Tesi: "Indoor air pollution"

1

Lyons, Russell John. "Indoor exposure to particle pollution". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.

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Nasrullah, M. "Investigation of indoor pollution and deposition of particles on indoor surfaces". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7631.

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3

Land, Eva Miriam. "Photocatalytic degradation of NOX, VOCs, and chloramines by TiO2 impregnated surfaces". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34857.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the photocatalytic degradation of three types of gas-phase compounds, NOX, VOCs, and chloramines, by TiO2 impregnated tiles. The oxides of nitrogen NO and NO2 (NOx) have a variety of negative impacts on human and environmental health ranging from serving as key precursors for the respiratory irritant ozone, to forming nitric acid, which is a primary component of acid rain. A flow tube reactor was designed for the experiments that allowed the UV illumination of the tiles under exposure to both NO and NO2 concentrations in simulated ambient air. The reactor was also used to assess NOx degradation for sampled ambient air. The PV values for NO and NO2 were 0.016 cm s-1 and 0.0015 cm s-1, respectively. For ambient experiments a decrease in ambient NOx of ~ 40% was observed over a period of roughly 5 days. The mean PV for NOx for ambient air was 0.016 cm s-1 and the maximum PV was .038 cm s-1. Overall, the results indicate that laboratory conditions generally simulate the efficiency of removing NOx by TiO2 impregnated tiles. Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) are formed in a variety of indoor environments, and can lead to respiratory problems (US EPA, 2010). The experiments determined the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde and methanol, two common VOCs, by TiO2 impregnated tiles. The same flow tube reactor used for the previous NOX experiments was used to test a standardized gas-phase concentration of formaldehyde and methanol. The extended UV illumination of the tiles resulted in a 50 % reduction in formaldehyde, and a 68% reduction in methanol. The deposition velocities (or the photocatalytic velocities, PV) were estimated for both VOC's. The PV for formaldehyde was 0.021 cm s-1, and the PV for methanol was 0.026 cm s-1. These PV values are slightly higher than the mean value determined for NO from the previous experiments which was 0.016 cm s-1. The results suggest that the TiO2 tiles could effectively reduce specific VOC levels in indoor environments. Chlorination is a widespread form of water disinfection. However, chlorine can produce unwanted disinfection byproducts when chlorine reacts with nitrogen containing compounds or other organics. The reaction of chlorine with ammonia produces one of three chloramines, (mono-, di-, and tri-chloramine). The production of chloramines compounds in indoor areas increases the likelihood of asthma in pool professionals, competitive swimmers, and children that frequently bath in indoor chlorinated swimming pools (Jacobs, 2007; Nemery, 2002; Zwiener, 2007). A modified flow tube reactor in conjunction with a standardized solution of monochloramine, NH2Cl, determined the photocatalytic reactions over the TiO2 tiles and seven concrete samples. The concrete samples included five different concrete types, and contained either 5 % or 15 % TiO2 by weight. The PV for the tiles was 0.045 cm s-1 for the tiles manufactured by TOTO Inc. The highest PV from the concrete samples was 0.054 cm s-1. Overall the commercial tiles were most efficient at reducing NH2Cl, compared to NOX and VOC compounds. However, the concrete samples had an even higher PV for NH2Cl than the tiles. The reason for this is unknown; however, distinct surface characteristics and a higher concentration of TiO2 in the concrete may have contributed to these findings.

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4

Poon, Tim-leung. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498605.

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5

Tran, Khanh Long. "Air pollution in different microenvironments in Vietnam". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/227309/1/Khanh%20Long_Tran_Thesis.pdf.

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The study quantified air quality in three indoor microenvironments (homes, public places, and transportation environments) in urban areas of Vietnam. The overall findings highlighted significant indoor and outdoor air quality problems in all three studied microenvironments. The research demonstrated the great potential of low-cost sensors to monitor air quality and the feasibility of car air filters to screen for chemicals in cars. Incense burning and smoking were found to be the leading factors correlated with negative indoor air quality in urban areas. These outcomes are significant for supporting policy formulation and public health interventions in Vietnam and similar developing countries.

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6

Rahmani, Mariam. "Indoor Air Quality Measurements". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2003. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/415.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering

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7

Curti, Valerio. "Indoor air quality and moulds". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22721.

