Tesi sul tema "Indonesia Economic conditions 1997-"

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 444-460). A study based on a case study with integrated macro and micro approaches to investigate some effects of the development and industrialisation processes in Indonesia.

Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1998.
Thesis advisor(s): K.L. Terasawa, Bill Gates. "June 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-181). Also available online.

In 1996, Indonesia had experienced over thirty years of rapid economic growth. Then, in 1997/8 Indonesia went through one of the worst financial and economic crashes in recent history. This thesis is an impact assessment of the social consequences of the 1997/8 crisis in Indonesia. Impacts are analysed within a Rights based approach to development based on a broadened definition of the 2015 international development targets utilising secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. These are supplemented with a small-scale survey. The thesis argues that although Indonesia's economic development between 1965 and 1996 was real, social progress was not as strong as previously thought. The degree of severity of the social impact of the crisis was then a function of pre-crisis poverty. In particular, before the crisis there were a large number of households just above the poverty line and many education, health and environmental poverty indicators were weak. During the crisis, as a result of the hyperinflation and retrenchments, real wages fell heavily and the (income) poverty headcount increased significantly, as did poverty severity. Few areas or social groups escaped completely unscathed. Those provinces that were worst hit were those more closely tied to the global economy through international investment. Households compensated for the income loss through expenditure adjustments and there was a large increase in the labour force in agriculture and the informal sector. Impacts on education, health and environmental poverty were noticeable in some provinces but minimal at national level. The thesis is a contribution to knowledge at three levels. Firstly, it bridges a gap in the existing body of literature as no study has analysed systematically and in-depth the impact of the 1997/8 financial crisis on multifaceted dimensions of poverty in Indonesia. Secondly, it argues that the accepted view of the distribution of social impacts in Indonesia is not satisfactory when data are critically re-examined. Thirdly, the research models a 'poverty transmission mechanism' to link the macro-economy financial crisis to social impact at household level. The dissertation consists of two parts. In part one. the background and context of the research is established. Part two contains the substantive crisis analysis.

Against the background of Indonesia's ethnic resurgence and social cleavage in the wake of the fall of Soeharto regime in mid-1998, this thesis seeks to identify the factors that have led to a particular incidence of this discord: the perceived inequity in access to economic and governmental resources, i.e., access to jobs in the public sector and to public health services. Taking modernization theory as its framework, the thesis compares the ascribed factor, i.e., Javanese or non-Javanese ethnicity, and certain other factors, i.e., level of education, region of origin and place of residence (urban or rural area) and evaluates the resulting data. The thesis argues that respondents who have a high level of education, live in a region closest to a national center and reside in an urban area, which are relatively more exposed to modernization, are better off in terms of access to economic and governmental resources regardless of their ethnic membership.

In 1965 the New Order Government took office in Indonesia, following years of severe economic turmoil. Since then the Indonesian economy has performed well, owing much to large oil export revenues and appropriate economic policies. This thesis presents a study of the Indonesian economy focused on three main themes: aid, the public sector and the real exchange rate (RER). In particular, we emphasise aid effectiveness on fiscal behaviour and on the RER. The thesis is organised in five chapters. Chapter 1 presents a synthetic overview of the main episodes in Indonesian economic history. Chapter 2 reviews theoretical and empirical issues on aid. Chapter 3 presents a dynamic model of government behaviour aimed at assessing aid’s impact on fiscal budget and on other real variables in the Indonesian economy. Following Heller’s seminal contribution (1975) and White’s new insights (1993), we insert the government sector into a simple macroeconomic framework: a constrained utility maximising framework which allows for feedback effects through higher income and dynamic linkages. The model is tested for the Indonesian case over the period 1968-93 and the estimated parameters are used to carry out a simulation exercise. We conclude with a positive assessment of aid giving, provided it is given in loans. Loans are found to encourage tax collection, public and private investment and consumption. Exchange rate management has played a significant role in Indonesia as an instrument to ensure competitiveness during and after the oil boom. Chapter 4 analyses the behaviour of the RER for the Indonesian rupiah and offers a theoretical and statistical background. Unit root testing has been extensively used to test for stationarity. We have consistently rejected the hypothesis of RER stationarity, except in those cases in which the full sample series have been used and/or two breaks have been allowed. Chapter 5 presents a modelling approach to RER determination. Following Edwards (1989), we present an econometric model of the RER and develop an extension of it in terms of the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). Central to the analysis is the role of fundamentals, in particular aid and the price of oil, in determining the RER. The estimated parameters are then used to construct the equilibrium RER in order to study RER misalignment. Simulations are also carried out to investigate the impact of exogenous shocks and policy options on the RER. Results show that the Indonesian RER suffered from misalignment especially during the oil boom and until the early 1990’s. We also find that aid and the real price of oil do matter: both act as fundamental determinants of RER behaviour and contribute to RER stability, a finding confirmed by the simulation exercise. Interestingly, aid and government consumption appear to influence in differences and not in levels the RER.

x, 84 p. : ill.
Modernization theory posits that economic growth and democratization are mutually constitutive processes. I extend a recent literature that finds this relationship to be spurious due to the existence of a number of international factors, specifically the role of foreign capital. Through two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions for as wide a sample as the data allow and two case studies (Indonesia and the Philippines), I find that the presence of US capital significantly influences domestic political institutions. This relationship, however, is non-linear and interrelated with exogenous shocks.
Committee in charge: Tuong Vu, Chairperson; Craig Parsons, Member; Karrie Koesel, Member; Will Terry, Member

