in 1961, General Charles de Gaulle negotiated the independence of Algeria, causing the disastrous departure of 750,000 French settlers and the death of French supporters. From 1962 to 2021, the withdrawals of imperial powers from their colonies, France from Algeria, the United States in Afghanistan, resulted in catastrophes and uncertainties. The imperial power of the United States aimed to defeat its bipolar antagonist, the USSR when it invaded Afghanistan. They conducted an inconsequential policy to beat their rival, arming and financing the Taliban's victorious resistance, the freedom fighters. The oracular illusion led the United States to support the future antagonist, Islamic fundamentalism, destined for the world caliphate. After the departure of the USSR, American power despised the Taliban, who harbored al Qaeda, leading to 9/11. In 2001 the United States invaded Afghanistan and abandoned it after 20 years of war without the precaution of obtaining plans or safeguards for the government in Kabul. After the disastrous retreat, the victorious Taliban demonstrated, like the FLN in Algeria, the fulfillment of the oracular illusion.
43
Xu, Chenglei, Huan Zhou e Yonghe Sun. "Research on the Development Characteristics of Green Energy Industry in Main Developed Countries". E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019402020.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Green energy is regarded as the breakthrough of the fourth technological revolution of mankind, which is highly concerned by the whole world. By analysing the development strategies of major developed countries to promote green energy industry, this paper constructs a theoretical framework from four aspects: government policy, green consumption, technology and capital, so as to summarize the typical characteristics of the development of green energy industry. The study found that government policy and technology are the main driving force for the development of green energy industry in major developed countries, the resource-rich United States leads the industrial development with policy, and the European Union obtains new energy development through policy and technological innovation at the same time. Japan continues to innovate and take the lead in technology to break the limitations of innate conditions. The conclusions of the study will help countries with the same resource base, policy environment and consumption concept to sort out the development ideas of green energy, and provide some reference and reference for the formulation of effective development strategies.
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Weaver, Vesla M. "Frontlash: Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy". Studies in American Political Development 21, n. 2 (2007): 230–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x07000211.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Civil rights cemented its place on the national agenda with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, fair housing legislation, federal enforcement of school integration, and the outlawing of discriminatory voting mechanisms in the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Less recognized but no less important, the Second Reconstruction also witnessed one of the most punitive interventions in United States history. The death penalty was reinstated, felon disenfranchisement statutes from the First Reconstruction were revived, and the chain gang returned. State and federal governments revised their criminal codes, effectively abolishing parole, imposing mandatory minimum sentences, and allowing juveniles to be incarcerated in adult prisons. Meanwhile, the Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1965 gave the federal government an altogether new role in crime control; several subsequent policies, beginning with the Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and culminating with the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, ‘war on drugs,’ and extension of capital crimes, significantly altered the approach. These and other developments had an exceptional and long-lasting effect, with imprisonment increasing six-fold between 1973 and the turn of the century. Certain groups felt the burden of these changes most acutely. As of the last census, fully half of those imprisoned are black and one in three black men between ages 20 and 29 are currently under state supervision. Compared to its advanced industrial counterparts in western Europe, the United States imprisons at least five times more of its citizens per capita.
45
Johnson, Ronald N. "Declining Industries and the Persistence of Government Support Programs: The Quiet Decline of Gum Naval Stores Production in the United States". Journal of Economic History 60, n. 4 (dicembre 2000): 995–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700026346.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Understanding industrial decline is important from both historical and policy perspectives. The United States was the world's leading producer of gum naval stores in the early twentieth centuiy, but by the late 1970s production had all but ceased. Evidence presented here indicates that changing relative prices induced forest owners, the key stakeholders, to shift production towards other forest products. Nevertheless, the federal government continued to provide transfers to this industry even as political support for it vanished. The demise of this once-great American industry lends support to the received notion that once instituted, transfer programs tend to persist.
46
Chudinovskikh, Marina. "Public Policy of Telework Management: Experience of Russia and the USA". Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, n. 4 (20 dicembre 2019): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(4).646-652.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The relevance of the research into the issue is determined by the need to develop a state policy in the field of telework management (distance employment). The paper presents an analysis of the practice of state management of telework in the United States of America based on a study of the norms of legislation (Telework Enhancement Act), as well as annual reports submitted to Congress. In the article, general and special scientific methods such as systemic, comparative legal, formal logical, statistical, and others were applied. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the Russian Federation is taking the first steps in the field of managing telework, while in the United States, a comprehensive state policy has been formed and implemented since 2010. The telework state policy includes the development of legal acts, allocation of authority among state and municipal bodies, measures to encourage the creation of remote jobs, the organization of accounting, control and supervision of telework. The implementation of an effective telework state policy has a positive effect on employers, employees, society and the environment. The positive economic effect for the state and government is reduction in operating costs, increase in work efficiency and reduction of staff turnover. For employees, distance employment leads to a reduction in stress and an increase in job satisfaction. The effect for society and the environment is reflected in an increase in the level of public safety, a reduction in the traffic load, pollution of the environment, and energy saving.
