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1

Lamoreaux, B., M. Francis-Sedlak, K. Svensson e R. Holt. "OP0173 IMMUNOMODULATION CO-THERAPY WITH PEGLOTICASE: DATABASE TRENDS 2014-2019". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (giugno 2020): 108.2–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3893.

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Background:Pegloticase is a PEGylated biologic therapy for patients with uncontrolled gout who have not improved on or could not tolerate conventional urate-lowering therapies.1All biologics have the ability to engender anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and it is known that some patients given pegloticase develop ADAs that cause them to stop treatment prior to recieving a complete course of therapy.2-3In other rheumatic autoimmune diseases, DMARDs such as methotrexate or azathioprine are used as standard of care to prevent the development of ADAs to biologics. These DMARDs often allow patients to remain on biologic therapies longer and recieve the full therapeutic benefits while minimizing adverse events.4While pegloticase has been used traditionally as monotherapy, recent case series have demonstrated the therapeutic benefit of immunomodulator co-administration, allowing more patients to receive a full course of pegloticase therapy.5-6Little has been published on how widespread this practice is and whether it has changed over time.Objectives:To examine medical claims database from 2014-2019 for trends in immunomodulating therapies being co-prescribed with pegloticase.Methods:An IQVIA claims database (November 2014 to October 2019) representing 1.3 billion claims, covering 30 million patients diagnosed with gout or CKD, was utilized to search for patients who had received pegloticase. Patients who had recieved pegloticase were classified as having been on an immunomodulating co-therapy if they were prescribed methotrexate or azathioprine within 60 days before or after initiation of their first pegloticase infusion.Results:We found relatively steady low rates of immunomodulation co-therapy with pegloticase from 2014 through 2018 ranging from 1% in 2016 to 4% in 2018 (Figure 1). In 2019 however, the proportion of pegloticase patients that were co-treated with methotrexate or azathioprine therapy increased to 15%. Most patients were started on immunomodulating therapy 20 days before to 10 days after initiation of pegloticase. Methotrexate was the more frequently used immunomodulaton co-therapy as compared to azathioprine.Conclusion:We found evidence of a relatively dramatic increasing initiation of immunomodulation therapy with pegloticase beginning soon after a November 2018 presentation of a case series which demonstrated improved response rates of pegloticase when co-administered with methotrexate. These data indicate that clinicians began to more frequently employ a strategy of DMARD co-treatment with pegloticase in 2019 to improve response rates to this important gout medicine.References:[1]Sundy JS, et al.JAMA2011;306:711-20.[2]Abeles AM.Arthritis Research & Therapy2014, 16:112[3]Strand V, et al.BioDrugs2017; 31:299–316.[4]Krieckaert CL, et al.Arthritis Res Ther2010;12:217.[5]Botson J and Peterson J.Ann Rheum Dis.2019; 78: A1289.[6]Bessen SY, et al.Semin Arthritis Rheum.2019;49:56-61.Disclosure of Interests:Brian LaMoreaux Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics, Megan Francis-Sedlak Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics, Karl Svensson Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics, Robert Holt Shareholder of: Horizon Therapeutics, Employee of: Horizon Therapeutics
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2

Boitard, C. "Immunomodulation.." médecine/sciences 16, n. 12 (2000): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/10608/1587.

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Holland, S. "Immunomodulation". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2, n. 4 (1 agosto 2002): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4892(02)00188-1.

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&NA;. "Immunomodulation". Shock 10, Supplement (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199812001-00006.

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Jiao, Qing, Liwen Li, Qingxin Mu e Qiu Zhang. "Immunomodulation of Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine Applications". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/426028.

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Abstract (sommario):
Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising applications in medicine. Immune system is an important protective system to defend organisms from non-self matters. NPs interact with the immune system and modulate its function, leading to immunosuppression or immunostimulation. These modulating effects may bring benefits or danger. Compositions, sizes, and surface chemistry, and so forth, affect these immunomodulations. Here we give an overview of the relationship between the physicochemical properties of NPs, which are candidates to be applied in medicine, and their immunomodulation properties.
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Demase, Kathryn, Cassandra K. Monitto, Robert D. Little e Miles P. Sparrow. "The Role of Low-Dose Oral Methotrexate in Increasing Anti-TNF Drug Levels and Reducing Immunogenicity in IBD". Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, n. 13 (29 giugno 2023): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134382.