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8

Leung, Wai-yip. "Indoor air quality and heating, ventilation & air conditioning systems in office buildings /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734315.

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9

Peng, Chiung-Yu. "Identification and quantification of volatile organic compound emissions from buildings and heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems". Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=yxIvAAAAMAAJ.

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10

Leung, Ho-yin Henry. "Evaluation of indoor air quality in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264073.

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11

Kurmi, Om Prakash. "Health effects of indoor air pollution in both rural and urban Nepal". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=103117.

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The research reported in this thesis describes: the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, COPD and cardiovascular problems in rural and urban adults taking account of all major confounding factors; and estimates of exposures, both indoor and outdoor, and assessment of the relationships between measured exposure and health outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an adult population (16+ years) in Nepal to compare the respiratory and cardiovascular risk of indoor air pollution in a rural population exposed to biomass smoke compared to an urban population using liquefied petroleum gas using an investigator-delivered questionnaire, lung function and blood pressure measurements. Direct measures of indoor particular exposure (PM_2.5 and CO) and outdoor PM_2.5 were made with other relevant factors obtained by questionnaire. Direct measures of 24-hour indoor PM_2.5were carried out in 245 rural and equal numbers of urban homes. Health outcomes were assessed in 846 rural and 802 urban dwellers. The main risk factors studied were socio-economic status, smoking, fuel types, stove types, ventilation, BMI, income, ETS and cooking. The result suggests that cooking with biomass is associated with reduced lung function and thus a higher prevalence of COPD in the rural dwellers compared to the non-exposed urban dwellers. No clear relationship between biomass smoke exposure and cardiovascular endpoints was found although reported cooking with biomass fuel was associated with higher blood pressure and chest pain. Methodological issues including more invasive assessment of cardiovascular disease will in future studies be important in interpretation of this relationship.

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12

Chu, Suk-ling. "Impact of indoor air pathogens on human health /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457798.

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13

Ho, Tak-sang Eric. "A study of the correlation between perceived indoor air quality and concentrations of selected pollutants /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21979558.

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14

Ho, Chi-wai. "Radiation dose due to indoor radon and its progeny in Hong Kong and a study of mitigation methods to control indoor radon exposure /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19736782.

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15

Wang, Hong. "Field and laboratory investigation of ozone-indoor surface reactions: secondary emissions inventory and implications for indoor air quality". Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Wang_09007dcc8044137b.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed February 6, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-144).

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16

Molnár, Peter. "Elemental composition of fine particles : exposure in the general population and influence from different sources /". Göteborg : Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Public Health and Community Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/3124.

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17

Thomas, Linda M. "An integrated model for facilities management : indoor environment evaluation". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23466.

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18

Lo, Chi-wah Anthony. "Environmental policies and complaints of air pollution inside the public transport interchanges in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18735381.

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19

Kishore, Avinash. "Essays on Economics of Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in India". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10133.

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Air pollution—both indoor and outdoor—results in more deaths and diseases in India than in any other country in the world. The first chapter in this dissertation explores why despite profoundly negative health consequences of indoor air pollution, most rural Indian households cook using traditional biomass fuel. Among many factors that contribute to households’ continued use of solid fuels, we focus on one: women’s intra-household status. We exploit Indian son preference: having a girl first child lowers women’s status relative to having a boy first child, and is therefore associated with lower likelihood of using clean fuel. This effect is found throughout the wealth distribution, and is not concentrated among households in states with a high child sex ratio or households where women have some education. The second chapter focuses on outdoor air pollution in India. We use a general equilibrium model of Indian economy to quantify the spillovers from a carbon tax on fossil fuels to local air quality and the health outcomes in urban India. We estimate that a $10/ton of Carbon tax on all fossil fuels will reduce CO2 emission by 10.7% from business-as-usual and save nearly 0.3 million urban lives from pollution related deaths while adding 0.2 percent to the GDP over the three decades from 2003 to 2030. We get this double dividend from carbon tax if the tax revenue is used to reduce existing distortionary taxes. Carbon tax is more progressive if the revenue is repatriated to households, but the GDP is slightly smaller than the base case under this regime. In the third chapter, we present the first VSL estimates from India using hedonic wage method with worker and job characteristics data from Employment and Unemployment Survey of India (EUS)—a large nationally representative survey that has not been used in this literature before. We estimate VSL of an average low-skilled urban Indian worker to be about $85,000 in 2004-05 (about 65 times the annual wage) at 2010 constant prices. Our estimates of VSL and VSL-to-income ratio are much lower than all previous estimates from India. Comparisons with estimates from other developing countries like China and Taiwan, however, suggest that our estimates are more reasonable. Our VSL estimate, if reliable, sets a lower threshold for investment in environment and public safety projects that can be justified using cost-benefit criteria.