This research was conducted within the context of smallholder livestock production and government attempts to improve this through a transfer of technology approach. Participatory action research (PAR) was used to enable action for change to emerge, while the research provided understanding and a basis for this action. Tombolo village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia was the location for this research, which first identified the problems and needs of the farmers, and then participatively developed strategies to meet these needs. Fodder security throughout the year was found to be the major constraint to cattle production. Forage technology was introduced, including fodder tree legumes and grasses, resulting in improved livestock production and many associated livelihood benefits. The introduction of these new technologies was adapted by stakeholders to local issues and needs. The extension services had previously aimed to improve livestock production through breeding and veterinary health measures, and had assumed that sufficient fodder was available for livestock. The formation of a learning group of farmers, who used group discussion to set their own agenda, was employed to identify this shortcoming, and how to sustainably overcome it. Participants were able to apply their experience and enhance their cognitive skills to find new meanings and knowledge to plan and take actions to improve their practice and situation. This thesis documents the process of change required to move from a “Transfer of Technology” approach to a “learning approach”. The research has shown that there is considerable potential for the application of PAR to rural community development in Indonesia. More specifically in Tombolo village PAR enabled farmers and extension staff to be empowered by becoming active participants in the research process and take action to improve their own practice. It helped them to analyse the situation to make the technology more appropriate, while also learning how to change the extension methods used towards one in which all stakeholders became partners in developing their situation
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Bibliography: leaves 146-153. This thesis analyses factors influencing farmers use of groundwater pump irrigation in Lombok, Indonesia. It aims to identify the determinants of the speed of technology adoption, to identify factors affecting the levels of water use and to estimate the state of water use by comparing the actual water use to the estimated optimal water use.

This study is about public sector performance measurement in the context of developing economies; more specifically, the study focuses on local government performance measurement systems as applied in Indonesia. Although there have been numerous research studies examining performance measurement, most empirical work has been undertaken in the context of developed economies. Performance measurement research in the milieu of developing economies is still very much underdeveloped and the progress is considerably much slower than those in developed economies. This study adopts an interpretive approach and applied case study research method in order, to develop an understanding of a) what drives the new performance measurement b) how it is designed and c) how it is used? The findings show that performance measurement in the context of developing economies tends to be driven by different reasons than compared to those developed economies. The findings also indicated developing economies encounter various challenges in designing and implementing performance measurement which eventually affected the use and usefulness of performance measurement. This study thus contributes to improve our understanding of the design, implementation and use of performance measurement in the context of developing economies. More specifically, it improves our understanding regarding (i) internal and external driving forces for performance measurement initiatives in the developing economies, (ii) the effectiveness of design, implementation and use, (iii) technical, organisational and institutional factors influencing design, implementation and use and the complex interactive effects of these three categories of factors, (iv) the interdependence between design, implementation and use, and (v) the complex conflicts of interest among different stakeholders in this context.

The end of apartheid presents South Africa with an opportunity to realise its full potential as an important member of the global political economy. This follows a period of three decades of progressive isolation from the global community. The major external challenge facing South Africa now is that the world it is trying to integrate with is much changed from the one it was previously part of. It is of vital importance that as an emerging nation it fully appreciates the nature of this changed world. The global political economy has changed rapidly over the past decade. Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and after 1985 he gradually introduced the process of reconstructing the Soviet economy, known as perestroika. This, together with glasnost, began a process of rapid change culminating in the collapse of communism throughout Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and an end to the Cold War. Thus, western ideas of democracy became dominant and democratic regimes (although not necessarily liberal democratic) became the world's dominant form. Economically, the most important global trend has been that of liberalisation together with what the literature calls globalisation. Rapid advances in transport and communications technology, combined with the trend towards market deregulation have lowered the barriers between national markets; technology and skills, rather than natural resources and cheap labour have become the crucial enabling factors for competing in the global economy. This thesis contends that such a background gives South Africa little choice but to integrate into the global system if it is to secure the best conditions for its economic, social and political development. It also argues, that as a middle-income developing country or economy in transition, the parameters within which it can achieve this integration are fairly narrowly defined. South Africa is quite unique in the nature of its structural problems due to the legacy of apartheid. It remains a deeply divided society with great extremes of wealth and poverty. Its economy has a dualistic nature with a formal industrial sector and a large underdeveloped informal sector. To compete in the global marketplace South Africa must be able to attract additional production factors and resources from outside. Due to the high levels of protectionism inherited from the apartheid era there is a need for a reorientation of South Africa's trade policy. Relations with its principal trading partner, the European Union, will be crucially important here. Finally, South Africa cannot avoid its geographical location in Africa. An underdeveloped and politically unstable Southern Africa would greatly reduce South Africa's chances of successful global integration. In contrast a stable, more integrated region, would be to the benefit of South Africa, not least in creating a regional bloc able to exert greater leverage at a global level. However, given that regionalisation may not be wholly compatible with greater global integration, at least in the short to medium term, South Africa faces some difficult policy choices ahead.

Cette étude scrute les facteurs significatifs internes et externes qui ont influencé la montée économique phénoménale, durant les trois dernières décennies, de quelques pays en voie de développement en Asie de l'Est ayant atteint, avec succès, le stade de développement intitulé : les économies nouvellement industrialisées (ENI). Elle porte sur celles de la république de l'Indonésie, du royaume de la Thaïlande, et de la république de la Corée. Elle analyse les caractéristiques des différentes étapes suivies par celles-ci : les ENI problématiques, les ENI perceptibles et enfin les ENI complètes. Elle trace les politiques et les secteurs économiques prédominants qui déterminent les multiples étapes de développement de ces jeunes économies industrialisées. Elle en évalue leurs achèvements ou leurs échecs. La succession de ces divers paliers des ENI relatives aux trois pays cités plus haut qui est analysée dans cette étude implique un rétablissement complet de leur structure économique respective. Elle englobe des variables telles que : le travail, le capital, les dotations de ressources naturelles, les équipes gouvernementales, la vie culturelle et les traditions ainsi que la situation géographique. Les différentes politiques économiques de ces gouvernements ont servi de base à cette analyse : la politique monétaire, fiscale, d'investissement, industrielle, agricole, d'échange, du taux de change, et enfin des prix. En outre, elle identifie les résultats des comparaisons et des analyses présentes aux responsables économiques clés des pays en voie de développement, afin d'améliorer la mise en place de politiques et de stratégies économiques sur la globalité et les secteurs choisis
This study scrutinizes the significant domestic and international causatives which have influenced the phenomenal economic rise since the 1960s of some East Asian developing economies which have successfully reached the newly industrializing economy (NIE) stage of development. This study analyzes the characteristics of the different NIE stages referred to as problematic, perceptible and full-fledged NIEs as represented by the republic of Indonesia, the kingdom of Thailand and the republic of Korea. It delineates significant economic policies and sectors which elucidate the different stages of NIE development. It assesses the economic achievements or lack of achievements of the NIEs in East Asia from the mid-1970s up to the early 1990s. The attainment of different NIE stages as has been analyzed in this study with respect to the three countries has involved a comprehensive restructuring of their economic environment which has relied on variables including labor, capital, natural resource endowments, government structures, cultural lifestyles and traditions, and geographic location ; and has utilized various government-controlled policies such as monetary, fiscal, investment, industrial, agriculture, trade, exchange rate, and price. Further, this study identifies the results of the comparisons and analyses presented to key policy-makers of developing countries in an attempt to enhance their formulation of economic policies and development strategies with respect to selected sectors and the overall economy