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Concomitant immunomodulation is utilised in combination with anti-TNF therapy for IBD primarily to increase drug levels and prevent anti-drug antibody formation. Whilst thiopurines have traditionally been the immunomodulator of choice in IBD populations, there are concerns regarding the long-term safety of the prolonged use of these agents: particularly an association with lymphoproliferative disorders. Given this, we have explored the existing literature on the use of low-dose oral methotrexate as an alternative immunomodulator for this indication. Although there is a lack of data directly comparing the efficacies of methotrexate and thiopurines as concomitant immunomodulators, the available literature supports the use of methotrexate in improving the pharmacokinetics of anti-TNF agents. Furthermore, low-dose oral methotrexate regimens appear to have comparable efficacies to higher-dose parenteral administration and are better tolerated. We suggest that clinicians should consider the use of low-dose oral methotrexate as an alternative to thiopurines when the primary purpose of concomitant immunomodulation is to improve anti-TNF pharmacokinetics.
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Patole, S., P. Vijayakumar e S. Jog. "Perinatal immunomodulation". Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 11, n. 5 (gennaio 2002): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/jmf.11.5.290.301.

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LOWELL, JEFFREY A., HOWARD L. PARNES e GEORGE L. BLACKBURN. "Dietary immunomodulation". Critical Care Medicine 18, Supplement (febbraio 1990): S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199002003-00010.

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House, Robert V., e Kenneth L. Hastings. "Multidimensional Immunomodulation". Journal of Immunotoxicology 1, n. 2 (gennaio 2004): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476910490503646.

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Pastore, Chiara. "Liver immunomodulation". Nature Nanotechnology 14, n. 3 (marzo 2019): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0410-5.

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11

Galbraith, Gillian M. P. "Therapeutic Immunomodulation". Dermatologic Clinics 6, n. 4 (ottobre 1988): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30634-x.

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Deupree, J. "Cancer Immunomodulation". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2, n. 4 (1 agosto 2002): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4892(02)00171-6.

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13

Deleplanque, B., e P. J. Neveu. "Neuro-immunomodulation". Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 11, n. 6 (gennaio 1992): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0750-7658(05)80788-9.

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Wybran, J. "Immunomodulation overview". Current Opinion in Immunology 1, n. 2 (dicembre 1988): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-7915(88)90009-x.

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Mazini, Loubna, Luc Rochette, Yousra Hamdan e Gabriel Malka. "Skin Immunomodulation during Regeneration: Emerging New Targets". Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, n. 2 (30 gennaio 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020085.

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Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSC) are present within the hypodermis and are also expected to play a pivotal role in wound healing, immunomodulation, and rejuvenation activities. They orchestrate, through their exosome, the mechanisms associated to cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell migration by upregulating genes implicated in different functions including skin barrier, immunomodulation, cell proliferation, and epidermal regeneration. ADSCs directly interact with their microenvironment and specifically the immune cells, including macrophages and T and B cells, resulting in differential inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms impacting, in return, ADSCs microenvironment and thus skin function. These useful features of ADSCs are involved in tissue repair, where the required cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses should occur rapidly in damaged sites. Different pathways involved have been reported such as Growth Differentiation Factor-11 (GDF11), Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β, Metalloproteinase (MMP), microRNA, and inflammatory cytokines that might serve as specific biomarkers of their immunomodulating capacity. In this review, we try to highlight ADSCs’ network and explore the potential indicators of their immunomodulatory effect in skin regeneration and aging. Assessment of these biomarkers might be useful and should be considered when designing new clinical therapies using ADSCs or their specific exosomes focusing on their immunomodulation activity.
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16

Ali, Karriem H., Angelica B. Melillo, Susanna M. Leonard, Deshratn Asthana, Judi M. Woolger, Aaron H. Wolfson, H. McDaniel e John E. Lewis. "An open-label, randomized clinical trial to assess the immunomodulatory activity of a novel oligosaccharide compound in healthy adults". Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2, n. 7 (28 luglio 2012): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v2i7.84.

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Abstract (sommario):
Background: Rice Bran Arabinoxylan Compound (RBAC) is a nutritional supplement produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose B derived from rice bran. Several in vitro studies and clinical reports have shown RBAC to possess promising immunomodulating effects, specifically with respect to natural killer cell and cytokine activity. The concept of a true immunomodulator is an agent possessing a broad range of activity dependent upon the existing state of health and immunity in the individual host. The present study investigated the immunomodulatory effect of RBAC in a healthy adult human population over 60 days by assessing changes in natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and cytokines and growth factors. Subjects participated in a two-group, randomized intervention, where one group (n=10) consumed 1 gram/day and the other (n=10) consumed 3 gram/day. Safety and tolerability of RBAC were assessed with total bilirubin, total protein, creatinine, and liver function tests.Results: We found that both groups had similar responses for NKCC, cytokines, and growth factors. The NKCC peaked at 1 week, whereas interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1α, -1β, -8, and -10, and epidermal growth factor peaked at 30 days. All subjects tolerated the supplement without any adverse reactions.Conclusions: Our results showed transient, bi-directional, immune marker effects consistent with true, multifactorial immunomodulation rather than simply immunostimulation or immunosuppression. Given our findings, the immunomodulatory activity of RBAC merits study in conditions where the immune system is functionally compromised (e.g., otherwise-healthy smokers and HIV/AIDS or cancer patients). RBAC may not only help to destroy tumor cells and viruses directly, but also increase the activity of immune cells, thereby optimizing the immune system, especially NKCC, which can increase the chance and speed of host recovery.Keywords: Rice bran, arabinoxylan compound, activity of immune cells, immunomodulation, HIV/AIDS, and cancer
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17

