Bibliografie tematiche / Individual costs

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Individual costs"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Individual costs":

Pierotti, Raymond, e Ian Newton. "Individual Variation and the Costs of Reproduction". Condor 93, n. 4 (novembre 1991): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3247745.

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Cumaraswamy, Dato’ Param. "Mandatory sentencing: the individual and social costs". Australian Journal of Human Rights 7, n. 2 (dicembre 2001): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2001.11911062.

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Leong, Suyi, Kimin Eom, Keiko Ishii, Marion C. Aichberger, Karolina Fetz, Tim S. Müller, Heejung S. Kim e David K. Sherman. "Individual costs and community benefits: Collectivism and individuals’ compliance with public health interventions". PLOS ONE 17, n. 11 (3 novembre 2022): e0275388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275388.

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Abstract (sommario):

Differences in national responses to COVID-19 have been associated with the cultural value of collectivism. The present research builds on these findings by examining the relationship between collectivism at the individual level and adherence to public health recommendations to combat COVID-19 during the pre-vaccination stage of the pandemic, and examines different characteristics of collectivism (i.e., concern for community, trust in institutions, perceived social norms) as potential psychological mechanisms that could explain greater compliance. A study with a cross-section of American participants (N = 530) examined the relationship between collectivism and opting-in to digital contact tracing (DCT) and wearing face coverings in the general population. More collectivistic individuals were more likely to comply with public health interventions than less collectivistic individuals. While collectivism was positively associated with the three potential psychological mechanisms, only perceived social norms about the proportion of people performing the public health interventions explained the relationship between collectivism and compliance with both public health interventions. This research identifies specific pathways by which collectivism can lead to compliance with community-benefiting public health behaviors to combat contagious diseases and highlights the role of cultural orientation in shaping individuals’ decisions that involve a tension between individual cost and community benefit.

Abdurrahman, Saddiq T., Omezikam Mbanaso, Lovett Lawson, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Matthew Blakiston, Joshua Obasanya, Russell Dacombe et al. "Testing Pooled Sputum with Xpert MTB/RIF for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis To Increase Affordability in Low-Income Countries". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, n. 8 (27 maggio 2015): 2502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00864-15.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem, with the highest burden occurring in low-income countries. In these countries, the use of more sensitive diagnostics, such as Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), is still limited by costs. A cost-saving strategy to diagnose other diseases is to pool samples from various individuals and test them with single tests. The samples in positive pool samples are then retested individually to identify the patients with the disease. We assessed a pooled testing strategy to optimize the affordability of Xpert for the diagnosis of TB. Adults with presumptive TB attending hospitals or identified by canvassing of households in Abuja, Nigeria, were asked to provide sputum for individual and pooled (4 per pool) testing. The agreement of the results of testing of individual and pooled samples and costs were assessed. A total of 738 individuals submitted samples, with 115 (16%) beingMycobacterium tuberculosispositive. Valid Xpert results for individual and pooled samples were available for 718 specimens. Of these, testing of pooled samples detected 109 (96%) of 114 individualM. tuberculosis-positive samples, with the overall agreement being 99%. Xpert semiquantitativeM. tuberculosislevels had a positive correlation with the smear grades, and the individual sample-positive/pooled sample-negative results were likely due to theM. tuberculosisconcentration being below the detection limit. The strategy reduced cartridge costs by 31%. Savings were higher with samples from individuals recruited in the community, where the proportion of positive specimens was low. The results of testing of pooled samples had a high level of agreement with the results of testing of individual samples, and use of the pooled testing strategy reduced costs and has the potential to increase the affordability of Xpert in countries with limited resources.

Adamski, Mariusz, Peter Kapalo, Vasyl Zhelykh, Orest Voznyak, Oleksandr Dovbush, Hanna Klymenko e Natalia Olcha Kozydra. "The TRIZ method in determining individual heating costs". Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym 9, n. 1/2020 (2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17512/bozpe.2020.1.16.

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Shepherd, J. P., K. L. Kantartzis, T. Lee e M. J. Bonidie. "Impact of Individual Surgeon Volume on Hysterectomy Costs". Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 22, n. 3 (marzo 2015): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2014.12.054.

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Schramm, David G. "Individual and Social Costs of Divorce in Utah". Journal of Family and Economic Issues 27, n. 1 (3 marzo 2006): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-005-9005-4.

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Valverde, Santiago Carbó, e David B. Humphrey. "Predicted and actual costs from individual bank mergers". Journal of Economics and Business 56, n. 2 (marzo 2004): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2003.05.001.

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Wolman, Alexander L. "The frequency and costs of individual price adjustment". Managerial and Decision Economics 28, n. 6 (24 agosto 2007): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1329.

