Tesi sul tema "Imprécis"
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Loutchmia, Dominique. "Une méthode d'analyse discriminante pour des concepts imprécis". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473292.
Mourier, Karine. "Réponse dynamique de structures mécaniques à paramètres imprécis". Valenciennes, 2008. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/44095298-c83f-4ec5-9732-f888d5b193bf.
Numerical simulations are more and more efficient but many sources of uncertainties distort structures behaviour prediction. Uncertainties are due to a lack of knowledge of the endogenous or exogenous parameters. Consequently, different methods are developed in order to model and propagate imprecision, maintaining reasonable numeric costs and limited overestimation. The fuzzy set theory is thus exploited in order to treat two problems with growing complexity. In the first part, a mixed approach is developed to calculate the fuzzy harmonic response of a mechanical system with uncertain modal parameters and forces. A functional analysis allows to define the useful combinations for the calculation by modal superposition principle. Computational costs are also reduced significantly. The second part of this work is concerned with the evaluation of the transient response of structures in contact (e. G. Braking systems). Uncertainties deal with the contact law and structural parameters. An approach based on an approximation of the modified solutions by projection techniques, is studied. Costs are limited due to the reduction of parameters’ combination and the computation of solutions in a reduced basis. A numerical application on a normal contact test case shows the efficiency of the methodology. These prospective works allow to draw different investigation fields to consider
Morin, Rivet Laurence. "Le découplage des aides aux revenus : le concept économique imprécis". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25464/25464.pdf.
Bourgade, Vladimir. "Sur l'ordonnancement d'ateliers en ligne en environnement incertain et imprécis". Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0018.
Morin-Rivet, Laurence. "Le découplage des aides aux revenus : un concept économique imprécis". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20100.
Bisserier, Amory. "Une approche paramétrique de la régression linéaire floue : formalisation par intervalles". Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS021.
System identification is a term gathering tools that identify mathematical models from observations. Within this framework, regression techniques are frequently used. This Ph. D. Thesis deals with the study of parametrical linear regression in an imprecise context. So, measurements and model parameters are imprecise and represented using fuzzy set theory, while inputs are crisp numbers. Existing fuzzy regression techniques present two main limits. On the one hand, the imprecision of identified models is too important, mainly due to the link between imprecision variation and input sign. On the other hand, inclusion is not guaranteed even when a triangular fuzzy model, which should include observations, is identified. In this context, several improvements are introduced and illustrated. Inclusion is guaranteed by the identification of trapezoidal fuzzy models. By applying a shift term to inputs, the model output imprecision becomes independent of input sign, while model linear structure is preserved. Lastly, an optimization criterion which represents the global fuzziness of the model on its definition domain is introduced. It is then possible to improve the precision of the identified model as well as its representativeness. All these concepts are extended to piecewise and multi-inputs linear model identification. The potential of the proposed method is tested on realistic data sets, concerning the identification of polynomial models with appropriate order and multi-linear models. By identifying dynamical models from variations of a market index, problems related to fuzzy regressive models with imprecise inputs are also introduced
Soares, Miro. "Itinéraires imprécis et leurs images possibles : éléments pour une esthétique de la mobilité". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010564.
This doctoral dissertation examines how mobility can become the basis for creative process in the field of moving image. I propose a framework where the open-mindedness characteristic of voluntary mobility is associated with an openness of artistic language. As a set of physical and psychic displacements among different geographies as well as among different cultures, languages and traditions, mobility can shape both personal experience and artistic production directly related to improvisation and chance. This nomadic form of thinking, open to improvisation, unpredictability and risk, also affects the forms of artworks that are in turn open to several ways of display as well as different interpretations. This study reveals how geopolitical and artistic borders stimulate and affect each other reciprocally and dialectically. It encourages us to reflect on the issue of mobility while simultaneously participating in the expansion of the moving image’s boundaries. Through a practice-based research around notions of mobility and creation in context, I examine embedded elements of different stages of film, video and installation production, using personal artworks and a body of references. By articulating certain devices for creation and display in order to simultaneously combine the process of the artwork’s production with the experience of the displacement, a particular aesthetic emerges, based on mobility and a direct experience of the world
Esta tese de doutorado examina como a mobilidade pode se tornar a base para um processo criativo no campo da imagem em movimento. Eu proponho um contexto de trabalho em que a abertura de espírito característica da mobilidade voluntária é associada a uma abertura da linguagem artística. Como um conjunto de deslocamentos físicos e mentais entre diferentes geografias, bem como entre diferentes culturas, línguas e tradições, a mobilidade pode determinar tanto uma experiência pessoal quanto uma produção artística diretamente relacionadas à improvisação e ao acaso. Esta forma de pensar nômade, aberta à improvisação, à imprevisibilidade e ao risco também afeta as formas das obras, igualmente abertas a vários modos de exposição e diferentes interpretações. O estudo revela como as fronteiras geopolíticas e artísticas se estimulam e se afetam reciprocamente e dialeticamente. Ele nos encoraja a refletir sobre a questão da mobilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que colabora para expandir os limites da imagem em movimento. Em torno das noções de mobilidade et de criação em contexto, nessa pesquisa prático-teórica, eu examino quais são os elementos incorporados nas diferentes fases de produção de filmes, vídeos e instalações a partir de obras pessoais e de um conjunto de referências. Ao articular os dispositivos criação e de difusão com o objetivo de combinar simultaneamente o processo de realização da obra e a experiência do deslocamento, uma estética particular emerge, baseada na mobilidade e na experiência direta do mundo
Kaske, Axel. "Contribution à la détection des bords de route imprécis : implantation sur le robot ROMANE". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL039N.
