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Pereira Cavalheiro, Alesson. "MOLECULAR BIOLOGY APPLIED TO THE FORENSIC AREA". Journal of Interdisciplinary Debates 5, n. 01 (16 febbraio 2024): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51249/jid.v5i01.1892.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The analysis of DNA samples to solve crimes is something widely oberved in films and fiction series, however, does this really happen in everyday life? The present work consists of a bibliographical review, the objective of which is to provide a historical review of the development of Molecular Biology, its use in the forensic field and the main techniques used by it. In this sense, it is noted that the development of this science, as well as the techniques and methodologies it carries out, accompany the technological development and tools available to it. The use of DNA, which once began with the aim of identifying immigrants, is now used in a variety of techniques to blame or discriminate against criminal suspects. Although it is advanced and this work describes some of the techniques used by molecular biology, many others can be characterized to understand the future of this science within criminal investigation.
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Linda Haverty Rugg. "Displacing Crimes against Nature: Scandinavian Ecocrime Fiction". Scandinavian Studies 89, n. 4 (2017): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.89.4.0597.
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Bunar, Nihad. "Hate Crimes Against Immigrants in Sweden and Community Responses". American Behavioral Scientist 51, n. 2 (ottobre 2007): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764207306049.
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Iwama, Janice A. "Understanding hate crimes against immigrants: Considerations for future research". Sociology Compass 12, n. 3 (15 febbraio 2018): e12565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12565.
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Naidu, Sam. "Crimes against nature: Ecocritical discourse in south african crime fiction". Scrutiny2 19, n. 2 (3 luglio 2014): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18125441.2014.950599.
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Abbas, Abbas. "The Racist Fact against American-Indians in Steinbeck’s The Pearl". ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 3, n. 3 (25 settembre 2020): 376–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v3i3.11347.
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the social conditions of Indians as Native Americans for the treatment of white people who are immigrants from Europe in America. This research explores aspects of the reality of Indian relations with European immigrants in America that have an impact on discriminatory actions against Indians in John Steinbeck's novel The Pearl. Social facts are traced through fiction as part of the genetics of literary works. The research method used is genetic structuralism, a literary research method that traces the origin of the author's imagination in his fiction. The imagination is considered a social reality that reflects events in people's lives. The research data consist of primary data in the form of literary works, and secondary data are some references that document the background of the author's life and social reality. The results of this research indicate that racist acts as part of American social facts are documented in literary works. The situation of poor Indians and displaced people in slums is a social fact witnessed by John Steinbeck as the author of the novel The Pearl through an Indian fictional character named Kino. Racism is an act of white sentiment that discriminates against Native Americans, namely the Indian community.
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Putri, Respati Triana, e Nanda Bayu Pamungkas. "Indonesia's Selective Policy Against Illegal Immigrants In The Framework Of Asean Cooperation". Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, n. 1 (29 maggio 2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.187.
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The chaos that has occurred in several countries has resulted in population displacement aimed at finding new safe and conducive places to live. For example, this chaos is like war, bloody conflict, genocide, and so on. So that many people from conflict countries migrate to other countries to achieve a better standard of living. However, sometimes they do the migration without following the procedure or they are called illegal immigrants. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and transit countries where the geographical condition of Indonesia which is in the form of an archipelago makes access to and out of the country more freely and open. With this, the potential for transnational (transnational) crime increases. The potential of the Indonesian state in the occurrence of transnational crimes is an interesting matter to discuss. In this paper, the authors use normative legal research methods with qualitative data collection juxtaposed with descriptive analysis techniques so that the existing problems regarding transnational crimes can be presented comprehensively and informatively. So to deal with this problem, countries in ASEAN are demanded to be able to play an active role in taking preventive steps to prevent and minimize transnational crime in ASEAN countries and Indonesia.
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Muñoz-Valdivieso, Sofia. "Slavery fiction in Britain". Journal of European Studies 50, n. 2 (18 maggio 2020): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244120918481.
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This article analyses significant examples of slavery fiction published in Britain by writers who have family links to Africa and the Caribbean. As children of immigrants who had come to Britain after World War II, Caryl Phillips, David Dabydeen, Fred D’Aguiar, Andrea Levy and Bernardine Evaristo shared the uncertainties of coming of age in a society that offered no space for their identities as individuals with roots in other continents. This article reviews some of their fictions and considers them as a group in their re-creation of British involvement in the slave trade and slavery. They refocus the lens of history and present the perspectives of African enslaved and free individuals in stories of human suffering but also of agency and resistance. These fictions reconstruct the role of slavery in the British past as they write against traditional abolition-oriented narratives of the nation.
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Navarro, Nadia Tapia. "Collective Reparations and the Limitations of International Criminal Justice to Respond to Mass Atrocity". International Criminal Law Review 18, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2018): 67–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01801006.