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Turrentine, Florence E., Min-Woong Sohn, Margaret C. Tracci, Adriana G. Ramirez, Gilbert R. Upchurch e R. Scott Jones. "Individual Surgeon’s Contribution to Value". American Journal of Medical Quality 34, n. 1 (9 giugno 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860618780347.

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Abstract (sommario):

Estimating surgeon-level value in health care remains relatively unexplored. American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files (2005-2013) were linked with total costs at a single institution. Random intercepts in 3-level random effects logistic regression models predicted 30-day postoperative mortality or morbidity for each surgeon each year. Value was defined as quality (morbidity or mortality) divided by costs for surgeons performing general surgery and vascular procedures. Forty-four surgeons performed 11 965 surgeries. Risk-adjusted costs trended down over time. For all surgeries, mortality value increased by 3.27 per year (95% confidence interval = 2.54-4.01; P < .001) on a 100-point scale, while morbidity value did not change. Of 21 surgeons with data for 5 years or longer, mortality value increased for all surgeons except one. Continuous increase in complication rates from 2008 contributed to decreased morbidity value. Value may assist surgeons in exploring performance opportunities better than morbidity or mortality alone.

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Tesi sul tema "Individual costs":

Head, Sareta Dobbs. "Costs of Treating Depression with Individual Versus Family Therapy". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2842.

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Marital discord contributes to the development and continuation of depression and to the recurrence of depressive episodes for those in troubled relationships. Early research suggests that family therapy may reduce the severity and frequency of depressive episodes through modification of family interactional patterns. This would result in a reduction in the cost of treating depression. This study summarizes the literature linking family dynamics with depression. Then,using a sample taken from a large health maintenance organization, data was statistically analyzed to measure the effectiveness of both individual and family therapy as delivered by different types of mental health professionals. Results indicated that family therapy was both effective and cost-effective in the treatment of depression.

Schiltz, Joel. "Sunk costs at an individual level : the role of responsibility /". Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1103231637.

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Veetaseveera, Jomphop. "Decentralized control design for synchronization of multi-agent systems with guaranteed individual costs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0303.

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Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la synthèse et l'analyse d'algorithmes de synchronisation pour des systèmes multi-agents avec une dynamique linéaire. Par synchronisation, nous voulons que les états de tous les agents évoluent sur la même trajectoire à partir d'un certain temps. En prenant en compte des contraintes de communication, nous proposons des architectures de commandes décentralisées, c.-à-d. qui n'utilisent que des informations locales. Dans une première partie, nous nous inspirons de la théorie des jeux pour proposer une loi de commande considérant un coût individuel de satisfaction par agent. Afin de faciliter l'analyse, le problème de synchronisation est d'abord reformulé en un problème de stabilisation. Ensuite, des conditions données sous forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires permettent de vérifier si un profil de gains correspond un équilibre de satisfaction ou non. Un ensemble de gains est un équilibre de satisfaction lorsque le coût individuel de chaque agent est borné par un seuil donné. La seconde partie consacrée aux réseaux avec des clusters, se base sur la théorie des systèmes singulièrement perturbés pour présenter une loi de commande plus axée sur des réseaux de grandes envergures. L'objectif est de fournir une méthode efficace en termes de calcul pour concevoir des stratégies de contrôle qui garantissent une certaine limite sur le coût de chaque cluster. En utilisant une méthode de séparation d'échelles de temps, la conception de la loi de commande est séparée en deux parties: une commande interne et une commande externe. Leurs conceptions se font indépendamment l'une de l'autre et tend à réduire les charges de calculs. De plus, nous montrons que la commande interne n'affecte le coût du cluster que pendant une courte période de temps
The work of this thesis focuses on the synthesis and analysis of synchronization algorithms for multi-agent systems, with linear dynamics and fixed topology. By synchronization, we mean that the states of all agents evolve on the same trajectory from a certain time. Taking into account communication constraints, we propose decentralized control architectures, i.e. that use only local information. In a first part, we draw from game theory to propose a control law considering an individual satisfactory cost per agent. In order to facilitate the analysis, the synchronization problem is first reformulated as a stabilization problem. Then, conditions given in the form of Linear Matrix Inegalities allow to check if a gain profile corresponds to a satisfaction equilibrium or not. A set of gains is a satisfaction equilibrium when the individual cost of each agent is bounded by a given threshold. Furthermore, based on the output feedback control, a second result allows us to synthesize the gain of an agent assuming the gains of the other agents are known. The second part, dedicated to networks with clusters, is based on the Singular Perturbed Theory to present a control law more focused on large-scale networks. The objective is to provide a computationally efficient method to design control strategies that guarantee a certain limit on the cost of each cluster. Using a time-scale separation method, the control law design is separated into two parts: an internal and an external control. Their designs are done independently from each other and tend to reduce the computational load. Moreover, we show that the internal control affects the cost of the cluster only during a short period of time

Lee, Adrian David Banking &amp Finance Australian School of Business UNSW. "Active equity fund management: Benchmarking and trading behaviour". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Banking & Finance, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43403.