Helmstetter, Claude. "Validation de modèles de systèmes sur puce en présence d’ordonnancements indéterministes et de temps imprécis@". Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0030.
We study the validation by simulations of System-on-a-Chip models, written in SystemC-TLM. These models al used for the development of embedded software. Parallel entities of hardware are modeled by asynchronous processes, whose scheduling policy is non-deterministic in order to represent the physical parallelism faithfully. We have to cover the set of valid interleavings in addition to the set of data, since the result of a simulation may depend on the scheduling. We present an adaptation of dynamic partial order reduction to effectively cover the scheduling set, and an extension for timed models with bounded delays. The idea is to look at communications between processes, in order to guess whether a change in their order (as what would be produced by distinct scheduler choices) could affect the final state. This algorithm and its implementation return a complete schedulin and timing set, which guarantees the detection of aIl local errors and deadlocks for a fixed data set
Faure, Jean-Marc. "Contribution à l'identification des déplacements dans un univers mécanique imprécis à partir d'une ou plusieurs images". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ECAP0187.
Boivin, Corinne. "Sémiologie des indices : sémiotisation d'un objet "imprécis" : analyse d'un corpus d'annonces de communication pour les ressources humaines". Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H030.
The research presents the semiological analysis of a social phenomenon called human resources communication; namely of job advertisements (visual and text) produced by communication agencies for recruiting companies. The object of the study is a derived Object with an assumed structure, treated as a sign system. The first part is devoted to the transition of linguistics into semiology. (Saussure, Hjelmslev, Barthes, Peirce). The analysis is performed according to the systemic semiology of indices, immanent and interprative of A. -M. Houdebine. The systemic analysis in strata determines the grammatical structure, which betokens internal causalities leading to interpretation. On the basis of the indicative significant concept, it deals with a series of internal and external interpretants. The second part presents the results of the explanatory and the interprative phases. The third part returns to social objects and demonstrates the possible connections between theory and methodology
Aouni, Belaïd. "Le modèle de programmation mathématique avec buts dans un environnement imprécis, sa formulation, sa résolution et une application". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26042.pdf.
Le, Trung Khoa. "Nouvelle approche pour une implémentation matérielle à faible complexité du décodeur PGDBF". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0902/document.
Probabilistic Gradient Descent Bit Flipping (PGDBF) algorithm have been recently introduced as a new type of hard decision decoder for Low-Density Parity-Check Code (LDPC) applied on the Binary Symmetric Channel. By following precisely the decoding steps of the deterministic Gradient Descent Bit-Flipping (GDBF) decoder, PGDBF additionally incorporates a random perturbation in the ipping operation of Variable Nodes (VNs) and produces an outstanding decoding performance which is better to all known Bit Flipping decoders, approaching the performance of soft decision decoders. We propose in this thesis several hardware implementations of PGDBF, together with a theoretical analysis of its error correction capability. With a Markov Chain analysis of the decoder, we show that, due to the incorporation of random perturbation in VN processing, the PGDBF escapes from the trapping states which prevent the convergence of decoder. Also, with the new proposed analysis method, the PGDBF performance can be predicted and formulated by a Frame Error Rate equation as a function of the iteration, for a given error pattern. The analysis also gives a clear explanation on several phenomenons of PGDBF such as the gain of re-decoding (or restarting) on a received error pattern. The implementation issue of PGDBF is addressed in this thesis. The conventional implementation of PGDBF, in which a probabilistic signal generator is added on top of the GDBF, is shown with an inevitable increase in hardware complexity. Several methods for generating the probabilistic signals are introduced which minimize the overhead complexity of PGDBF. These methods are motivated by the statistical analysis which reveals the critical features of the binary random sequence required to get good decoding performance and suggesting the simpli cation directions. The synthesis results show that the implemented PGDBF with the proposed probabilistic signal generator method requires a negligible extra complexity with the equivalent decoding performance to the theoretical PGDBF. An interesting and particular implementation of PGDBF for the Quasi-Cyclic LPDC (QC-LPDC) is shown in the last part of the thesis. Exploiting the structure of QC-LPDC, a novel architecture to implement PGDBF is proposed called Variable-Node Shift Architecture (VNSA). By implementing PGDBF by VNSA, it is shown that the decoder complexity is even smaller than the deterministic GDBF while preserving the decoding performance as good as the theoretical PGDBF. Furthermore, VNSA is also shown to be able to apply on other types of LDPC decoding algorithms
Boudart, Samuel. "Maîtrise de la robustesse de systèmes dynamiques non-linéaires vis-à-vis de paramètres imprécis : application à l'optimisation de suspensions GMP en phase d'avant-projet". Valenciennes, 2007. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5577c28b-e664-4079-a2c2-c646c2e4bc11.