The majority of children in the developing world are suffering from hardship and poverty, and are not able to reach their full potential. This thesis focuses on the relationship between parental resources and children’s outcomes in the areas of nutrition, cognition and physical health in Indonesia. The life-stages early childhood to young adulthood are crucial for human capital formation. Nutrition, cognition and physical health are key human capitals that are important both as a means to achieve wellbeing and as an end in their own right. They have been identified as some of the main routes for changes in well-being over the life-course and as significant pathways for breaking intergenerational poverty cycles. Disadvantages in these domains are especially salient in developing countries. Yet, evidence is still limited due to lack of appropriate data. Here, data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) is used, a rich panel data set consisting of four waves of data spanning a period of 14 years. I study a cohort of children who are less than three years old in the first wave of the IFLS and for whom relevant outcomes can be observed. While the availability of longitudinal data from IFLS is very important, the setup and design of the data presented an enormous challenge: unlike with longitudinal datasets from developed countries, such as the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) or the cohort studies, the IFLS data is presented more or less in raw form. In order to facilitate a critical and careful approach to working with this kind of complicated raw data, I completed two self-organized research stays with the IFLS team in which I witnessed the data collection and interviewed IFLS team members. This helped me to understand the questionnaire and measures better and to identify the strongest parts of the IFLS: the self-collected measures for children – namely the physical health measures height and lung capacity (collected by specially trained nurses) as well as a cognitive measure – the Raven’s coloured progressive matrices. These are unique features for a general household survey in a developing country context and constitute important child outcomes. As a starting point from which to ask more specific research questions concerning the three types of children's outcomes, I synthesized research from relevant domains such as neuroscience, social science, childhood studies and economics. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 constitute the setup of the research by detailing the motivation and background for the research, the conceptual frameworks, literature reviews, data and methodology as well as the research questions. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 are the empirical chapters investigating the aforementioned child outcomes in detail. Chapter 4 entitled: “Children’s nutritional status in early life and dynamics into adolescence” investigates firstly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children experiencing stunting in early childhood and in adolescence. Results for parental resources for stunting in early childhood reveal protective factors which include mother’s height and direct measures of living standards. For stunting in adolescence the importance of parental resources as protective factors increases (mother’s height is stronger related and father’s height is now significant as is household consumption as a measure of financial resources). The association with direct living standards decreases. Secondly, I investigate if there are stunting dynamics – that is, movement in and out of stunting between early childhood and adolescence. For dynamics of stunting I use transition matrices to show that entries and exits from stunting occur over children’s entire life-course (not just in early childhood). Movements into stunted growth decrease the older children get but are still around 6% between middle childhood (7-10 years old) and adolescence (14-17 years old). Movements out of stunted growth occur over the whole life-course of children with the highest exit rates of around 19% between ages 7-10 years and 14-17 years. My results support Adair’s study for the Philippines (1999) and Schott and Crookston’s recent research for Peru (2013). In Chapter 5, I investigate children’s cognitive outcomes – i.e. Raven’s coloured progressive matrices and math scores. Firstly, I examine to what extent children’s growth status in early childhood and change in growth is associated with cognitive test results in adolescence. Secondly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s cognitive test results. One key result indicates a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and cognitive test scores. This could support the hypothesis on early sensitive periods for cognitive development and the important role of pre– and post natal influences up to the early childhood measure. However, I also find evidence that changes in growth into middle childhood (i.e. the residual HAZ between early and later childhood) is significant positive associated with children’s cognitive test scores. This supports the hypothesis of the plasticity of the brain beyond early years. Chapter 6 is about children’s physical health measure of lung capacity. I investigate to what extent children’s growth status in early life and growth dynamics into adolescence are associated with children’s lung capacity. Further, I examine to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s lung capacity. A key result is that in terms of parental resources there is a strong positive association between father’s and mother’s lung capacity and their children in adolescence. Also maternal years of schooling is significantly associated. I do not find a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and lung capacity. This would work against the hypothesis on early sensitive periods and rather point to the importance of changes in growth after early childhood for children’s lung capacity development. The change in growth into middle childhood (residual HAZ) is significant positively associated with children’s lung capacity. These result differ from what I find for cognitive outcomes where early growth status and changes in growth are both relevant. Chapter 7 discusses recommendations for future research; for example, how new data collection efforts in Indonesia could contribute to closing evidence gaps on children’s life chances identified in this thesis by collecting birth cohort data or extending the IFLS. I also address implications for policy covering recommendations for more holistic childhood interventions, the kind of support provided and targeting of vulnerable children. Evidence on children’s life chances from Indonesia is very limited. I set out to make a contribution in providing evidence on child outcomes that are uniquely featured in the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). My key concern is to study the intergenerational determinants of child outcomes – that is, asking to what extent parental resources are linked to the level of children’s nutrition, cognition, and health but also the intra-generational link – that is to what extent nutritional status is linked to later growth dynamics and other child outcomes such as cognitive and health outcomes. To the best of my knowledge, there are very few previous studies for Indonesia that investigate these important child outcomes, especially with the focus on the intergenerational and life-course determinants.

