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1

ANJOS, ANDREA CRISTINA CARVALHO DOS. "ANALYSIS OF AN IN SITU TABULATION STRATEGY OF COMBUSTION CHEMICAL KINETICS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19456@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A simulação numérica de processos de combustão é uma ferramenta cada vez mais utilizada para o projeto, a análise e a otimização de turbinas, motores e fornos de combustão, entre outros. No entanto, um dos principais inconvenientes que limitam a descrição fiel da realidade de modelos de combustão é o esforço computacional necessário para a solução das equações de transporte das propriedades do escoamento reativo, como frações de massa das espécies químicas, que incluem um termo fonte não linear associado à lei de Arrhenius. A rigidez e a carga computacional relacionadas com a determinação deste termo domina o custo de simulações que empregam modelos detalhados da cinética química da combustão. Esta dissertação descreve um estudo cujo objetivo é reduzir tais custos mediante a utilização de uma técnica de tabulação automática da evolução termoquímica da mistura. Assim, este trabalho apresenta a discussão do estado da arte da técnica denominada tabulação adaptativa in situ, que exibe desempenho considerável em termos de tempo computacional, na determinação dos termos fontes químicos, e propõe uma modificação do algoritmo atrasando o início da tabulação, para evitar o armazenamento de composições existentes apenas no estado transiente da queima, as quais não são representativas do regime estatisticamente estacionário. Um estudo dos resultados obtidos, em um reator parcialmente agitado com CO/O2, mostra ganhos superiores a 95 por cento na altura da árvore binária utilizada para tabulação, isso se reflete no custo de armazenamento e na acurácia dos resultados. Uma análise do tempo computacional caracteriza situações em que a nova estratégia de tabulação pode levar à redução do mesmo, quando comparado com a estratégia original. Seu desempenho é confirmado pelo estudo do sistema químico CH4/ar.
The numerical simulation of combustion processes is an important tool used for design, analysis and optimization of turbines, combustion engines and furnaces, among others. However, one of the major drawbacks that limit the faithful description of reality of combustion models is the computational effort required for the transport equations solution of reactive flow properties such as chemical species mass fractions, which include a nonlinear source term associated to the Arrhenius law. The stiffness and the computational burden related to the determination of such term, largely dominate the cost of simulations that employ detailed models of chemical kinetics combustion. This dissertation describes a study whose objective is to reduce these costs by using a of automatic tabulation technique of the mixture’s thermochemical evolution. Hence, this work presents a state of the art discussion of the technique named in situ adaptive tabulation – ISAT, which shows considerable performance in terms of computational time for the determination of the chemical sources terms, and proposes a modification in the algorithm by delaying the table start to avoid the storage of compositions that exist only in transient state, and which are not statistically representative of the stationary regime. A systematic study of the results in a partially stirred reactor with CO/O2, shows more than 95 per cent gains at the binary tree height used for tabulation, the gains are also optimistic in the storage demand and the results accuracy. A computational time analysis characterizes situations in which the new strategy tabulation could reduce it, when compared to the original algorithm. The strategy performance is confirmed by the study of the chemical system CH4/ar.
2

Badmaarag, Ulzii-Orshikh. "Optical Chemical Sensing Device for In-situ Non-Invasive Gas Monitoring". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1583155117533193.

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3

Baraga, Joseph J. (Joseph John). "In situ chemical analysis of biological tissue--vibrational Raman spectroscopy of human atheroschlerosis". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12875.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 209-223).
by Joseph John Baraga.
Ph.D.
4

Maillet, Anaïs. "Interactions argilite de Tournemire / fer métal en contexte in situ : résultats à 10 ans de contact". Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT2309/document.

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Dans le cadre du concept de stockage de déchets radioactifs à vie longue en couche géologique profonde développé par l'Andra, l’IRSN mène une étude in situ sur la Station Expérimentale de Tournemire, en collaboration avec EDF afin de déterminer les interactions acier/argilite dans un contexte naturel. Au terme de 10 ans d’interaction, deux forages ont été sur-carottés afin de caractériser les transformations de l’argilite de Tournemire au contact d’aciers carbone et inoxydables et de comparer les phénomènes réactifs mis en évidence et ceux induits par des simulations numériques par des codes de calcul géochimique et couplant chimie-transport.Les échantillons argilite/acier carbone montrent une importante corrosion du disque d’acier. Le fer libéré sous la forme d’auréoles et dans les fissures de la roche perturbe l’argilite au contact entraînant des modifications minéralogiques et structurales. La précipitation d’oxydes de fer ainsi qu’une dissolution de la calcite et des feuillets smectitiques des interstratifiés I/S sont identifiés. Une zonation métal/métal corrodé/argilite perturbée/argilite saine est mise en évidence et des variations de porosité sont observées marquant les interfaces entre deux zones. Les simulations géochimiques montrent que l’essentiel des modifications est rapidement initié lors de la mise en place du système et que l’oxygène piégé à la fermeture du système est consommé par la corrosion des aciers mais surtout qu’il diffuse dans le matériau encaissant par gradient de concentration.Les échantillons argilite/acier inoxydable présentent une très faible corrosion par piqûration de l’acier. La minéralogie de l’argilite ne semble pas perturbée au cont
Within the framework of a long lived radioactive waste storage concept in deep geological layer developed by Andra, IRSN leads an in situ study on the Experimental Station of Tournemire, in association with EDF to determine the interactions steel/argillite in a natural context. After 10 years of interaction, two drillings overcoring performed to characterize the processings of the Tournemire argillite in contact with carbon and stainless steels and to compare reactive phenomena highlighted and those induced by simulations tools combining chemistry and transport.Argillite/carbon steel samples show a significant corrosion of steel disk. Iron released, in the form of rings and cracks in the rock, disrupts the argillite in contact resulting in mineralogical and structural changes. Iron oxides precipitation and a calcite and smectitic leaf of mixed-layers I/S dissolution are identified. A succession of areas: metal/metal corroded/argillite disturbed/argillite is highlighted and porosity variations are observed on the interfaces between two areas. Geochemical simulations show that major changes are initiated speedly during establishment of the system and the oxygen trapped in the closed system is consumed by the corrosion of steel but mostly it diffuses into the surrounding material through concentration gradient.Argillite/stainless steel samples have a very low pitting corrosion of steel disk. This does not seem to affect the mineralogy of the argillite in contact
5

Quig, Lauren Dekker. "Transport of Heat Activated Persulfate and Its Application for In-situ Chemical Oxidation of Residual Trichloroethylene". PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2629.

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In situ chemical oxidation is a promising technology for the remediation of persistent subsurface contamination. Increasingly, the persulfate ion is being studied for use in these systems, both on its own as a strong oxidant and as the precursor to the even more reactive sulfate radical. Persulfate has been shown to treat a wide range of contaminants, from traditional Superfund contaminants such as chlorinated solvents to emerging pharmaceutical contaminants. Additionally, persulfate ISCO can be tailored to site and pollutant specific characteristics based on the method of persulfate activation (e.g., energy and catalysis activation) to the sulfate radical. Thermal activation of persulfate is particularly promising because it can be easily controlled, requires no additional reagents, and commonly creates only non-toxic end products. While persulfate in-situ chemical oxidation technology is being commercially used, a mechanistic study of the physical and chemical processes controlling the effectiveness of this remedial approach is not well documented in the literature. Published work characterizing persulfate ISCO largely focuses on reactions in aqueous, batch systems, which fail to provide crucial design data when working with ever transient, multi-phase groundwater systems. The purpose of this research was twofold. Initial studies characterized the overall transport behavior of unactivated and thermally-activated persulfate (20, 60, and 90°C) in one-dimensional soil column systems packed with a natural sandy porous media. This necessitated the development of a flow-through, temperature-controlled, continuous-injection system for the delivery of heat-activated persulfate. Finally, as a proof of concept, experiments were conducted to investigate persulfate ISCO as a remedial approach for residual-phase trichloroethylene (TCE), a commonly detected, persistent subsurface contaminant. At all activation temperatures investigated, persulfate exhibited ideal transport behavior with negligible differences in the observed breakthrough curves of persulfate ion and nonreactive tracers in miscible displacement experiments. Additionally, moment analysis of the breakthrough curves measured for persulfate ion in solution indicated negligible interaction of persulfate with the sandy material under steady-state flow (average retardation factor equaled 1.00 ± 0.021). Persulfate ISCO for residual-phase trichloroethylene (TCE) was characterized at two flow rates, 0.2 mL/min and 0.5 mL/min, resulting in two degrees of apparent persulfate activation, 39.5% and 24.6%, respectively. Both ISCO soil column systems showed an initial, long-term plateau in effluent concentrations measured for TCE indicating steady-state dissolution of pure phase TCE. Effluent concentrations of TCE began decreasing after 75 and 100 pore volumes (normalized for the residual fraction of TCE in individual soil columns) in the 39.5% and 24.6% activated persulfate columns as compared to 110 pore volumes in the control study (flushed with electrolyte only). Pseudo first-order rate constants for the decreasing TCE concentrations were calculated using log-linear regression analysis. The measured reaction rate constants for the control, the 0.2 mL/min (39.5% activation) study, and the 0.5 mL/min (24.6% activation) study equaled 0.044, 0.063, and 0.083 hr-1, respectively. Additionally, moment analysis of the complete dissolution of TCE in the persulfate/activated persulfate remediation systems indicated approximately 33% degradation/oxidation of TCE mass present. As shown by this and other work, persulfate has enormous potential as a subsurface remediation technology. A more thorough understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms controlling the behavior and application of persulfate in the subsurface, especially under transient conditions, is necessary for the growth of this technology. By characterizing heat-activated persulfate under dynamic conditions, describing the overall transport of persulfate/activated persulfate in a natural porous media, as well as a proof of concept for the ISCO treatment of a residual nonaqueous phase liquid, this work aids in improving the implementation of persulfate ISCO systems.
6

Read, Betsy A. "Structural analyses and site-directed mutagenesis of the 33 KDA manganese-stabilizing protein from anacystis nidulans R2". Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/560292.