In preliminary projects, numerical optimization techniques allow to obtain efficient solutions rapidly and at lower cost. The aim of such tools is to search and obtain the best design. For a few years, methods of simulation integrating the inaccuracies inherent in the realization of the manufactured goods have been developed. The purpose is then to study the robustness of the solutions with respect to the variability of the parameters of the model. In order to improve the quality of the products it is now essential to take both efficiency and robustness into account. In this study we propose a new robust optimization strategy which allows to handle several objective functions for the improvement of dynamic behaviour of mechanical systems in the design step. The proposed methodology is based on multi-objective optimization method and takes parameters imprecision into account using second-order approximation. Coupling both those methods is justified by the common use of sensitivities. Then, an application on a powertrain mounting system has been performed using this tool. For this industrial test case, new robust and optimal designs have been obtained and validated
Lefort, Sébastien. ""How much is 'about'?" modélisation computationnelle de l'interprétation cognitive des expressions numériques approximatives". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066421/document.
Approximate Numerical Expressions (ANE) are imprecise linguistic expressions implying numerical values, illustrated by "about 100". We first focus on ANE interpretation, both in its human and computational aspects. After defining original arithmetical and cognitive dimensions allowing to characterize ANEs, we conducted an empirical study to collect the intervals of values denoted by ANEs. We show that the proposed dimensions are involved in ANE interpretation. In a second step, we proposed two interpretation models, based on the same principle of a compromise between the cognitive salience of the endpoints and their distance to the ANE reference value, formalized by Pareto frontiers. The first model estimates the denoted interval, the second one generates a fuzzy interval representing the associated imprecision. The experimental validation of the models, based on real data, show that they offer better performances than existing models. We also show the relevance of the fuzzy model by implementing it in the framework of flexible database queries. We then show, by the mean of an empirical study, that the semantic context has little effect on the collected intervals. Finally, we focus on the additions and products of ANE, for instance to assess the area of a room whose walls are "about 10" and "about 20 meters" long. We conducted an empirical study whose results indicate that the imprecisions associated with the operands are not taken into account during the calculations
Abdouli, Majeb. "Étude des modèles étendus de transactions : adaptation aux SGBD temps réel". Le Havre, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LEHA0011.
Real-time database systems (RTDBS) are defined as systems whose objective is not only to respect the transactions and data temporal constraints (as in real-time systems), but they also respect the logical consistency of the database (as in classical DBS). In a DBS, it is difficult to deal with real-time contraints in addition to the database logical consistency. On the other hand, real-time systems are not designed to meet transactions real-time constraints when there is a large amount of data. In the majority of previous works on RTBS, the systems are based on the flat transactions modle and the main aim is to respect the two kinds of constraints. In this model, a transaction is composed of two primitive operation : "read" and "write". If an operation fails, then the whole transaction is aborted and restarted, leading often the transaction to miss its deadline. Wa deduce from this that this model is not appropriate to RTDBS. Our contribution in this work has consisisted of developing protocols to manage the intra-transactions conflicts in both centralized and distributed environments. We've also developed an concurrency control protocol based on transaction urgency. Finally, we've proposed an hierarchical commit protocol which guarantees the uniform distributed transaction model based on imprecise computation. Each proposed protocol is evaluated and compared to the protocols proposed in the literature
Lefort, Sébastien. ""How much is 'about'?" modélisation computationnelle de l'interprétation cognitive des expressions numériques approximatives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066421.
Approximate Numerical Expressions (ANE) are imprecise linguistic expressions implying numerical values, illustrated by "about 100". We first focus on ANE interpretation, both in its human and computational aspects. After defining original arithmetical and cognitive dimensions allowing to characterize ANEs, we conducted an empirical study to collect the intervals of values denoted by ANEs. We show that the proposed dimensions are involved in ANE interpretation. In a second step, we proposed two interpretation models, based on the same principle of a compromise between the cognitive salience of the endpoints and their distance to the ANE reference value, formalized by Pareto frontiers. The first model estimates the denoted interval, the second one generates a fuzzy interval representing the associated imprecision. The experimental validation of the models, based on real data, show that they offer better performances than existing models. We also show the relevance of the fuzzy model by implementing it in the framework of flexible database queries. We then show, by the mean of an empirical study, that the semantic context has little effect on the collected intervals. Finally, we focus on the additions and products of ANE, for instance to assess the area of a room whose walls are "about 10" and "about 20 meters" long. We conducted an empirical study whose results indicate that the imprecisions associated with the operands are not taken into account during the calculations
Billot, Antoine. "Préférence imprécise et équilibres économiques : une analyse axiomatique". Dijon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988DIJOE005.
