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1
Lichtenstein, Alex. "Challenging ‘umthetho we femu’ (the law of the firm): gender relations and shop-floor battles for union recognition in Natal's textile industry, 1973–85". Africa 87, n. 1 (27 gennaio 2017): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000711.
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AbstractAs part of a growing working-class movement that sought full legal status as employees in South Africa, stable urban residence and union recognition, female African factory workers became part of a dynamic new labour movement emanating from the shop floor. At the same time, this new role allowed them to challenge patriarchal structures of authority in the factory, the community and the home. This article examines the gender dimension of a bitter inter-union rivalry that beset Durban's Frame textile complex during the early 1980s. With African unions at last recognized by the apartheid state, Frame sought to bolster the strength of a compliant company union in order to thwart the organizing drive of a more confrontational independent union, an affiliate of the newly established Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU). This union rivalry was fought out in the courts as well as inside the factory, in the streets of Durban's townships, and in an African workers’ hostel in nearby Clermont. The legal dispute generated affidavits by women workers attesting to the pressures they faced to join the company union and their reasons for preferring FOSATU. This evidence shows that African women successfully challenged the patriarchal authority of male managers, security personnel, indunas and male co-workers at Frame in order to join an independent union.
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Durie, Brian G. M., e Hardy Jones. "New Bioaccumulations of Toxins in Resident Coastal Dolphins Signal Dangers of Human Myeloma." Blood 108, n. 11 (16 novembre 2006): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.5062.5062.
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Abstract Dolphins and humans are exposed to the same toxins in seafood. Over 2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as their major source of protein and 60% of people live in coastal areas. Resident coastal dolphins are exposed to marine pollution in the same fashion as humans who frequently consume seafood, thus any indication of disease in dolphins has implications both for humans who eat regularly from the same areas and/or are otherwise exposed to the same toxins. Although ecotoxicologic studies of marine environments are very complex, (Irwin: Aquatic Mammals 31: 195–225, 2005), the bottlenose dolphin is a sentinel species for biomonitoring purposes. Tissue levels of many known carcinogens such as DDT, DDE, dioxins (e.g. PCDDs and 2,3,7,8 TCDD), BaP, PAHs, and more recently PFC and PBDEs (water repellants and fire retardants), reflect bioaccumulation in both dolphins and humans. Target sites where human and dolphin disease have been contrasted and compared are: North America (Alaska; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay; Gulf Coast and Florida; St. Lawrence Seaway); Japan (Osaka Bay); Sweden; Coastal UK and Hong Kong (Pearl River estuary). For Alaska, Florida, Japan, Sweden and coastal UK, there are highly significant correlations between fish contamination/consumption and excess risk of human myeloma. In Alaska, Inuit men eat contaminated fish, have high organochloride (dioxins) levels in blood and tissues and an increased risk of myeloma. Likewise for Swedish fisherman comparing Baltic (more contamination) versus west coast levels of dioxins and myeloma. In Japan, a case control study provides a highly significant odds ratio of 5.89 for agriculture/fisheries as occupational factors. A separate study gives an annual age adjusted incidence of 7.03/100,000 for the Osaka Bay fishing region. Around Lake Okeechobee Florida an incidence rate of 6.52/100,000 correlates with both contamination and commercial fishing licenses. Although dolphins share most human mammalian genes, including CYP1A and CYP2B, they lack the ability to adequately catabolize type I and II dioxins, which therefore preferentially accumulate. Unfortunately, observed results of these bioaccumulations are suppressed immunity, infections and cancers particularly B-cell lymphomas and “myeloma-like” immunoblastic lymphomas (Bossart: J. Vet Diagn Invest 9: 454–458, 1997). This pattern of diseases in turn corresponds with the local and systemic effects exemplified in Balb/c mice during pristine-induced plasmacytogenesis and in humans exposed to toxins. Newly recognized persistent organic pollutants such as water repellants (PFCs) and flame-retardants (PBDEs) are a particular concern, both because of rapid recent bioaccumulation in dolphins with associated disease manifestations plus the potential for wide global dispersal and diverse routes of human exposure. Numerous consumer goods contain PBDEs, including electronics, carpets, furniture and textiles. Genetic studies help refine probability calculations to assess risk using the union rule for independent events. Studies are now underway to correlate recent bioaccumulations in dolphins and humans, genetic predisposition and myeloma onset. Probability calculations for risk of developing myeloma will support interventions to reduce both contamination of the marine environment and elimination of human toxin exposures.
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Greenlees, Janet. "Workplace Health and Gender among Cotton Workers in America and Britain, c.1880s–1940s". International Review of Social History 61, n. 3 (dicembre 2016): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000493.
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AbstractThis article clarifies the differences between occupational health and workplace health and reveals how the two overlap. It unravels a multi-layered narrative about cotton textile workers’ understandings and experiences of ill-health at work in America and Britain, utilizing a combination of oral histories, government documents, company and union records, and the trade press. It aims to identify the multiple influences on contemporary debates about health at work. Contrary to current historiography, I argue that gender was only occasionally important to such discussions among workers, and that gender did not significantly influence their responses to unhealthy conditions. Workers’ understandings of, and responses to, workplace hazards were individual and related to knowledge about risk, ill-health and socioeconomic factors. American and British workers’ understandings of and responses to their working environment reveals more convergence than divergence, suggesting a universal human response to the health risks of work that is not significantly influenced by national or industrial constraints, or by gender.
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Phelps, Christopher. "Solidarność in Łódź: An Interview with Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski". International Labor and Working-Class History 73, n. 1 (2008): 106–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547908000082.
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After serving as an organizer for the independent labor union Solidarity (“Solidarność”) during Poland's 1980–81 upsurge, Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski was elected to the union's regional leadership in Łódź in 1981. Poland's most populous city after Warsaw, Łódź grew rapidly in the late nineteenth century after a torrent of foreign capital investment. Known as the “Manchester of Poland” because of its concentration of textile manufacturing, the city and its mills were the setting for The Promised Land, the story of a German, a Jew, and a Pole seeking to make their fortune in the brutal new world of industrial capitalism, as told in the 1899 realist novel by Władysław Reymont and the 1975 film by director Andrzej Wajda. The Łódź working class has a militant history dating to the strikes of May 1892, when, as Tamara Deutscher writes, “more than two hundred rioting textile workers were cut down by Cossacks.”
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Beinin, Joel. "Workers and Egypt's January 25 Revolution". International Labor and Working-Class History 80, n. 1 (2011): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547911000123.
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One of the less noticed events of the “January 25 Revolution,” as Egyptians call the popular uprising that ousted President Hosni Mubarak, is the formation of the Egyptian Federation of Independent Trade Unions (EFITU). Its existence was announced at a press conference on January 30, 2011, in Cairo's Tahrir Square—the epicenter of the popular movement. The independent unions of Real Estate Tax Authority workers, healthcare technicians, and teachers established since 2008 initiated the new federation. They were joined by the 8.5 million-member retirees' association, which has just received permission to reorganize itself as a professional syndicate, as well as representatives of textile, pharmaceutical, chemical, iron and steel, and automotive workers from industrial zones in Cairo, Helwan, Mahalla al-Kubra, Tenth of Ramadan, and Sadat City. The independent trade union federation was the first new institution to emerge from the popular uprising, and it linked the cause of workers to what was, after January 28, an explicitly revolutionary movement.
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Roy, Christiane, Richard Auger e Robert Chénier. "Use of non woven textile in intermittent filters". Water Science and Technology 38, n. 3 (1 agosto 1998): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0198.
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Intermittent filters are widely used in North America for on-site wastewater treatment. However, availability or transportation of the treatment medium can become a limiting factor. The use of non-woven textile coupons, a light, and compressible material, to replace the sand or gravel has been tested. Test columns containing textile coupons over a height of 90 cm were operated at hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 20 to 60 cm/d, with or without recirculation. During the eighteen months test period, the two most efficient columns, single pass (HLR = 20 cm/d) and recirculating (HLR = 60 cm/d), met treatment goals of 10 mg/l biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS). Detailed analysis of water quality at different depths and HLRs indicated that water detention time in the coupons might be a factor in organic matter removal. A new filter configuration was then developed to take advantage of this feature; it comprised three hydraulically independent layers of coupons. The new column was tested in the recirculating mode and in the single pass mode at HLRs of 123 and 188 cm/d respectively for six months. In both cases, BOD5 values at the effluent were below 10 mg/l; in the recirculation mode, TSS values were below 15 mg/l.
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Guy, Donna J. "Oro Blanco: Cotton, Technology, and Family Labor in Nineteenth-Century Argentina". Americas 49, n. 4 (aprile 1993): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007409.
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Cotton growing and textile production in the northern regions of newly independent Argentina, as in many other parts of Latin America still relatively unaffected by the industrial revolution, were linked to the gender division of labor and the type of landholdings found in agrarian societies. As early as 1970 Ester Boserup pointed out the divergent roles that women and children would play in societies based upon extensive properties farmed or ranched by slave or hired help as compared with smaller, more intensive farms and ranches. She, like many others, however, presumed that wage labor, large scale agriculture, and ranching dominated the Latin American landscape, and she emphasized the role of women compared to other family members in rural production.
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Iwanowski, Zbiegnew. "Political Shifts in Latin America and Problems of Relations of the Region with the European Union". Contemporary Europe, n. 100 (31 dicembre 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope72020162172.
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The article examines the deteriorating economic and social situation in Latin America after the "golden decade" (2003 – 2013) and political shifts in the region. During the last electoral cycle, there was a reformatting of the political landscape, including the "right drift" on one hand and the strengthening of the positions of the left forces on the other. At the same time, political polarization at the national and regional levels sharply increased, integration blocks have disintegrated or are in a state of crisis. As a result, the region is no longer a "unity in diversity". Based on an analysis of the latest sources and bibliography, the author shows the reasons for the intensification of European politics in Latin America. He comes to conclusion that the EU tries to play an independent role in the emerging new bipolarity. Although the economy remains a priority in interregional cooperation, political aspects are becoming increasingly important. Both regions actively cooperate in solving global problems, but the priorities of each of them differ significantly. The European Union cooperates with Latin America in strengthening multilateralism and improving global governance, both partners try to reform international institutions, reject protectionism and underline the priority of international law. In the absence of "unity in diversity" and the crisis of integration associations on the continent, the EU pays more attention to bilateral relations with Latin American countries.