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McDermott, Philip, Roger Toleman e Richard W. Lee. "Recent and Future Transport Policy Planning in New Zealand". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1606, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1606-02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The recent history of planning for the transport sector in New Zealand offers interesting comparisons with parallel developments in the United States under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Over the past decade, both nations have undergone a major reconstruction of the legal and political apparatus of transportation planning. In each case, this restructuring reflected two potentially contradictory sets of goals: (a) to rationalize and improve the efficiency of transportation planning, thereby enhancing economic development and (b) to systematically mitigate transport-related externalities and formally recognize environmental and fiscal limits to the expansion of transportation infrastructure. New Zealand is described from a historical and geopolitical perspective and the legislative and political framework of transport is outlined, focusing on key changes in the regulatory regime. New Zealand is shown to have followed policies that strongly favor privatization and market-style means and measures, with central government moving from an operational to a strategic stance. Examples of deregulation and privatization programs are discussed, including ports, safety regulation, and environmental regulation. The future requirements of transport policy planning are speculated on.
48
Yu, Shuai, Yuanhua Jia e Dongye Sun. "Identifying Factors that Influence the Patterns of Road Crashes Using Association Rules: A case Study from Wisconsin, United States". Sustainability 11, n. 7 (1 aprile 2019): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071925.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Road traffic injury is currently the leading cause of death among children and young adults aged 5–29 years all over the world. Measures must be taken to avoid accidents and promote the sustainability of road safety. The current study aimed to identify risk factors that are significantly associated with the severity in crash accidents; therefore, traffic crashes could be reduced, and the sustainable safety level of roadways could be improved. The Apriori algorithm is carried out to mine the significant association rules between the severity of the crash accidents and the factors influencing the occurrence of crash accidents. Compared to previous studies, the current study included the variables more comprehensively, including environment, management, and the state of drivers and vehicles. The data for the current study comes from the Wisconsin Transportation crash database that contains information on all reported crashes in Wisconsin in the year 2016. The results indicate that male drivers aged 16–29 are more inclined to be involved in crashes on roadways with no physical separation. Additionally, fatal crashes are more likely to occur in towns while property damage crashes are more likely to occur in the city. The findings can help government to make efficient policies on road safety improvement.
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HACKER, JACOB S. "Review Article: Dismantling the Health Care State? Political Institutions, Public Policies and the Comparative Politics of Health Reform". British Journal of Political Science 34, n. 4 (8 settembre 2004): 693–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123404000250.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines the recent pattern and progress of health care reform in affluent democracies, focusing in particular on Britain, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. Its main contention is that efforts to reform health care in advanced industrial states have been marked by a paradoxical pattern of ‘reform without change and change without reform’, in which large-scale structural reforms have had surprisingly modest effects yet major ground-level shifts have, nonetheless, frequently occurred as a result of decentralized adjustments to cost control. The main task of the article is to investigate the reasons for and effects of this puzzling pattern by plumbing the largely unexplored theoretical territory between comparative health policy analysis and cross-national research on the welfare state. Along the way, the article develops a simple model of the politics of reform that helps explain cross-national variation in legislative and policy outcomes – particularly outcomes that occur through decentralized processes of internal policy ‘conversion’ and policy ‘drift’, rather than through formal legislative reform. It also takes up a number of other intriguing issues raised by recent trends: why, for example, market reforms are clustered in centralized political and medical frameworks; why these reforms have generally enhanced state authority rather than market autonomy; why, despite fragmentation, decentralized political and medical systems shifted towards an expanded government role; and why significant retrenchment of the public-private structure of health benefits occurred in the United States.
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McDonagh, Eileen Lorenzi. "Electoral Bases of Policy Innovation in the Progressive Era: The Impact of Grass-Root Opinion on Roll-Call Voting in the House of Representatives, Sixty-third Congress, 1913–1915". Journal of Policy History 4, n. 2 (aprile 1992): 162–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803060000693x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The 1900–1920 decades of the Progressive Era constitute a seminal period in American political history, evinced by successful invocation of government authority to contend with consequences of life in an urban, industrial, multicultural society. Legislative precedents established at the state and national level used public power to meet the needs of citizens unable individually to defend themselves against social and economic problems stemming from the brutal, take-off stage of industrial capitalism in the United States. Many scholars view the political transition marking these decades as profoundly significant for the development of public policies, if not for the very creation of the modern American state. This research investigates the electoral bases of national policy innovation in the Progressive Era.