Pang, De-Jiang, Chao Huang, Mei-Ling Chen, Yu-Long Chen, Yu-Ping Fu, Berit Paulsen, Frode Rise et al. "Characterization of Inulin-Type Fructan from Platycodon grandiflorus and Study on Its Prebiotic and Immunomodulating Activity". Molecules 24, n. 7 (27 marzo 2019): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071199.

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Abstract (sommario):
Platycodon grandiflorus is a plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, of which polysaccharides are reported to be the main components responsible for its bio-functions. In this work, the inulin-type fructan (PGF) was obtained by DEAE anion exchange chromatography from the water extracted from P. grandifloras. Characterization was performed with methanolysis, methylation, and NMR and the results showed that PGF is a β-(2-1) linked fructan, with terminal glucose and with a degree of polymerization of 2–10. In order to study its biofunctions, the prebiotic and immunomodulation properties were assayed. We found that PGF exhibited good prebiotic activity, as shown by a promotion on six strains of lactobacillus proliferation. Additionally, the PGF also displayed direct immunomodulation on intestinal epithelial cells and stimulated the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors. These results indicated that the inulin from P. grandiflorus is a potential natural source of prebiotics as well as a potential intestinal immunomodulator, which will be valuable for further studies and new applications.
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18

Silvestri, Guido. "NATURALLY OCCURRING IMMUNOMODULATION". JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 42, n. 3 (luglio 2006): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000235610.68619.50.

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&NA;. "Immunomodulation in IDDM". Inpharma Weekly &NA;, n. 1035 (maggio 1996): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199610350-00018.

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20

Górski, Andrzej, Krystyna Dąbrowska, Ryszard Międzybrodzki, Beata Weber-Dąbrowska, Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska, Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak e Jan Borysowski. "Phages and immunomodulation". Future Microbiology 12, n. 10 (agosto 2017): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2017-0049.

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21

Tetta, C., G. Camussi, F. Mariano, G. Triolo e A. Vercellone. "Immunomodulation and Biomaterials". Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology 21, n. 2 (gennaio 1993): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10731199309117362.

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22

Wada, Haruka, Satoshi Kojo e Ken-ichiro Seino. "Research Highlights: Immunomodulation". Immunotherapy 1, n. 5 (settembre 2009): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt.09.49.

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23

Das, Dipanwita, Amrut Kumar Roul, Soubhagya Muduli, Sudhanya Nath e Girija Prasanna Sabat. "Immunomodulation in poultry". Pharma Innovation 9, n. 9 (1 settembre 2020): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2020.v9.i9g.5167.

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24

Sun, Qingshen, Xiaoli Liu e Xiuliang Li. "Peptidoglycan-based immunomodulation". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, n. 3 (25 gennaio 2022): 981–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11795-4.

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25

Knopf, Paul M. "Immunomodulation and Allergy". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 21, n. 4 (1 luglio 2000): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854100778248836.

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Karimi, Mohammad Hossein, Padideh Ebadi e Zahra Amirghofran. "Parsley and immunomodulation". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 8, n. 4 (maggio 2012): 295–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eci.12.12.

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Bal, Salih Haldun. "Transfusion-Related Immunomodulation". Turkish Journal of Immunology 4, n. 3 (24 gennaio 2017): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tji.2016.525.

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28

Cabioğlu, Mehmet T., e B. Eren Cetin. "Acupuncture and Immunomodulation". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 36, n. 01 (gennaio 2008): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x08005552.

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Abstract (sommario):
Acupuncture is a well-known form of Asian medical treatment and it is used not only as an effective curative method but also to prevent illness and mai ntain health. It is used for the production of analgesic effect; stress related physical-mental disorders and homeostasis. Electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation, an application of electrical current on acupuncture needles, is one of the most popular types of this traditional therapy. In recent years, intensive studies have been carried out to explain the underlying mechanisms of the efficacy of acupuncture. An increase in the release of endogen opioid peptides is generally accepted to be a keystone pathway that affects the immune system after the acupuncture application. To understand the huge gap between specific skin point applications and immune responses, a vast number of accumulating data of experimental and clinical studies in the literature have been collected. This paper reviews the data to explain the updated mechanisms related to immune modulation via acupuncture therapy.
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29

ROBERTS, JOAN E. "Light and Immunomodulation". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 917, n. 1 (25 gennaio 2006): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05408.x.