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Goncharenko, Valerya. "Key Issues of Donald Trump’s Foreign Policy Legacy in Relations between the US and the European Union". ISTORIYA 13, n. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020920-1.
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This article describes and analyzes transatlantic relations during the presidency of Donald Trump; summarizes main problematic aspects of US-European cooperation in such important areas as economy, energy and security; indicates reasons of difficulties concerning the dialogue between the US and the EU and suggests a search for ways of further cooperation. The United States of America and EU-members have been allies since the beginning of the Cold War. However, the more the policy of the European Union becomes independent, the more White House seeks to increase its influence on the European region. Donald Trump’s presidency has exacerbated a number of already existing contradictions between the United States and the European Union in three main areas of cooperation. This article makes an assumption that the personality of Donald Trump is one of the key factors that complicate US-European relations, but not the only since the Russian factor and the desire of the European Union to become one of the centers of power on the world stage are significantly weakening the transatlantic relationship.
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LUNA, JUAN PABLO. "Segmented Party–Voter Linkages in Latin America: The Case of the UDI". Journal of Latin American Studies 42, n. 2 (maggio 2010): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x10000465.
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AbstractBy analysing the socially segmented party–voter linkages deployed by the Unión Demócrata Independiente (Independent Democratic Union, UDI), a Chilean conservative party, this article demonstrates the usefulness of combining Kitschelt's party–voter linkage framework with Gibson's conceptual approach to conservative party electoral coalition-making. In Latin America, parties take advantage of social fragmentation and the availability of non-state campaign financing to combine multiple linkage types and thus attract socially diverse constituencies. Although it is an opposition party, UDI's historical trajectory and organisation have enabled it to receive private funds from its traditional and party-identified core constituency (business and conservative sectors), whose programmatic preferences and interests it represents, and then use these resources in a ‘charismatic’ mobilisation approach and particularistic exchanges with a non-core constituency (low-income, non-traditional voters of the radical right), in a segmented, but nationally integrated, electoral strategy.
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Ikeda, Fumi. "THE ELECTORAL CLOUT OF UNIONS IN JAPAN: VOTE MOBILIZATION IN COMPANY TOWNS". Journal of East Asian Studies 19, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2018.30.
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AbstractInterest groups and other organizations are crucial vehicles for voter mobilization, but variations in their capacities are not well understood. To clarify the ways in which vote mobilization capacities vary, I analyze vote mobilization in two private-sector industrial unions supporting the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). The Japanese Federation of Textile, Chemical, Food, Commercial Service and General Workers’ Union (UA Zensen), has a very large membership but mobilizes few votes. The Confederation of Japan Automobile Worker's Unions (JAW), on the other hand, has fewer members but mobilizes more votes. In this article, I argue that unions whose constituent units operate company towns are most successful in mobilizing votes. Organizational capacity –independent of membership size – matters in the electoral arena. Using data from House of Councillors elections, I show that those industrial unions that include many enterprises with company towns have advantage in voter mobilization.
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Залоило, Максим, Maksim Zaloilo, Елена Рафалюк e Elena Rafalyuk. "INTEGRATION AND HARMONIZATION WITHIN THE EURASIAN AND LATIN-AMERICAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS". Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 1, n. 6 (7 febbraio 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17112.
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The article deals with the formation of harmonized legal framework as part of integration associations of Eurasia and Latin America. The article states that harmonization and unification of private international law is of particular importance for achieving the objectives of economic integration. The authors analyze the methods of harmonization of law in Mercosur. Harmonization of law is achieved in various ways, for example, through unification of law which permits to develop a uniform enactment for all States. Meanwhile, the method of simple convergence, coordination of national legislation of the Mercosur member states is used. The authors distinguish between the sources of primary and secondary law of the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors conclude that unlike the Commonwealth of Independent States where unification and harmonization cover private and public law, the convergence of legal systems of the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union deals mainly with public law issues. Along with strict public law regulation within the Eurasian Economic Union, the authors propose the formation of flexible private law rules contained in the soft law, and the Principles of the Eurasian private law can serve the basis for that. The authors note that one of the objectives of harmonization and unification of the law of integration associations is the formation of the community law – an autonomous legal system which is applied on the basis of the direct action principles, direct application and the supremacy over domestic law. Following the results of study the authors conclude that the majority of the integration associations in Latin America and Eurasia are only on the way toward the community law formation.
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Nicole Wassenberg. "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): The Possible Impact on the European Union and North America". Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 2, n. 8 (31 agosto 2016): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v2i8.92.
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The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is projected high-standard and inclusive free trade agreement which is being conversed between the United States (US) and European Union (EU). Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a chain of trade negotiations operating between EU and US. The TTIP is mainly about decreasing the regulatory obstacles to trade to open up a way for bigger businesses such as environmental legislation, food safety, sovereign powers of the individual nations and also banking regulations. The US and EU are two of the most integrated countries when it comes to economy globally. It is as a result of their trade in services, investments and the high commercial presence in each other's financial prudence. These two regions support each other when it comes to the economy, and that's why they are good trading partners in products and services. The EU and U.S trade and investment partnership which is sometimes referred to as transatlantic economy has a significant global relationship and creates a mutually beneficial understanding between the two states (Hoekman and Kostecki, 2009). The TTIP is one of the largest trade and investment partnership in the world and also the most significant because of its absolute size. It has many for example the European Union has 28 member states which include: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Belgium, Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Denmark, Finland. Greece, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Romania, Spain, Latvia, Sweden, Portugal and United Kingdom are also part of the partnership. The initial negotiations on TTIP which was to become the first largest bilateral free trade and investment partnership agreement were earlier supported by a paramount and independent study of the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR). The study by CEPR was called Reduction of the Transatlantic Barriers to Trade and investment. The negotiations were mainly to provide independent advice to the two negotiators based on the additional research. Despite, TTIP being one of the largest trade and investment partnership, it has created both negative and positive impacts on the two states. There are benefits t being enjoyed by the member states such as job creation and home growth. The EU depends on the US exports; they can get investments from the US and also import the goods and services they require (Khanna, Palepu, and Sinha, 2005). Other positive impacts of the TTIP includes; upholding and promoting human rights, governing in a transparent manner that can hold to account individuals in authority and also has markets that can be open to free and reasonable competition and is well-regulated market areas. TTIP also protects the people and the planet through their international rules. For example, the rules look at everyone's health, their condition at workplaces, the endangered species around them and the entire environment. There are also challenges that have come out from TTIP in the field of politics and economics, poor labor standards, workers' rights and security of their workplaces, democracy, and state authority. Foreign shareholder protection, public health and the environment as a whole, health care, consumer safety and food security, climate change and environment protection, banking regulation and privacy and many others. Some competitors challenge the TTIP on slowness in services than in goods leading to difficulty in opening markets in service areas.
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MENON, NIKHIL. "‘Fancy Calculating Machine’: Computers and planning in independent India". Modern Asian Studies 52, n. 2 (2 ottobre 2017): 421–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000135.
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AbstractIn the middle of the twentieth century, statistician P. C. Mahalanobis strove to haul India into the computer age. Convinced that these machines were integral to the future of economic planning in India, he and the Indian Statistical Institute mounted a campaign to bring India its first computers. In the years following independence, Mahalanobis and the Indian Statistical Institute acquired significant influence in the Indian planning process—culminating in them effectively authoring India's Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61). The tale of the computer's journey to India demonstrates that the decision to centrally plan independent India's economy, and the resultant explosion of official statistics, provided the justification for the pursuit of computers. They potentially solved what was considered centralized planning's greatest puzzle: big data. Mahalanobis persuaded the Indian government of the need to import computers for the purposes of development, and then negotiated the import of these exorbitantly expensive machines during visits to Europe, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Needless to say, the question of which country would provide India its first computers would ruffle Cold War feathers. This article brings together and identifies a link between the research activities of the Indian Statistical Institute, its deepening association with economic planning and the installation of India's earliest computers.
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Engelhardt, Hanns. "The Constitution of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia: A Model for Europe?" Ecclesiastical Law Journal 16, n. 3 (13 agosto 2014): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x14000544.
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It is a peculiarity of the European continent that there are four independent Anglican jurisdictions side by side: the Church of England with its Diocese in Europe, The Episcopal Church, based in the United States of America, with its Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe, and the Lusitanian and Spanish Reformed Episcopal Churches which are extra-provincial dioceses in the Anglican Communion. Alongside these, there are the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht, with dioceses in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Switzerland. All of them are in full communion with each other, but they lack a comprehensive jurisdictional structure; consequently, there are cities where two or three bishops exercise jurisdiction canonically totally separately.
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DEGTYAREV, ALEXANDER N. "INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION AND THE STATE OF MUTUAL TRADE". Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 242, n. 4 (2023): 269–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2023-242-4-269-298.
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Identifying the competitive advantages of the EAEU countries within the framework of mutual industrial and production cooperation, leveling emerging problems and searching for new opportunities are important for the active development of the economies of each state, using the existing potential, creating an independent fundamental and sustainable industrial base. According to the official statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the total gross domestic product of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union for the period from 2017 to 2022. increased by 44%, amounting to 2.6 trillion US dollars. The average annual GDP growth rate of the EAEU countries for the period from 2017 to 2022 amounted to about 1.5%. The highest share of industrial production in the gross domestic product (hereinafter referred to as GDP) in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (over 50%) is noted in the Republic of Belarus (88–89%), as well as in the Russian Federation (64%). The average level of industrial specialization in the structure of GDP is noted in Kyrgyzstan (44–46%), in Kazakhstan (42–47%), and also in Armenia (33–32%). On average, in the Eurasian Economic Union, the largest share in industrial production belongs to the manufacturing industry (64–65%), followed by mining (24–27%), electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (7–9%), as well as water supply (1.7–2.0%). In order to integrate the joint industrial capabilities of the EAEU, to intensify work to create conditions for the development of union cooperation, an industrialization map was created in 2019. In modern conditions, it is necessary to strengthen innovative technological cooperation between the EAEU countries, joint production of machinery, machinery, equipment, increase the production of electrical equipment, metallurgical, leather and footwear, textile, knitwear and food industries in a closed cycle. In addition, it is important to conduct joint scientific research and develop measures to stimulate cooperation, including the creation of joint technological platforms, industrial clusters, the involvement of small and medium-sized businesses, the formation of cooperative chains for the production of joint products based on territorial and geographical opportunities.