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This thesis investigates key issues concerning how active equity fund managers add value: measuring alpha (Chapter 3), generating alpha (Chapters 4, 5 and 6) and transaction cost minimisation (Chapter 7). Chapter 3 proposes important methodological adjustments to the widely adopted benchmarking methodology of Daniel, Grinblatt, Titman and Wermers (1997). Applying this modified benchmark to a sample of active funds and simulated passive portfolios that mimic fund manager style characteristics, statistically lower tracking error is documented, compared with using the standard methodology. These findings suggest that improved specifications of characteristic benchmarks represent better methods in accurately quantifying fund manager skill. Chapter 4 examines a portfolio strategy which selects stocks using the undisclosed monthly holdings of Australian active funds. When considering a large range of strategies incorporating portfolio holdings information, the top performing strategies are robust to data-snooping and are economically and statistically significant when incorporating transaction costs. Accounting for look-ahead bias in the formation of a strategy, statistically significant alpha of at least 6.88 percent per year is found when following the best performing strategy holding 20 stocks or more in the previous month. Chapter 5 examines the relation of active equity fund managers location proximity to a stock??s corporate headquarter using portfolio holdings data. Contrary to much international research, this study reveals evidence inconsistent with a location advantage for Melbourne and Sydney-based funds. Chapter 6 examines retail investor trading on the Australian Stock Exchange. The performance of retail investors is highly heterogeneous: discount (non-discount) retail brokerage investors lose -0.59 (-0.05) percent intraday and experience negative (positive) returns over the subsequent year. These findings are inconsistent with retail investors exerting price pressure or providing liquidity to institutions. Chapter 7 examines whether equity fund managers use multiple brokers in a trade package in order to lower their price impact and brokerage costs. Using the daily trades of funds, multiple broker trades are not found to have lower costs compared to a single broker, even when controlling for the informativeness of the trade package and potential endogeneity. These findings suggest that fund managers do not lower their costs when using multiple brokers.

Wu, Gi-Mick. "On handling costs and host choice in aphid-parasitoids: from individual behaviour to evolutionary patterns". Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103627.

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Foraging animals incur handling costs when capturing, subduing, or killing their resources. Handling costs are hypothesized to influence the dietary choices of animals and influence the structure of ecological communities. It is not clear, however, whether trophic interactions found in communities correspond to individual decisions. This thesis investigated the determinants of handling costs and their consequences for host choice by aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) at the level of individuals and communities. Laboratory experiments using the parasitoid Aphidius colemani showed that the cost of handling a host aphid (Myzus persicae) is inversely related to the parasitoid:host body size ratio. Further experiments showed that developmental temperature influences the handling time of parasitoids by affecting parasitoid body size. The defences of aphids are expected to impose a handling cost to parasitoids. The cornicle secretions of the aphid Sitobion avenae, however, did not increase the handling time of the parasitoid A. rhopalosiphi in laboratory experiments. This is likely because cornicle secretions have an altruistic function rather than self-preservation. Hence, consumer:resource body size ratio seems the principal determinant of handling time in aphid- parasitoid interactions. When given a choice, female parasitoids preferred hosts that maximized their foraging rate (value/handling time) as predicted by optimal foraging. At the level of communities, the relationship between handling time and body size ratio is expected to result in a positive association between the body size of optimally foraging consumers and of their resources. Comparative studies of aphid-parasitoid revealed no relationship between handling time and body size ratio, but showed a clear positive correlation between consumer and resource body sizes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed that the correlation between aphid and parasitoid body sizes can be attributed entirely to their evolutionary history (phylogeny). This thesis showed that body sizes of aphids and parasitoids influence handling costs and host choices, but that this result does not scale up to ecological communities. Rather, the host choice of parasitoids for different species of aphids is explained by phylogeny. I discuss the potential implication of these results for scaling behaviour and for applied ecology.
L'exploitation des ressources impose un coût de manipulation pour capturer, poursuivre, ou tuer une ressource. Les coûts de manipulation devraient influencer les choix des animaux et conséquemment, la structure des communautés. Le comportement d'exploitation au niveau individuel pourrait ne pas être valide pour les communautés où plusieurs espèces interagissent. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les facteurs influençant le coût de manipulation chez les parasitoïdes de puceron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) et les conséquences pour le choix d'hôte au niveau individuel et des communautés. Des expériences en laboratoire sur le parasitoïde Aphidius colemani ont démontré que le coût de manipulation d'un hôte (Myzus persicae), diminue lorsque le ratio de taille parasitoïde:puceron augmente. De plus, la température de développement des parasitoïdes influence leur temps de manipulation en modifiant leur taille corporelle. Les défenses des hôtes devraient influencer le temps de manipulation des parasitoïdes, mais des expériences en laboratoire ont démontré que l'utilisation de sécrétions corniculaires par le puceron Sitobion avenae n'affecte pas le temps de manipulation du parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Ce résultat serait lié à la fonction altruiste des sécrétions corniculaires. Il semblerait donc que le ratio de taille consommateur:ressource soit le principal facteur influençant le coût de manipulation des parasitoïdes de puceron. Au niveau des communautés, cette relation devrait donner lieu à une corrélation positive entre la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes. Des analyses comparatives ont démontré que le coût de manipulation n'est pas lié au ratio de taille consommateur:ressource à l'échelle de la communauté, mais que la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes sont néanmoins positivement corrélées. Par contre, cette corrélation peut être attribuée complètement au passée évolutif (phylogénie) des animaux plutôt qu'à leur choix d'hôte. Cette thèse a démontré que la taille corporelle des pucerons et des parasitoïdes influence le coût de manipulation et le choix des hôtes des parasitoïdes, mais que ce résultat ne s'applique pas à l'échelle des communautés. Le choix d'hôte lorsque différentes espèces de puceron sont présentes serait plutôt expliqué par la phylogénie. Je discute des conséquences de ces résultats pour l'étude du comportement à plusieurs échelles.