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Leung, Kwok-wah. "The roles of building designers and operators in indoor air quality management /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264012.

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21

Janse, van Rensburg Francois. "An investigation of indoor air quality assessment in office buildings". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/32.

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Over the last several years studies have shown that the quality of indoor air may be worse than outdoor air. People spend as much as 90% of their time indoors, therefor, the associated health risk due to indoor air pollution may be greater than the risk due to outdoor air pollution. Building designs have altered dramatically over the last two decades resulted in "tighter" buildings that rely on sophisticated mechanical systems to provide for the quantity of air required throughout the building. These changes over the years could result in an increased number of complaints received regarding Sick Building Syndrome symptoms. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 30% of office buildings world-wide may have significant problems regarding poor indoor air quality (IAQ). This study involves a literature study of the major indoor air pollutants regarding the source of the pollutant, the associated health effects, the measuring techniques available and the results of previous studies conducted on the specific pollutant. Measurements will be taken in two sealed buildings, one an old and the other a new building to identify the major pollutants. A questionnaire was compiled specifically for building occupants and completed by the occupants of both buildings. From the results obtained a step-by-step method for solving indoor air quality (IAQ) problems was proposed. The method was applied and evaluated in a case study of a problem building where indoor air quality related problems were experienced. The results of the study revealed that the major indoor air pollutants are present in old as well as new buildings. The study also revealed that some office workers might be more susceptible than others to the medical reactions cause to human beings by these pollutants. Some concentrations are higher in new buildings than in old buildings. The responses from the questionnaire was evaluated against the results obtained from the measurement study. The step-by-step method in the case study provided a more systematic approach at solving IAQ problems at buildings. Solving indoor air quality problems is a very practical issue and does not necessarily require an investment of expensive high technology equipment, but might merely require a practical approach. Environmental Health Officers can play a major role in providing expert advice when scrutinizing building plans. Environmental Health Officers should empower themselves with the knowledge to do inspections or investigations in office buildings by using the step-by-step method for investigating indoor air quality problems. By addressing indoor air quality problems in buildings, the workers in healthy buildings can increase their productivity with lasting effects on a company’s bottom line.

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O'Brien, Geraldine. "Aspergillus parasiticus and Coriolus versicolor growth studies in the presence of naphthalene and formaldehyde : fungal growth as a source of, and monitoring system for, sick building syndrome". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289509.

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Kasper, Kenneth M. "Does exposure science support the concern over indoor air quality? /". Link to online version, 2006. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1546.

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Howard, Cynthia Lu. "Volatilization rates of chemicals from drinking water to indoor air /". Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Poon, Tim-leung, e 潘添良. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252722.

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26

Cleveland, Robert A. "The role of communication in the policy dilution of ASHRAE Standard 62-89, "Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality"". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29893.

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27

Chu, Suk-ling, e 朱淑玲. "Impact of indoor air pathogens on human health". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253362.

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28

Vice, Scott Jackson. "Indicators of Mold Growth in Indoor Environments". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35048.

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The following investigation stems from the idea of using metabolic byproducts produced by mold as indicators of its presence in indoor environments in place of investigating airborne fungi by traditional particulate sampling techniques. VOCs and carbon dioxide are both examined in order to evaluate their usefulness as possible metabolic indicators of mold growth. A specially designed purge and trap laboratory setup was built and operated for the study of molds growing on specific media. Key variables for the operation of the apparatus include sampling time and sampling flow rate as well as other environmental conditions such as temperature. Carbon dioxide serves as a good marker for fungal activity, but is difficult to attribute to mold growth when studying non-closed loop systems. Many VOCs were collected but detection limits were often too high for the quantities collected.
Master of Science

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Leung, Wai-yip, e 梁偉業. "Indoor air quality and heating, ventilation & air conditioning systemsin office buildings". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253787.