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Abdulhameed, Attarid Awadh. "Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis". Tikrit Journal For Political Science, n. 16 (2 luglio 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.143.
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Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.
As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry.
There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence on its forces especially the Navy Forces.
There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.
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Odrekhivskyi, Volodymyr, Vasyl Odrekhivskyi e Roman Odrekhivskyi. "Ukrainian sculpture of the 20th century: main ideological and plastic transformations". LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, n. 3B (20 settembre 2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173b1534p.187-194.
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In this article we attempt at demonstrating the inseparability of Ukrainian sculpture from global culture creating process despite cultural and political isolation as a component republic of the Soviet Union for over 70 years of the 20th century. There is a considerable difference in the character of creativity of Ukrainian sculptors, who lived and worked within the borders of the Soviet Union, and those, who migrated to Western Europe or America and had an opportunity to freely experiment with shape and ideas. In this article, particular attention is dedicated to those personalities that have made the most significant ideological and plastic transformations in the 20th-century sculpture with respect to the previous epochs, i.e., to the sculpture of avant-garde and modernism. The last decade of the 20th century was marked by the end of the Soviet-era cultural isolation from the democratic world, when a powerful stream of information penetrated the artistic arena of already independent and open Ukraine, and simultaneously the examples of various conceptual trends and styles appeared – from pop art and installation to performance art, which influenced the development of sculpture.
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Konovalova, Yulia A. "U.S. in the global FDI’ flows: repatriation of foreign earning by U.S. from EU members as the new global trend". RUDN Journal of Economics 28, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2020): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-1-172-183.
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Scientific investigation covers the questions of U.S.’ involvedness into the international economic relations and into the international trade of goods and services and international movement of FDI as well. The fact that USA is the larger importer and the second exporter of goods in the world (2018), and the largest exporter and importer of commercial services (2018), the biggest host economy of FDI, and the largest investor (till 2017) the investigation of the American investment cooperation is the rather important affair, that can show the tough dependence of U.S.’ economy of foreign countries investments flows and regimes. In accordance with UNCTAD data U.S. is holding the first place as the exporter of FDI during the long period till 2018, that showed the negative number of FDI outflow in 2018 as the result of tax reform’ implementation at the end of 2017. Implementation of open and tough foreign trade policy (the policy of protectionism) through the import tariffs increasing is aimed at trade deficit reduction, protection and support of the American producers, implementation of tax reform at the end of 2017, making come true the soundbites of D. Trump “Make America Great Again” and “America first”. The author analyzed investment cooperation of U.S. and EU, its dynamic, specialization, directions. The author came to conclusion that correlation of United States’ investment indicators with European Union showed an unequal evaluation of each Union’ member and determined the disproportion of understanding and examination of regional integration not as the complex subject of the global economy but as the set of different and independent subjects. Investigation of U.S.’ FDI export and import statistics gave the author opportunity to come the conclusion that there is the specific of U.S.’ investment outflow into the European Union countries reflected through the limited set of investment recipients. At the same time, implementation of the tax reforms at the end of 2017 could lead to the changing of global investment flows from low tax jurisdictions to USA, for example.
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Ruttenburg, Nancy. "Silence and Servitude: Bondage and Self-invention in Russia and America, 1780-1861". Slavic Review 51, n. 4 (1992): 731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500134.
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In an 1881 letter to his would-be Russian translator, Walt Whitman described his sense of a mystical resemblance—improbable yet undeniable—between Russian and America, two nations traditionally regarded as not merely geographically but also culturally marginal to the great nations of Europe:You Russians and we Americans;—our countries so distant, so unlike at a first glance … and yet in certain features, and vastest ones, so resembling each other. The variety of stock-elements and tongues to be resolutely fused in a common Identity and Union at all hazards— the idea, perennial through the ages, that they both have their historic and divine mission—the fervent element of manly friendship throughout the whole people, surpassed by no other races—the grand ‘expanse of territorial limits and boundaries—the unform'd and nebulous state of many things, not yet permanently settled, but agreed on all hands to be the preparations of an infinitely greater future— the fact that both peoples have their independent and leading positions to hold, keep, and if necessary fight for, against the rest of the world—the deathless aspirations at the inmost centre of each great community, so vehement, so mysterious, so abysmic—are certainly features you Russians and we Americans possess in common.
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Schelchkov, Andrey. "Latin America and the Soviet-Chinese Conflict (the 1960s – mid-1970s)". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n. 4 (2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640016189-5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The disagreements and rupture between the Chinese Communist Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were the most important event in the history of the International Communist Movement in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, which had a huge impact on the fate of communist parties around the world. Latin America has become a place of fierce rivalry between Moscow and Beijing for influence on the political left flank. Moscow's tough opposition to any attempts by the Chinese Communist Party to increase its influence in the continent's communist parties without resorting to splitting them caused a backlash and a change in the policy of criticism within the parties to a policy of secession of independent “anti-revisionist” communist parties. Maoist communist parties emerged in all countries of the continent, opposing their policies to the pro-Moscow left parties. Maoism was able to penetrate not only the old communist movement but also the ranks of socialists, leftist nationalists and even Christian democrats. It often became the ideological and political basis for a break with the “traditional” left parties, a kind of transit bridge towards the “new left”. The ideas of Maoism were partly accepted by the trend of the “new left”, which gained special weight among the intelligentsia and students of the continent. This article is devoted to the emergence and development of the Maoist Communist Parties, the reaction of Moscow and Havana in the political circumstances of Latin America in the 60s of the 20th century.
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Erokhin, Alexander. "Cold War literary modernists in a dialogue under oppression". Translation and Interpreting Studies 15, n. 3 (16 settembre 2020): 380–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.20075.ero.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The article deals with selected aspects of the cultural appropriation of post-Stalinist Soviet poetry by Anglo-American poets and translators. The article focuses on Yevgeny Yevtushenko and Andrei Voznesensky, two eminent representatives of Russian lyric poetry of the “Thaw.” English translations of Yevtushenko’s and Voznesensky’s poems are discussed in relation to Cold War issues and imagery, such as the themes of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the rediscovery of America. The article demonstrates that the Soviet-Russian authors and their Anglo-American translators appealed to their governments and audiences over the moral and aesthetic barriers imposed by the Cold War. The opportunity for independent, liberal, romantic, or leftist English-speaking authors to collaborate with the post-Stalinist Russian poets of the Thaw was made possible by the latters’ willingness to break the cultural isolation of the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death.
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Lukić, Aleksandar. "A new geopolitical Perestroika". Socioloski pregled 57, n. 2 (2023): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg57-42984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
After Chernenko's demise and Gorbachev's coming to power in 1985, the period known as perestroika began in the Soviet Union. Realignment led to an ostensible end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, thanks to Yeltsin's declaration of sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). As a consequence, former Soviet socialist republics, including Ukraine, became independent states. The United States of America declared victory in the Cold War and a new world order was established with the United States as the great hegemon. In this paper, our aim is to show that the ongoing conflict in the territory of Ukraine did not start either in 2022 or in 2014 (when the conflict became armed). Instead, the conflict was kick-started with the independent state of Ukraine being established in 1991, on historically Russian lands, the purpose of this exercise being to create a new Ukrainian nation. The thirty-year history of the Ukrainian state bears witness to its non-Russian and anti-Russian character, as well as to the undisguised influence of the United States of America, which was particularly evident in the so-called colour revolutions and the armed coup of 2014, which led to the overthrow of the legally elected president of this country, Viktor Yanukovych. Russian intervention in 2022, which has a global geopolitical character, shows that a new perestroika is in full play. Denazification and demilitarisation of Ukraine, declared as the main goals of the Russian Federation, are the fundamental measures of the new perestroika. If the Russian Federation succeeds in this endeavour, this would undoubtedly mark the end of U.S. hegemony, while a new multicentric world would be created. If Russian intervention turns out to be a failure, U.S. hegemony will be reconfirmed so that the interests of the Russian Federation would most likely be faced with a threat of further disintegration. Thus, this is not primarily a conflict between Russia and Ukraine, but rather a decisive battle between Russia and the collective West led by the United States. This is the reason why the West is putting in a strenuous effort, and suffering substantial economic damage, to win this war. It defends Ukraine for its own sake, not for the sake of Ukraine itself. Not by their own choice, Ukrainians are in a tragic position in which their nation is used for the achievement of Western interests.
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Vasylenko, Volodymyr, Marina Sidorenko e Saulius Mickevičius. "Industrial method of decontamination of dimethoate containing wastewater". E3S Web of Conferences 265 (2021): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126504002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem of wastewater disposal affects not only third countries, but also world giants such as China or the United States of America. The European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States are no exception. The increasing use of organophosphate pesticides requires the search for new, more efficient and cheaper ways to dispose of their residual amounts. The existing methods of disposal of toxic waste are costly, ineffective, and environmentally hazardous. The optimal solution can be a chemical system for decontamination of wastewater directly at the place of their origin, for example, at the production of pesticide formulations and agro-industrial facilities. This article presents the results of studying the effectiveness of the chemical system for the destruction of organophosphorus compounds based on hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide in relation to dimethoate. The results of the scaling of the decontamination process are presented and an installation for the technological process of wastewater disposal is proposed. The research results show a high reactivity of the system under study and a high efficiency level of the described technological process.