Raddaoui, Saber. "Le précis et l’indécis dans les textes de Samuel Beckett, Maurice Blanchot et Robert Pinget". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080073.
Accurate and indecisive, this is the object of a questioning on the lability of the work and inscribes the scriptural quest in places of ambiguity. It is essentially around this problematic duality that the work of writing unfolds in the prose texts of Samuel Beckett, Maurice Blanchot and Robert Pinget. For the novelists of the fifties, the requirement to describe what they see, hear and feel seems a priority. Each one has his way of approaching the writing and to inscribe the secrets of its hatching. If we can therefore speak about the works of our three authors off the beaten path, nothing prevents us from problematizing the notions of precise and undecided in the light of a diversified approach by drawing inspiration from narratology, semiotics, poetics , without forgetting the contribution of philosophical reading through the theoretical texts of Descartes, Hegel, Gilles Deleuze, Derrida, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot, Emmanuel Levinas and all those who wanted to express the complexity inherent in the work of writing. It is a question of studying the specificities of a writing in gestation that takes shape and consistency in its paradoxes. Our aim is thus to identify the relationship that is formed between the three writers in writing, which leads us to reflect on the two precise / undecided notions in the texts of our corpus. It is a matter of questioning what delimits the two notions and makes it possible to think about the question of the truth
Amarger, Stéphane. "Propagation des contraintes avec des probabilités conditionnelles imprécises". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30130.
Ramdani, Mohammed. "Système d'induction formelle à base de connaissances imprécises". Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066237.
Girard, Régis. "Classification conceptuelle sur des données arborescentes et imprécises". La Réunion, 1997. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/97_08_Girard.pdf.
Ha-Duong, Minh. "Modèles de précaution en économie: introduction aux probabilités imprécises". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007520.
Thomopoulos, Rallou. "Représentation et interrogation élargie de données imprécises et faiblement structurées". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0018.
This work is part of a project applied to predictive microbiology, which is built on a database and on its querying system. The data used in the project are weakly structured, they may be imprecise, and cannot provide exact answers to every query, so that a flexible querying system is necessary for the querying of the database. We use the conceptual graph model in order to take into account weakly structured data, and fuzzy set theory, in order to represent imprecise data and fuzzy queries. The purpose of this work is to provide a combination of these two formalisms
Chahuara, Pedro. "Contrôle intelligent de la domotique à partir d'informations temporelles multisources imprécises et incertaines". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956372.
Ghorbel, Fatma. "Dialogue graphique intelligent, fondé sur une ontologie, pour une prothèse de mémoire". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1181/document.
In the context of this thesis, we propose a “smart” memory prosthesis, called CAPTAIN MEMO, to help Alzheimer’s disease patients to palliate mnesic problems. It is based on a temporal, fuzzy and multilingual ontology named MemoFuzzyOnto. It provides accessible user interfaces to this demographic. To design these interfaces, we propose a methodology named InterfaceToAlz which serves as an information base for guiding and evaluating the design of user interfaces for Alzheimer’s disease patients. It identifies 146 design guidelines.Besides, we propose an ontology visualization tool called Memo Graph which offers an accessible and understandable visualization to Alzheimer’s disease patients. In fact, in the context of CAPTAIN MEMO, there is a need to generate the patient entourage/family tree from its personal data structured according to MemoFuzzyOnto. Memo Graph is based on our design guidelines and our approach, named Incremental Key-Instances Extraction and Visualisation, to extract and visualize descriptive instance summarizations from a given ontology and generate “summary instance graphs” from the most important data. It supports Linked Data visualization and scaling.Furthermore, we propose a typology of the imperfection of the data entered (mainly due to the memory discordance caused by this disease), and a methodology to allow false data entry. We propose a believability model and an approach called Data Believability Estimation for Applications to Alzheimer Patients to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the believability of each data entered. Finally, CAPTAIN MEMO allows imprecise time intervals entry. We propose two approaches: a crisp-based approach and a fuzzy-based approach. The first one uses only crisp standards and tools and is modeled in OWL 2. The second approach is based on fuzzy sets theory and fuzzy tools and is modeled in Fuzzy-OWL 2. For the two approaches, we extend the 4D-fluents model to represent imprecise time intervals and qualitative interval relations. Then, we extend the Allen’s interval algebra to compare imprecise time interval in the context of MemoFuzzyOnto. Our contributions are implemented and evaluated. We evaluated the service of CAPTAIN MEMO which has the aim to stimulate the patient’s memory, the accessibility of its user interfaces, the efficiency of our approach to estimate quantitatively the believability of each data entered and the visualization generated with Memo Graph. We also evaluated Memo Graph with domain expert users
Chahuara, Quispe Pedro. "Contrôle intelligent de la domotique à partir d'informations temporelles multi sources imprécises et incertaines". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957941.