Turaga, Rama Mohana Rao. "Spatial Resolution, Costs, and Equity in Air Toxics Regulation". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16236.

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Concern about environmental injustice has been driving the recent effort to characterize risks from exposures to air toxics at very fine spatial resolutions. However, few studies seek to understand the potential policy implications of regulating risks at increasingly finer spatial resolutions and the impact of resulting policies on distribution of risks. To address this gap, the broad question for this research is how could the choice of spatial resolution for regulation of risks from toxic air pollutants affect emission controls and the consequences thereof? This research develops a formal model of a hypothetical decision maker choosing emission controls within a risk-based regulatory framework. The model suggests that optimal controls on air toxics emissions vary depending on the spatial resolution chosen to regulate risks; net social costs are non-decreasing as one regulates at finer and finer spatial resolutions. An empirical application of the model using air toxic emission data for Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties in Florida demonstrates the sensitivity of optimal emissions to spatial resolution chosen for regulation. The research then investigates the equity implications of regulating at different spatial resolutions with regard to the spatial distribution of cancer risks. The empirical results indicate that regulation at finer spatial resolutions could involve a tradeoff between costs and equitable distribution of risks. For example, at a threshold cancer risk of 100 in a million, regulating at census block level resolution could be twice as costly as regulating at census tract resolution while reducing the maximum individual risk by almost half. Further, regulation at finer spatial resolutions might not address environmental injustice by itself unless such concerns are more explicitly incorporated into emission control decisions. Finally, this research shows that spatial resolution at which air toxics risks are regulated could matter in predictable ways even after taking into account the uncertainties that the decision maker faces.

Kazis, Richard Frank. "The costs of uneven development : an analysis of individual earnings loss among dislocated workers in deindustrializing industries". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75507.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 78-83.
by Richard Frank Kazis.
M.C.P.

Everett, Michael D., e Michael W. Ramsey. "A Framework and Model for Estimating the Individual Benefits and Costs of Exercise for Long Run Health". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4131.

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This paper develops a computer spreadsheet framework and model for estimating the individual benefits and costs of exercise for long run health. The biological costs and benefits rest on solid production functions between exercise intensity levels, fitness levels, and two key indices of long run health outputs—probability of all cause mortality and an index of health care costs. The less certain monetary estimates of those costs and benefits come from reviews of the key literature. The resulting model of individual exercise costs and benefits provides a basis for individual long run health planning plus cost effective and cost benefit analysis of different exercise strategies. The latter, which uses the implicit value of life, may provide insights to the lack of consistent exercise and strategies to increase it.

Arving, Cecilia. "Individual psychosocial support for breast cancer patients : Quality of life, psychological effects, patient satisfaction, health care utilization and costs". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7929.

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Fischer, Timo. "European co-ordination of long-term care benefits: the individual costs of migration between Bismarck and Belveridge systems. Illustrative case studies". SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1728/1/document.pdf.