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Larrañaga, Michael David. "The capability of a solid sorbent desiccant unit at removing selected indoor air quality-related microorganisms from the air". online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3215627.

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Rao, Surya. "Developing ozone dispersion and reaction models and conducting a thermodynamic study for safety evaluations of an indoor air pollution abatement pilot plant". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-040700/.

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32

Lai, Kwong-kei Murphy. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38725149.

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何德生 e Tak-sang Eric Ho. "A study of the correlation between perceived indoor air quality and concentrations of selected pollutants". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222651.

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34

Walsh, Dale Warner 1961. "PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATION AND TOXICITY OF 4-PHENYLCYCLOHEXENE: AN EMISSION OF NEW CARPETING (ODOR, HEALTH, INDOOR)". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276881.

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Szeto, Gin Nam. "Estimation of exposure level and infection risk of airborne virus in indoor environment /". View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202007%20SZETO.

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Leung, Ho-yin Henry, e 梁浩賢. "Evaluation of indoor air quality in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254640.

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37

HUBOYO, HARYONO SETIYO. "Exposure Reduction to Indoor Air Pollution within Indonesian Rural Communities Using Wood Fuel". Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/179336.

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38

Bald, Kevin James. "A study of carbonyl formation within an innovative indoor air pollution abatement system". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42621.

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Testing was conducted on the pre-prototype unit of an innovative indoor air pollution abatement system which used catalytic ozonation as a mechanism for oxidation and removal of organic contaminants. The system was evaluated for carbonyl production when the system was challenged with chemicals used to simulate polluted indoor air. Carbonyl compounds, which are potentially toxic partial oxidation products, were monitored using EPA Method I P-SA. The objectives of the study were to qualitatively and quantitatively determine if carbonyls were formed in the airstream when the system was operated, and if so, to determine what factors affected the concentrations of these compounds. Trials were conducted using benzene and 2-butanol as challenge chemicals. A variety of test conditions were used to determine factors affecting carbonyl concentrations, including temperature, presence of challenge chemicals, sample location, relative humidity, presence of ozone in the airstream, and two interaction variables. No carbonyls were detected in the airstream within the air cleaning system when benzene was used as the challenge chemical. When 2-butanol was used, four carbonyls were detected at various stages of the system, under varying conditions. The carbonyls detected during these trials were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and butanone. Statistical analyses of the data indicated that the pre-prototype unit of the air cleaning system caused increased levels of acetaldehyde and butanone, and possibly formaldehyde, in the airstream when challenged with 2-butanol. Acetone concentrations in the system were affected only by humidity conditions.
Master of Science

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39

Zhang, Manwen. "Air pollution and human health risk assessment in e-waste recycling sites and urban indoor environment in South China". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/463.

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1.1\xWith the emphasis on particulate matter (PM) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from uncontrolled sources, this study focused on the ambient air pollution of e-waste recycling regions and the indoor air quality of urban areas in South China.;1.2\xIn the past decades, severe PM and POPs pollutions were recorded in e-waste recycling regions in China. Since the 2010s, more effective measures, stricter regulations and sophisticated dismantling technologies have been implemented in Guiyu and Qingyuan by local authorities. In this study, total suspended particles (TSP), fine particles (PM2.5), gas phase samples, and indoor settled dust were collected simultaneously in the primary recycling areas as well as reference sites in Guiyu and Qingyuan in August, 2013. The results showed that both PM, PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) , PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in ambient air showed significantly reduced levels in the regions, compared with the former corresponding reports. The changed source patterns of the POPs confirmed the environmental effects of the implementation of stricter regulation and advanced technologies in these years. Nevertheless, the remained uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities in Guiyu, including plastics recycling and circuit board baking, still made significant influence to the air environment and resulted in alarming levels of PCDD/Fs (0.73~2.43 pg I-TEQ/m3) in the recycling areas. While in Qingyuan, high environmental PCBs burden was observed both in informal (1737 pg/m3) and formal recycling areas (1075 pg/m3), which could attribute to the uncontrolled dismantling of PCB-contained transformers. The estimated non-cancer risk for children and adults in the recycling regions were 2.7~25.2 and 1.2~3.2, respectively, and moderate cancer risk were found for the residents living in the recycling regions of Guiyu and the vicinage of the formal recycing factory (CR>10-4). The unacceptable estimated risk for both children and adults suggested unsafe air environments in the two recycling regions.;1.4\xCollectively, our results suggest unsatisfactory air quality in both e-waste recycling regions and common urban areas. The air problems could both attribute to the uncontrolled sources of the related spaces. The obtained results firstly indicated that a long way to solve e-waste issues and more effective measures are needed to control the contaminants release and the exposure to the local residents. Secondly, indoor air quality standard for fine particulate matters as well as associated toxicants such as PAHs is urgently needed to guide common populations and communities.;1.5\xKeywords: Air pollution; E-waste recycling; Urban areas; Indoor air; Ambient air; PM2.5; Persistent organic pollutants; Health risk assessment