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The secondary structure of the 33 kDa manganese-stabilizing protein from Anacystis nidulans R2 was predicted using information from a family of homologous sequences and applying the algorithms of Williams et al. and Zvelebil et al. From the sequence conservation and the predicted secondary structure, nine functionally important domains were identified. Additional algorithms predicted potential antigenic determinants and a region that may serve to bind this polypeptide to the Photosystem II core complex. One of the functionally significant regions exhibits partial sequence similarity to the Mn-binding site of the bacterial superoxide dismutase and was targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. Two aspartic acid residues in this region, which may form carboxyl bridges to stabilize Mn ions, were subjected to saturation mutagenesis. A hybrid vector which affords temperature regulated expression of a cloned gene, was constructed to introduce the various forms of the mutated gene into the cyanobacterium, A. nidulans R2. Pools of Eschericia coli and A. nidulans cells harboring mutant polypeptides have been obtained. Some mutant cyanobacteria display altered pigmentation and differences in generation time dependent upon growth temperature suggesting a functionally significant residue has indeed been altered. Future studies will be concerned with the characterization of specific mutants in order to determine the relationship between the structure and function of this polypeptide.
Department of Biology
7

SRIVASTAVA, PRIYANK. "ANALYSIS OF IN-SITU BIORESTORATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT USING HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANES". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1132113070.

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8

Poon, Kelvin Weng Chun. "In situ chemical analysis of tattooing inks and pigments : modern organic and traditional pigments in ancient mummified remains". University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0257.

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At various points in human history, tattooing has been ubiquitous on almost every continent on Earth, used for reasons of aestheticism, religious beliefs or for social purposes. To study the art of tattooing with respect to a particular culture, one must always be critical to any references to the practice (written, pictorial or artefactual) due to issues of translation and misinterpretation. Complete verification may only come with the discovery of actual tattooed human remains. In combination with artefactual and anthropological evidence, these remains not only provide physical proof of the practice in a culture's ancestry but also possess the ability to link various other forms of physical evidence, which on their own would remain speculative. By its very nature, tattooing may only exist while the bearer is alive. Once the owner dies, the skin, along with the tattoo, decomposes (under normal decomposition conditions) and is lost forever. However, tattoos may survive if the dermal layers of the skin are preserved, either by natural or artificial means. The processes of mummification in various civilisations have provided us with a rare opportunity to study the art and processes of tattooing in antiquity. Existing tattooed mummified remains have been found in: Egypt; Siberia; Eastern Central Asia; Greenland; Alaska and St. Lawrence Islands; Central Andes (Peru and Chile); Philippines; New Zealand and Italy. Existing literature regarding the analysis of tattooing inks and pigments once deposited into the skin is very limited. Comparatively, the industrial organic pigments used to colour the majority of modern tattooing inks sold today have not been officially approved by any regulating body and as such, manufacturers are not required to disclose the chemical ingredients of their products. Chemical identification of these tattoo pigments post-procedure will aid medical practitioners in the event of complications or for the purposes of tattoo removal. Forensically, tattoos are often one of the distinguishing features used in the identification of victims of crime or accidents. Experiments were carried out using an animal model (Sus scrofa) for the tattooing. Given the theoretically large but ultimately limited range of substances available to both ancient and modern tattooists, the premise of the experiment involved surveying the literature regarding possible tattooing pigments and either obtaining or reproducing a careful selection of these in the laboratory. These pigments were then tattooed onto the ii animal model and after allowing for the essential healing period, the tattooed areas were excised, with those tattooed with traditional pigments subjected to various simulated mummification environments.
9

Neuhuber, Stephanie Maria Ulrike. "In situ measurements of redox chemical species with amperometric techniques to investigate the dynamics of biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25737.

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10

Abécassis, Benjamin. "Suivi in situ de la nucléation-croissance de nanoparticules d'or". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00285508.

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Cette thèse porte sur le suivi in situ des mécanismes de formation de nanoparticules d'or en phase liquide (milieu homogène ou microémulsion) par diffusion de rayonnement aux petits angles. La première partie présente les pré-requis nécessaires à la bonne compréhension de la suite du manuscrit ainsi qu'un aperçu de la littérature sur le sujet. Nous exposons ensuite les résultats d'expériences synchrotron de diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles et de spectroscopie UV-visible résolues en temps effectuées in situ lors de la formation de nanoparticules d'or en solution organique. Nous montrons qu'il est possible de suivre la nucléation et la croissance des particules en temps réel et avec une résolution en temps de quelques centaines de millisecondes. Nous montrons que selon la nature chimique du ligand, les processus de nucléation et de croissance peuvent être concomitants ou séparés dans le temps. Dans ce dernier cas, la croissance est limitée par la réaction des monomères à la surface des particules. Nous montrons également que lorsque la synthèse aboutit à des particules de rayon moyen supérieur à 5 nm, elles s'auto-assemblent pour former des super-réseaux possédant une structure cristallographique cubique faces centrées. Dans une troisième partie, nous étudions par une combinaison de techniques complémentaires, des micro émulsions eau/huile/octylammonium d'octanoate dans la partie micelles inverses du diagramme de phase. La structure des ces microémulsions « catanioniques » est élucidée en fonction du contenu en eau, de la température et de la charge de surface. Les différentes topologies observées (sphère, cylindre, longues chaînes flexibles et connectées) et les transitions de phase sont comparées au comportement prédit par une théorie récente prenant en compte l'énergie de courbure du film de tensioactif. Enfin, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'utiliser ces système pour synthétiser des nanoparticules d'or. L'effet « moule » souvent évoqué pour expliquer la formation de nanoparticules en micelles inverses est dans notre cas inexistant. Il est, en outre, possible de séparer et de purifier les nanoparticules par un léger abaissement de la température en tirant partie du comportement en phase original des microémulsions catanioniques.
11

Anrès, Philippe. "Développement de nouvelles méthodologies de préconcentration électrocinétique in-situ en électrophorèse capillaire pour l'analyse de traces". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00744659.

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L'électrophorèse capillaire, quoiqu'étant une technique analytique très puissante, souffre d'un manque en sensibilité avec les détecteurs spectrophotométriques. Pour palier ce problème il est possible d'utiliser des méthodes de préconcentration électrocinétiques in-situ. Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse se sont attachés à développer de nouvelles méthodologies de préconcentration électrocinétique. Tout d'abord, il a été montré que le greffage des capillaires de silice avec du polyacrylamide linéaire permet en milieu acide complexe de réduire fortement l'écoulement électroosmotique ce qui favorise la mise en œuvre des techniques de préconcentration. Ensuite, le couplage de deux méthodes de préconcentration, l'amplification de champ électrique avec une injection électrocinétique et du sweeping a été examiné. En étudiant le mécanisme grâce à des plans d'expérience et de la simulation, l'influence des paramètres expérimentaux ainsi que leurs rôles ont été éclaircis et la procédure d'optimisation simplifiée. A la suite de ces résultats, une procédure d'analyse d'herbicides présents dans des eaux de distribution a été développée, permettant leur détection à un niveau proche de celui spécifié par l'Union Européenne sans étape préalable d'extraction. Ensuite, l'utilisation de liquides ioniques à longue chaîne pour améliorer la sensibilité d'une méthode appelée " Micelle to Solvent Stacking " a été étudiée et des améliorations d'un facteur 10 ont été obtenues par rapport aux gains obtenus avec des surfactants classiques (application à des herbicides et des anti-inflammatoires). Enfin, pour améliorer les gains en sensibilité avec de plus une spécificité élevée, une preuve de concept a été développée en utilisant un aptamère pour l'analyse sélective d'Ochratoxine A à l'état de trace dans le vin, ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'utilisation de cet outil biologique en électrophorèse capillaire.
12

Mambingo, Doumbe Samuel. "Simulation de la phase gazeuse des réactions tribochimiques des additifs phosphorés et soufrés". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDL0063.

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La maîtrise de l’additivation est l’un des enjeux majeurs de la formulation des lubrifiants, notamment pour l’industrie automobile. La formulation d’une huile est toutefois très complexe en raison du nombre important d’additifs et des nombreuses interactions possibles entre additifs, notamment entre les additifs de surface. Les phosphites organiques et les polysulfures organiques ont déjà montré leur efficacité en tant qu’additifs de surface. Toutefois malgré leur usage répandu dans les formulations des lubrifiants automobiles, peu d’études traitent des interactions pouvant avoir lieu entre ces deux types de composés. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif la compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction (antagonisme/synergie) pouvant exister entre les phosphites organiques et les polysulfures organiques. Pour cela, une approche originale sur la lubrification par la phase gazeuse s’est avérée très pertinente. Le couplage du Tribomètre à Environnement Contrôlé (TEC) avec les systèmes d’analyses de surface XPS/Auger a permis d’analyser les tribofilms générés in situ et d’éviter ainsi toute contamination et/ou oxydation du tribofilm avant analyse. Les molécules choisies sont les additifs de lubrification industriels (polysulfures tertaires) à faibles poids moléculaires ou alors des molécules à faible poids moléculaires ayant les mêmes fonctions chimiques que les additifs usuels : trimethyl phosphite (TMPi), dimethyl phosphite (DMPi). L’étude des réactions des tribochimiques des molécules phosphorés a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle ambivalent du DMPi qui se comporte à la fois comme un phosphite pour former un phosphure de fer et comme un phosphate. Le mécanisme formation du phosphure de fer a peu être étayé par la réalisation de calculs ab initio sur l’adsorption dissociative du TMPi sur une surface de fer. Les TPS étudiés génèrent quant à eux des tribofilms à base disulfure de fer. Les mélanges binaires réalisés en phase gazeuse ont permis de mettre en évidence l’importance des rapports de concentrations des vapeurs introduites et du mode d’introduction des molécules dans le tribomètre. Les résultats obtenus en tribologie en phase gazeuse ont été corroborés par des essais complémentaires en phase liquide
Mastering the addivation is one of the biggest issues for the lubricants formulation, especially in the automobile industry. However automotive lubricants are very complex systems due to the numerous additives mixed with base oils. Many interactions can occur between additives, especially between surface additives. Organic phosphites and organic polysulphides have already demonstrated their effectiveness as surface additives. However, despite their widespread use in the formulations of automotive lubricants, few studies deal with the interactions taking place between these two types of compounds. The aim of this study is to understand the interactions, antagonistic or synergetic effect between these kinds of additives using Gas Phase Lubrication (GPL) approach. A Environmental Controlled Tribometer (TEC) was used as a tool to simulate the interaction between organophosphate additives and polysulfurous additives. In situ surface analysis was performed in the tribofilm formed during friction using of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES) in order to avoid any oxidation or air contamination. The molecules selected for the study can be same as the additive like the TPS molecules which are widely used as lubricant additives. Howeverto simulate the phosphite chemical function of phosphite additives, we need to select smaller molecule having the same chemical function. These molecules are dimethyl phosphite (DMPi), trimethylphosphate (TMPi) for simulating the phosphite chemical function and organic polysulphides (TPS44and TPS32). The study of the tribochemical reactions of organic phopshites allowed to clearly characterise the ambivalence of DMPi, which can react like a phosphite and induce iron phosphide formation or react like a phosphate. Ab initio numerical simulation on TMPi dissociative adsorption was carried out to identify the reactions pathways leading to iron phosphide formation. The tribochemical reaction of TPS44 on metallic iron surface leads to the formation of iron disulphidebased tribofilm. The binary vapours mixtures studied by GPL allowed to clearly identify the importance of the vapour concentration ratio between phosphite and polysulphide. Liquid phase experiments were also carried out to confirm the trend observed in GPL approach
13