À l’heure actuelle, la création de nouvelles technologies au niveau mondial est le fait de quelques pays riches seulement. Le changement technologique est donc déterminé, dans une large mesure, par la diffusion et les transferts internationaux de technologie. Le document présent offre une analyse complète et détaillé sur le sujet de la coopération industrielle et le transfert de technologie, vers les pays en développement, en particulier l’Iran, un pays géographiquement, politiquement et économiquement stratégique, et les conséquences positives et négatives résultants de ces coopérations sur sa croissance économiques, en considérant les événements principaux passées, la situation actuelle et les stratégies pour le développement en futur. Nous allons appliquer le modèle de Solow (1956), comme la base de notre modèle économétrique pour examiner l'impact de la coopération industriel de l’Iran sur sa croissance économique. À cet égard, la méthode des données du Panel est appliquée pour un échantillon de 21 industries manufacturières de l’Iran, dans une période de 23 ans, de 1992 à 2013. Les résultats de ce modèle montrent que des inputs des différentes industries ; capitales physiques et capital humaines de l’Iran ont les effets positive et significative sur la croissance économique de ce pays. Par contre, les deux principaux canaux de la coopération industrielle c’est-à-dire les investissements étrangers et le commerce international ont les effets négative et significative sur la croissance économique de l’Iran. L'effet de l'interaction entre l'IDE et le commerce est positif et significatif pour ce pays
Knowledge and technology are key factors in the development and economic growth of all countries. At present, the creation of new technologies worldwide is the fact of a few rich countries only. Technological change is determined, largely, through the dissemination and the international transfer of technology. This study provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis on the subject of industrial cooperation and technology transfer to developing countries. Our study particularly focuses on Iran, a country geographically, politically and economically strategic. We have demonstrated the positive and negative consequences resulting from these cooperation on Iran’s economic growth, considering the key past events, current status and strategies for future development. We apply the Solow model (1956) as the basis of our econometric model to examine the impact of industrial cooperation of Iran on the country’s economic growth. In this regard, the Panel Data method is applied to a sample of 21 manufacturing industries in Iran, in a period of 23 years, from 1992 to 2013. The results of our model show that inputs of different industries; physical capital and human capital of Iran have significant positive effects on economic growth in the country, but the two main channels of industrial cooperation such as foreign investment and international trade have significant negative effects on economic growth of Iran. The effect of the interaction between foreign direct investment and trade is positive and significant for this country