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The paper to be presented discusses the default in policy coordination or harmonisation in European Social Policy and the emerging private cost borne by migrating individuals. The different designs of national social security schemes imply administrative hurdles and incompatibilities. The latter may also discourage labour movements between EU - countries since migration could bring about a reduction or a loss of social security rights acquired on the basis of past employment and past contributions. The access to new benefits may be hampered as long as some national social security insurance programs demand a minimum coverage period as a prerequisite for benefit claims and disregard preceding insurance periods in other countries. Taking present EU law into account, we design case studies to identify barriers to entry resp. to exit for individuals or households when migrating from one social security scheme to another. Within these scenarios, movements between national systems in Bismarckian tradition and Beveridge systems are of great interest. The paper is based on a research project conducted at the Centre of Excellence of International Tax Coordination at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. (author's abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

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Libri sul tema "Individual costs":

Diamond, Peter A. Administrative costs and equilibrium charges with individual accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Poterba, James M. The costs of annuitizing retirement payouts from individual accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Services, Justice (Society) Committee on Legal. Justice and the individual. London: Justice, 1992.

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Howard, Andrew F. A method for determining the cost of manufacturing individual logs into lumber. Vancouver: Forest Economics and Policy Analysis Research Unit, 1991.

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Brandt, Lucinda. Chapter 766, sole source and individual rates: A report of the Massachusetts Rate Setting Commission. [Boston]: The Commission, 1989.

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Way-Smith, Susan. How to estimate the costs of changes in army individual skill training. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1993.

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James, Estelle. Administrative costs and the organization of individual retirement systems: A comparative perspective. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, Finance, 2001.

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Bregman, Arie. The production and cost structure of Israeli industry: Evidence from individual firm data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Bregman, Arie. The production and cost structure of Israeli industry: Evidence from individual firm data. Toronto: Dept. of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1992.

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Eichner, Matthew J. Insurance or self-insurance?: Variation, persistence, and individual health accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Individual costs":

Radford, K. J. "Measures of Benefits and Costs". In Individual and Small Group Decisions, 21–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2068-6_2.

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Schroeder, Louise A., e Sissy R. Osteen. "Planning for and Managing Costs Related to Caregiving". In Emerging Issues in Family and Individual Resilience, 121–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64783-8_7.

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McKean, Roland N. "23. Divergences between Individual and Total Costs Within Government". In The Economic Approach to Public Policy, a cura di Ryan Amacher, Robert D. Tollison e Thomas D. Willett, 362–68. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501741012-025.

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van Soest, F., K. Huijps, W. Dohmen, R. Olde Riekerink, I. Santman-Berends, O. C. Sampimon, T. J. G. M. Lam e H. Hogeveen. "Costs and benefits of mastitis management measures on individual dairy farms". In Udder Health and Communication, 213–20. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-742-4_35.

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Coroama, Vlad. "The Smart Tachograph – Individual Accounting of Traffic Costs and Its Implications". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 135–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11748625_9.

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Drake, Ian J., e Matthew B. Lloyd. "Batman the Noble Dog: The Costs of Spiritedness for the Individual and Society". In Politics in Gotham, 75–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05776-3_6.

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Wilson, John, Thècle Alix, Elise Gruhier, Nicolas Maranzana, Nicolas Perry, Gérard Magnin, Nicolas Parrod, Rémy Servonnat e Julien Tuery. "Initial Proposal for a General Systems Engineering Methodology to Early Design Phase Cost/Value Estimation". In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 393–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_62.

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AbstractWe propose that a systems engineering methodology may be applied in an effective interactive design environment for lifecycle cost estimation and value optimization in the context of a manufacturing enterprise. In order to optimize a product design for value, engineering and manufacturing businesses need to be able to estimate accurately product lifecycle costs during the early design phases of its development, because this is when the majority of these costs are determined. Systems engineering defines realizing value as meeting stakeholder requirements and emphasizes formalizing these in order to link coherently the individual estimated costs of a design to the needs it fulfils. Furthermore, formalized requirement and design parameters are suitable for modelling and simulation, and we envision a systems model implemented within existing knowledge-based engineering tools embedded in a design environment. The results of this model may support design decisions, as well as reinforce systems engineering analyses in evaluating processes for value chain simulations.

Hamza, Muhammad, Muhammad Azeem Akbar e Rafael Capilla. "Understanding Cost Dynamics of Serverless Computing: An Empirical Study". In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 456–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53227-6_32.

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AbstractThe advent of serverless computing has revolutionized the landscape of cloud computing, offering a new paradigm that enables developers to focus solely on their applications rather than managing and provisioning the underlying infrastructure. These applications involve integrating individual functions into a cohesive workflow for complex tasks. The pay-per-use model and nontransparent reporting by cloud providers make it difficult to estimate serverless costs, impeding informed business decisions. Existing research studies on serverless computing focus on performance optimization and state management, both from empirical and technical perspectives. However, the state-of-the-art shows a lack of empirical investigations on the understanding of the cost dynamics of serverless computing over traditional cloud computing. Therefore, this study delves into how organizations anticipate the costs of adopting serverless. It also aims to comprehend workload suitability and identify best practices for cost optimization of serverless applications. To this end, we conducted a qualitative (interviews) study with 15 experts from 8 companies involved in the migration and development of serverless systems. The findings revealed that, while serverless computing is highly suitable for unpredictable workloads, it may not be cost-effective for certain high-scale applications. The study also introduces a taxonomy for comparing the cost of adopting serverless versus traditional cloud.