Moulay, Valentin. "Recherche de chimie prébiotique et d'indices de vie sur les mondes océans par analyse in situ de matière organique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASP092.

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La présence d'océans sous la surface de certains des satellites glacés de Jupiter (e.g. Europe) et de Saturne (e.g. Titan, Encelade) couplée à l'existence de geysers permettant l'échantillonnage de leurs profondeurs a fait émerger le fort potentiel exobiologique de ces corps planétaires du système solaire. De telles découvertes ont suscité le développement de futures missions spatiales (Dragonfly pour Titan et concepts de missions pour Europe et Encelade) pour comprendre la chimie de surface de ces mondes-océan, et par extension de rechercher des traces de chimie prébiotique ou de vie passée ou actuelle. La quête de telles signatures nécessite un analyseur chimique à bord des sondes qui seront envoyées dans le système solaire externe. De nombreuses techniques analytiques peuvent être mises en œuvre mais la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (CPG-SM) apparaît comme une technique de premier choix pour tenter de répondre à ces questions, de par son héritage dans l'exploration spatiale, sa capacité à analyser une large gamme de composés organiques et son potentiel pour détecter des biosignatures notamment par l'étude de l'énantiomérie des espèces chirales.L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de préparer la future analyse chimique in situ de ces lunes glacées, d'une part par l'amélioration des connaissances scientifiques et d'autre part par l'optimisation technique des instruments. Il s'agit d'évaluer et d'optimiser les capacités analytiques de la CPG-SM et des méthodes de préparation d'échantillon associées, afin de détecter des molécules organiques et biosignatures avec les contraintes analytiques connues et/ou attendues sur ces corps planétaires (richesse en matière organique des échantillons prélevés pour Titan et présence d'eau de sels pour les échantillons à la surface d'Europe et d'Encelade). Dans le cas d'Europe et Encelade, l'étude d'échantillons hypersalins terrestres a permis de mettre en avant les capacités de la CPG-SM et des méthodes de prétraitements associées pour la recherche de molécules organiques d'intérêt pour l'exobiologie malgré la présence de sels. Pour évaluer l'impact du sel sur ces méthodes, le développement d'un protocole de dessalement a été entrepris et mis en place. Outre l'aspect analytique, mon travail a permis la sélection et la caractérisation des performances des colonnes chromatographiques (générale et chirale) qui seront intégrées à l'instrument DraMS à bord de la sonde Dragonfly (e.g. Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer, DraMS). Pour ces différents aspects, ce travail s'est appuyé sur l'étude d'échantillon analogues synthétiques (tholins pour Titan) mais aussi naturels (lac hypersalin pour Europe et Encelade)
The presence of oceans beneath the surface of some of Jupiter's (e.g. Europa) and Saturn's (e.g. Titan, Enceladus) icy satellites, coupled with the existence of geysers that allow their depths to be sampled, has highlighted the strong exobiological potential of these planetary bodies in the solar system. Such discoveries have motivated the development of future space missions (Dragonfly for Titan and mission concepts for Europa and Enceladus) to understand the surface chemistry of these ocean worlds, and by extension to search for traces of prebiotic chemistry or past or present life. The search for such signatures requires a chemical analyzer on board the probes that will be sent into the outer solar system. Many analytical techniques can be used, but gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) appears to be one of the best techniques for answering these questions, thanks to its heritage in space exploration, its ability to analyze a wide range of organic compounds, and its potential for detecting biosignatures, especially by studying the enantiomery of chiral species.The aim of this thesis is to prepare for future in situ chemical analysis of these icy moons, both by improving our scientific knowledge and by technically optimizing our instruments. The main purpose is to evaluate and optimize the analytical capabilities of GC-MS and associated sample preparation methods, in order to detect organic molecules and biosignatures within the analytical constraints known and/or expected on these planetary bodies (richness in organic matter in samples from Titan, and presence of water and salts in samples from the surface of Europa and Enceladus, etc.). In the case of Europa and Enceladus, the study of hypersaline terrestrial samples has highlighted the ability of GC-MS and associated pretreatment methods to find organic molecules of interest for exobiology, despite the presence of salts. In order to assess the impact of salt on these methods, a desalination protocol was developed and implemented. In addition to the analytical aspect, my work has enabled the selection and characterization of the performance of the chromatographic columns (general and chiral) that will be integrated into the DraMS instrument on board the Dragonfly probe (e.g. Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer, DraMS). For these different aspects, this work was based on the study of synthetic analogous samples (tholins for Titan) as well as natural ones (hypersaline lake for Europa and Enceladus)
14

Scott, Paul Robert Wieliczka David Michael. "An in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of thin films created through physical vapor deposition of aluminum and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of trimethylsilane". Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Dept. of Physics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A thesis in physics." Typescript. Advisor: David M. Wieliczka. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed May 23, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70). Online version of the print edition.
15

Wu, Yongqi. "Multi-parameter Fluorescent Analysis of Magnetically Enriched Circulating Tumor Cells". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408633549.

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16

Caglar, Basar. "Nox Storage And Reduction Over Ce-zr Mixed Oxide Supported Catalysts". Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610418/index.pdf.

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NOx storage and reduction activities of Pt/BaO/CexZr1-xO2 (x= 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0) catalysts were investigated by transient reaction analysis and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Tramsform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalyst was used as reference catalyst. Ce-Zr mixed oxides were synthesized by means of Pechini Method. Pechini method is a sol-gel like method based on mixing the related mixed oxide precursors with an &
#945
-hydroxy carboxylic acid. 10% BaO (w/w) and 1% Pt (w/w) were deposited on synthesized mixed oxide and reference alumina support via incipient wetness impregnation. Prepared catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD and in-situ DRIFTS. Pt/BaO/CexZr1-xO2 catalysts (x= 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) exhibited higher surface than pure ceria and zirconia supported catalysts and highest surface was observed for Pt/BaO/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. The reducibility of catalysts was tested by Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). It was observed that the reducibility of Pt/BaO/CexZr1-xO2 catalysts increases with incorporation of Zr into ceria lattice. Pt/BaO/Ce0.25Zr0.75O2 showed the highest reducibility. The Pt dispersions of catalysts were determined by CO chemisorption. The highest Pt disperison was observed in the presence of Pt/BaO/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst. NOx storage and reduction efficiency of the catalysts were determined by transient reaction analysis in a home-built setup at 350oC. The reaction results revealed that all catalysts exhibit similar NOX storage and reduction performance. The NOX storage performances of all catalysts were differentiated via in-situ DRIFTS analysis. Pt/BaO/CexZr1-xO2 (x= 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) catalysts revealed higher performance than the ceria and zirconia supported catalysts. Pt/BaO/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst absorbed highest amount of NO on the surface in the form of nitrate. The reduction behaviours of catalysts also were investigated by in-situ DRIFTS. It was observed that nitrates and nitrites were completely removed from the surface after reduction by H2 at 300oC.
17

Ali, H. R. H. "Vibrational spectroscopic techniques (Raman, FT-IR and FT-NIR spectroscopy) as a means for the solid-state structural analysis of pharmaceuticals". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3343.

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The aim of this work was to assess the suitability of vibrational spectroscopic techniques (Raman, FT-IR and FT-NIR spectroscopy) as a means for the solid-state structural analysis of pharmaceuticals. Budesonide, fluticasone propionate, salbutamol hemisulfate, terbutaline hemisulfate, ipratropium bromide, polymorphic forms of salmeterol xinafoate and two polymorphic forms of sulfathiazole were selected since they are used in the management of certain respiratory disorders and from different chemical and pharmacological entities along with some pharmaceutical excipients. Conventional visual examination is not sufficient to identify and differentiate spectra between different pharmaceuticals. To confirm the assignment of key molecular vibrational band signatures, quantum chemical calculations of the vibrational spectra were employed for better understanding of the first five selected drugs. The nondestructive nature of the vibrational spectroscopic techniques and the success of quantum chemical calculations demonstrated in this work have indeed offered a new dimension for the rapid identification and characterisation of pharmaceuticals and essentially warrant further research. The application of simultaneous in situ Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry for the preliminary investigation of the polymorphic transformation of salmeterol xinafoate polymorphs and two polymorphic forms of sulfathiazole has also been explored in this work leading to the development of a new method for the solid-state estimation of the transition temperature of entantiotropically related pharmaceutical polymorphs which represents the first analytical record of the use of this approach for pharmaceutical polymorphs.
18

Brevet, Aude. "Les premiers instants de la croissance de films minces d'oxydes métalliques par MOCVD : caractérisation physico-chimique de l'interface film/substrat". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011989.