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The African State is a product of colonialism. It did not emerge from the needs of African people; indeed, the very concept is foreign to traditional African notions of authority. When the colonial era came to a close, its institutions were turned over to local elites who were either too inexperienced or too out of touch with the people they supposedly represented to effectively govern and manage the newly independent states. The result was widespread and continual ethno-regional violence, coupled with the progressive disintegration of the state authority and civil society. When such conditions remain unchecked, they ultimately lead to what political analysts refer to as the collapse of the state. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), formerly Zaire, constitutes a recent example of this phenomenon. At present, approximately half of its territory is under foreign military occupation, with no fewer than six states involved, whether officially or unofficially: Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi intervening on the side of the rebels, and Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia supporting government forces (These states have since withdrawn their forces). To this number must be added a number of opposition groups from neighbouring states, including The Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), some elements from the all-Hutu militia wing of Burundi's Conseil national pour la démocratie (CND) and remnant Rwandan Hutu, the so-called Interhamwe, as well as Mai-Mai and FRF (les Forces républicaines fédéralistes, led by Muller Ruhim) factions who fight the presence of the Rwandan army in the DRC (neither of which could be described as pro-governmental). The DRC is a failed state. All structures of legitimate power and authority have disintegrated; political order and the rule of law have been suspended. As a result, the state is rendered impotent: it cannot seek the welfare of its citizens, provide health care and education, dispense justice or maintain existing infrastructure. Civil society lacks the ability to fill the vacuum, and tribal and ethnic conflicts have steadily intensified. The study analyses the reasons for state collapse in general and examines the immediate causes of the conflict in the DRC in particular, including the legacy of colonial rule, land shortages and ethnic rivalry. It attempts to show that the collapse of the state in the ORC resulted largely from the imposition of poorly adapted western-style political institutions on traditional African structures of authority. Against this background, the study shows that the poor performance of the Congolese government in terms of its ability to constitute a legitimate arena for political activity, to confer a national identity and to act as security guarantor for its population represent the broad causes of the failure of the ORC state. State collapse is a long-term degenerative process, marked by the loss of control over political and economic space. As neighbouring states encroached on the failing ORC, its legitimacy was gravely undermined through the direct involvement of these states in its political processes. Moreover, these neighbouring countries harbour dissident movements who seek to influence ORC politics from within the safety of their borders. The collapse of the ORC poses a grave threat to African, and indeed global, stability, compromising neighbouring states through the vast influx of refugees and stimulating the illegal arms trade. The extent of the crises compels the international community to intervene. The immediate priority should be the reconstruction of a legitimate state system within the limits of the present borders. This can only be made possible through the implementation of the Lusaka agreement, which offers the most hope for a solution through the restoration of legitimate government, the reassertion of Congolese sovereignty, the reconstruction of a disciplined and efficient military and the convocation of a body for inter-Congolese dialogue. The ORC has been characterised by gross mismanagement ever since its independence in 1960; it is of the utmost urgency that the crisis not be allowed to escalate further. The ORC state needs total reconstruction: a process that will be extremely complex and time consuming, aimed at reviving institutional mechanisms that will return legitimate power to the state and re-establish social trust. In order to achieve these goals, a forum of national reconciliation, where all the belligerents in the conflict must participate towards finding a solution, will have to be established. The first priority of such a body should be the creation of a strong democratic transitional government before any further reconstruction of the state can be attempted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die staat in Afrika is 'n produk van kolonialisme. Post-koloniale Afrikastate was nie die natuurlike uitvloeisels van die behoeftes van Afrikane nie; inderdaad, selfs die konsep van 'n nasiestaat was vreemd binne die konteks van tradisionele, inheemse gesagstrukture. Die plaaslike elites, in wie se hande die koloniale instellings, en daarmee saam die staatsgesag, oorgegee is met die beëindiging van koloniale beheer, het nie oor die vaardighede beskik om effektiewe regering en beheer oor die nuut onafhanklike state uit te oefen nie; hulle was meestal onervare of uit voeling met die bevolkings oor wie hulle regeer het. Die gevolg was wydverspreide en voortslepende etniese en regionale geweld en die geleidelike verbrokkeling van staatsgesag en die burgerlike gemeenskap. Wanneer sulke omstandighede toegelaat word om hul loop te neem, lei dit onvermydelik tot die uiteindelike totale verbrokkeling van die staat. Die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK) - die voormalige Zaïre - is 'n voorbeeld van hierdie verskynsel. Nagenoeg die helfte van die oppervlakte van dié land is tans onder offisiële of nie-offisiële buitelandse militêre besetting, met nie minder nie as ses state wat betrek is by die konflik: Rwanda, Oeganda en Burundi ondersteun die rebelle; Angola, Zimbabwe en Namibië (hierdie state het sedertdien hul magte ontrek) veg aan die kant van regeringsmagte. Afgesien van hierdie magte, is daar ook verskeie opposisiegroepe wat vanuit buurstate optree, insluitende UNITA vegters uit Angola, elemente van die uitsluitlik Hutu militêre vleuel van die Burundese Conseil national pour la démocratie (CND) en oorblyfsels van die Rwandese Hutus (die sogenaamde Interhamwe), asook Mai-Mai en FRF (les Farces républicaines fédéralistes, onder die aanvoering van Muller Ruhim) faksies. Laasgenoemde twee groepe veg teen die teenwoordigheid van die Rwandese weermag in die DRK; nie een van die twee kan as pro-regering beskryf word nie. Die DRK is 'n mislukte staat. Alle legitieme mag- en gesagstrukture het verbrokkel; politieke beheer en wetstoepassing is opgehef. Die gevolg is dat die staat onmagtig is om die welvaart van sy burgers te bevorder, gesondheidsdienste en opvoeding te verskaf, regspleging uit te voer of bestaande infrastruktuur in stand te hou. Die burgerlike gemeenskap beskik nie oor die vaardighede om in die gaping te tree nie, en stam- en etniese konflik neem steeds toe. Hierdie studie ondersoek die algemene redes vir staatsverval en die spesifieke oorsake van die krisis in die DRK, waaronder die koloniale invloed, grondkwessies en etniese konflik. Daar word gepoog om aan te toon dat die staatsverval binne die DRK grotendeels toe te skryf is aan die afdwing van ontoepaslike, Westerse politiese instellings op tradisionele, inheemse gesagstrukture. In die lig hiervan word daar verder aangevoer dat die swak vertoning van die Kongolese regering - die onvermoë om as legitieme politieke arena te dien, 'n nasionale identiteit aan staatsburgers te verleen en hulle veiligheid te verseker - die basiese oorsaak is van die mislukking van die staat in die DRK. Staatsverval is 'n geleidelike proses; 'n stelselmatige en langduringe aftakeling, gekenmerk deur die verlies aan beheer oor die politieke en ekonomiese sfere. Namate buurstate toenemend betrokke geraak het in die probleemgeteisterde DRK, is staatslegitimiteit verder ondermyn deur die direkte politieke inmenging van hierdie buurlande. Daarby huisves hierdie lande ook afvallige groepe wat poog om politieke invloed op die DRK van buite die landsgrense uit te oefen. Die verbrokkeling van die staat binne die DRK is 'n wesenlike bedreiging vir stabiliteit binne Afrika, maar ook op 'n internasionale skaal. Sy buurstate word bedreig deur grootskaalse vlugtelingbewegings en die voorslepende konflik stimuleer onwettige internasionale wapenhandel. Die omvang van die krisis noop die internasionale gemeenskap om in te gryp. Die onmiddellike prioriteit van sodanige ingryping behoort die rekonstruksie van 'n legitieme staatstelsel binne die bestaande landsgrense te wees; dit kan slegs bewerkstellig word deur die implementering van die Lusaka ooreenkoms. Hierdie ooreenkoms bied die meeste hoop vir 'n oplossing tot die krisis deur die daarstelling van 'n legitieme regering, die herbevestiging van Kongolese soewereiniteit, die rekonstruksie van 'n gedissiplineerde en effektiewe militêre mag en die skep van 'n nasionale versoeningsliggaam. Sedert sy onafhanklikwording in 1960, is die DRC gekenmerk deur ernstige wanadministrasie. Dit is van uiterste belang dat hierdie situasie nie toegelaat word om voort te duur en te vererger nie. Algehele rekonstruksie is nodig - 'n uiters komplekse en tydsame proses met die uiteindelike oogmerk om daardie institusionele meganismes wat 'n terugkeer tot legitieme mag en gesag en 'n herbevestiging van burgelike vertroue tot gevolg sal hê, te laat herleef. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, sal 'n nasionale versoeningsliggaam geskep moet word. Alle partye in die konflik behoort betrek te word in 'n poging om 'n oplossing te vind. Hierdie liggaam sal 'n sterk, verteenwoordigende oorgangsregering daar moet stel voordat enige verdere vordering met die rekonstruksie van die staat sal kan plaasvind.

Le but de cette thèse est d'examiner les causes et les conséquences des activités productives des entrepreneurs. Cette étude utilise la base de données sur les régions d'Indonésie pour mettre à l'épreuve des faits nos hypothèses. Le premier chapitre scrute le rôle de l'entrepreneur dans la dynamique du marché du travail. Son originalité est d'introduire la structure du chômage et de travailleur indépendant pour expliquer la relation entre l'entrepreneuriat et le chômage. Le deuxième chapitre cherche à renouveler le raisonnement sur les relations entre les institutions et l'entrepreneuriat. La particularité de cette étude est d'expliquer ces relations au travers de l'ontologie d'Aristote de la contingence et de la prudence. Le troisième chapitre étudie les conséquences de la diversité culturelle sur l'entrepreneuriat. Nous proposons que la diversité culturelle n'influence pas seulement la compétence des individus à découvrir des opportunités, mais qu'elle se trouve également à l'origine de ces opportunités. Le quatrième chapitre étudie les effets des activités productives des entrepreneurs sur la croissance économique. Nous proposons quatre types de modèles économiques: Innovation-économie managériale, innovation-économie entrepreneuriale, imitation-économie managériale et imitation-économie entrepreneuriale. Le cinquième chapitre a pour but de comprendre les conséquences de l'entrepreneuriat sur le processus de la convergence économique. Nous proposons que l'égalisation du capital entrepreneurial à la période initiale soit un facteur nécessaire à la formation de convergence club
This dissertation aims to examine the causes and consequences of entrepreneurial productive activities. This study makes use Indonesian cross-region database to investigate empirically our hypotheses. The first chapter observes the role of entrepreneurship in the dynamic of the labor markets. The value of this chapter is to consider the structure of unemployment and self-employment to uncover the entrepreneurship-unemployment relationships. The second chapter seeks to renew the explanation of the relationships between institutions and entrepreneurship. The originality is to explain this relationship through Aristotle's ontology of contingency and prudence. The third chapter investigates the consequences of cultural diversity on entrepreneurship. We propose that cultural heterogeneity not only influences the ability to discover profit opportunities, but it also is the origin of these opportunities. The fourth chapter studies the effect of entrepreneurial productive activities of economic growth. The novelty of this chapter is to propose that a country's model of economic growth may fall into four possible economic models: innovation-managed economy or innovation­entrepreneurial economy and imitation-managed economy or imitation-entrepreneurial economy. The fifth chapter aims to understand the consequences of entrepreneurship on the process of convergence. We propose that the equalization of entrepreneurial capital at the initial period is a conditioning factor of convergence club formation and different types of entrepreneurship based on technology intensity matters for explaining the process of catch-up