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40

De, Jesʹus Victor Raʹul. "The role of fungal metabolic by-products in indoor air chemistry : analytical considerations for the evaluation of poor indoor environments". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30704.

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41

Lai, Kwong-kei Murphy, e 賴廣麒. "Two-dimensional computational study on indoor/outdoor air quality relationship in urban buildings". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38725149.

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42

Won, Doyun. "The effects of adsorptive sinks on human exposure to VOCs in indoor air /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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43

Moerlein, David T. "Reduction of Harmful Air Pollution: Potential Ability of Different Plant Species to Remove Particulate Matter From Indoor Air". Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1114196167.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.
Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Sept. 10, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: biology; phytoremediation; air pollution; plants; particulate matter. Includes bibliographical references.

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Delgado-Rios, Marcos. "Microenvironmental air and soil monitoring of contaminants an evaluation of indoor and outdoor levels in Chihuahua City /". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Hui, Sum-wong, e 許森煌. "A study of indoor air quality management in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255516.

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46

Elbagir, Sohair G. "Characterisation and source identification of selected pollutants in house dust". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/49842/1/Sohair_Elbagir_Thesis.pdf.

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House dust is a heterogeneous matrix, which contains a number of biological materials and particulate matter gathered from several sources. It is the accumulation of a number of semi-volatile and non-volatile contaminants. The contaminants are trapped and preserved. Therefore, house dust can be viewed as an archive of both the indoor and outdoor air pollution. There is evidence to show that on average, people tend to stay indoors most of the time and this increases exposure to house dust. The aims of this investigation were to: " assess the levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), elements and pesticides in the indoor environment of the Brisbane area; " identify and characterise the possible sources of elemental constituents (inorganic elements), PAHs and pesticides by means of Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF); and " establish the correlations between the levels of indoor air pollutants (PAHs, elements and pesticides) with the external and internal characteristics or attributes of the buildings and indoor activities by means of multivariate data analysis techniques. The dust samples were collected during the period of 2005-2007 from homes located in different suburbs of Brisbane, Ipswich and Toowoomba, in South East Queensland, Australia. A vacuum cleaner fitted with a paper bag was used as a sampler for collecting the house dust. A survey questionnaire was filled by the house residents which contained information about the indoor and outdoor characteristics of their residences. House dust samples were analysed for three different pollutants: Pesticides, Elements and PAHs. The analyses were carried-out for samples of particle size less than 250 µm. The chemical analyses for both pesticides and PAHs were performed using a Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), while elemental analysis was carried-out by using Inductively-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The data was subjected to multivariate data analysis techniques such as multi-criteria decision-making procedures, Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE), coupled with Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (GAIA) in order to rank the samples and to examine data display. This study showed that compared to the results from previous works, which were carried-out in Australia and overseas, the concentrations of pollutants in house dusts in Brisbane and the surrounding areas were relatively very high. The results of this work also showed significant correlations between some of the physical parameters (types of building material, floor level, distance from industrial areas and major road, and smoking) and the concentrations of pollutants. Types of building materials and the age of houses were found to be two of the primary factors that affect the concentrations of pesticides and elements in house dust. The concentrations of these two types of pollutant appear to be higher in old houses (timber houses) than in the brick ones. In contrast, the concentrations of PAHs were noticed to be higher in brick houses than in the timber ones. Other factors such as floor level, and distance from the main street and industrial area, also affected the concentrations of pollutants in the house dust samples. To apportion the sources and to understand mechanisms of pollutants, Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) receptor model was applied. The results showed that there were significant correlations between the degree of concentration of contaminants in house dust and the physical characteristics of houses, such as the age and the type of the house, the distance from the main road and industrial areas, and smoking. Sources of pollutants were identified. For PAHs, the sources were cooking activities, vehicle emissions, smoking, oil fumes, natural gas combustion and traces of diesel exhaust emissions; for pesticides the sources were application of pesticides for controlling termites in buildings and fences, treating indoor furniture and in gardens for controlling pests attacking horticultural and ornamental plants; for elements the sources were soil, cooking, smoking, paints, pesticides, combustion of motor fuels, residual fuel oil, motor vehicle emissions, wearing down of brake linings and industrial activities.