25
Landmann, Tomasz. "Wybrane przejawy sowietyzacji Ukraińskiej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej na początku lat trzydziestych XX wieku w rozpoznaniu Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego Wojska Polskiego i władz politycznych II RP — część I". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 44, n. 4 (25 agosto 2023): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.44.4.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this article is to present selected facts and tendencies proving the increasing sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the early 1930s. The analysis is based on archival material collected in the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America and current scientific literature. A thesis was put forward that the sovietization phenomenon of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic appeared in various forms and proved harmful to the implementation of Ukrainian national slogans in the early 1930s. The presented arguments allow to conclude that at the turn of the 1920s and the 1930s sovietization replaced the earlier policy of Ukrainization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The sovietization tendencies were reflected in economic reforms (especially in agriculture and industry), political and administrative transformation, or changes in the spirit of socialist society. The sovietization of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, as an important postulate implemented by the communist authorities, was one of the forms of opposition to nationalist slogans that indicated the need for reconstruction of Ukraine independent of the Soviet Union.
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Zečević, Slobodan. "Contribution to discussions about existence of the constitutional law of the European Union". Arhiv za pravne i drustvene nauke 11, n. 1 (2023): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/adpn2301009z.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In relation to the topic, the formal absence of a legal text called the constitution of the European Union is noticeable. Simple logic dictates the conclusion that in absence of European constitution, there is no constitutional law of the European Union. However, the reality is much more complex than it seems. The United Kingdom, for example, does not have a written act called a constitution, but instead several constitutional contents whose sources are in laws, legal practice and so-called constitutional customs. Germany also formally does not have a constitution, but a Fundamental Law that pursue a constitutional role. The term is not apparently so important but the status of the text. The constitution is a set of norms that are supreme, stable and difficult to change. It accords competences to the state bodies and guarantee essential civil rights and freedoms. The relevant question in this case is the existence of constitution and constitutional law of the European Union, not in a formal, but in an essential sense. The European Union does not have the characteristics of a unitary, but could it be considering as a federal state? In political-legal theory, opinions appeared that such a thing is impossible for the following reasons. As an example of the emergence of a federal state, the history of the United States of America is cited. According to the constitution of 1878, the US received competences in foreign affairs, defense, monetary policy, as well as in the field of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. The European Union rested on the process of federalization in the economic area. The treaties establishing the Community and the Union have merged the national markets of the member states into one. Originally the European Communities did not have powers in foreign affairs, defense, security and justice. Only in 1993, with the Maastricht Treaty, the newly created European Union get the possibility to take decisions in the aforementioned areas, but even then federal mechanisms were not applied. The rule was unanimous decisions of represents of member states government reassemble in the Council of EU. The state sovereignty was preserved. For the obvious lack of authority at the supranational level, the European Union cannot currently be considered as a classic federal state. However, it can be observed as a sort of federal community, which was originally intended to evolves into something more than that. In a historical sense, this situation in itself is not new. It also appeared in the 19th century with the so-called emerging federal states such as the United States of America, the Swiss Confederation, Germany, Canada or Australia. However, the European Union is a permanent political-legal structure that has certain attributes of a federal state. The notion of a federal community, allows to take into account the essential role of the member states in such system of integration. The federal community as a permanent entity, rests on the contractual relationship that defines the common goals of its members. The aforementioned goals in practice change the internal conditions in the member states, but also their global political status. Several indications point to the federal nature of the European Union. The use of the term Union is not harmless. The founding fathers of the US Constitution of 1878, called their new created federal state Union in order to mark the difference with the previously existing Confederacy. The inspires of the European Union in the constitutive treaty emphasize that its main goal is to constantly create closer ties between European nations. This sentence indirectly indicates a strong, integrative, federal dynamic. In its legal practice, the Court of Justice does not ignore the initial international nature of constitutive treaties, but points to the following. The treaties establishing the Communities and the European Union represent the basis of an independent, hierarchically organized legal order, the kind that states have. As the highest legal act and source of law, they have a constitutional function. The law of the European Union is directly integrated into the law order of the member states and has primacy in relation with the national law. The legislative acts of European derivative law (regulations, directives, decisions) cannot contradict the provisions of the founding treaties. Like the Supreme Court in a federal state, the Court of Justice of the European Union control the compliance of legislative acts with constitutive treaties. The same principle applies in the field of international relations. An international agreement concluded by the European Union or its member states must be in accordance with the provisions of the founding treaties. Their constitutionality is checked by the Court of Justice. The Lisbon Treaty gave the European Union another federal distinction. It recognizes to the European Union a possession of legal personality, which means a full legal capacity to conclude international agreements with other countries and international organizations. The division of competences between the federal state and its members is for many the essence of the federalist legal order. The parallel existence of two levels of government imposes the need to clearly demarcate the fields of action of one and other authorities. In 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon established a principled delimitation of European and national competences. This is another step in the direction of federal legal regulation. The existence of European citizenship gives to the European Union one more federal characteristics. European citizens acquire rights and obligations parallel to those related to national citizenship. Opponents of such a solution were those who believed that the Union represents only an international organization. The founding treaties assign competences to the institutions of the Union, as well as guarantee basic human rights and freedoms. The legislation of the European Union determines the functioning of the member states and in many areas directly or indirectly governs the life of their citizens. Treaties establishing the European Union have in practice a constitutional role and value.
27
Yakovlev, Petr. "RUSSIA'S INTERACTION WITH LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF A GEOPOLITICAL FRACTURE". Urgent Problems of Europe, n. 3 (2022): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.03.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For a number of solid reasons, Latin America has an independent geopolitical and geo-economic significance for the Russian Federation, that was clearly manifested in connection with the crisis events in Ukraine in 2022. The article shows that over the past two decades, on the track of Russian-Latin American relations, there has been an accumulation of experience of mutually beneficial cooperation in the political, diplomatic, trade and economic fields, which persisted despite sharp changes in the global economic situation, deep crisis shocks, as well as unfavorable internal circumstances. The maximum expression of the Russian-Latin American rapprochement was the establishment of a strategic partnership with a group of states of this region. Interest in interaction with Latin American countries has grown especially during periods of sharpening of Moscow's contradictions with the collective West. This was the case in 2014 after the reunification of Crimea with Russia and was repeated in connection with the financial and economic war of the United States and the European Union against the Russian Federation, which became a reaction to the special operation of the Russian armed forces in Ukraine in 2022. In the current radically changing international conditions, the intensification and filling with new content of interaction with Latin America, especially in the trade and economic sphere, can and should become part of Russia's long-term strategy aimed at the priority development of relations with non-Western states. In other words, the development of Russia's partnership with Latin America can be considered as one of the ways to find export and import markets alternative to the Western ones, to gain access to the resources and technologies necessary for the development of the Russian economy.
28
Avramenko, I. "Strategies of US foreign policy at the end of the 20-th – at the beginning of the 21-st centuries". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n. 76 (14 giugno 2023): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.2.30.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article investigates the foreign policy strategies of the United States, beginning with the collapse of the Soviet Union, with an emphasis on key regions - the Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Indo-Pacific region. The work assesses the international situation and presents the author’s views on future changes in the system of international relations.
It is noted that since the beginning of the XXI century, the USA began to lose its position on the international arena, which was due to the difficulty of maintaining existing positions, as well as the incompetence of the state elites that came to power in the USA at the beginning of the XXI century. In view of this, in the process of increasing confrontation between Сhina and USA, the attention of the latter was gradually shifted from the regions of the Middle East and Central-Eastern Europe to the Indo-Pacific region. The article emphasizes that the complexity of the situation for Ukraine lies in the fact that the further involvement of the United States in the confrontation with the Russian Federation will most likely lead to the split of the Western coalition, primarily in the European Union and NATO, and will push states suffering from economic sanctions, lack of energy resources and rare earth materials to ensure the «green transition», to deepen cooperation with China.In this context, it is extremely important for the United States to preserve the current balance of power and maintain allied relations with the main partners of the United States in Europe - the French Republic and Germany. Difficulties will be added by the ambiguous policy of Great Britain, which after leaving the EU began to pursue a more independent foreign policy course that does not always correspond to the national interests of the United States of America. The situation looks most threatening in the Indo-Pacific region, where the interests of the main geopolitical players intersect. Currently, in order to consolidate resources, the US is reducing its military presence in the Middle East and focusing on forming new alliances in the region, as well as strengthening relations with allies. In this context, it will be extremely important to maintain allied relations with the main partners of the USA in Europe - the French Republic and Germany. Difficulties will be added by the ambiguous policy of Great Britain, which after leaving the EU began to pursue a more independent foreign policy course that does not always correspond to the national interests of the United States of America.
29
Obichkina, E. O. "“Our false friend America”, or nostalgia for Gaullism". Полис. Политические исследования, n. 4 (24 luglio 2024): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2024.04.13.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article was inspired by Mark Rousset’s work (Notre faux ami l’Amérique. Pour l’Alliance avec la Russie. Préface de Piotr Tolstoi. Edition Librinova, 2023) devoted to the opposition of American interests to the national interests of Europeans and the need for an alliance with Russia to preserve the sovereignty of European nations in the face of American hegemony. At the moment of the highest rallying of the EU and NATO around the United States to counter Russia, such an essay seems heretical. It is diametrically opposed to the direction of French policy in Europe and the policy of the European Union as a whole, as well as the information background of the leading media, but if we consider the author’s ideas in historical retrospect and in a modern social context, it would be a mistake to consider his book as the speech of an angry lone patriot. Fifteen years ago, M. Rousset published a book in defense of the idea of a sovereign Europe, which could become an independent center of power in the emerging world hierarchy. In fact, this is an idea that France was hatching after the end of the Cold War. F. Mitterrand and J. Chirac, following in line with the Gaullist tradition of French geopolitics and echoes of which were heard in the statements of the current president of France until February 2022. Its mainstay could be the EU under the leadership of a Franco-German pair, which together with Russia would form a European trio of conductors of continental interests in order to avoid subordination to US interests and not be hostages of the US-China rivalry. However, the format of the “European troika” (France – Germany – Russia) had no place in the new Western European architecture, based on a pair consisting of NATO and the EU, atlanticized after a large expansion. Thus, the development of the international situation in Europe went according to the worst of the scenarios predicted by the author. Meanwhile, despite the defeat in big politics, the ideas of the defenders of sovereignty have remained relevant both for business, which is painfully sensitive to American pressure, and for a wide but diverse range of voters who cast their votes to opposition political movements of the extreme right and extreme left, and not only in France. Their interests are focused on internal problems, and they see the main threat not as Russia, but in the loss of identity and sovereignty, and therefore yearn for the ”European” Europe of nation-states, which de Gaulle defended. For them, Russia is an abstract geopolitical entity, but not a hostile Other, but a positive example of countering the Anglo-Saxon global project aimed at vassalizing Europe.