"Individual countries". In Spon's European Construction Costs Handbook, 43–430. Spon Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482295115-11.

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"Individual countries". In Spon's Middle East Construction Costs Handbook, 25–356. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20294-14.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Individual costs":

Håkansson, K. E. J., A. Løkke, R. Ibsen, O. Hilberg, V. Backer e C. S. Ulrik. "Beyond direct costs: Individual and societal burden of asthma in young adults". In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.4386.

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Bobrik, Petr, Irina Sukhorukova e Galina Bobrik. "The impact of transport costs on network price variation". In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Practical Conference "The Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" (ISMGE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ismge-19.2019.20.

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Cluever, Joseph, Thomas C. Esselman e Sam Harvey. "Financial Optimization of a Preventive Replacement Strategy for Individual Components". In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84833.

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Électricité de France (EDF) has developed the Investment Portfolio Optimal Planning (IPOP) software tool [1] to be released with the Integrated Life Cycle Management (ILCM) software tool developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) [2]. IPOP is an extremely powerful tool that uses genetic algorithms to provide an optimal strategy for investment in spare components and preventive replacements of multiple components at multiple power plant stations across an entire fleet. A drawback of IPOP is that it requires an extensive amount of user information to run even a single component. In response, Component Optimization Analysis Tools (COATs) was developed to simplify the process of deriving an optimal strategy for purchasing spares and replacements for a single component. This paper describes a two-layer algorithm used in the replacement strategy optimization in COATs. The inner layer consists of a Monte Carlo simulation that estimates the Expected Net Present Value (ENPV) of a given replacement strategy. A strategy consists of: the age of a component at which it needs to be replaced, the age of a component at which a spare should be purchased, years left in the plant at which to skip a scheduled replacement, and the end of life at which the scheduled replacement is skipped; and the years left in the plant at which no more spares are purchased. The Monte Carlo analysis uses these four strategy inputs with component costs, acquisition times, and reliability curves with plant downtime costs to calculate an ENPV for that strategy. The outer layer of the algorithm is an optimization layer that can use either Bayesian optimization or genetic algorithms to maximize the ENPV. These optimization algorithms are routinely available in various software packages and effectively treat the ENPV Monte Carlo as a black box function. An efficiency comparison is given between the two optimization algorithms to demonstrate under which conditions each algorithm out performs the other.

Coughlin, Michael K., e Michael J. Scott. "An Activity-Based Costing Method to Support Market-Driven Top-Down Product Family Design". In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12264.

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As more and more companies offer product families rather than individual products, the competitive advantage of product platforming is shrinking. In order to compete companies need to link marketing and engineering so that designers are able to make decisions about critical trade-offs between cost and performance. The current methods for market-driven platform designs use traditional product costing where indirect costs are assigned to individual products based on relative production quantities. Because of increasing product diversity and decreasing direct labor costs, the ratio of indirect costs to total cost of products is increasing. A method for use during the design stage of top-down product family design is needed to assign indirect costs to individual products based on the product’s consumption of indirect resources. An activity-based costing method for top-down product family design is presented here. This method allows the designer to model indirect costs as a function of engineering attributes, creating a framework for top-down product platform optimization that provides a more accurate estimation of cost than traditional product costing methods. An illustrative example shows that an activity-based costing model predicts different profitability from a traditional costing system for a number of different motor designs.

Dinu, Radu-Cristian, Felicia-Elena Stan Ivan e Daniela Popescu. "Comparative analysis on thermal energy costs to ensure the comfort parameters for an individual house". In 2016 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Electricity (ICATE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icate.2016.7754680.

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Park, Jaeil, e Timothy W. Simpson. "Production Cost Modeling to Support Product Family Design Optimization". In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48720.

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Product family design involves carefully balancing the commonality of the product platform with the distinctiveness of the individual products in the family. While a variety of optimization methods have been developed to help designers determine the best design variable settings for the product platform and individual products within the family, production costs are thought to be an important criterion to choose the best platform among candidate platform designs. Thus, it is prerequisite to have an appropriate production cost model to be able to estimate the production costs incurred by having common and variant components within a product family. In this paper, we propose a production cost model based on a production cost framework associated with the manufacturing activities. The production cost model can be easily integrated within optimization frameworks to support a Decision-Based Design approach for product family design. As an example, the production cost model is utilized to estimate the production costs of a family of cordless power screwdrivers.