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47

Zainal, Abidin Emilia. "Indoor air pollution, second-hand smoke exposure and respiratory health symptoms among Malaysian schoolchildren". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186220.

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Background: Exposure to indoor air pollutants has been associated with poorer respiratory health in children. This study investigates the respiratory health of Malaysian schoolchildren in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,164 schoolchildren aged 10-11 years in urban and semi-rural schools. Parents completed a questionnaire and concentrations of air pollutants were measured in schools. SHS exposure was assessed using salivary cotinine. Results: The WHO Air Quality Guideline for PM2.5 was exceeded for most of the semi-rural schools while almost all of the urban schools exceeded the annual exposure limit for NO2. The Geometric Mean salivary cotinine concentrations for non-smoking schoolchildren were 0.47 ng/ml. The 3 main predictors of nocturnal cough were the presence of a current smoker at home (OR 1.97; 95% CI: 1.31-2.96), the absence of exhaust system in the kitchen (OR 1.67; 95% CI: 1.03-2.68) and the use of air conditioning (OR 3.10; 95% CI: 1.37-5.71). Exposure to SHS of ≥4 hours per day (OR 2.53; 95% CI: 1.55-4.14) explained approximately 6.0% of the likelihood of reporting doctor-diagnosed asthma. For the measure of asthma severity, NO2 and log average family size were the 2 predictors of limited speech during wheeze; NO2 concentrations of >50 μg/m3 contributes an OR of 5.98 (95% CI: 1.02-34.9) and log average family size with an OR of 14.6 (95% CI: 1.70-126). Conclusion: This study has identified that many Malaysian schoolchildren experience exposure to air pollution indoors that exceeds WHO guidance limits for several pollutants. There was no clear relationship between traffic-generated air pollutants and children’s respiratory health but there was a strong relationship between the number of hours children were exposed to SHS and asthma. There is a need for increased enforcement of existing smoke-free legislation and policies to reduce children’s exposure to SHS.

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48

Ohlsson, Ida. "Inomhus- och arbetsmiljön i grund- och gymnasieskolan : En studie i Malå och Norsjö kommuner". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96250.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the school environment in the municipalities of Malå and Norsjö. The study focused on cleaning, ventilation, classroom noise and illumination which are the most important factors for a good indoor climate and a good working environment in school. The study was performed by inspection of school buildings, questionnaire among school children and measurements of CO2. The result showed that all the visited schools did not meet the Swedish standards for cleaning and ventilation, also sound environment and the illumination had inadequacies in some of the classes. The result also showed that the majority of the pupils were satisfied with the indoor climate and working environment. Of the total percentage of pupils surveyed, 35% of the pupils were unsatisfied with the cleanliness of the toilets and 44% reported that the sound level is perceived as disturbing. The measurements of CO2 showed that all schools had concentrations (ranging from 541-926 ppm) below the Swedish standard (1 000 ppm), nevertheless there was indications that these concentrations may increase during a day. In conclusion this study showed that the indoor environment in the visited schools had inadequacies which may have a negative impact of the pupils. To avoid unhealthy, and from a public health perspective, these inadequacies should be attended.

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49

Zhao, Zhuohui. "Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution in Relation to Allergy and Asthma in Taiyuan, China". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7234.

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50

Alnes, Line Winther Hansen. "Indoor air pollution in China : analysis of global warming contributions and exposure to particles /". Oslo : Kjemisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/kjemi/2008/70512/AlnesMasterThesis.pdf.

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