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L'étude des premiers instants de la croissance par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur à partir d'un précurseur métalorganique (MOCVD) de films de TiO2 sur Si(100) a été réalisée in situ par analyse de surfaces (XPS, ARXPS, AES). Un dispositif expérimental original a été conçu à cet effet et mis au point. Des caractérisations ex situ (HRTEM, SIMS, GIXRD...) ont complété les informations obtenues in situ.
La formation d'une couche interfaciale de SiOy<2, par interaction du précurseur Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4 avec le substrat, précède la formation de TiO2 et conduit à la présence de carbone à l'interface. La diffusion de silicium au sein de la couche superficielle de TiO2 a été constatée à la température de dépôt de 675 °C. Dès les premiers instants de la croissance, des cristallites de structure anatase et rutile se forment au sein de la couche de TiO2 amorphe. La croissance des grains de rutile s'arrête en cours de dépôt. Celle des grains d'anatase se poursuit sous forme de colonnes monocristallines.
19

Panicaud, Benoît. "Contraintes « de croissance » et cinétiques d'oxydation dans des couches d'oxydes thermiques de Fer et de Nickel ;Etude in-situ par Diffraction des Rayons X et modélisation". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169180.

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La formation d'une couche d'oxyde thermique sur un métal entraîne l'apparition d'une déformation spécifique liée à la croissance de l'oxyde. Nous considérons que cette déformation est proportionnelle à l'épaisseur de la couche d'oxyde. Nous avons analysé les contraintes de « croissance » associées, dans les oxydes se développant sur des substrats de nickel, de fer et enfin de fer phosphaté. L'oxydation des deux premiers métaux est parabolique. En revanche, l'oxydation du fer phosphaté montre plusieurs caractéristiques. Des analyses menées par Diffraction des Rayons X (évolution des pourcentages de phases) ont montré que le film de phosphate se comportait comme une barrière de diffusion. La mesure des contraintes dans les oxydes a été réalisée in-situ par thermodiffraction avec l'apport du Rayonnement Synchrotron. Enfin, la modélisation de l'évolution des contraintes dans les systèmes oxydes thermiques sur métal nous a permis de reproduire qualitativement les résultats expérimentaux.
20

Szopa, Cyril. "Analyse moléculaire in situ d'un noyau cométaire : Développement et évaluation des performances d'un système de chromatographie en phase gazeuse pour la mission Rosetta". Phd thesis, Université Paris XII Val de Marne, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007459.

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La composition chimique des comètes revêt un intérêt du point de vue de la chimie prébiotique, mais également de la formation et de l'évolution du système solaire. Cette thèse présente la première étape d'un programme de longue durée dont l'objectif final est la détermination de la composition chimique du noyau cométaire.
Parmi les différentes méthodes employées jusqu'à aujourd'hui, l'analyse in situ est la seule capable de nous procurer des informations directes sur le noyau cométaire. C'est cette approche que nous avons choisi d'employer en contribuant à l'expérience COmetary Sampling And Composition (COSAC). Cette dernière fait partie des expériences embarquées dans la sonde Rosetta dédiée à l'analyse d'une comète et de son environnement. Compte tenu du nombre important de composés probablement présents dans le noyau cométaire et de la robustesse de cette technique analytique, la chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG) apparaît comme la plus appropriée pour l'identification et la quantification des composés présents dans le noyau cométaire. Nous avons donc développé un sous-système chromatographique qui fera partie intégrante de l'expérience COSAC.
La principale tâche de ce travail a été de concevoir la partie séparative de ce système, constituée de colonnes chromatographiques connectées en parallèle. Cette partie a été développée en vue de la séparation et de l'identification d'une large gamme de composés d'intérêt cométaire initialement identifiés, allant des composés les plus légers (gaz nobles) jusqu'à des espèces organiques de poids moléculaire élevé (HAP). A cette fin, un travail expérimental a été mené pour comparer les propriétés analytiques (sélectivité, efficacité) des nombreuses colonnes chromatographiques candidates, dans les conditions de température in situ (isotherme comprise entre 30°C et 60°C). Cette étude, associée à la prise en compte de contraintes opératoires (présence d'eau, faible consommation de gaz vecteur, robustesse des colonnes...), a permis d'aboutir à la sélection et à l'optimisation des caractéristiques de 5 colonnes chromatographiques différentes. Cette combinaison correspond au nombre minimal de colonnes permettant de répondre aux objectifs du système chromatographique.
Une fois les colonnes de l'expérience sélectionnées, elles ont été soumises aux différentes contraintes liées à l'instrumentation spatiale (vibrations, cycles de température) et à l'environnement spatial (pression réduite, radiations) pour tester leur robustesse. Les résultats montrent que les performances de ces colonnes ne sont affectées ni par ces tests, ni par la présence d'eau dans l'échantillon, prouvant ainsi leur capacité à être utilisées dans le système chromatographique.
Ensuite, les performances réelles de ce système ont été évaluées à l'aide d'un outil de laboratoire reproduisant l'expérience COSAC (colonnes, détecteurs) et les conditions opératoires in situ (température, pression externe). Cette étude a permis de montrer que les propriétés analytiques du système ne sont pas significativement altérées comparativement à celles observées à pression atmosphérique en sortie de colonne, et que le gain de vitesse entraîné par la présence d'une pression réduite était bénéfique par la réduction du temps d'analyse. De plus, la pression en tête de colonne optimale de l'expérience a pu être fixée (150 kPa). Nous avons également montré que l'expérience devrait permettre d'identifier environ 75% des composés initialement ciblés.
Enfin, la sensibilité du système (colonne+détecteur) a été évaluée en mesurant la quantité minimale détectable d'un composé présent dans un mélange analysé. Elle est comprise entre 10-11 mol et 10-12 mol, ce qui correspond à un rapport de volume de 1 ppm dans le cas le plus favorable où il y a suffisamment d'échantillon gazeux pour remplir complètement la boucle d'échantillonnage. Ce dernier résultat permet de conclure que le système développé permet l'analyse de composés traces présents dans le noyau cométaire et que sa sensibilité est plus importante que celle des observations spectroscopiques de la coma (environ 0,1%).
Au delà du travail expérimental de mise en œuvre de ce système chromatographique, nous avons pu également montrer que le couplage d'une des colonnes avec les techniques préparatives des échantillons de COSAC devrait permettre d'analyser des espèces chimiques qui ne pouvaient pas l'être par CPG directe (acides aminés), ou de mettre en évidence des composés réfractaires à partir de leurs produits de dégradation thermique (poly-HCN). Enfin, nous présentons les premiers travaux expérimentaux et théoriques développés en vue de l'interprétation des futures données collectées par l'instrument de vol.
21

Hastings, Jesse L. "Optimization and Analysis of a Slow-Release Permanganate Gel for Groundwater Remediation in Porous and Low-Permeability Media". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1430842349.

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22

Potin, Yves. "Spectrométrie Mössbauer in situ : application a l' étude de perovskites non-stoechiométriques et de fluorures d'étain". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204092.

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Mise au point d'un appareillage permettant des études in situ de réactions solide-gaz dans une large gamme de températures; étude de différentes phases du système SrFeO3-y(y = 0,5-1) en fonction de la température et de la pression partielle d' oxygène; étude des composes du système SnF2 - SnF4 et établissement d' une corrélation entre les paramètres Mössbauer et les propriétés structurales.
23

Chouchi, Dalida. "Extrographie : couplage in situ entre extraction et chromatographie supercritique, application à la déterpénation et à la détoxification des huiles essentielles d'agrumes". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL022N.

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L’utilisation du dioxyde de carbone supercritique comme éluant d'extraction pour les produits naturels a fait ses preuves depuis quelques années, toutefois, il reste peu sélectif pour le fractionnement de produits de structure chimique proche. Pour la séparation de ce type de composés, les procédés chromatographiques supercritiques, au contraire, donnent de bons résultats, cependant ceux-ci sont peu productifs par rapport à l'extraction supercritique. Dans ce travail, nous présentons les recherches sur le développement d'un nouveau procédé de fractionnement baptisé extrographie qui est le couplage in situ entre extraction et chromatographie supercritique. Ce procédé est utilisé pour la séparation de produits modèles: le limonène (un terpène) et le citral (un terpène oxygéné). Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous proposons un modèle qui permet de mieux comprendre les phénomènes impliqués lors du processus extrographique, de prévoir le comportement du système CO2-limonène-citral sous certaines contraintes, et qui permettra d'ajuster en conséquence les paramètres de la séparation limonène-citral en présence de CO2. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons les résultats de l'utilisation de ce procédé de fractionnement, dans le but de réduire la teneur en terpènes et d'extraire les composés toxiques présents dans les huiles essentielles d'agrumes. Le fractionnement suivi par GC et GC-MS, nous a permis de contrôler d'une manière plus précise les paramètres nécessaires à l'optimisation de la déterpénation et de la détoxification de ces huiles
24

Ben, Hassan Ines. "Analyse multi-échelle de la filtration sur microsive de particules modèles inertes et biologiques : caractérisation in situ du dépôt par microscopie confocale". Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073549.

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Durant les opérations de filtration membranaire, les industries font face à un problème majeur : le colmatage. En particulier, la formation d'un dépôt de particules sur la membrane provoque une chute de sa perméabilité et de sa sélectivité. L'étude a pour but de mieux caractériser la morphologie des dépôts de particules, en lien avec ses propriétés de transport, dans le but d'enrichir les modèles utilisés pour prédire les performances de filtration des dispositifs industriels. Des expériences de filtration de suspensions pures et mixtes de particules inertes et biologiques, sont réalisées sur des microsieves et observées in situ par microscopie confocale. Les propriétés spatiales du dépôt (arrangement des particules, épaisseur, porosité, taux de couverture de la membrane) sont déterminées par traitement d'images et corrélées aux variations de perméabilité. L'influence des paramètres tels que : la taille des particules, la géométrie de la microsieve (taille de pore, distance entre pores) et la nature des particules, est soigneusement analysée. Plusieurs mécanismes physiques sont mis en évidence : - La préfiltration de grosses particules avant la filtration des petites maintient un débit élevé.- Les particules déposées protègent les pores qui leurs sont périphériques lorsque le rapport " taille de particules / taille de pores " est élevé.-Dans les conditions expérimentales étudiées, la morphologie des dépôts de particules inertes et biologiques est identique.- Le dépôt est structuré en trois régions distinctes : une zone de germination en contact avec la membrane, une couche centrale dense, une région de capture superficielle
25

Philippon, David. "Lubrification par la phase gazeuse : tribochimie des additifs phosphorés et boratés". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00280892.