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Crimes under international criminal law (icl) are complex and are necessarily committed by complex nets of perpetrators with different degrees of responsibility. Claims have been raised against icl as a mechanism overly focused on the legal fiction of an individual perpetrator, obscuring the true collective dimension of the crimes. Despite these criticisms, icl has incorporated a mechanism to address this collective dimension, at least on the side of the victims: collective reparations. However, the emerging use of collective reparations faces important challenges in an avenue based on an individual-perpetrator logic. Here, I identify current difficulties in the early practice of collective reparations in international criminal justice. These difficulties relate mainly with procedural issues and the role of the ‘adjunct mechanisms’ such as the Trust Fund for Victims (tfv). I submit that these difficulties reflect the inherent tensions present in the asymmetrical treatment of the collective dimension of the crimes
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Slack (史义华), Edward R. "New Perspectives on Manila’s Chinese Community at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century". Journal of Chinese Overseas 17, n. 1 (8 aprile 2021): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341436.
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Abstract This article reexamines the political dynamic within Manila’s Parián (Chinatown) in the early eighteenth century, challenging the “conventional” paradigm of Christian Chinese monopolization of power. The centerpiece of my research focuses on a judicial case initiated by the Chinese community against Pedro Barredo, a Spanish official charged with committing a variety of sadistic crimes against Chinese merchants and their families in 1701. It also analyzes the psychological rationale undergirding Spain’s systemic racism against Chinese immigrants responsible for the colony’s economic prosperity. Utilizing unpublished documents from the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain, and the National Archives of the Philippines in Manila, this new perspective fills in significant details missing from scholarly literature regarding the Chinese Overseas experience in Manila prior to 1800.
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Kostyleva, Aleksandra. "Socioeconomic factors of the instances of crime among “new” immigration in the United States (late XIX – early XX centuries)". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, n. 4 (aprile 2020): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33156.
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The primary task of this research is to elucidate the reasons for stereotyping “new” immigrants as dangerous criminals and anarchists in society of the United States. The subject of this research is criminality within the immigration environment, while the object is the immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia who came to the United States in the second half of the XIX century and surpassed the immigrants from Western and Northern Europe. The author refers to the analysis of social and economic situation of “new” immigrants as the factors that impacted the rise of crime rate in the immigrant quarters. Special attention is given to organized criminal activity and radical political movements, as well as their influence upon the public image of “new” immigrants. The conclusion is made that the representatives of “new” immigration were involved in various unlawful actions, from minor administrative offenses and crimes against private property to murders, robberies and creation of organized criminal communities. An important place among the factors that affected criminalization of immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia was held by social isolation of immigrant communities, problematic assimilation, and tough economic situation due to intense competition on the job market and high unemployment rate. At the same time, “new” immigrants were no different from the local dwellers in disposition to commit crime: criminal rate among immigrants did not exceed average in the country.
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Chung, Rita Chi-Ying, Fred Bemak e Tomoko Kudo Grabosky. "Multicultural-Social Justice Leadership Strategies: Counseling and Advocacy with Immigrants". Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology 3, n. 1 (1 aprile 2011): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.3.1.86-102.
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Immigration in the United States has been steadily increasing. Accompanying the largest influx of migrants into the U.S. during the past 20 years have been stereotypes and myths about immigrant populations. Growing concern about the shifting demographics has resulted in political debates on immigration, discrimination, hate crimes, and escalating controversy about undocumented people, all of which has caused strong proponents for and strong opponents against stringent migrant policies and legislation. Changing demographics, policies, and falsehoods about migrants have led to increased mental health concerns within the migrant groups that require counselors and psychologists to understand and effectively work with the unique needs of migrants in culturally responsive ways. This article dispels some of the myths about immigrants and provides examples of culturally responsive interventions specifically targeting the distinctive experiences of migrant populations. Recommendations on advocacy activities and strategies for this group are also provided.
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Duha, Mesniar Novrina Sari, Ramon Nofrial, Darwis Anatami, Erniyanti e Soerya Respationo. "Juridical Analysis of Law Enforcement Against Perpetrators of Criminal Acts Human Smuggling (Research Study of the General Criminal Investigation Directorate of the National Police)". International Journal of Sustainability in Research 1, n. 4 (11 novembre 2023): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijsr.v1i4.725.
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One of the cross-border crimes that often utilize Indonesian territory as a transit point is human smuggling, popularly known as people smuggling. Human smuggling is classified as a transnational organized crime with a wide area of operation. Indonesia is one of the areas of the country targeted by illegal immigrants before being smuggled to their destination, namely countries on the Australian continent. This phenomenon has made human smuggling a criminal offense taken very seriously by all levels of the world community. In less than two decades, significant changes in Indonesia's strategic environment in the form of upheaval in the Asian region have encouraged human smuggling crimes and become one of the most exciting types of transnational crimes. Riau Islands, as one of the provinces in Indonesia, is a strategic area that has sea borders with Singapore and Malaysia, causing Riau Islands to become a stopover place for illegal migrants and the perpetrators so that there are many human smuggling mafias roaming around looking for victims. One of the factors triggering human smuggling that is difficult to eradicate and still occurs today in the Riau Islands is the existence of sectoral egos and various forms of modus operandi carried out by human smugglers.