30
Mullen, Mark. "Salvaging satire: An essay review of Blackbird Interactive’s Hardspace: Shipbreaker (2022)". Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 15, n. 3 (1 ottobre 2023): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw_00082_3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Shipbreaker, a game where players disassemble ships to enrich the coffers of a ruthless corporation, is a canny satire of the modern corporate doublespeak that positions corporations as bastions of freedom and social responsibility even as they systematically immiserate their highly skilled ‘independent contractors’ and strip them of their basic rights. However, the game crossed a line for some players in that it loudly and unapologetically advocates for unionization and collective industrial action as a counter to corporate greed and exploitation. While this player hostility is simply a reflection of the long-term success of anti-labour initiatives, particularly in North America, it is also fair to ask how seriously we should regard a pro-union message from within an industry whose exploitative treatment of workers is legendary. More problematically, the game not only fails to deliver on its satirical premise, but manages to reinscribe in its gameplay some of the very elements the satire sets out to challenge. This may be due in part to a widespread cultural confusion concerning the nature of satire, but the example of Shipbreaker also suggests that the Early Access development model may itself place severe limits on the satirical potential of games.
31
Abdel Razzaq, M. Shaheen Siham. "Iraq's official position on political developments in Iran (1941-1945)". ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 223, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2017): 399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v223i1.333.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The events that took place in Iran during the second world war are considered an important item for Iraqi diplomacy and follow-up by the Foreign Ministry in Iraq. On the other hand, this Iraqi diplomacy was considered to be quite flexible when a reshuffle occurred. It was looking for its causes and linking them, and then adopting accurate scenarios to protect its interests. Iraq was not far from what was happening in Iran .When Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took power in Iran, The oil conflict has also existed. In addition to Iran's strategic position, making US intervention clear. Which prompted Iran to build an intimate relationship with the United States and strengthen its relations in all respects, especially when Ahmed assigned the strength of the Sultanate to form the ministry on the ninth of August 1924 and consider America a third force used by Ahmed Qawam as a bargaining chip to confront the British and Soviet Union in the region. After the issue of oil emerged on the political scene and at that time, the Iranian government took a deep breath in the embrace of the United States. In fact, Reza Shah Pahlawi inherited a backward country, especially in the economic field. He tried to reform the country's economic recession and make Iran to acquire a new stage, and the result of foreign demand for Iranian oil led to widespread reactions at the internal level and became pro-Western groups to reject the Soviet demand and solidarity with the independent. While the Iranian Communist Party (Toda Party) supported the request and held demonstrations for the immediate admission of the Soviet Union
32
Muhonen, Riikkamari. "Neuvostoliiton ”hyviä ystäviä” tuottamassa". Idäntutkimus 27, n. 1 (15 aprile 2020): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33345/idantutkimus.91922.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vastaitsenäistyneistä Aasian, Afrikan ja Latinalaisen Amerikan maista kotoisin olevien opiskelijoiden kouluttamista varten vuonna 1960 perustettu moskovalainen Kansojen ystävyyden yliopisto nimesi toimintansa tavoitteeksi sen, että opiskelijat valmistumisensa jälkeen palaavat kotimaihinsa Neuvostoliiton “hyvinä ystävinä” . Keskeinen osa opiskelijoihin kohdistunutta ideologista kasvatustyötä, joka tuki tätä tavoitetta, oli neuvostoyhteiskunnan saavutusten monipuolinen esittely niin osana opetusohjelmaa kuin opiskelijoiden vapaa-aikaakin. Artikkeli analysoi tämän Neuvostoliiton poliittisia ja ideologisia tavoitteita tukeneen ”neuvostotodellisuuden” eri osa-alueiden merkitystä sosialistisesta yhteiskuntajärjestelmästä luodulle kokonaiskuvalle. Artikkeli pureutuu tätä ideaalikuvaa osaltaan kyseenalaistaneisiin arjen kokemuksiin niin Moskovassa kuin sen ulkopuolellakin. Analyysi pohjaa venäläisiin arkistolähteisiin, joiden pohjalta on pyritty nostamaan esiin koulutusyhteistyön toimintamuotoja, arkitodellisuutta ja siihen liittyneitä ongelmia.
Producing ”good friends” of the Soviet Union
Founded in 1960 specifically to receive students from the newly independent countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the Moscow-based Peoples’ Friendship University stated the goal of its activities was for their graduates to return home as “good friends” of the Soviet Union. The most important feature of the ideological work conducted among the students to reach this goal was presenting the achievements of Soviet society both as part of the curriculum and during the extra-curricular activities organized for the students. This article analyzes the role that different features of this representation of “Soviet reality” had for creating an overall image of the state socialist system. At the same time, those everyday experiences both in Moscow and outside it that question this ideal image are discussed. The analysis is based on Russian archival sources and their descriptions of forms of work and the everyday realities of the cooperation, as well as the problems encountered.
33
Beck Cohen, Stephanie. "Quilting in West Africa: Liberian Women Stitching Political, Economic, and Social Networks in the Nineteenth Century". Arts 12, n. 3 (8 maggio 2023): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12030097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Quilts occupy a liminal position in the histories of art and material culture. Centering analyses around specific artworks like Martha Ricks’ 1892 Coffee Tree quilt, as well as investigating women’s writing about their material production, illuminates ignored narratives about the ways black women participated in international social, political, and economic networks around the nineteenth-century Atlantic world. Quilters who emigrated from the United States to Liberia in the nineteenth century incorporated an aesthetic heritage from the American South with new visual vocabularies developing alongside the newly independent nation. Artists relied on networks with abolitionists in the United States and local textile knowledge to source materials for their work. Finished quilts circulated in local and international contexts, furthering social, political, and economic objectives. Like Harriet Powers’ bible quilts, Ricks’ quilts gained fame through exhibition and a whimsical artist’s biography. Quilts’ fragility as natural-fiber textiles in a tropical climate makes a finding a body of works difficult to examine as there are no extant Liberian quilts from the nineteenth century. However, it is possible to patch together a network of women artists, their patrons, and audiences from West Africa to North America and Europe through creative investigation of diverse historical records, including diary entries, letters, newspaper articles, and photographs. I argue that by examining Martha Ricks’ artworks, self-presentation through portraiture, and published writing, it is possible to envision a new narrative of black women’s participation in visualizing the newly-minted Republic of Liberia for Atlantic audiences.
34
Yeremchenko, О. А. "A trend of international collaborations between inventers". Economics of Science 3, n. 3 (10 novembre 2017): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2017-3-3-203-213.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article analyses data on the international collaborations between inventors from different countries, obtained from a special research completed by the European Commission focusing on the national patent portfolios of European Union countries, countries included in the European Association of Free Trade, countries of North America and Asia.It is noted that learning diffusions and matching of technological solutions are becoming an independent trend of the economics science as it allows to determine the patterns and conditions for achieving technological leadership of companies as well as the whole regions in the world. The current research focuses on the balance between an open exchange of industrially applicable expertise and limitations of the diffusion of technological competencies as a necessary condition for achieving leadership in the markets of highly technological products and services.The article concludes stating that the growth of «hybrid» and «external» patents in various regions of the world, determined by European Commission is, most likely, related to the growth of academic mobility of owners of the unique engineering and research teams, and not due to globalisation and internalisation of industrially applicable expertise, that is always used as a tool for competitive fight for markets of products with a high added value.
35
Tekir, Gökhan. "El equilibrio de seguridad liderado por Francia frente a la OTAN". Comentario Internacional, n. 21 (20 luglio 2023): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32719/26312549.2021.21.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The much-discussed question of the relevance of NATO after the end of the Cold War is reappearing due to increasing disagreements between the United States of America (USA) and the European Union (EU). The search of strategic autonomy of European countries led by France leads to questioning of the trans-Atlantic alliance. This questioning has become visible especially after the election of U.S. President Donald Trump, who expressed his doubts about the relevance of NATO. While the USA is disengaging with security issues related with European security, European countries are searching ways to find a common security and defense policy. The French President Emmanuel Macron has laid out several initiatives such as Permanent Structure Cooperation (PESCO), which aims at coordinating and deepening defense cooperation among EU member countries and European Intervention Initiative (EI2), which shares the goals of PESCO but operates outside EU framework. Although these initiatives are referred officially as complementary structures to NATO, they reflect Europe’s desire to break free from U.S. security umbrella and become an independent political body in world politics. France, which has traditionally been wary of U.S. security dominance over Europe, is taking the lead in structuring European security institutions and merging France’s interest with European interests.
36
Mahmood,, Omar A. Al, Esraa M. Jweer, Ayman M. Albanna e Firas M. Abed. "Sampling Strategies Used to Determine the Microbiological Recovery in Beef Carcass during Slaughter Operations: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis". Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 10, n. 11 (22 novembre 2023): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjavs.2023.v10i11.002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of microbiological sampling to test beef carcasses for ensuring food safety is a critical activity that food manufacturers need to prioritize. Differences in sampling strategy may affect the quality of the results being reported, possibly leading to misinformed action. Moreover, failure to use an appropriate sampling strategy directly impacts the validity of study results. A systematic literature, covering the period 1965-2020, was conducted to identify sampling strategies used to determine the microbiological quality of beef carcasses in slaughter operations in North America, South America, the European Union, and Australia. Six electronic bibliographic databases were searched for beef microbiological studies in English. Two independent trained reviewers analyzed the full text of articles to assess the quality of the study methods. A total of 30 articles were included for a full review. The number of carcass sites sampled ranged from 1 to 7. Brisket (23/27, 85.2%), flank (17/27, 63%), rump (13/27, 48.1%), and neck areas (8/27, 29.6%) were most often sampled. Most studies described sample characteristics, such as slaughter step to be sampled, carcass sites, and sampling tools used for sampling, sampling frequency, microbiological testing, and handling of sample. Seven had very small sample sizes (10, 18, and 25 beef carcasses). In 13 studies, samples were randomly collected. Only eight reported conducting a power analysis to determine sample size. The average of overall alignment score across all studies with government regulations (except Latin American studies) was 77 points (maximum point was 100). The average score was 62 points in the United States, 78 points in Canada, 90 points in Australia, and 77 points in European countries. Two main sampling tools (swabbing or excision or both) were used in 29/30 studies, with most (24) using swabbing. Microbiological analysis of carcass samples was mentioned in 28/30 studies, 18 used standard plate count, ......