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La formulation des lubrifiants utilisés dans l'automobile est complexe du fait du nombre important d'additifs mélangés aux huiles de base. Pour orienter le choix des formulateurs, il est non seulement nécessaire de connaître le mécanisme d'action de chaque additif mais aussi les interactions entre ces additifs. Pour mieux appréhender ces mécanismes, une démarche originale a été mise en place dans cette étude. Celle-ci consiste à simuler expérimentalement la lubrification en régime limite par la lubrification en phase gazeuse. Pour cela, des molécules de faible poids moléculaire modélisant les différents constituants d'un lubrifiant ont été introduites sous ultravide. Ce type d'expérience a pu être réalisé grâce au développement d'un nouveau Tribomètre à Environnement Contrôlé (TEC) connecté à un système d'analyse de surface. Cette technique permet de simplifier le système tribologique et d'étudier in situ les tribofilms formés en phase gazeuse par des analyses de surface (XPS/AES). Différentes molécules ont été étudiées : triméthylborate (TMB), triméthylphosphite (TMPi) et triméthylphosphate (TMPa) modélisant respectivement les additifs boratés et phosphorés des lubrifiants de transmission. Cette simulation expérimentale a pu être validée en comparant les résultats en phase gazeuse avec ceux obtenus en phase liquide. Des observations en microscopie optique et des analyses chimiques ont mis en évidence la formation de tribofilms. Les expériences réalisées en présence de TMB ont permis de confirmer les résultats de la littérature sur la formation d'un tribofilm non sacrificiel de borates de type « minéral ». Les expériences réalisées avec les molécules phosphorées ont permis de montrer la différence entre les phosphates et les phosphites, notamment la formation d'un composé de type phosphure de fer en présence de TMPi. Les analyses in situ sur les tribofilms obtenus en présence de TMPi ont permis de déterminer le mécanisme de formation du composé phosphure de fer. La réalisation de mélanges de gaz a permis également de mettre en avant les effets de synergie et d'antagonisme entre les additifs
26

Mlwilo, Nolasco Anton. "Radiometric characterisation of vineyard soils, Western Cape, South Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6358_1318594333.

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This study is aimed at investigating the feasibility of using the radiometric technique as an alternative to traditional methods for determining soil physico-chemical parameters which are important for terroir characterization. In-situ and ex-situ radiometric analyses of soil from three vineyard blocks of Simonsig Wine Estate in the Stellenbosch district (Western Cape, South Africa) were studied. A mobile MEDUSA gamma-ray detection system comprising a CsI(Na) crystal (length 15 cm, diameter 7 cm) and associated electronics mounted on a portable trolley were used for partial terroir characterisation. Thereafter activity concentrations of 40K, 232Th series and 238U series in soil (top ~30 cm) from the measured MEDUSA spectra (0 – 3 MeV) were extracted by means of the full-spectrum analysis (FSA) method. A lead-shielded HPGe detector was used for analyzing collected soil samples while soil physico-chemical parameters were analysed using standard methods at research and commercial laboratories.
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Mosbye, John Erlend. "Colloidal Wood Resin: Analyses and Interactions". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-298.

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This thesis presents studies of the interactions between suspended particles and dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) in process water. The main focus has been to determine if colloidal wood resin is adsorbed by suspended fines or fillers, and how the dissolved material influences this adsorption. The effect of some synthetic polymers on this adsorption has also been investigated.

Successive refining of mainly Norway spruce followed Successive refining of mainly Norway spruce followed by removal of the produced fines after each refining stage, resulted in fines with different physical and chemical properties. In the first refining stage mainly flake-like fines were produced, while more fibrillar fines were produced in later refining stages. The different types of fines were analysed for both the bulk and the surface composition. Variation in the chemical composition between the fines was particularly striking with regard to the surface composition. Special attention was also given to the amount and origin of charged groups since these may consume cationic additives in the papermaking process. After alkali treatment, between 80 and 90% of all the charged groups measured by polymer adsorption originated from three uronic acids.

Fines were shown to adsorb model colloidal wood resin, but the adsorption was greatly influenced by the pH or salt content. Also the amount of dissolved components in the suspension, which sterically stabilised the colloidal wood resin, was shown to strongly influence the adsorption of the colloidal wood resin to the fines. The flake-like fines adsorbed the colloidal wood resin to a higher extent than the fibrillar fines. This selectivity was also possible to obtain by using polyethyleneoxide (PEO). PEO removed the sterically stabilised colloidal wood resin more efficiently when flake-like fines rather than fibrillar fines were present. For comparison, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) did not have this selectivity. The selectivity of PEO was explained by a higher affinity to flake-like fines than fibrillar fines. It was shown that more PEO adsorbed to flake-like fines rather than to fibrillar ones. PEO may adsorb to extractive surfaces, but was inhibited by adsorbed components from the dissolved fraction. The degree of stabilisation was also shown to influence the adsorption of the colloidal wood resin by other particles like fillers. This adsorption, which was energetically favourable, did not occur at high concentrations of dissolved material.

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Bondon, Arnaud. "Stabilité des écoulements stratifiés en coextrusion : Etude multi-échelle du rôle de l’architecture du copolymère aux interfaces". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0100.

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Le procédé de coextrusion permet de combiner à l’état fondu plusieurs couches de polymères dans une même structure. La compatibilisation des différentes couches est généralement réalisée à l’aide de liants qui réagissent in-situ. Bien que la compatibilisation puisse permettre de réduire ou même supprimer les instabilités macroscopiques d’écoulement, un nouveau défaut qualifié de « granité » peut apparaitre. Très peu de travaux de la littérature traitent les mécanismes gouvernant ce type de défaut. Les phénomènes mis en jeu sont particulièrement complexes puisqu’ils impliquent de façon couplée des phénomènes hydrodynamiques via l’écoulement, la rhéologie des différentes couches et des phénomènes physico-chimiques via la diffusion et la réaction chimique aux interfaces polymère/polymère. Ce mémoire s’articule autour d’une étude multi-échelle du rôle des copolymères aux interfaces sur la stabilité des écoulements stratifiés. L’étude a été réalisée à la fois sur des systèmes non-réactifs et réactifs constitués d’une couche barrière, le polyamide 6 (PA6) ou le poly(éthylène-co-alcool vinylique) (EVOH), avec un polypropylène (PP) ou un polypropylène greffé anhydride maléique (PP-g-AM). Le défaut de « granité » a été mis en évidence en coextrusion. Les paramètres procédé et matériaux influençant son apparition ont été identifiés. Il a pu être différencié des défauts et des instabilités interfaciales généralement rencontrées en coextrusion. Le phénomène de compatibilisation a également été étudié via les caractérisations morphologiques (MET, MEB, AFM) et physico-chimiques (XPS) aux interfaces. Le comportement rhéologique en cisaillement et élongation en viscoélasticité linéaire et non linéaire s’est révélé très sensible à l’effet la présence de copolymères aux interfaces et à leur architecture moléculaire. Cette étude a permis de déterminer les propriétés intrinsèques de l’interface/interphase en fonction du copolymère formé entre le liant et le PA6 ou l’EVOH. Elles ont pu être corrélées aux défauts macroscopiques observés dans les films multicouches coextrudés. La stabilité de ces écoulements stratifiés résulte d’un couplage de phénomènes qui se produisent à différentes échelles : nano (réaction de copolymérisation), micro (interphase) et macro (écoulement dans le procédé)
Several polymers can be combined in one multilayer structure by reactive coextrusion. Tie-layers are often used to compatibilize the adjacent layers and may reduce or suppress the interfacial instabilities and the defects in the multilayer coextrusion flow. However, an additional defect defined as the “grainy” defect can be observed. In the best of our knowledge, no study in literature has been devoted to understand its origin. The phenomena are quite complex due to the coupling of the effects of flow and the physico-chemical mechanisms at the interface. The aim of this work is to understand the relations between the instabilities and the defects encountered in multilayer coextruded films and the role of the copolymer formed in-situ between tie and barrier layers. Polyamide 6 (PA6) and ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) were used as the barrier layers sandwiched in a polypropylene (PP) with or without a polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) as a tie-layer. The effect of the process parameters and the structure of the polymers on the generation of the “grainy” defect was assessed in correlation with the rheological and the physicochemical properties of the layers. These experiments have shown that this defect appeared mainly in the compatibilized EVOH system and could be distinguished from the usual coextrusion instabilities. The interfacial properties between tie and barrier layers were investigated. The characterization of the interfacial morphology by TEM and AFM highlighted an irregular and rough interface between PP-g-MA and EVOH while a flat interface was observed with PA6 and PP-g-MA. Step shear and startup elongation rheology was shown to be sensitive to the copolymer at the polymer/polymer interface. The study of the interfacial properties highlighted that the copolymer architecture significantly impacts the interfacial roughness and the rheology of the multilayer stuctures. Hence, relations between the relaxation process, the interfacial morphology and the copolymer architecture were established in correlation with the generation of the macroscopic grainy defect in coextrusion
29

Kiflemariam, Sara. "Expression and Mutation Analyses of Candidate Cancer Genes In Situ". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för immunologi, genetik och patologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-184510.