Bobrowicz, Odile. "La représentation et l'utilisation de connaissances imprécises pour l'aide à la conduite de procédés". Besançon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BESA2010.
Wyss, Eric. "TAIGER, un générateur de systèmes experts adapté au traitement de données incertaines et imprécises". Toulouse, INPT, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988INPT078H.
Séchet, Etienne. "Modélisation d'une connaissance imprécise sur les influences des conditions météorologiques dans la propagation du son, à partir de données expérimentales". Paris 9, 1996. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1996PA090026.
Darwich, Ali. "Approche pixel de la soustraction d'arrière-plan en vidéo, basée sur un mélange de gaussiennes imprécises". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0479/document.
Moving objects detection is a very important step for many applications such as human behavior analysis surveillance, model-based action recognition, road traffic monitoring, etc. Background subtraction is a popular approach, but difficult given that it must overcome many obstacles, such as dynamic background changes, brightness variations, occlusions, and so on. In the presented works, we focused on this problem of objects/background segmentation, using a type-2 fuzzy modeling to manage the inaccuracy of the model and the data. The proposed method models the state of each pixel using an imprecise and scalable Gaussian mixture model, which is exploited by several fuzzy classifiers to ultimately estimate the pixel class at each image. More precisely, this decision takes into account the history of its evolution, but also its spatial neighborhood and its possible displacements in the preceding images. Then we compared the proposed method with other close methods, including methods based on a gaussian mixture model, fuzzy based methods, or ACP type methods. This comparison allowed us to assess its good performances, and to propose some perspectives to this work
Pelletier, Jean-Pierre. "Les composantes de l'entraînement à l'improvisation actives dans la gestion des imprévus en classe du secondaire". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/582.
Bourgeon, Léonore. "Mécanismes cognitifs et rôle du collectif dans la persévération : gestion d'événements imprévus dans l'activité de pilotage militaire". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651475.
Mfouka, Hilarion Josaphat. "Contribution à la modélisation des préférences imprécises par une approche relationnelle et essai d'application à l'analyse multicritère". Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOE015.
Any decision is based on a preference system implicitely or explicitely ensueing from some criterias. This work deals with preference study and decision-making phase relating to an imprecise environment whose actors only have imprecise or relatively indetermined knowledge. It follows that their discrimination power of preference option is nuanced and imprecise. Therefore, we have analysed an imprecise preference system - by means of specific concepts whose no order structure and relational component and state - and imprecise or relatively indetermined criterias defined from imprecise freshold or preference discrimination domains. In our analysis or modelisation processes for multicriteria decision, we have used imprecise mathematics models
Soltan, Ezzeddine. "De la gestion des événements imprévus à l'opportunité d'une innovation concertée entre la conception et la production". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL017N.
Bourgeon, Léonore. "Mécanismes cognitifs et rôle du collectif dans la persévération : gestion d’événements imprévus dans l’activité de pilotage militaire". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20047/document.
This research deals about the cognitive mechanisms of perseveration during management of dynamic and risky systems. The thesis asserted is that perseveration in the application of an inadequate plan of actions results from a cognitive compromise oriented toward “automatic thinking” leading to incorrect representation of the situation and under-estimation of the resources needed to handle it. The activation of “controlled thinking”, essential to new situation adaptation, would be favoured by argued discussion about divergent opinions within the team. In order to test it, three studies have been conducted within military piloting. They were based on analyses of: accident reports, decision processes during static flight simulation and verbal interactions during dynamic simulation.They showed that perseveration is linked to the implication of automatic thinking which operates at three levels of the decision process: Information non-detection, incorrect interpretation of the situation and use of procedures. The limited resources available, induced by high workload, play an important role in the occurrence of perseveration whereas argumentation about its viewpoints improves flexibility. Hence, when the management of unexpected events requires a high cognitive cost, resources management is a key element of perseveration. Avenues of research concerning verbal communication are proposed in order to improve exploitation of the collective resources and thus improve perseveration behaviours recovery
Ghorbel, Fatma. "Dialogue graphique intelligent, fondé sur une ontologie, pour une prothèse de mémoire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1181.