RESUME La construction d un systeme financier sain et concurrentiel capable de mobiliser de facon substantielle des hauts niveaux d epargne et l amelioration des normes de supervision bancaire et financier pour assurer la stabilite du systeme sont deux des recommandations souvent faites par les institutions internationales pour permettre aux pays africains de participer pleinement a l expansion de la prosperite mondiale et a beneficier de la globalisation du commerce des services financiers.

Cette these essaie de trouver les voies et moyens susceptibles de contribuer a l amelioration et au renforcement de la supervision bancaire au Congo, et in fine [le secteur bancaire etant le plus important du systeme financier] permettre l eclosion d un systeme financier moderne et efficace qui rencontre les normes internationales.

Dans une premiere etape qui consiste en un etat des lieux du systeme financier congolais et en une analyse critique de la gestion bancaire ( chapitre 1 et chapitre 2 ); les analyses :

- ressortent les caracteristiques du systeme financier congolais ;

- soulignent les contraintes structurelles ayant entrave trois decennies de gestion bancaire ;

- evaluent les chances de succes des reformes mises en oeuvre par les autorites;

- proposent en des termes generaux, les ameliorations a porter au cadre reglementaire et de supervision du secteur bancaire afin de reduire les imperfections, de renforcer l efficacite et la stabilite du systeme dans son ensemble.

Dans une seconde etape, un menu plus restreint de propositions faites au terme de l etat des lieux du systeme financier et de l analyse critique de la gestion bancaire est passe en revue. Les contributions de la these dans cette etape consistent :

- en la proposition d outils concrets de supervision bancaire pour faire face a la carence d outils de gestion prudentielle preventive ;(chapitre 3)

- en recommandations pour ameliorer :la politique de provisionnement des creances et le fonctionnement des institutions de microfinance ;( chapitre 4)

- a degager dans une demarche d analyse strategique, les pistes susceptibles de contribuer a l amelioration de la sante et la solidite du systeme financier congolais apres evaluation prealable de sa competitivite (chapitre 5)

SUMMARY

The construction of an healthy and competitive financial system able to mobilize high levels of saving and the improvement of the standards of banking and financial supervision to ensure the stability of the system are two of the recommendations often made by international institutions to help African countries to take part in the expansion of world prosperity and to profit from the globalization of financial services.

This thesis tries to find the ways to contribute to the improvement and the reinforcement of the banking supervision in Congo, and in fine [ the banking environment being most significant of the financial system ] to allow the blossoming of a modern and effective financial system which meets international standards.

In a first stage which consists in an overview of the Congolese financial system and in a critical analysis of the banking management ( chapter 1 & chapter 2) ;our analyses :

- release the characteristics of the Congolese financial system ;

- underline the structural constraints having blocked three decades of banking management ;

- evaluate the chances of success of the reforms implemented by the authorities ;

- propose in general terms, the improvements to be carried in order to reduce the imperfections of the banking supervision, to reinforce the effectiveness and the stability of the banking system.

In the second stage, a more restricted menu of proposals made at the end of the first stage is reviewed. The contributions of the thesis in this stage consist:

- in the proposal of concrete tools for banking supervision to face the deficiency of preventive prudential management tools; ( chapter 3)

- in recommendations to improve :the policy of provisioning bad debts and the management of Microfinance institutions; (chapter 4)

- in an evaluation of the competitiveness of the Congolese financial system and in the identification of ways which can contribute to the improvement of its safety and solidity by using a strategic analysis approach. ( chapter 5)

Doctorat en sciences de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

by Poon Ka-Yee.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-38).
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.vi
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- OBJECTIVE --- p.2
Chapter III. --- MODEL --- p.4
Chapter IV. --- ANALYSIS --- p.6
Government --- p.6
Rent --- p.7
Tax --- p.7
Form of Business --- p.9
Demand Condition --- p.10
Factor Condition --- p.11
Related and Supporting Industries --- p.13
Material Suppliers --- p.13
Banking --- p.14
Stock Market --- p.16
Accounting and Auditing --- p.16
Insurance --- p.17
Advertising --- p.17
Arbitration system --- p.17
Foreign Exchange System --- p.18
"Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry" --- p.19
Chance --- p.19
Chapter V. --- ANALYSIS RESULT --- p.22
Favorable Industry --- p.24
Accounting & Auditing --- p.24
Steel Production --- p.26
Favorable but Restrictive Industry --- p.28
Mobile Phone --- p.28
Oil Refinery --- p.30
Unfavorable but Protective Industry --- p.32
Computer hardware and software production --- p.32
Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.33
Chapter VII. --- FURTHER RESEARCH --- p.35
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.36