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Cancers display heterogeneity in genetic profiles of the individual cancer cells and in the composition of different malignant and non-malignant cell populations. Such intra-tumor heterogeneity plays a role in treatment response and the emergence of resistance to cancer therapies. Approaches that address this complexity and improve stratification of patients for treatment are therefore highly warranted. Thus, the aims of this thesis were to further develop and apply in situ technologies for expression and mutation analyses of candidate cancer genes to gain a deeper understanding of cancer biology and to study intra-tumor heterogeneity. In paper I, we established and validated a procedure for scalable in situ hybridization of large gene sets in human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for analysis of gene expression. This method was used in paper II for large-scale expression analysis of the tyrosine kinome and phosphatome, two gene families whose members are frequently mutated in many forms of cancers. Systematic, compartment-specific expression mapping at cell type resolution enabled us to identify several novel vascular markers that have gone unnoticed in bulk transcriptomic analyses. In papers III and IV, we used padlock probes for in situ mutation detection in single cells for studies of genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity. In paper III, multiplex detection and genotyping of oncogenic point mutations was demonstrated in routinely processed tissue materials, whereas in paper IV we further the application by demonstrating multiplex detection of fusion gene transcripts. Collectively, the work presented in this thesis employs in situ-based methods to obtain spatial resolution of gene expression and mutation patterns in normal and cancer tissues, thereby broadening our understanding of the cancer genome.
30

Darnell, Jason Ellis. "IN-SITU LEAD IMMOBILIZATION USING PHOSPHATE BASED BINDERS". MSSTATE, 2004. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07072004-145059/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum phosphate treatment method to stabilize lead contaminated soil from a firing range. Seven different phosphate sources at five different concentrations were added to soil collected from a firing range on a military base. A series of tests were performed to determine a generic phosphate treatment method. The selected generic phosphate treatment was compared to an untreated control soil sample and to four commercially available treatments provided by invited vendors selected from industry. The four vendors processes, control, and generic treatments were subjected to a series of physical and chemical tests at 0, 14, and 28 days of curing time to determine the effectiveness of each treatment. The generic treatment using Hydroxyapatite developed in the MSU laboratory was competitive with three vendors? treatments. The fourth vendor?s treatment was more effective at reducing the lead leachability of the contaminated soil.
31

Maphutha, Malebelo. "In situ sintering study of model nickel catalysts". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13326.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Lipid catabolism plays a significant role in the survival of M.tb inside the host. The development of analytical techniques such as gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) has become popular as metabolomics tools in the study of such catabolic pathways. The development of biomarkers and internal standards to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of metabolites in the catabolic pathway would be an attractive tool. Thus, cholesterol derivatives were synthesized as thia-, fluoro- and deuterium labeled analogs. Sulfur was incorporated into cholesterol at positions, C3 as well as C23. The 3â-mercaptocholest-5-ene was synthesized to block the initial stage of cholesterol catabolism and evaluate whether side chain degradation can still occur. Fluorine was integrated into the cholesterol backbone at C3 to evaluate the side-chain degradation in the absence of cholesterol oxidase activity. Steroids with fluorine at C6 are known to have good biological activity and were for this reason also synthesized. Deuterium labeled compounds were synthesized and used as internal standards for GC-MS analysis. As an alternative to cholesterol catabolism, fatty acids like stearic acid are important in producing building blocks for long chain mycolic acids which provides protection to the mycobacterium. For this reason thiastearic acid derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as biomarkers.
32

Haidara, Fanta. "Étude des mécanismes de formation de phases dans des films minces du système ternaire Al-Cu-Fe". Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647911.

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Les mécanismes de formation de phases dans des films minces du système ternaire Al-Cu-Fe et des systèmes binaires Al-Cu, Al-Fe et Cu-Fe ont été étudiés. Dans chacun des systèmes, plusieurs échantillons avec des compositions distinctes ont été préparés par pulvérisation cathodique. Des couches d'aluminium, de cuivre et de fer ont été déposées séquentiellement sur des substrats de silicium oxydé et ont été traités thermiquement par différentes méthodes puis caractérisés. Des mesures de diffraction de rayons X et de résistivité in-situ ont été effectuées pour suivre la formation des phases. Des recuits thermiques suivis de trempe ont été réalisés et les échantillons ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X. L'analyse enthalpique différentielle a également été utilisée ainsi que des mesures simultanées in-situ de résistivité et de diffraction des rayons X. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus nous a permis de proposer des mécanismes de formation de phases pour chacun des échantillons étudiés et en utilisant des modèles théoriques de croissance de phases nous avons pu déterminer des données cinétiques sur la formation de phases dans ces films.
33

Clark, Peter. "Towards in-situ characterisation of formulated products". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6973/.

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Recently, the ability to characterise a formulated product during its manufacture has become very desirable due to the importance of maintaining control over its structure and electro-mechanical properties. The fields of process tomography and spectroscopy are set to play an important role in new technologies yielding in-situ characterisation of a product during chemical processing. This study has investigated such techniques with the aim to apply these tools to a relevant Johnson Matthey manufacturing line. Water, being a high di-electric, can be detected at very low concentrations using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). This relationship has been exploited to monitor drying and phase boundaries of a packed bed in both two and three dimensions. A comparison with MRI has yielded similar results for the drying profile of a similar packed bed demonstrating technique robustness. Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) has been used to discriminate gas and solid phases within a three phase system. The measured conductivity of the multi-phase system at 300 Hz is different than at 9600 Hz and allows for the identification of conductive particles from air bubbles. The application of wideband impedance spectroscopy to ceramic suspensions has shown that electrical and structural properties are inter-related. This work has driven forward the research and improved the range of applications of electrical process analytics.
34

Bastway, Mohammed Omer Abdalrahim. "Effect of Khartoum City for Water Quality : chemical analyses". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10239.

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This thesis assesses the water quality of the River Nile around the city Khartoum in Khartoum State, Sudan Republic, and investigates eventual influences of the city on the River Nile by analysis of the following parameters: temperature, pH, and conductivity, and Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), Total Organic Carbon(TOC) and Nitrate (NO3− ). A survey of the area is also included. It was concluded that the city Khartoum added small but legible concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium and TOC to the river Nile. However, the resulting concentrations were all within acceptable levels. Also, the observed results showed that the Blue and White Nile, which merge together upstream on the outskirts of Khartoum, had concentrations of AOX resp. chromium, which were not suitable for drinking water.

35

Roullier-Gall, Chloé. "Analyses métabolomiques du vin : "chemical messages in a bottle"". Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS080/document.

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L'objectif premier de ce travail de thèse était de développer des analyses métabolomiques non ciblées de vins en bouteilles afin de déchiffrer les informations chimiques relatives à l’évolution de leurs compositions avec le temps. Cette recherche initiale était fondée sur l'hypothèse que, lors de l'analyse, les vins en bouteilles gardent une mémoire chimique des paramètres environnementaux à l’œuvre au moment de leur élaboration (gestion du vignoble, pratiques œnologiques, climat, terroir). Une seconde hypothèse reposait sur la nécessité d’étudier le passé pour anticiper l’évolution de la qualité du vin du point de vue de sa composition chimique. À cet effet et pour la première fois dans la science du vin, la Spectrométrie de Masse à Résonance Cyclotronique des Ions et à Transformée de Fourier (FTICR-MS), la Chromatographie Liquide couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), la spectroscopie de Fluorescence d’Excitation et d’Émission (EEMF) et les statistiques multivariées ont été combinées. Le développement méthodologique a révélé l'avantage de coupler les mesures de masses exactes par FTICR-MS à la discrimination des isomères par UPLC-Q-TOF-MS afin d'étendre la gamme des métabolites détectables. Ces outils ont été appliqués à l'identification de marqueurs de vieillissement sur des séries verticales de vins rouges et blancs de Bourgogne, y compris sur des vins très anciens (millésimes inconnus) considérés comme des points extrêmes d'évolution, introduisant ainsi la notion de verticalomics. La caractérisation d'une série de vins blancs de Bourgogne (Chardonnay) a révélé que les espaces chimiques spécifiquement liés à des pratiques œnologiques (SO2 ajouté lors du pressurage, niveau de débourbage ou perméabilité du bouchon) pourraient être déchiffrés, bien que les signatures de millésimes étaient les plus significatives. Des expériences similaires sur les vins de Champagne (Chardonnay, et mélanges de Chardonnay, Pinot noir et Pinot Meunier) après la prise de mousse et le vieillissement sur lattes ont mis en évidence l'effet d'hormesis associé à l'oxygénation du vin. Enfin, les analyses non ciblées d'extraits de raisin et des vins correspondants provenant de différentes appellations et élaborés par le même vigneron ont révélé qu’il était possible de lire des signatures liées au terroir, en particulier après quelques années de vieillissement en bouteille. Plus largement, nos résultats fournissent une description globale sans précédent de la composition chimique du vin et de sa modification par le vieillissement
The main objective of this work was to develop non-targeted metabolomics analyses of bottled wines in order to decipher chemical informations from the time-related evolution of their composition. This original research was based on the hypothesis that, when analyzed, bottled wines would still hold chemical memories of envionmental parameters (vineyard management, oenological practices, climate, terroir…) at the moment of their elaboration, even after several years of ageing. A second hypothesis was that in order to anticipate the future evolution of the wine quality in terms of chemical composition, it is necessary to know what it was in the past. To that purpose, and for the first time in wine science, Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance – Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS), Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-ToF-MS), Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence (EEMF) and multivariate statistics were used in combination. Methodological develoments revealed the advantage of coupling exact mass measurements by FTICR-MS to isomeric discrimination by UPLC-Q-ToF-MS in order to extend the range of detectable metabolites. Such tools were applied to the identification of ageing markers in vertical series of red and white wines from Burgundy, including very old wines (unknown vintages) considered as evolution end points, thus introducing the concept of verticalomics. The characterization of series of white wines from Burgundy (Chardonnay) revealed that chemical spaces specifically related to eonological practices (SO2 addition at pressing, settling level, and permeability of the stopper) could indeed be deciphered although the vintage signatures were confirmed to be the most significant. Similar experiments on Champagne wines (Chardonnay, and blends of Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier) after the "prise de mousse" and the ageing "sur lattes" further highlighted the hormesis effect associated with the oxygenation of wine. Finally, non-targeted analyses of series of grape extracts and corresponding wines from different appelations – though elaborated by the same winemaker – revealed that terroir-related signatures could be indeed read in wines, in particular after a few years of bottle ageing. Altogether our results provide an unprecedented comprehensive description of the chemical composition of wine and its modification through ageing
36

Bahri, Syaiful. "In situ combustion for upgrading of heavy oil". Thesis, University of Salford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248917.