In the context of this thesis, we propose a “smart” memory prosthesis, called CAPTAIN MEMO, to help Alzheimer’s disease patients to palliate mnesic problems. It is based on a temporal, fuzzy and multilingual ontology named MemoFuzzyOnto. It provides accessible user interfaces to this demographic. To design these interfaces, we propose a methodology named InterfaceToAlz which serves as an information base for guiding and evaluating the design of user interfaces for Alzheimer’s disease patients. It identifies 146 design guidelines.Besides, we propose an ontology visualization tool called Memo Graph which offers an accessible and understandable visualization to Alzheimer’s disease patients. In fact, in the context of CAPTAIN MEMO, there is a need to generate the patient entourage/family tree from its personal data structured according to MemoFuzzyOnto. Memo Graph is based on our design guidelines and our approach, named Incremental Key-Instances Extraction and Visualisation, to extract and visualize descriptive instance summarizations from a given ontology and generate “summary instance graphs” from the most important data. It supports Linked Data visualization and scaling.Furthermore, we propose a typology of the imperfection of the data entered (mainly due to the memory discordance caused by this disease), and a methodology to allow false data entry. We propose a believability model and an approach called Data Believability Estimation for Applications to Alzheimer Patients to estimate qualitatively and quantitatively the believability of each data entered. Finally, CAPTAIN MEMO allows imprecise time intervals entry. We propose two approaches: a crisp-based approach and a fuzzy-based approach. The first one uses only crisp standards and tools and is modeled in OWL 2. The second approach is based on fuzzy sets theory and fuzzy tools and is modeled in Fuzzy-OWL 2. For the two approaches, we extend the 4D-fluents model to represent imprecise time intervals and qualitative interval relations. Then, we extend the Allen’s interval algebra to compare imprecise time interval in the context of MemoFuzzyOnto. Our contributions are implemented and evaluated. We evaluated the service of CAPTAIN MEMO which has the aim to stimulate the patient’s memory, the accessibility of its user interfaces, the efficiency of our approach to estimate quantitatively the believability of each data entered and the visualization generated with Memo Graph. We also evaluated Memo Graph with domain expert users
Rossazza, Jean-Paul. "Utilisation de hiérarchies de classes floues pour la représentation de connaissances imprécises et sujettes à exceptions : le système "SORCIER"". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30106.
Petit, Renaud Simon. "Application de la théorie des croyances et des systèmes flous à l'estimation fonctionnelle en présence d'informations incertaines ou imprécises". Compiègne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999COMP1237.
Pontet, Thierry. "Représentation et utilisation de connaissances incertaines et-ou imprécises : application au développement du méta-generateur de systemes experts TrInOMeS". Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0057.
Many problems need, for their resolution, the management of uncertain and/or imprecise knowledge. So, theories must be developed ?. After having exposed some of them, we take more particularly an interest in the possibility theory (for uncertain) and fuzzy sts (for imprecise). Developments are proposed: use of imprecise uncertain values, constraint-based approach for uncertain or imprecise rules, … After having established the multiplicity and the non-universality of the methods, we present the TrInOMES system's architecture, expert systems mega-generator adapted to uncertain and/or imprecise reasoning, modular and declarative system achieving the integration of a set of techniques useful for this type reasoning (multi-expertise, viewpoints management, …). Examples of use of the system are presented as well as a demonstration model in which a module (corresponding to the multi-control aspect) has been realised
Baudrit, Cédric. "Représentation et propagation de connaissances imprécises et incertaines : application à l'évaluation des risques liés aux sites et aux sols pollués". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011933.
sur une évaluation des risques pour l'homme et l'environnement. Cette évaluation est effectuée à l'aide de modèles qui simulent le transfert de polluant depuis une source de pollution vers une cible vulnérable, pour différents scénarii d'exposition. La sélection des valeurs des paramètres de ces modèles s'appuie autant que possible sur les données recueillies lors des investigations de terrain (phase de diagnostic de site). Or pour des raisons de délais et de coûts, l'information recueillie lors de cette phase de diagnostic est toujours incomplète; elle est donc entachée d'incertitude. De même, les modèles de transferts et d'exposition présentent également des incertitudes à intégrer dans les procédures. Cette notion globale d'incertitude doit être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du risque pour que les résultats soient utiles lors la phase décisionnelle.
L'incertitude sur les paramètres peut avoir deux origines. La première provient du caractère aléatoire de l'information due à une variabilité naturelle résultant de phénomènes stochastiques. On parle alors d'incertitudes de variabilité ou d'incertitudes stochastiques. La seconde est liée au caractère imprécis de l'information lié à un manque de connaissance et qui résulte par exemple d'erreurs systématiques lors de mesures ou d'avis d'experts.
On parle alors d'incertitudes épistémiques. Dans le calcul de risque, ces deux notions sont souvent confondues alors qu'elles devraient être traitées de manière différente.
L'incertitude en évaluation des risques a surtout été appréhendée dans un cadre purement probabiliste.