This study examines the production of a new regional space known as the Growth Triangle. The Growth Triangle represents a (re)integration of the economies of Singapore, the Riau Archipelago in Indonesia and Johor State in Malaysia. It is argued that the Growth Triangle should be seen as an ‘open region.’ The open region is affected by a wide range of ‘external’ influences and is open to shifting representations which are important to its unfolding. The study takes on the interpretation of the open region through a consideration of the unstable and amorphous realm of ‘middle space.’ Middle space is manifold. It includes: 1) the middle spaces between the global and the local; 2) the middle spaces between conceptual divisions (e.g., urban/rural and labour/capital); and 3) the middle spaces of circulation (i.e., connections between individuals, firms and places). The triangulation of these three arenas provides a heuristic device for the examination of the changes sweeping the Growth Triangle. The analysis moves from a time when the region’s global niche was based on the movement of goods to more recent developments where-in the movement of information and capital are crucial. The global flows of information and capital are the ‘winds’ of the title. The region, and various ways of conceptualizing it, are the ‘shadows.’ The main findings are that: 1) global change must be seen in terms of local roots and consequences; 2) local differentiation and the representation of difference are increasingly important, even in the frame of globalization; 3) analytic strength may be gained by dulling the edges of interpretive constructs (such as information or labour); 4) there are strong connections between the circulation of goods, people, money and information (spatial interaction) and the generation of new and distinct geographies (areal differentiation); and 5) there are strong linkages between Singapore’s shift towards advanced world city functions (‘intensive globalization’) and the mega-urbanization of the near-by international hinterlands (‘extensive globalization’). To understand each of the three corners of the Growth Triangle one must engage Singapore as a World City and as an Open Region.

This study identifies the Indonesian policies that established large scale, export oriented and externally controlled (LEE)industrialization from the perspective of local people in the industrializing area, the planning that implemented these policies in Central Java and the ways in which the local people's lives are being affected. It identifies the links between the policy and the planning, and between the planning and the impacts. This study is based on data gathered from provincial, municipal and local planners, affected people, factory owners, and workers. LEE industrial development has often been successful in terms of its contribution to Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to the creation of low wage employment opportunities. However, this success has been accompanied by significant economic, social and environmental impacts on local people. The economic impacts include loss of livelihood and jobs, and decrease of family income. The social impacts comprise the weakening of community cohesion and the disruption of the people's daily lives. The environmental impacts include floods, lack of clean water, water pollution, and air pollution. The impacts of LEE industrialization have been documented by various studies including this one. What has not been adequately analyzed and documented is the process that produces the impacts. This study helps to fill the gap. It concludes that the impacts stem from the following factors. The national development emphasizes large scale and export oriented industrialization. The top-down development planning ensures that this policy is supported at the provincial level regardless of local conditions, needs and priorities. The arbitrary nature of provincial decision-making provides for no popular input. Impact assessment studies fail to provide the information necessary for planners, decision-makers and ideally the local leaders about the likely impacts of industrialization. The way the responsible government agencies solve environmental problems tends to protect factory interests. The impacts are exacerbated by a lack of adequate monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulations. The thesis concludes that substantive policy reform and process restructuring are required to achieve sound planning for industrial development. If quality of life is to be protected and enhanced, industrial policies should be reoriented to strengthening existing local economic activities; and planning restructured to enable local planners and affected people to be fully involved at all stages including impact management.

by Lee Wing Choi, Ernest, So Man Kai, Waynie.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Objectives Of This Study --- p.2
Foreign Investment In Hong Kong --- p.2
Japan's Economic Ties With Hong Kong --- p.4
Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH OF STUDY --- p.7
Approaches Of This Study --- p.7
Research Problems Definition --- p.7
Data Collection Methods --- p.8
Data Analysis And Interpretation --- p.8
Limitations And Obstacles --- p.9
Chapter III. --- INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN HONG KONG --- p.11
Transition From Uncertainty To Stability --- p.12
Impacts Of China's Political And Economic Policies --- p.13
Hong Kong Government's Attitude Towards Foreign Investment --- p.14
Chapter IV. --- JAPAN'S ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND DIRECT INVESTMENT --- p.16
Japan's Globalization Economic Policy --- p.16
Increasing Trade Volume --- p.18
Growth Of Overseas Direct Investment --- p.22
Diversifications In Investment --- p.26
Chapter V. --- JAPANESE INVESTMENT IN HONG KONG --- p.30
Japan - Largest Investor In Manufacturing --- p.30
Prospects Of Hong Kong's Manufacturing Industry --- p.34
Rising Importance Of Non-Manufacturing Industry --- p.37
Chapter VI. --- JAPAN'S INVESTMENT IN HK'S REAL ESTATE & CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES --- p.41
Focus On Commercial Buildings --- p.41
Rationales For The Japanese Investment In Real Estate --- p.44
Commitment From The Japanese Construction Companies … --- p.47
Directions For Future Japanese Investment --- p.50
Chapter VII. --- JAPAN'S INTERESTS IN Hong Kong's FINANCIAL MARKETS --- p.51
Nature Of Hong Kong's Financial Industry --- p.51
Role Of Japanese Banks In Hong Kong --- p.52
Vitality Of Japanese Financial Investment --- p.56
Chapter VIII. --- PENETRATION OF JAPANESE DEPARTMENT STORE --- p.61
Retail/Department Store Industry In Hong Kong --- p.61
The Success Of Japanese Retailers --- p.62
Investment Decisions And Strategies --- p.64
High Growth Potential And Direction For The Future --- p.70
Chapter IX. --- CONCLUSION --- p.75
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.80

by Ng Wai-Hung and Tong Chung-Yan = 吳偉鴻, 唐頌恩.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-187).
by Ng Wai-Hung and Tong Chung-Yan = Wu Weihong, Tang Song'en.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.ii
ABSTRACT --- p.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.vii
CHAPTER
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.3
Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5
Modes and Definitions --- p.5
Motives and Objectives --- p.8
The Issue Of Ownership --- p.12
Objections --- p.15
Case Study --- p.17
British Airport Authority --- p.17
The Albany County Airport --- p.23
Los Angeles Airport --- p.25
British Rail Privatization --- p.28
Other Railway Privatization Examples in Europe --- p.35
Railway Development and Operational Strategies in China --- p.37
Privatization and Private Financing Examples in China --- p.45
Private Financing Examples in Hong Kong - BOT --- p.52
Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation --- p.55
Hospital Authority --- p.60
Critical Success Factors --- p.64
Chapter IV. --- SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS --- p.66
Airport Authority --- p.66
Background --- p.66
Economical --- p.68
Corporate Culture --- p.68
Corporate Structure --- p.69
Decision Making Process --- p.70
Human Resources Policy --- p.70
Potential for Efficiency Gain - Benchmarking --- p.71
Competition --- p.74
Profit Potential --- p.77
Funding --- p.78
Social --- p.80
Aircraft Operators --- p.80
Retailers --- p.81
Airport Users --- p.82
Authority Staff --- p.82
The Public --- p.83
Political --- p.84
Summary --- p.88
The Mass Transit Railway Corporation --- p.90
Background --- p.91
Introduction --- p.91
Corporate Objectives --- p.93
Economical --- p.94
Corporate Structure --- p.94
Management and ownership --- p.94
Operating Organization --- p.96
Customer Satisfaction --- p.98
Market Analysis --- p.99
Market Competition --- p.104
Financial Conditions --- p.107
Operational Performance --- p.119
Social --- p.121
Fare Policy --- p.121
Employee Compensation --- p.125
Political --- p.127
The Local Government --- p.127
China's Influences --- p.128
Summary --- p.131
MTRC Operating Railway and the Lantau and Airport Railway --- p.131
MTRC New Extensions --- p.135
Conclusions --- p.136
Chapter V. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.138
Airport Authority --- p.138
Short-term --- p.138
Long-term --- p.139
The Mass Transit Railway Corporation --- p.142
Short-Term --- p.142
Long-Term --- p.142
Contingency Plan --- p.147
APPENDIX --- p.152
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.181