Bhargava, Nikhil, Christian Muise, Tiago Vaquero e Brian Williams. "Managing Communication Costs under Temporal Uncertainty". In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/12.

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In multi-agent temporal planning, individual agents cannot know a priori when other agents will execute their actions and so treat those actions as uncertain. Only when others communicate the results of their actions is that uncertainty resolved. If a full communication protocol is specified ahead of time, then delay controllability can be used to assess the feasibility of the temporal plan. However, agents often have flexibility in choosing when to communicate the results of their action. In this paper, we address the question of how to choose communication protocols that guarantee the feasibility of the original temporal plan subject to some cost associated with that communication. To do so, we introduce a means of extracting delay controllability conflicts and show how we can use these conflicts to more efficiently guide our search. We then present three conflict-directed search algorithms and explore the theoretical and empirical trade-offs between the different approaches.

Smalley, Anthony J., David A. Mauney, Daniel I. Ash, Sam L. Clowney e George P. Pappas. "Evaluation and Application of Data Sources for Assessing Operating Costs for Mechanical Drive Gas Turbines in Pipeline Service". In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-051.

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This paper evaluates and demonstrates how the public domain data provided by individual interstate pipeline companies to FERC, when combined with individual company equipment lists, can be used to regress industry information on cost of operations and maintenance, fuel gas used, and cost of fuel and power. The paper describes the methods of analysts and identifies their limitations. The paper presents results of such regression analysis as average and variance of cost and fuel usage for industrial gas turbines and aeroderivative gas turbines. It provides further comparisons between gas turbine prime movers, reciprocating engine prime movers, and electric motor drives, and presents annual costs per installed horsepower as a function of turbine size. The paper is based on work performed for PRC International and the Gas Research Institute.

Vide L’eau, Arneaux, Adel Yousfi e Niculin Meng. "The effects of expansion joint design on bridge life-cycle costs - initial investment versus total cost of ownership". In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0150.

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<p>The need to maximise long-term value for money supports the consideration of life-cycle costs rather than just initial construction costs when investing in key infrastructure such as bridges. This is especially true in the case of a bridge’s expansion joints, which are much less robust than the structure as a whole yet subjected to continuous movements and dynamic loading. The life-cycle costs of a bridge’s expansion joints may be considered to include not only initial supply and installation costs, but also maintenance and repair costs throughout their service life, and replacement costs, and the user costs associated with maintenance and replacement work – especially those relating to traffic disruption. Increasingly, the effects of avoidable work on the environment should also be considered. This paper will address this topic, discussing issues that should be considered in choosing the optimal solution for any individual structure.</p>

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Individual costs":

Diamond, Peter. Administrative Costs and Equilibrium Charges with Individual Accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzo 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7050.

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Poterba, James, e Mark Warshawsky. The Costs of Annuitizing Retirement Payouts from Individual Accounts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, gennaio 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6918.

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Blumberg, Linda J. Blumberg, Matthew Buettgens Buettgens e John Holahan Holahan. How Would State-Based Individual Mandates Affect Health Insurance Coverage and Premium Costs? New York, NY United States: Commonwealth Fund, luglio 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.31149.

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Stango, Victor, e Jonathan Zinman. Borrowing High vs. Borrowing Higher: Sources and Consequences of Dispersion in Individual Borrowing Costs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maggio 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19069.

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Bailey, Jed. Inter-Fuel Competition in Electricity Generation. Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009094.

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This study compares the levelized cost of electricity generated with fossil fuels (including coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and diesel) and renewable or carbon-free energy sources (including hydro, wind, solar, nuclear and geothermal). A meta-study of power generation technology capital costs determined the range of capital costs across the various technologies as well as the range of cost estimates for each individual technology from the various data sources that were examined. Applying these capital costs to a range of operating assumption (such as fuel price and plant utilization rate) resulted in a range of levelized cost of electricity for each technology. In addition, the study examined how the cost of electricity was affected by applying a cost for CO2 emissions and a cost to build new transmission infrastructure to link the power plant in question to the national grid. Finally, the study examined the potential investment cost and benefits in reducing CO2 emissions and levelized costs of electricity by repowering existing thermal power plants or switching high-carbon fuels to lower carbon alternatives. This analysis included two case studies: repowering an older natural-gas fired combustion turbine unit in Peru and repowering and fuel switching an oil-fired steam turbine unit to natural gas in Nicaragua.

Chong, Alberto E., Vanessa Ríos e Hugo R. Ñopo. Do Welfare Programs Damage Interpersonal Trust?: Experimental Evidence from Representative Samples for Four Latin American Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, gennaio 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010904.