37
Darmin, M. O. "Types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring the right to judicial protection". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, n. 64 (14 agosto 2021): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.64.66.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the study of the types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring theright to judicial protection. It is noted that the Manila Declaration provides for a judicial settlement of disputes andarbitration. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The InternationalCriminal Court is the permanent body with jurisdiction over persons responsible for particularly serious crimes, inaddition to national criminal jurisdictions. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an independent, conven-tional body whose function is to protect human rights in the states of North and South America. The Arab Court ofHuman Rights has not yet begun its work, although the Court’s mandate allows States parties to lodge complaints.The African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights is an independent body whose purpose is to protect human rightsin African countries. The jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights extends to all matters of interpretationand application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols.The Court of Justice of the European Union interprets EU law and provides for the settlement of disputes by the EU’snational government-institutions. It is emphasized that regional judicial institutions are designed to protect the rightsand freedoms of man and citizen. They are part of a subsidiary human rights protection mechanism that can be applied once all national remedies have been exhausted. Recourse to the International Court of Justice or arbitration isnot an unfriendly act in relations between states, but on the contrary indicates the use of peaceful means of dispute settlement. Unlike other international courts, only international criminal tribunals can be joined in a single proceeding.
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Mesároš, Marián, e Josef Reitšpís. "MIGRATIONS AS A RESULT OF THE GLOBALISATION". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n. 3 (25 giugno 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-3-9-19.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The globalisation of the world economy is a driving force of the development of the individual countries in the world. Mineral resources in some countries are very important for the development of such countries, however they also attract world economies that offer new technologies and new possibilities in the development of the infrastructure. The technological progress of less developed countries also brings undesirable accompanying phenomena, namely the dependence on spare parts, the inability of such countries to carry out an independent research development, and an inconspicuous lifestyle change of the population. Cheap labour force lures foreign capital and later, as a result of the change of political regimes, begins to have enhanced demands, including various trade union demands. This is the moment when the particular government starts being influenced, the population is dissatisfied and the dissatisfaction results in social riots. However, the foreign capital has meanwhile achieved its business interests and that is why it leaves the particular country. Subsequently, this results in internal problems and many times in migrations of the dissatisfied population. Research tools used to write this article was analysis, analysis, synthesis of available information, reports, scientific articles on the subject and subsequent deduction to identify conclusions. Following the latest findings, it takes at least ten years for migrants to start accepting laws and habitual practice of a particular foreign country. The same holds true for migrants from South America who decide to leave their home country to live in the USA. That is why the assimilation problem has to be solved very carefully and, if it is possible, to solve the problems of potential migrants on the territory of their home country.
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Chuguyenko, Serhiy, Rami Hamad, Denys Kipnis e Maksym Minchenko. "Determining the influence of compaction methods on the physical-mechanical properties of asphalt concrete samples". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, n. 1 (129) (28 giugno 2024): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2024.304807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The object of this study is the compaction methods of asphalt mixtures under laboratory conditions. The experience of determining the physical properties of coarse-grained asphalt concretes taken from the layers of the road pavement structure shows that their values do not correspond to those of the samples obtained by laboratory compaction using the pressing method. In 90 % of cases, the density of cores exceeds the density of laboratory samples while the indicators of void content and water saturation are significantly lower than for laboratory samples. The compressive strength indicators of asphalt concrete are almost independent of compaction methods and are not very informative. All of the above leads to the conclusion that the methods of laboratory compaction by pressing do not meet modern requirements. Low values of water saturation and void content of cores and laboratory samples compacted with a gyrator allow us to argue about outdated approaches to the design of grain compositions of asphalt concrete. Low-informative indicators of compressive strength indicate the need to use other mechanical characteristics that will make it possible to predict the properties of asphalt concrete in the pavement, for example, rutting resistance. As a summary, template solutions in the design of asphalt concrete warehouses and physical and mechanical characteristics are necessary only to establish compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents. The current work shows that it is almost impossible to predict the properties of asphalt concrete based on laboratory samples obtained by pressing. All this leads to the need to change the regulatory framework, which is possible by using regulatory documents of the countries in the European Union and the United States of America
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Oke, Muritala, Oluseyi Oshinfowokan e Olubunmi Okonoda. "Nigeria-China Trade Relations: Projections for National Growth and Development". International Journal of Business and Management 14, n. 11 (14 ottobre 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n11p77.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The relations between countries as always been defined and pursued by National Interest coupled by comparative advantage, meanwhile, globalization has fuelled interdependence, integration and technological connectivity amongst countries of the world. This situation has led to trade liberalization. The trade relations between Nigeria and China has always been of mutual benefits to the two countries, probably because the two countries are prominent member of the G77 group of developing countries within the United Nations. The era of General Sani Abacha made the relationship stronger as Nigeria shifted from the North to the South and engaged China more having been rejected by the Northern allies of developed capitalist nations. The paper interrogated the trade relation between Nigeria and China and assess the impact of mechanisms and measures such as One China Policy and Nigeria Naira – China Yuan Currency Swap on the Nigeria growth and development. It equally examined the perceptions of Nigeria entrepreneurs in pushing for balance of trade relations between Nigeria and China. The study employed the quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the trade relationship between Nigeria and China. Simple Random Sample (SRS) technique was used to select respondents from Federal Ministries of Finance, Trade, Industries and Investment, Small and Medium Scale Development Agency (SMEDAN) as well Central Bank of Nigeria, Nigeria Content Development and Monitoring Board for the conduction of interviews; while key informant interview were conducted with President, Nigeria Chamber of Commerce and Industry (NACCIMA); National President, Manufacturing Association of Nigeria (MAN), and National President of Nigeria Union of Textile Workers (NUTW).A total of 100 questionnaires was distributed randomly to traders in six big markets which trade in both Nigeria and China product - Ariara Market in Aba, Sabo Market in Kano, Alaba Market in Lagos, Onitsha Market in Anambra, Central market in Kaduna, Nnewi market. The study found out that for Nigeria to get more gains from China, Nigeria traders, manufacturers and organised trade organisation must be carried in decision making and shun importation of already made goods that can be produced locally; support local industries to enhance their production capacity; more interaction between the businessmen of both countries, government official and politician; allowing independent functioning of institutions created to promote trade and investment without interference.
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Torshin, M. P. "Russian-Latin American diplomatic and trade-economic relations as the multipolar world’s formation basis". Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), n. 1 (31 gennaio 2023): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2301-05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is dedicated to diplomatic and trade-economic relations between Russia and Latin American countries as one of bases of multipolar world’s formation. Clearly, the emergence of the multipolar world is a difficult and long-term process. Yet, this world is now being created by states, political and economic associations, regions and whole continents. Latin American and Caribbean countries are actively participating in the formation of this new world order. The countries of the region hold quite independent views on many international problems including the formation of new world order, and these views share much similarity with Russian opinion on the matter. These states support the leading role of the UN and its Security Council; they did not join the western sanctions against Russia and practically stopped being the USA’s “backyard”. Moreover, the majority of Latin American countries have introduced the visa-free regime for Russian citizens. This lets us consider the Latin America to be the element in the building of the new world order. Many states seek to develop and support the stable diplomatic and trade-economic relations with Latin American countries, especially China, the USA and the European Union. Russia has a long history of international relations with Latin American countries. In the XIX century the Russian Empire established the diplomatic relations with Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela. Later, the USSR supported close diplomatic and trade-economic relations with a number of Latin American states. After the dissolution of the USSR the Russian relations with these countries were recreated, developed and strengthened. Our cooperation is growing in all areas: diplomacy, trade, science, education, medicine, energy etc. Now the questions of creating the common bank and trading in national currencies are being discussed. Russia enjoys the diplomatic relations with all Latin American countries; these relations are evolving, and there are perspectives of their future enhancement.
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Karatsiuba, Oleksandra. "ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE ON FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF". Sophia. Human and Religious Studies Bulletin 20, n. 2 (2022): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/sophia.2022.20.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Compilation and thematic monitoring of information messages, thematic summarization, rubrication of messages of the International Alliance on Freedom of Religion and Belief for 2021 allowed to reflect the received information on priority areas in this review article. The paper systematizes and summarizes the internal content of both the Alliance's working papers and reports from open sources, such as the official websites of the participating countries' Ministries of Foreign Affairs, the official website of the United States Department of State, and more. In the article it is discussed and arranged the issues raised by the Alliance in 2021, aimed at protecting religious freedom in the world, and at the level of "global" initiatives, other information messages are considered in detail. Based on the working documents of the Alliance, the main vectors of the Alliance's activities and the main goals of its existence have been identified. Within the work of the Alliance, the activities of such participating countries as the Commonwealth of Australia, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Cameroon, the Republic of Colombia, the Republic of Estonia, the United States of America is considered. According to the Alliance, the situation of religious freedom in countries such as the Federal Republic of Nigeri, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Cameroon, the Republic of Colombia, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the State of Qatar is revealed. Сonclusions of International Charitable Human Rights Christian Organization "Open Doors" and the Centre for Social Justice – independent centreright think tank – are considered. The content and conclusions of this scientific article have become one of the sections of the qualification work "2021 Initiatives aimed at protecting religious freedom in the world."