In the light of the interest in transnationalism and other relevant anthropological theories, this thesis reflects on the study of China and contributes to the theoretical discussion and ethnography of China, from the perspectives of qiaoxiang and transnationlism.
Nevertheless, the local peoples' experience with the Chinese Overseas has great impact on shaping their attitudes. There is the spirit of continuing to better their livelihood, and this has encouraged many people in qiaoxiang to continue to emigrate to other countries, establishing a new transnational network in the context of globalization and global market economy, beyond the traditional network of the Chinese Overseas.
Qiaoxiang refers to the ancestral hometown of the Chinese Overseas. Since a century ago, the coastal regions in Fujian and Guangdong have become well-known qiaoxiang. In the beginning, migrants went abroad to make a living, sojourning between the places of residence overseas and hometowns in China. Thus, a transnational network of family ties gradually came into being. People in qiaoxiang usually relied much on their clansmen abroad in aspects ranging from financial support to decisions in local affairs. Due to the influence of the Chinese Overseas, social changes took place in qiaoxiang, and these promoted development in the surrounding areas too.
There are two major foci in this research. One involves vertical analysis of history, explaining how qiaoxiang came into being and how it developed. The other focus is on transnationalism of space, demonstrating the transformation of the transnational network from both the point of view of the Chinese Overseas and the local villagers in China. In this way, I studied the transformation of family structure in Shudou Village, the contributions of the Chinese Overseas to education, public health and medical treatment in qiaoxiang, the dynamics of local organization and local politics, and the economic development of qiaoxiang. The study shows that nowadays people in qiaoxiang no longer rely on financial support from their clansmen abroad. In village affairs, decisions are generally made by the local organizations independent of the Chinese Overseas. Thus qiaoxiang has become increasingly independent.
With the passage of time and changes in national politics, the national identification of Chinese Overseas has changed too. What has happened to the traditional network among the Chinese Overseas? What effect does it have on qiaoxiang? Taking Shudou, a village in Fujian, as an example, this dissertation discusses the transformation of transnational network among Chinese overseas as well as the roles of qiaoxiang in this network, by investigating the relations between the local villagers and their clansmen in Indonesia.
丁毓玲.
Adviser: Chee Beng Tan.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong,2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-207).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
School code: 1307.
Ding Yuling.

The aim of the study was to offer solutions for the enhancement of Indonesia’s HIV and AIDS policy and to suggest future possibilities. In the process, the gendered nature of the epidemic was explored. In light of the relatively lower rates of employment among Indonesian women, this study also sought to gain insights into the possible reasons for many women appearing to be attached to domesticity. In the first phase of the study, interviews with stakeholders in HIV and AIDS prevention were conducted, followed by a Delphi exercise involving 23 HIV and AIDS experts. In the second phase, 28 women from various ethnicities were interviewed, including those in polygamous and contract marriages. The overall results were interpreted through the lens of complexity theory. Fewer than half of the proposed objectives were approved by the experts in the Delphi round. These were interventions mainly aimed at the risk groups while most objectives relating to education about HIV and AIDS and safer sex for the general public failed to obtain consensus. Reasons for the lack of consensus were differences in perceptions associated with human rights, moral reasoning, the unfeasibility of certain statements and personal conviction about the control of the epidemic. Emphasis on men’s and women’s innate characteristics; men’s role as breadwinner; women’s primary role as wife, mother and educator of their children; and unplanned pregnancies emerged as major themes from the qualitative phase. While the adat and Islam revival movements may have endorsed the ideals of the New Order state ideology, Javanese rituals regarded as violating Islam teachings were abandoned. Ignorance about safer sex and HIV and AIDS was also established. Interpretation of the results through the lens of complexity theory revealed that the national HIV and AIDS policy needs to encompass interventions for the general population, which would include comprehensive sex education in schools and media campaigns focusing on women. It was found that women’s vulnerability to HIV and their penchant for domesticity appear to be associated with their perceived primary role as wife and mother, as promoted by the adat-based New Order state ideology.
Sociology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)

by Fong Yuet-Ming, Lau Mei-Po.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-46).
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii
LIST OF TABLES --- p.v
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3
Roots of Asian Financial Crisis --- p.4
Contagion Phenomenon --- p.10
Fixed Exchange Rate Regime --- p.10
Sterilized and Non-sterilized Foreign Exchange Rate --- p.12
"Case Study of Fixed Exchange Rate Collapse: Mexico Peso Crisis,1982" --- p.13
Crisis Theories --- p.14
Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16
CAPM Analysis --- p.17
T-tests --- p.18
Regression Analysis --- p.19
Chapter IV. --- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS --- p.20
Category Level --- p.20
Individual Stock Level --- p.24
P/E Ratio Analysis --- p.24
Share Price Analysis --- p.26
Market-to-book Ratio Analysis --- p.29
Cumulative Residual Analysis & Regression Residual Against Time --- p.31
Chapter V. --- CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS FROM STUDY --- p.39
Conclusions --- p.39
Implications from Study --- p.41
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.43
APPENDIX
Graphs of Cumulative Residuals against Time of the Hang Seng Index Constituents Stocks