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Adewusi, Victor Adesegun. "Heavy oil recovery by forward in-situ combustion". Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370660.

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38

Paulson, Brandon. "Ex Situ Analyses of Non-Native Species Impacts on Imperiled Desert Fishes". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29890.

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This thesis focuses on interactions between two invasive species, the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and two desert fishes, the Amargosa pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis) and the endangered Pahrump poolfish (Empetrichthys latos latos). Chapter one is a literature review on the impacts of invasive species on various desert fishes. Chapter Two reports the results of multiple mesocosm experiments that show poolfish are unlikely to persist in the presence of mosquitofish. Chapter Three reports the results of a mesocosm experiment that tested the combined impacts of crayfish and mosquitofish on poolfish populations. Chapter Three mimics a historic case study in Nevada, where the Lake Harriett poolfish population crashed following the introduction of crayfish and mosquitofish. Chapter Four reports results of a mesocosm experiment that revealed density dependent effects of invasive crayfish on pupfish populations, with pupfish populations negatively affected when crayfish were at high densities.
Nevada State Wildlife Grant
North Dakota State University. Environmental and Conservation Science Program
Desert Fish Council
39

Merchant, Akber. "In-situ fluidization for remediation of contaminated sand". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32966.

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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of jet velocity and the jet insertion depth on the characteristics of the fluidized region obtained when vertical and inclined water jets were submerged below the surface of saturated sand. Experiments were conducted using sand of mean particle size 507 mum. Water was injected into the sand through a tube of semicircular cross-section (internal diameter 0.55 cm) located at the wall of the tank, forming a half jet. At sufficiently high flowrate a U-shaped fluidized region formed around the jet tube. The fluidized zone was characterized by measuring scour depth, diameter of the fluidized region at the jet insertion depth and diameter of the fluidized region at half the jet insertion depth. For a fixed jet insertion depth, increasing the jet velocity increased the scour depth, the diameter of the fluidized region at the jet insertion depth, and the diameter at half the jet insertion depth. For a fixed jet velocity, the scour depth was independent of the insertion depth, however the two diameters of the fluidized region decreased with increasing jet insertion depth. The profiles obtained for inclined jets were more asymmetric than those for vertical jets.
The effectiveness of the 'up-flow washing' technique for the removal of a water-soluble contaminant (CuSO4) from a saturated bed of sand was investigated for a vertical jet at jet velocities of 213 cm/s and 320 cm/s and jet insertion depths of 5.5 cm and 7.5 cm. Up-flow washing removed the contaminant from the sand bed. The cleaned region extended well beyond the boundary of the fluidized region as jet liquid leaked from the fluidized region and percolated through the fixed bed region. An approximate model for the leakage suggested that 10--20% of the jet liquid leaked from the fluidized region to the fixed bed region.
40

Indrijarso, Surat. "Development of pressurized thermogravimetry for in-situ combustion studies". Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261489.

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41

Rogozinski, Jeffrey David. "In-situ frequency-dependent electromagnetic sensing for monitoring physical and chemical attributes during chemical processing". W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623978.

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The objective of this research was to develop an in-situ sensing technique that monitors the molecular-level response of ions and dipoles to an applied electric field in order to characterize the changes in state of a polymer resin during chemical processing. This technique needs to be capable of monitoring the reaction progress not only in the laboratory setting but also in-situ in the processing tool or reaction environment. Frequency Dependent Electromagnetic Sensing (FDEMS) was selected for this task.;This dissertation investigates the applicability of FDEMS to monitoring two types of processing methods: reactive and batch reactor. The reactive processing system examined involves the processing of a high glass transition thermoplastic, either polyethylene ether or polyether imide blended with a thermoset, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and 4,4'-methylene bis (3-chloro 2,6-diethylaniline]. The batch reactor processing systems examined involve the in-situ process control of an industrial batch reactor process involving five different systems: epoxy acrylic, polyester, latex, emulsion for lotions and surfactants.
42

Löfgren, Martin. "Diffusive properties of granitic rock as measured by in-situ electrical methods". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-121.

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Diffusion into the rock matrix has been identified as one of the most important retention mechanisms for dissolved contaminants in fractured crystalline rock. In this thesis the diffusive properties of granitic rock, described by the formation factor, have been investigated by electrical methods. These methods are based on the Einstein relation between diffusivity and ionic mobility. Formation factors have been obtained both in the laboratory and in deep lying rock in-situ.

At present, two locations in Sweden, Forsmark and Oskarshamn, are undergoing site investigations for the siting of a repository for spent nuclear fuel. As a part of these investigations, the formation factor of the rock surrounding five, 1000 m deep boreholes has been investigated. More than 250 rock samples, taken from the bore cores, have been investigated in the laboratory and around 50 000 formation factors have been obtained in-situ. The results have been treated statistically and it appears that the formation factor is lognormally distributed. The mean and standard deviation of the obtained log-normal distributions vary from site to site, depending on the geology. For intact granitic rock, the obtained formation factors range between 2.2·10-7 and 2.5·10-2.

The results suggest that diffusion into open, but hydraulically non-conductive fractures may have a significant influence on radionuclide retention by way of increasing it. Therefore, the fractured rock formation factor was introduced in addition to the traditional rock matrix formation factor. The retardation capacity of crystalline rock is strongly associated with the pore connectivity. In this thesis, it is shown that the micropore network of granitic rock is connected on, at least, a metre scale in-situ.

43

Tripathi, Ashok Burton Goodwin David G. "In-situ diagnostics for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of YBCO /". Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2001. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-09262005-143545.

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Rai, Yugal. "In-situ interface chemical characterisation of a boundary lubricated contact". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12191/.

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An increasing demand for improved fuel efficiency and more reliable automotive engines has seen a number of approaches made to further improve the tribological performance in automotive engine parts. Engine oil lubricants extend the life of the moving parts operating under different conditions and also preventing any damages to these parts. However, although its applications are beneficial towards the moving parts, the environmental implications of these lubricants are somewhat harmful, leading to stricter regulations against its emissions. Strict emission requirements have led to a greater interest in understanding the tribological performance of these lubricant additives. Hence, in order to develop more environmentally friendly additives, it is necessary to understand the tribochemical mechanism that occur at the lubricated systems. However, to date despite considerable efforts, a model to predict friction coefficient is only limited to elastohydrodynamic and hydrodynamic lubrication systems. Under boundary and mixed lubrication conditions, the friction and wear behaviour of the tribological system are characterised by the surface asperities of real contact and with the formation of thin surface films. Thus, sophisticated and reliable experimental techniques are required to investigate and assess the tribological systems under this conditions. In-situ approaches can greatly enhance our understanding on the progressive developments between the contacting interfaces, including the detailed chemical, structural and physical interactions governing friction and wear. The research focuses on developing a methodology for in situ and real time boundary lubricated surface optical and chemical characterisation with the aid of Raman Spectroscopy. The techniques are developed with the lubricant additive of Molybdenum Dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and used to experimentally evaluate the interface phenomena occurring in a bench tribometer. MoDTC under defined tribological conditions forms MoS2 tribofilms which reduces friction. Surface analytical methodology of ex-situ and in-situ analysis is applied for the lubricant additive to understand the tribochemical process occurring at the tribological contacts.
45

Deshors, Marine. "Investigation of industrial enzymatic cocktail for deconstruction of wheat bran by combining in-situ physical and ex-situ biochemical analyses". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0042.

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Les cocktails enzymatiques tels que Rovabio® sont utilisés en nutrition animale comme complément alimentaire pour aider les animaux à mieux assimiler les fibres présentes dans leur ration alimentaire composée principalement de blé en Europe. Le mécanisme de déconstruction enzymatique du son de blé, partie du grain majoritairement composée de fibres, considérées comme difficilement hydrolysables et donc assimilables reste encore incompris, c’est pourquoi ces travaux de thèse s’appuient sur l’utilisation d’un bioréacteur instrumenté combinant des analyses physiques in-situ et biochimiques ex-situ afin d’avoir un point de vue global de ce phénomène. Cette approche multi-échelle est originale car rarement considérée en nutrition animale où les études in-vivo sont privilégiées. Cos travaux ont ainsi permis de mettre en évidence que l’action de Rovabio® se caractérise par une première phase de fragmentation notamment des grosses particules concomitante avec une forte solubilisation. La déconstruction du son de blé se poursuit ensuite par une fragmentation mais cette fois sans aucune solubilisation de polysaccharides. L’ajout d’une xylanase seule, en tant qu’enzyme la plus active du cocktail, solubilise la même quantité d’arabinoxylane mais ne permet pas une fragmentation importante des particules, contrairement au Rovabio®. Ces résultats confirment donc l’importance de la richesse et de la diversité d’un cocktail enzymatique pour déconstruire efficacement des structures aussi complexe que le son de blé. Cependant, en dépit de cela, seulement 37%w/w de matière sèche est solubilisée, même en excès de Rovabio®. Cette incapacité du cocktail enzymatique à dégrader complètement ces fibres semblerait provenir d’une inaccessibilité des enzymes à leur substrat. Nous avons ainsi montré que le rendement d’hydrolyse enzymatique est amélioré en augmentant la surface spécifique des particules (traitement mécanique) et/ ou en désorganisant l’architecture de la structure des fibres par l’ajout d’un complexe enzymatique particulièrement riche en pectinases. Néanmoins, si ces deux voies améliorent les performances du cocktail, elles ne permettent toujours pas une hydrolyse totale du son de blé. Finalement ce travail souligne l’intérêt d’enzymes ou de protéines actives capables d’attaquer les structures minoritaires du réseau lignocellulosique assurant sa résistance et sa cohésion, ce qui permet ainsi aux enzymes d’avoir un meilleur accès à leurs substrats
Enzyme cocktails, such as Rovabio®, which is rich of hydrolytic enzymes are used as feed additives to favor degradation of non-starch polysaccharides present in wheat, a major feed in poultry industry. The deconstruction mechanism of wheat bran, part of the seed mainly composed of fiber, is still fairly unclear. This PhD aims to highlight these mechanisms using a multi-instrumented bioreactor that allowed to combine in-situ physical and ex-situ biochemical analyses. This multiscale approach stands as an alternative and original approach which is rarely considered in animal nutrition. This work highlights that Rovabio® action occurred in two concurrent process, namely fragmentation and solubilization phenomena which take place within the first 2 h after addition of the enzyme cocktail. It is then followed by a particle fragmentation which was not accompanied by any sugars solubilization. Thus, in spite of the abundant and very active hydrolytic enzyme activities in Rovabio®, the deconstruction of destarched wheat bran was however limited to 37% of w/w. At variance to Rovabio®, xylanase added alone was capable of solubilization activity (same final release of xylose and arabinose) but the fragmentation was much weaker by only disorganizing the fibrous network and hence led to particle disaggregation. Altogether, these results confirmed the importance of the enzyme mixtures which act in a synergistic manner to readily solubilize wheat bran. Our results also indicated that the limitation of Rovabio® action upon wheat bran degradation may come from physical inaccessibility of the substrate as it could be partially overcome by enhancing the substrate specific surface by a mechanical treatment and/or due to some missing or limiting enzyme activity as shown by a slight increase in solubilization following addition of some pectinases cocktails that are poorly represented in Rovabio®. Nevertheless, these complementary actions were still insufficient for complete hydrolysis of wheat bran. To conclude, this work draws attention to plant cell wall-deconstructing enzymes or active proteins which are able to attack the biomass minor structures and disorganize its network in order to increase substrate accessibility to enzymes that cleave backbone structures
46