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Səfərov, Qənimət, e Səbinə Sadıqova. "ROLE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN AZERBAIJAN ECONOMY". Labor and social relations 20, n. 2 (2023): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.61764/lasr.2.2023.73-81.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The oil and gas industry is one of the traditional industries of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Contact with oil in Azerbaijan dates back to ancient times, and there are facts that there was a map of oil wells on the Absheron Peninsula in 1729. The industrial exploitation of oil begins with the drilling of the first mechanized oil well in Azerbaijan (1872) and putting it into operation. At the beginning of the 19th century, that is, in 1901, 49% of the oil produced in the world belonged to Azerbaijan, 39% to the United States of America (USA), 4% to Russia and 8% to other countries. Azerbaijani oil has played an important role in the development of the economy of both the former union and the current independent country. It is enough to say that in 1941, 23.41 million tons of oil were produced in Azerbaijan, and its great role in the victorious end of the Second World War was undeniable. Even after the restoration of our independence, the oil and gas industry has been very important in the formation and development of the economy of Azerbaijan. The aim is to determine the role of the oil and gas industry in the formation and development of the economy of Azerbaijan, the impact of the implementation of concluded contracts on the country’s economy. Methodology-methods of grouping, systematization, mathematical and statistical modeling were used. The results of the study-the peculiarities of contracts concluded in the oil and gas industry, the study of the impact of their results on the socio-economic development of the economy of the republic, the issues of ensuring the development of the non-oil sector using oil revenues.
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Medeiros, Niâni. "O Nascimento do Direito Comunitário na União Europeia". Revista de Ciências Jurídicas e Empresariais 23, n. 2 (15 dicembre 2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2448-2129.2022v23n2p97-107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
O presente artigo pretende analisar a origem do Direito Comunitário, conceituando-o e caracterizando-o, a fim de demonstrar a sua importância no novo cenário mundial que é posto, principalmente na União Europeia, em que se pode observar a efetiva aplicação das normas comunitárias, diferente do que ocorre em outras partes do mundo, como, por exemplo, na América Latina. Para tanto, fez-se uma análise histórica do seu surgimento, e dos fatos históricos que serviram como base para a consolidação do Direito Comunitário. Em seguida, construiu-se um conceito de supranacionalidade, por meio do qual os Estados se subordinam às normas emanadas dos órgãos comunitários e independentes, em razão das competências anteriormente delegadas, sendo através da supranacionalidade que o Direito Comunitário se exprime. Por fim, necessário distinguir Direito nacional do Direito internacional, a fim de se ter uma exata noção acerca do Direito Comunitário e de como esse se relaciona com o ordenamento jurídico nacional e internacional, haja vista a primazia do direito comunitário sobre o direito nacional. Conclui-se, pois, que o Direito Comunitário é de suma importância para o processo de integração regional, buscando a criação de um direito igualitário a ser aplicado em todos os Estados membros, edificando, assim, uma ordem jurídica internacional sob o manto da justiça, da igualdade e da democracia. Para a construção deste artigo se utilizou da abordagem qualitativa, através de análise bibliográfica.Palavras-chave: Direito Comunitário. União Europeia. Supranacionalidade. AbstractThis article intends to analyze the origin of Community Law, conceptualizing and characterizing it, in order to demonstrate its importance in the new world scenario that is laid down, mainly in the European Union, where we can observe the effective application of community standards, different from what happens in other parts of the world, such as Latin America. In order to do so, a historical analysis of its emergence was made, and the historical facts that served as a basis for the consolidation of Community Law. Then, a concept of supranationality was constructed, through which the States are subordinated to the standards emanating from Organs community and independent bodies, due to the competences previously delegated, and it is through supranationality that Community Law is expressed. Finally, it is necessary to distinguish national law from international law, in order to have an exact notion about Community law and how it relates to the national and international legal system, given the primacy of community law over national law. It is concluded, therefore, that Community Law is of paramount importance for the process of regional integration, seeking to create an egalitarian law to be applied in all the member states, thus building an international legal order under the mantle of justice, equality and democracy. For the construction of this article, a qualitative approach was used, through bibliographic analysis. Keywords: Community Law – European Union – Supranationality
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Gupta, Shilpa, Yasuhisa Fujii, Michiel Simon Van Der Heijden, Andrew James Weickhardt, Nicholas D. James, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Jeff M. Michalski et al. "Phase 3 KEYNOTE-992 study of pembrolizumab plus chemoradiotherapy versus placebo plus chemoradiotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, n. 4_suppl (1 febbraio 2024): TPS720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.4_suppl.tps720.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
TPS720 Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a recommended treatment option for patients (pts) with MIBC who seek a bladder-preserving alternative to radical cystectomy and/or not candidates for radical cystectomy. The anti–PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab is approved for metastatic bladder cancer and non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The randomized, double-blind, phase 3 KEYNOTE-992 study (NCT04241185) is evaluating efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab plus CRT versus placebo plus CRT in pts with MIBC who chose bladder preservation. Methods: Eligibility criteria include adultswho have a histologically confirmed initial diagnosis of MIBC (T2-T4aN0M0) with ≥50% urothelial histology, ECOG PS score of 0 to 2, have received no prior therapy with anti–PD-1/L1 or agents directed to another stimulatory or coinhibitory T-cell receptor, and have planned treatment with one of the specified radiosensitizing chemotherapies. Prior treatment for NMIBC with intravesical instillation therapy such as BCG or intravesical chemotherapy is permitted. Approximately 636 pts will be randomly assigned 1:1 to receive pembrolizumab 400 mg IV or placebo IV every 6 weeks for up to 9 cycles, both with CRT. Investigator’s choice of chemotherapy will be specified before random assignment. Pts will be stratified by ECOG PS (0 and 1 vs 2), PD-L1 combined positive score (<10 vs ≥10), T stage (T2 vs T3 and T4), and geographic region (United States vs European Union vs rest of the world). Radiosensitizing chemotherapy will be cisplatin monotherapy (35 mg/m2 IV weekly on day 1), 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m2 on days 1-5 and days 22-26) plus mitomycin C (12 mg/m2 on day 1), or gemcitabine monotherapy (27 mg/m2 IV twice weekly on days 1 and 4). Radiation therapy will be conventional radiotherapy consisting of 64 Gy at 2 Gy/fraction over 6.5 weeks (whole bladder with or without pelvic nodes) or hypofractionated radiotherapy consisting of 55 Gy at 2.75 Gy/fraction over 4 weeks (whole bladder only). Imaging via CT and CT urography or magnetic resonance urography will be performed 10 weeks after completion of CRT, every 12 weeks until the end of year 2, then every 24 weeks thereafter. Adverse events (AEs) will be monitored throughout the study and up to 30 days after cessation of treatment (90 days for serious AEs). Primary end point is bladder-intact event-free survival (defined as time from random assignment to first documented occurrence of residual/recurrent MIBC, nodal or distant metastases, radical cystectomy, or death from any cause) as assessed by blinded independent central review and/or central pathology review. Secondary end points are overall survival, metastasis-free survival, time to cystectomy, time to occurrence of NMIBC, safety and tolerability, and patient-reported outcomes. Enrollment is ongoing in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Clinical trial information: NCT04241185 .
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Shchyhelska, Halyna. "Ukrainian question in us policy in the context of commemorating the «Captive Nations Week»". Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 1, n. 49 (30 giugno 2019): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2019.49.109-115.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the significant achievements of the Ukrainian ethnic lobby in the US during the Cold War was the adoption of Public Law 86-90 Captive Nations Week Resolution. Under this law, the US president was authorized to declare «Captive Nations Week» annually – until all of them become free and independent, and has invited the American people to observe the occasion with appropriate ceremonies and activities, in support of the oppressed peoples who lost their independence as the result of «direct and indirect aggression of communist Russia». It remains valid for six decades and is becoming increasingly relevant under conditions of growing Russian aggression.
The purpose of our research is to find out the importance of the «Ukrainian question» in US foreign policy in the context of the commemoration of «Captive Nations Week».
The «Ukrainian question» during the Cold War was largely considered in the overall political-ideological context of the confrontation with the USSR. Using a favorable socio-political situation, the Ukrainian Diaspora, led by the Ukrainian Congressional Committee of America (UCCA), organized large-scale information campaigns aimed at drawing the attention of the American and world community to the internal situation in the Union, as well as consideration, at least at the theoretical level, the question of the state status of Ukraine. It was during this period that the political representation of American Ukrainians, a peculiar Ukrainian ethnic lobby was formed, playing a significant role in the adoption of the Public Law 86-90 Captive Nations Week Resolution. The strategic significance of this law was to determine at the official level the status of Ukraine as a colonial dependent country. Despite independence, Ukraine, under conditions of direct aggression on the part of Russia, remains in the list of «captive nations», which the Captive Nations Committee calls for the defense of, and some Western analysts believe that this Week is a good opportunity to think and start acting.
US support in confronting Russian expansion is essential for Ukraine, but the Ukrainian government needs to make a lot of effort to maintain US commitment and deepen partnerships based on common values and interests. In our opinion, close cooperation with the Ukrainian diaspora, which already has considerable experience in lobbying Ukraine’s national interests and the ability to coordinate ethnic needs with American social values, is prominent in this direction.