Cela revient à supposer que la connaissance sur les paramètres des modèles est toujours de nature aléatoire (variabilité). Cette approche consiste à représenter les paramètres incertains par des distributions de probabilité uniques et à transmettre l'incertitude relative à ces paramètres sur celle du risque encouru par la cible, en appliquant en général la technique dite Monte Carlo. Si cette approche est bien connue, toute la difficulté tient à une définition cohérente des distributions de probabilité affectées aux paramètres par rapport à la connaissance disponible. En effet dans un contexte d'évaluation des risques liés à l'exposition aux polluants, l'information dont on dispose concernant certains paramètres est souvent de nature imprécise. Le calage d'une distribution de probabilité unique sur ce type de
connaissance devient subjectif et en partie arbitraire.
L'information dont on dispose réellement est souvent plus riche qu'un intervalle mais moins riche qu'une distribution de probabilité. En pratique, l'information de nature aléatoire est traitée de manière rigoureuse par les distributions de probabilité classiques. Celle de nature imprécise est traitée de manière rigoureuse par des familles de distributions de probabilité définies au moyen de paires de probabilités cumulées hautes et basses ou, à l'aide de théories plus récentes, au moyen de distributions de possibilité (aussi appelées intervalles flous) ou encore au moyen d'intervalles aléatoires utilisant les fonctions de croyance de Dempster-Shafer.
Un des premiers objectifs de ce travail est de promouvoir la cohérence entre la manière dont on représente la connaissance sur les paramètres
des modèles du risque et la connaissance dont on dispose réellement. Le deuxième objectif est de proposer différentes méthodes pour propager l'information de nature aléatoire et l'information de nature imprécise à travers les modèles du risque tout en essayant de tenir compte des dépendances entre les paramètres. Enfin, ces méthodes alternatives ont été testées sur des cas synthétiques puis sur des cas réels simplifiés, notamment pour proposer des moyens de présenter les résultats pour une phase décisionnelle:
- Calcul de dose : Transfert d'un polluant radioactif (le strontium) depuis le dépôt jusqu'à
l'homme, au travers de la consommation d'un aliment (le lait de vache).
- Risque toxique après un déversement accidentel de trichloréthylène (TCE) au dessus d'une nappe d'eau (modèle semi analytique).
- Risque pour la santé liée aux sols pollués par des retombées de plomb.
Grandhaye, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution au pilotage des actions qualité en atelier de production : par l'analyse du rôle des acteurs face aux événements imprévus". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_GRANDHAYE_J_P.pdf.
Blanc, Beyne Thibault. "Estimation de posture 3D à partir de données imprécises et incomplètes : application à l'analyse d'activité d'opérateurs humains dans un centre de tri". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0106.
In a context of study of stress and ergonomics at work for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, the company Ebhys wants to develop a tool for analyzing the activity of human operators in a waste sorting center, by measuring ergonomic indicators. To cope with the uncontrolled environment of the sorting center, these indicators are measured from depth images. An ergonomic study allows us to define the indicators to be measured. These indicators are zones of movement of the operator’s hands and zones of angulations of certain joints of the upper body. They are therefore indicators that can be obtained from an analysis of the operator’s 3D pose. The software for calculating the indicators will thus be composed of three steps : a first part segments the operator from the rest of the scene to ease the 3D pose estimation, a second part estimates the operator’s 3D pose, and the third part uses the operator’s 3D pose to compute the ergonomic indicators. First of all, we propose an algorithm that extracts the operator from the rest of the depth image. To do this, we use a first automatic segmentation based on static background removal and selection of a moving element given its position and size. This first segmentation allows us to train a neural network that improves the results. This neural network is trained using the segmentations obtained from the first automatic segmentation, from which the best quality samples are automatically selected during training. Next, we build a neural network model to estimate the operator’s 3D pose. We propose a study that allows us to find a light and optimal model for 3D pose estimation on synthetic depth images, which we generate numerically. However, if this network gives outstanding performances on synthetic depth images, it is not directly applicable to real depth images that we acquired in an industrial context. To overcome this issue, we finally build a module that allows us to transform the synthetic depth images into more realistic depth images. This image-to-image translation model modifies the style of the depth image without changing its content, keeping the 3D pose of the operator from the synthetic source image unchanged on the translated realistic depth frames. These more realistic depth images are then used to re-train the 3D pose estimation neural network, to finally obtain a convincing 3D pose estimation on the depth images acquired in real conditions, to compute de ergonomic indicators
Jouve, Guillaume. "Imprévus et pièges des cordes vibrantes chez D'Alembert (1755-1783) : doutes et certitudes sur les équations aux dérivées partielles, les séries et les fonctions". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00380952.
Mazier, Alexandre. "Optimisation Stochastique pour la gestion des lits d'hospitalisation sous incertitudes". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667076.
Cherki, Abdelkrim. "Prise en compte des imprécisions de modélisation en calculs de structures : Application aux conditions aux limites imprécises et à la localisation de défauts de modélisation". Valenciennes, 1998. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/474e9b39-832a-400e-a219-db000db4c112.