Fujii, Yasuyo. "Chemical Analyses of Mosochiku(Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) during Elongation Growth". Kyoto University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/160856.

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Abstract (sommario):
本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第6073号
農博第843号
新制||農||698(附属図書館)
学位論文||H7||N2796(農学部図書室)
UT51-95-D392
京都大学大学院農学研究科林産工学専攻
(主査)教授 岡村 圭造, 教授 佐伯 浩, 教授 島田 幹夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
47

Taraboletti, Alexandra Anna. "Chemical and Metabolomic Analyses of Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination and Remyelination". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1498535047689141.

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48

Zhang, Qiang. "Genetic and Expression Analyses of the 'Nkrp1-Clr' Gene Cluster". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23271.

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Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of the innate immune system, can recognize a wide array of cells via several receptors families such as Ly49 and NKR-P1. The Nkrp1 gene family encode for C-type lectin-like receptors which can recognize their ligands, Clr, on target cells. Nkrp1 and Clr genes are intertwined in the NK gene complex and are thus inherited together. The Nkrp1-Clr genes in 129S6 and BALB/c mouse strains show significant sequence polymorphism compared to those of C57BL/6 mice while the overall gene organization and gene number are conserved. RT-PCR was utilized to study the expression of individual Nkrp1-Clr genes. In situ hybridization was performed to validate expression results from RT-PCR, as well as to verify the cell types in which Nkrp1-Clr genes are expressed. Surprisingly, our expression studies reveal an interesting pattern of expression of Nkrp1 and Clr genes not only in lymphoid tissues but also in the epithelial cells of the intestine, kidney, eye and lung, the myocytes of the heart and skeletal muscle, and possibly some endothelial cells, indicating novel functions of NK cells in these tissues.
49

Alenda, Aurélie. "Analyses quantitatives en spectroscopie infrarouge : l’AG-IR (Analyses Gravimétriques et spectroscopie InfraRouge) nouvel outil d’analyse pour les espèces adsorbées". Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2004.

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Lors d’une première étude, le recoupement des données qualitatives et quantitatives en spectroscopie infrarouge a permis de comprendre le mécanisme de greffage de l’acide octylphosphonique sur des silices aluminées. Ensuite, un nouvel outil d’analyse, nommé AG﷓IR, a été mis au point en couplant deux techniques : la spectroscopie infrarouge et la thermogravimétrie. Grâce à cette installation unique, la masse de l’échantillon est directement et simultanément reliée au spectre IR de celui-ci. Cet appareil permet de travailler soit sous vide soit en conditions operando (dans un réacteur catalytique en fonctionnement). Un premier travail, réalisé sous vide, porte sur l’étude des molécules sondes dérivées de l’acétonitrile sur une zéolithe H﷓MFI. Un second travail, réalisé sous flux, porte sur le suivi des coefficients d’absorption molaires intégrés (notés epsilons) de l’eau adsorbée sur une zéolithe H-Y au cours d’une thermodésorption et sur l’interaction entre espèces co﷓adsorbées. Des résultats intéressants ont été obtenus : la substitution d’atomes d’hydrogène dans l'acétonitrile par un ou plusieurs atomes de chlore influe fortement sur les valeurs des epsilons de la bande nCºN. Plus le nombre d’halogènes augmente et plus la valeur de l’epsilon diminue. L’epsilon de la bande dH2O varie en fonction du taux d’hydratation de la zéolithe. Par contre, celui de la bande (n+d)H2O est moins influencé par le taux d’hydratation. Pour les zéolithes, seule cette bande permet d’estimer approximativement la quantité d’eau adsorbée. L'eau adsorbée a une influence sur l’adsorption de l’ammoniac, et l’environnement chimique des ions ammonium est fortement modifié par la présence d’eau
The combination of qualitative and quantitative information in infrared spectra allowed understanding the grafting mechanism for octylphosphonic acid on aluminated silicas. In a second step, a new analytic tool, named AG-IR, was designed and tested, combining two complementary techniques: infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. With this unique setup, the weight of the sample is directly measured during the spectroscopic measurement. The experiment can be performed under reduced pressure as well as under operando conditions (inside a working catalytic reactor). Two separate studies were performed. The first one, under vacuum, dealt with the adsorption of acetonitrile derivatives on H﷓MFI zeolite. The second one, under flux, was the determination of integral molar absorption coefficients (denoted as epsilons) of adsorbed water on an H-Y zeolite during thermodesorption and on the interaction of co-adsorbed species. Several interesting results were obtained: the substitution of hydrogen atoms for chlorine atoms in acetonitrile strongly influences epsilon values for the nCºN vibration band, with epsilon decreasing with the number of substituted atoms. Epsilon for the dH2O vibration band depends on the hydration level of the zeolite. The (n+d)H2O vibration band is much less influenced, and this band is therefore recommended for the determination of the water content in the zeolite. Adsorbed water strongly influences the spectral response of adsorbed ammoniac, and the chemical environment of ammonium ions is deeply modified by co-adsorbed water
50

Mangesana, Nobathembu. "Developing a methodology for characterising in-situ viscosity profiles in tumbling mills". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16917.

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Milling is the most expensive operation in a mineral processing circuit and accounts for the highest amount of energy utilized. The efficiency of the milling process is affected by the rate of breakage of bigger rocks and the rate of transport of the slurry within and out of the mill. The transport of material in the mill is dependent on the rheological properties of the slurry such as viscosity. Viscosity is therefore one of the important parameters that influences the transport of the material in the mill. Slurries in tumbling mills are known to exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour. This means slurry viscosity is not constant but is a function of shear rate. To characterize slurry transport in the mill it is necessary to study the viscosity distributions in order to determine regions of high and low resistance to flow in the mill. To determine the influence of slurry viscosity on the transport of particles it is important to quantify the typical shear rate ranges that occur inside the tumbling mill. The aim of this project w as to develop a methodology for characterising viscosity distributions inside a tumbling mill using in-situ shear rate distributions obtained from PEPT at different solids concentrations and mill speeds. The P EPT technique was used to study the in-situ mot ion of slurry particles with in tumbling mill charge using a single radioactive tracer. Rheology experiments were conducted using a U-tube rheometer. The rheometer experiments were performed to characterise the rheological behaviour of the El Soldado slurry at a wide range of shear rates. The PEPT results provided information about the typical shear rate ranges that occur inside the mill. The combination of these results enabled the quantification of viscosity distribution from the slope of the rheogram at typical shear rates found in the tumbling mill. The rheology results indicated that the Bingham model is the rheological model which gives the best description of the rheology of El Sol dado slurry. It had the highest R² adjusted values at all tested solids concentrations concentration ranges. The rheological behaviour of El Soldado slurry with a particle size fraction of -75+53 microns can be described as Newtonian. This means that the viscosity is constant and does not vary with shear rate. At low solids concentrations up to 30wt%, the viscosity values attained are equivalent to that of water at room temperature at 0.001 Pa.s. At higher solids concentrations up to 60wt%, the viscosity increases to 0.007 Pa.s for the shear rate range tested. The Bingham viscosity and yield stress increases in an exponential form with increasing solids concentration. PEPT experiments were conducted to quantify and characterise in-situ shear rates in a laboratory scale tumbling mill. The highest shear rates were obtained at the lowest solids concentration for both mill speeds. It was 30s-¹ at 60% critical mill speed and 36s-¹ at 75% critical mill speed. Mill shear rates decreased with increasing slurry solids concentration. This was attributed to increased particle-particle interactions and reduced voidage. There is less volume available for particle shearing. The magnitude of the maximum shear rate is higher for the 75% critical mill speed at all slurry solids concentrations compared to the shear rates at the lower mill speed. At a higher speed the mill charge is fairly dilated by the strong centrifugal effects that oppose the natural packing structure which results in an overall decrease in bulk density. The increased voidage allows more volume for relative motion, producing an overall increase in shear rate. The narrow shear rate range and the Bingham rheological behaviour of the slurry resulted in a constant viscosity value that could be used in a viscosity model provided the solids concentration is uniform across all regions of the mill. Viscosity is more significantly impacted by solids concentration than shear rate distributions in the tumbling mill. Work should be done to study the solids concentration profiles in the tumbling mill to provide better insight on areas of active transport.

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