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30

Stevens, D. A., J. E. Domer, R. B. Ashman, R. Blackstock e E. Brummer. "Immunomodulation in mycoses". Medical Mycology 32, s1 (gennaio 1994): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681219480000881.

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31

Youssef, Lyla A., e Steven L. Spitalnik. "Transfusion-related immunomodulation". Current Opinion in Hematology 24, n. 6 (novembre 2017): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/moh.0000000000000376.

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Nimmerjahn, Falk. "Immunomodulation of immunothrombocytopenia". Seminars in Hematology 53 (aprile 2016): S10—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.04.004.

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Foster, Aiden P. "Immunomodulation and immunodeficiency". Veterinary Dermatology 15, n. 2 (aprile 2004): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00363.x.

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34

Lawrence, David A., e Michael J. McCabe. "Immunomodulation by metals". International Immunopharmacology 2, n. 2-3 (febbraio 2002): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00180-1.

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35

ZELIKOFF, JUDITH T., RALPH SMIALOWICZ, PIERLUIGI E. BIGAZZI, ROBERT A. GOYER, DAVID A. LAWRENCE, HOWARD I. MAIBACH e DONALD GARDNER. "Immunomodulation by Metals". Toxicological Sciences 22, n. 1 (1994): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/22.1.1.

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36

Reardon, David A., Patrick Y. Wen, Kai W. Wucherpfennig e John H. Sampson. "Immunomodulation for glioblastoma". Current Opinion in Neurology 30, n. 3 (giugno 2017): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000451.

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Roszkowski, W., K. Roszkowski, H. L. Ko, J. Beuth e J. Jeljaszewicz. "Immunomodulation by Propionibacteria". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 274, n. 3 (dicembre 1990): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80686-9.

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38

DHAM, SK. "IMMUNOMODULATION — CLINICAL APPLICATIONS". Medical Journal Armed Forces India 51, n. 3 (luglio 1995): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30954-1.

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Borel, J. F., e P. C. Hiestand. "Immunomodulation: particular perspectives". Transplantation Proceedings 31, n. 3 (maggio 1999): 1464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00009-3.

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40

Rush, Bonnie R., e M. Julia B. F. Flaminio. "Immunomodulation in Horses". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 16, n. 1 (aprile 2000): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30126-8.

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41

Ellul, P., e R. Delorme. "Immunomodulation et TSA". French Journal of Psychiatry 1 (novembre 2018): S45—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2590-2415(19)30110-2.

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42

Pulverer, G., H. L. Ko, K. Roszkowski, W. Roszkowski e J. Jeljaszewicz. "Immunomodulation by propionibacteria". Clinical Immunology Newsletter 6, n. 4 (aprile 1985): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-1859(85)80014-5.

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43

Kuiper, Johan. "Immunomodulation of atherosclerosis". Vascular Pharmacology 56, n. 5-6 (maggio 2012): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2011.08.093.

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44

Cohen, Sheldon G. "Measles and immunomodulation". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121, n. 2 (febbraio 2008): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1152.

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45

Reber, Paul M. "Prolactin and immunomodulation". American Journal of Medicine 95, n. 6 (dicembre 1993): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(93)90360-2.

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46

Perdue, Mary H. "Immunomodulation of Epithelium". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 10, n. 4 (1996): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/937461.

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Abstract (sommario):
Many studies have provided evidence that the immune system is a key regulatory system of intestinal function. The interaction of immune cells with the gut epithelium plays an important role in host defence, acting to eliminate pathogens, antigens and other noxious material from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. During inflammatory conditions of the gut, the mucosa becomes packed with immune cells in close proximity to the enterocytes. Mediators released from these cells have profound effects on epithelial functions. The two main functions of the intestinal epithelium are to transport nutrients, ions and water, and to act as a barrier to prevent unimpeded uptake of antigenic material and microbes from the lumen. Both these functions are altered by immune reactions in response to various stimuli. Topics discussed include mast cells and epithelial function; mast cell-nerve interaction; mast cell activation; neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages; T cells; and prostaglandins and immune cell activation.
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47

Robertson, Sarah A. "Immunomodulation in implantation". Placenta 36, n. 4 (aprile 2015): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.382.

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48

Männel, D. N., e B. Echtenacher. "SEPSIS - INDUCED IMMUNOMODULATION." Shock 12, Supplement (novembre 1999): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199911001-00092.

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49

Vamvakas, Eleftherios C. "Transfusion-Related Immunomodulation:." Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Medicine 4, n. 2 (aprile 2002): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1778-428x.2002.tb00060.x.

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50

Sanders, Robert D., Tracy Hussell e Mervyn Maze. "Sedation & Immunomodulation". Anesthesiology Clinics 29, n. 4 (dicembre 2011): 687–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2011.09.008.

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