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This paper argues that welfare programs are linked with the destruction of social capital, as measured by interpersonal trust in laboratory games. The paper employs experimental data for representative samples of individuals in four Latin American capital cities (Bogota, Lima, Montevideo, and San Jose), finding that participation in welfare programs damage trust. This result is robust to the inclusion of individual risk measures and a broad array of controls. The findings also support the notion that low take-up rates may be due to stigma linked with trust and social capital, rather than transaction costs.

Frisancho, Verónica. How to Raise Household Savings in LAC: Constraints and Best Practices. Inter-American Development Bank, aprile 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009286.

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This technical note examines demand-side constraints households in Latin America and the Caribbean face when making saving decisions, particularly households from lower income deciles. This emphasis is important because poverty can impact individuals' ability to process information, manage their time efficiently, or resist temptation, thus limiting their ability to make sound financial choices, forecast, or plan ahead. The note first reviews the main formal constraints on saving such as transaction costs, regulatory barriers and limited trust in financial systems. The note then considers constraints on saving in general, whether formal or informal, including social pressure, intra-household allocation issues, information and knowledge gaps, and behavioral biases when making financial choices. Reviewing advances in behavioral economics, particular emphasis is placed on how features of individual behavior can impact savings. Alleviating behavioral constraints could yield large welfare gains at relatively low costs.

Ruiz-Vega, Mauricio, Ana Corbacho e Julia Philipp. Crime and Erosion of Trust: Evidence for Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011406.

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Crime has tangible economic costs. It also has less understood and likely sizable intangible costs. In particular, widespread crime has the potential to weaken trust between citizens and institutions, undermine government reform efforts, and become an obstacle to development. Yet, the impact of crime on trust remains relatively unexplored in the literature. This paper analyzes the potential interrelationship between individual victimization and several measures of trust, including trust in formal public institutions and trust in informal private networks. It is based on a representative sample of individuals in 19 countries in Latin America. The empirical strategy is intended to mitigate overt biases and assess sensitivity to hidden biases. The results show that victimization has a substantial negative effect on trust in the local police but no robust effect on informal institutions. Governments may henceforth need to redouble efforts to reduce victimization and the resulting erosion of trust in public institutions.

Elshurafa, Amro, Hatem Al Atawi, Fakhri Hasanov e Frank Felder. Cost, Emission, and Macroeconomic Implications of Diesel Displacement in the Saudi Agricultural Sector: Options and Policy Insights. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, agosto 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp03.

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The Saudi agricultural sector relies on diesel for irrigation, which is provided to farmers at a much lower price than the average global price, implying significant opportunity costs. With the aid of soft-coupled power and macro-econometric models, we assess the cost and macroeconomic implications of electrifying irrigation activities in the Saudi agricultural sector. Three electrification scenarios are considered: electrifying each individual farm with a dedicated hybrid renewable micro-grid, electrifying the entire farm cluster with central generation and connecting the entire cluster via transmission to the national grid. Compared with the base-case, connecting the farm cluster to the national grid is found to be the most economical but the least environmentally friendly. The renewable and central generation scenarios are costlier (compared with the transmission scenario) due, respectively, to the high battery costs and gas infrastructure needed.

Cox, Adam, David Shepherd, Lisa Jack, Gerald Miller, Edward Smart, Mark Button e Ansgar Wohlschlegel. The Cost of Food Crime Phase 2 - Project Brief and Deliverables. Food Standards Agency, ottobre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nwo997.

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This research – Phase 2 – will draw on findings and outputs from Phase 1, Cox et al. (2020)(footnote 1). The aim for phase 2 will be to build on Phase 1 using its outputs and methods to produce monetised estimates pertaining to the cost of food crime The overarching aim of this research is to produce robust estimates of the cost of food crime on UK society that uses a bottom-up approach; identifying costs to individuals, businesses and government. The research in itself can be considered ground-breaking in that current estimates of the cost of food crime are based on high level estimates and proxy numbers. The exact outputs will depend on the methodology decided upon by the contractor of the work, however the deliverables expected are as follows: i) A bespoke, self-contained database containing all data that is used in the case studies. This should be easily updatable and accessible to all users. ii) Extrapolated estimates of the total economic cost of food crime, along with sensitivity tests. iii) Manuals for both the database and model. iv) A report including the results, as well as the assumptions made and where improvements may be possible as more data and data sourcing techniques become available in the future. v) PowerPoint presentation summarising the results of the project, as well as how they have been constructed. vi) As part of the conceptual framework developed in phase 1, the total cost was broken down into individual cost areas and methods of calculating these costs were suggested. vii) Both the database and model will need to be updateable, such that pending improvements in data collection or changes in economic conditions can be reflected in the framework accordingly.