Patrix, Jérémy. "Détection de comportements à travers des modèles multi-agents collaboratifs, appliquée à l'évaluation de la situation, notamment en environnement asymétrique avec des données imprécises et incertaines". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00991091.
Drougard, Nicolas. "Exploiting imprecise information sources in sequential decision making problems under uncertainty". Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0037/document.
Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) define a useful formalism to express probabilistic sequentialdecision problems under uncertainty. When this model is used for a robotic mission, the system is defined as the featuresof the robot and its environment, needed to express the mission. The system state is not directly seen by the agent (therobot). Solving a POMDP consists thus in computing a strategy which, on average, achieves the mission best i.e. a functionmapping the information known by the agent to an action. Some practical issues of the POMDP model are first highlightedin the robotic context: it concerns the modeling of the agent ignorance, the imprecision of the observation model and thecomplexity of solving real world problems. A counterpart of the POMDP model, called pi-POMDP, simplifies uncertaintyrepresentation with a qualitative evaluation of event plausibilities. It comes from Qualitative Possibility Theory whichprovides the means to model imprecision and ignorance. After a formal presentation of the POMDP and pi-POMDP models,an update of the possibilistic model is proposed. Next, the study of factored pi-POMDPs allows to set up an algorithmnamed PPUDD which uses Algebraic Decision Diagrams to solve large structured planning problems. Strategies computedby PPUDD, which have been tested in the context of the competition IPPC 2014, can be more efficient than those producedby probabilistic solvers when the model is imprecise or for high dimensional problems. This thesis proposes some ways ofusing Qualitative Possibility Theory to improve computation time and uncertainty modeling in practice
Jean, Alain. "Le traitement des imprévus par les professeurs stagiaires de technologie en formation initiale à l'IUFM : Quels gestes d'ajustement en situation de classe ? Quelle utilisation pour leur développement professionnel ?" Phd thesis, Montpellier 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON30030.
Within the framework of teachers’ training, this research targets the way unexpected incidents are dealt with by new teachers and expert teachers in technology in secondary schools. That is why we try to clarify the concept of unexpected incidents and events to define a triptych that models the transformations made between unexpected incidents, phenomena and events. Thanks to these analyses, we single out the professional gestures that are used so as to handle the disturbance that has cropped up. Our approach is based on action in situation, work analysis, subject didactics and professional didactics. This research focusing on the activity of new teachers aims at improving their training. By analysing the results of the research, we show that unexpected incidents play an important part in the technology teacher’s activity. The analyses that have been carried out add some more elements to the description of the professional gestures of adjustment to cope with unexpected incidents. They detail how the teacher of technology uses speech pragmatism to adjust his teaching didactics to the unexpected incidents and to the unfolding of the lesson. We also show that language activities acted by the teachers through the professional gestures of adjustment are typical of both new teachers and expert teachers. We believe that we can understand the strategies and adjustments of the teachers thanks to the notion of the combination of professional gestures. These analyses eventually show that some gestures of adjustment and their combination are specifically related to the subject “secondary school technology” and to the activities given to the pupils
Sow, Diadié. "Contribution à l’évaluation et à l’amélioration multicritères en contexte incertain : application à la conception préliminaire". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS041/document.
In a highly competitive and unstable environment, manufacturers must constantly improve their products to remain competitive and satisfy their customers while minimizing incurred costs and risk taking at the design stage. At the early stages of (re-)engineering, performances forecasting of new product is complicated. Indeed, the impacts of any characteristic change on the product performance are not precisely known. Decision makers must thus identify the performances to be improved while limiting the engineering efforts spent on innovative upgrades. Although some theoretical worth indexes have been proposed in the multiple criteria decision-making literature to estimate the expectable gains when improving changes are planned, they generally rely on non-realistic assumptions on the achievability of the expected improvements that cannot hold in manufacturing contexts. Based on multi-criteria decision analysis techniques and uncertainty theory, this thesis proposes an extension of the worth index concept when the likelihood of the expected improvements is not precisely known as it is the case at the preliminary stages of design activities. This poor knowledge of the relationships between improvement actions and expected performances makes the issue “how to set ambitious targets when improving or designing product while these targets remain within the reach of the manufacturer” all the thornier. Thus, improvements to be focused on are those which both have a significant positive impact on product performance and correspond to operational changes properly under control by the manufacturer. While some approaches in the literature have already addressed each of the two aspects of the improvement problem, few deal with both of them at the same time. We investigate several qualitative and possibilistic approaches that conciliate both points of view as multi attributes optimization problems. The notion of interaction between any two objectives to be simultaneously satisfied is central in our framework. An illustrative example related to the design phase of autonomous robot is provided. This case study is issued from the robotic challenge Robafis that is organized annually by the French association of Systems Engineering AFIS to promote Systems Engineering practice in engineers’ schools