Keywords: Ukrainian question, Captive Nations Week, US, foreign policy, ethnic lobby, Lev Dobriansky
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Layton, Roslyn. "Net Neutrality and Mobile App Innovation in Denmark and Netherlands 2010–2016". Review of Network Economics 17, n. 3 (25 settembre 2018): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2019-0012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Net neutrality or “Open Internet” rulemaking has been ongoing for more than a decade. Some 50 nations have adopted formal rules including the US (then repealed), the European Union, India, and many countries in Latin America. Among other arguments, it is asserted that net neutrality rules are necessary for application innovation. While the focus for policymakers has largely been to make rules, there is less attention on how to measure the impact of such rules and how well they achieve their innovation goals. The article summaries a specific research investigation to what degree the introduction of rules in a given country stimulates innovation in that country’s mobile app ecosystem. The focus in on mobile networks because it allowed the most consistent data across countries. The study covered 53 countries, their net neutrality policies (or lack thereof), and the results to the respective mobile application ecosystems of the countries adopting rules between the period of 2010–2016. This investigation tests the proposition that countries which adopt net neutrality rules should experience an increase in mobile app development innovation within their national economy. To test this, a statistical methodology was developed based upon measuring the number of locally developed mobile apps in the country for relevant periods before and after rules are imposed and the corresponding app downloads, usage, and revenue. Measurement was conducted with two independent toolsets and adjusted for the sophistication and penetration of advanced mobile networks in the country. To make more meaningful comparisons and avoid inevitable heterogeneity across the countries, the investigation focuses on two similar countries with different rules, Denmark with soft rules (self-regulation) and Netherlands with hard rules (legislation). The study reviewed the leading theories of innovation as well as the foundational papers in net neutrality to explain the observed discrepancies. The research finds significant statistical support for “soft” net neutrality measures adopted on a voluntary basis. Hard rules adopted through legislation and regulation were not associated with greater mobile app development for the given country. Denmark increased in local mobile app development while Netherlands decreased. Additionally, the explosion of mobile apps from countries with no net neutrality rules and the general dearth of mobile apps from countries which have had hard rules for years runs counter to expected results. This suggests that policymakers revisit their assumptions and expectations for net neutrality policy.
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Hoimes, Christopher J., Yohann Loriot, Jens Bedke, Hiroyuki Nishiyama, Ritesh S. Kataria, Blanca Homet Moreno e Matt D. Galsky. "Perioperative enfortumab vedotin (EV) plus pembrolizumab (pembro) versus chemotherapy in cisplatin-eligible patients (pts) with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC): Phase 3 KEYNOTE-B15/EV-304." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, n. 6_suppl (20 febbraio 2023): TPS588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.6_suppl.tps588.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
TPS588 Background: Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy + pelvic lymph node dissection (RC+PLND) is the standard of care for cisplatin-eligible pts with MIBC; however, up to 50% of pts will experience disease recurrence or progression following treatment. Pembro and EV monotherapies are approved for use in select pts with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Furthermore, results of the phase 1/2 KEYNOTE-869/EV-103 study showed encouraging antitumor activity and an acceptable safety profile with first-line combination therapy EV + pembro in cisplatin-ineligible pts with mUC. The open-label, multicenter, phase 3, randomized KEYNOTE-B15/EV-304 study (NCT04700124) will compare the efficacy and safety of perioperative EV + pembro versus neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in cisplatin-eligible pts with MIBC. Methods: Eligible pts will have histologically confirmed UC/MIBC (T2-T4aN0M0 or T1-T4aN1M0) with predominant urothelial histology (≥50%), nonmetastatic disease (N≤1, M0) confirmed by blinded independent central review (BICR), ECOG performance status of 0-1, no prior systemic therapy for MIBC, and agree to undergo curative RC+PLND. Approximately 784 pts will be randomly assigned 1:1 to Arm A (4 cycles of neoadjuvant EV + pembro, followed by RC+PLND, followed by 5 cycles of adjuvant EV + 13 cycles of adjuvant pembro) or Arm B (4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy [gemcitabine + cisplatin] followed by RC+PLND, followed by observation). Neoadjuvant and adjuvant pembro 200 mg + EV 1.25 mg/kg will be administered intravenously every 3 weeks (Q3W) on day 1 (pembro + EV) and day 8 (EV) of each cycle. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 + cisplatin 70 mg/m2 Q3W on day 1 (gemcitabine + cisplatin) and day 8 (gemcitabine) of each cycle. Stratification factors are disease stage (T2N0 vs T3/T4aN0 vs T1-T4aN1), PD-L1 combined positive score (≥10 vs <10), and geographic region (United States vs European Union vs most of the world). Imaging by CT (preferred) or MRI will be performed ≤6 weeks before cystectomy and 6 weeks after cystectomy. Imaging will occur following cystectomy then Q12W through year 2 and at discontinuation, then Q24W in year 3 and beyond. Adverse events (AEs) will be monitored throughout the study and for 30 days following cessation of treatment (90 days for serious AEs). The primary end points are pathologic complete response rate and event-free survival by BICR. Secondary end points are OS, DFS, pathologic downstaging rate, safety and tolerability, and patient-reported outcomes. KEYNOTE-B15/EV-304 is enrolling in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. © 2021 American Society of Clinical Oncology, Inc. Reused with permission. This abstract was accepted and previously presented at the 2021 ASCO Annual Meeting. All rights reserved. Clinical trial information: NCT04700124 .
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Latulippe, Jean-Guy. "Le traité de réciprocité 1854-1866". L'Actualité économique 52, n. 4 (25 giugno 2009): 432–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800694ar.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract "Reciprocity is a relation between two independent powers, such that the citizens of each are guaranteed certain commercial privileges at the hands of the others". The arrangement obtained under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 might perhaps be appropriately described as a partial "free-trade area" rather than as a "customs union" since the United States and the British North American Provinces were not assumed to draw up a common tariff schedule for their imports from the outside countries. Each participant maintains its own duties against other countries or even colonies. The Reciprocity Treaty permitted free access in the coastal fisheries to Americans and abolished duties on a wide range of natural products (grain, flour, fish, livestock, coal, timber and other less important natural produce). At the same time, American vessels were admitted to the use of Canadian canals on the same terms as British and colonial vessels. Reciprocity was to apply to Canadian vessels going to United States. In the late 1840's the B.N.A. Provinces were faced by that policy which the literature has called "Little Englandism". When Britain repealed the corn laws and gradually the preferential tariffs on timber the B.N.A. Provinces were shocked to be left on their own. A new commercial system had to be developed: reciprocity was the answer. But, it could have been something else: protection or annexion. The direction of the external trade changes with the Reciprocity Treaty. Before 1851, Britain was Canada's main partner (59% of Canada's Exports). But a decade later, the United States was both Canada's major supplier and its best customer. Neither the Treaty nor the loss of preference in the British Market succeeded in destroying the Trade of B.N.A. Provinces with the United Kingdom. In fact, trade with Britain was greater in 1865 than in 1854. Later, in 1870, Britain took back its leading position. What we see is a diversion of trade from Britain to the United States and back to Britain where the basic commercial connections were well established. The Treaty was disappointing for the "dream" of using the St. Lawrence as the main route to capture the trade of the West did not materialize. The consequence of abrogation was less unfortunate than had in some quarters been anticipated. The Treaty came late after the abolition of the preferential tariffs, and it was disturbed by major events (the crisis of 1857; the American Civil War). After the treaty, recovery of the American currency reconstruction, proximity of the two countries, a new boom in foreign investment in Canada, etc., combined to reduce considerably the potential blow to Canada of the Abrogation. The agreement lasted for twelve years and was finally overwhelmed by the rising tide of protectionism and commercial jealousies and political hostilities of the time. Reciprocity, Confederation, the Nation Policy, the St. Lawrence Seaway (1840/1950), the National Corporations, the pipelines are all the elements of the same continuum: economic and political integration of isolated markets in North America.
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Stinshoff, H., S. Kruse, F. Poppicht, S. Dänicke e C. Wrenzycki. "71 EFFECTS OF A CONTROLLED DIETARY EXPOSITION TO ZERALENONE ON SELECTED REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS IN DAIRY COWS". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, n. 1 (2014): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab71.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Whole plant corn silage is an important component of dairy cow nutrition. Growing conditions in a moderate climate, as are present in large parts of Europe and North America, are often beneficial for mould contaminations to occur. Very commonly, varieties of Fusarium spp. grow on the corn plant producing the non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN). Numerous studies have shown that ZEN massively interacts with the porcine reproductive system. Nevertheless, only a few studies have assessed the possible effects on dairy cows, most publications being field studies following accidental exposure. Therefore, it was aim of the present study to assess the effects of a controlled dietary exposition on selected reproductive parameters in dairy cows. The chosen exposure concentration was within the range of the ‘Commision Recommendation on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding’ of the European Union. Corn plants were artificially inoculated with Fusarium spp. and the silage obtained from the whole plant was analysed to determine to which degree the silage contained ZEN. Thirty Holstein Friesian cows and heifers (aged between 2 years 3 months and 5 years at calving) were allocated to 3 groups with 10 animals each: control (CTL), uncontaminated silage; ZEN 50, silage with 0.25 mg of ZEN/day; and ZEN 100, silage with 0.5 mg of ZEN/day. The contaminated rations were distributed by automated feeding stations to ensure an equal uptake. Feeding began 7 days post-parturition. Blood samples were obtained twice weekly for 12 weeks and were analyzed regarding the progesterone level via radioimmunoassay. At the same time, the oestrous cycle was monitored by ultrasonography. Furthermore, the size of the corpus luteum (CL) was measured 7 ± 2 days after the third ovulation. Simultaneously, the luteal blood flow was documented via Doppler ultrasonography. The peripheral blood progesterone level (xgeom. ± CV; CTL: 9.3 ± 1.7; ZEN 50: 8.5 ± 1.6; ZEN100: 7.1 ± 1.5) did not differ among groups. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect differences in luteal blood flow, size of the CL (mean ± SD; CTL: 6.4 ± 1.7 cm2; ZEN50: 5.9 ± 1.3 cm2; ZEN 100: 5.0 ± 1.0 cm2) or the ratio of luteal size and size of the area supplied with blood (CTL: 0.1 ± 0.1; ZEN 50: 0.1 ± 0.0; ZEN 100: 0.1 ± 0.1). Although the mean length of the oestrous cycles (n = 60; distributed among groups) did not differ among groups (CTL: 24.0 ± 1.7 days; ZEN 50: 27.2 ± 1.6 days; ZEN 100: 27.7 ± 1.4 days), it was possible to detect an interaction between the age of the animal and the treatment regarding the cycle length in tendency (P < 0.07) by two-way ANOVA. The results of the present study indicate that, independent of the age of the animal, exposure to ZEN even within recommended dosages might result in an endocrine disruption in dairy cows. A larger sample size would contribute to the verification of these findings. Further analyses regarding the peripheral level of 17β-estradiol as well as molecular examinations are under progress.