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Maria Vianey Gunu Gokok, Tanti Nurgiyanti, Diansari Solihah Amini e Yeyen Subandi. "Peran Pos Lintas Batas Negara Motamasin dalam Mengatasi Imigran Ilegal di Wilayah Perbatasan RI-RDTL". SOSMANIORA: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 2, n. 1 (24 marzo 2023): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/sosmaniora.v2i1.1695.
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Transnational crime is defined as a criminal act or crime that crosses the borders of a country and can threaten the sovereignty of that country. Based on the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime (UN TOC), illegal immigrants are included in one of the transnational crimes. This study aims to examine the role of the Motamasin PLBN in overcoming the problem of Illegal Immigrants in the border region of the Republic of Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste. In the description, this study uses a qualitative method, and the concept of transnational crime and the concept of the role of the state. PLBN as a border gate was built as an effort to maintain order in border areas so that as a representation of the state in areas bordering other countries, PLBN takes an important role in upholding state sovereignty and improving the welfare of people in border areas. In dealing with Illegal Immigrants, PLBN Motamasin acts as a coordinator and facilitator between immigration and neighboring country cross-border posts to carry out various Immigration Administrative Actions against foreigners who violate the Indonesian Immigration Law.
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Huang, Rong, e Xiaotian Jin. "Reproducing and Resisting Sexual Violence: Narrative, Genre, and Power Structure in Fang Siqi's First Love Paradise". Biography 45, n. 4 (2022): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2022.a910379.
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Abstract: In her semi-autobiographical novel Fang Siqi's First Love Paradise , Lin Yihan weaves her own traumatic experience of being sexually abused into a powerful narrative that sheds light on the pervasive acquiescence to violence against women in patriarchal cultures. Focusing on the sociocultural factors behind sexual violence, this article examines certain forms of narrative and literary genre, as revealed in the novel, that can be manipulated by male perpetrators and thus play a complicit role in reproducing crimes. But by blurring the divide between fiction and nonfiction, the reception and massive readership of the novel attest to a sort of narrative solidarity against sexual violence, making it an iconic text of the contemporary feminist movement in East Asia.
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Sierra Becerra, Diana Carolina. "Harvesting Hope". Meridians 19, n. 1 (1 aprile 2020): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8117812.
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Abstract This 2018 report reviews the organizing model of the Pioneer Valley Workers Center (PVWC), an organization based in Western Massachusetts that builds the collective power of immigrants and workers. It illustrates how the PVWC practices participatory democracy and solidarity. The report also discusses the challenges facing its organizational structures and campaigns, including its Worker Committees, a decision-making body composed mainly of immigrant workers; Sanctuary in the Streets, a rapid response network against workplace abuse, the deportation apparatus, and hate crimes; and an ongoing campaign in solidarity with Lucio Peréz, an undocumented Guatemalan man who defied deportation and took sanctuary at a local congregation.
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Dr. Rashmi Dubey. "A Study of Diasporic Divulgencies in the Works of Rohinton Mistry". Creative Launcher 5, n. 6 (28 febbraio 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.5.6.08.
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Diaspora fiction deals with the issues of two different social milieus having discriminating margins, disintegration or combination of cultures and is also lingers over the related feelings such as nostalgia, loneliness, alienation, existential rootlessness, homelessness, quest of identity, protest, assertions and questioning etc. Rohinton Mistry is one such writer who is well known for his depiction of these psycho-sociological problems by the emigrants and immigrants. Rohinton belongs to the Parsi Zoroastrain religious minority while residing in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. Being himself a victim, most of his works are concerned to scrutinize the complexities of contemporary rootlessness and alienated identities of the Parsi community he describes. While in India these Parsis are called “Ghatis” and when they move towards the United States and Canada, they are called “Pakis”, and Mistry considers both of them to be dehumanizing. He raises voice against the victimization of these emigrants and immigrants and highlights their struggle also.
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Lee, Seungjun. "Whether the Legal Fiction of Public Officials can determine the “officialness” of documents". LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 34, n. 1 (30 giugno 2023): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2023.34.1.153.
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Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that a document issued by the governor of the Financial Supervisory Service(FSS) is considered a public document according to Articles 29 and 69(1) of the Act on the Establishment of the Financial Services Commission. Article 69 of this Act states that individuals who are not public officials are treated as public officials when it comes to applying penalties under the Criminal Code or other laws. The governor of the FSS is classified as a public official by presidential decree, thus falling under this Legal Fiction of Public Officials. Based on this regulatory framework, the Supreme Court concluded that a document issued by the governor of the FSS should be considered an official document. This interpretation is justified as it is appropriate to interpret the governor of the FSS and other employees as public officials for the purpose of imposing equal responsibilities and providing them with the same protection as public officials. However, this interpretation does not justify treating crimes against non-government employees as crimes against government employees, as it broadens the scope of the current penalty system and serves as a compensatory mechanism for excessive punishment. According to this interpretation, there are always errors of the the actor. In this case, it would be appropriate to penalize the actor for falsifying a document under Article 15(1) of the Criminal Code. Despite the lack of merit in this interpretation, it is difficult to agree that interpreting, when they provide penalties for non-public officials based on the 'type of criminal law fiction,' exceeds the limits of interpretation. The role of the judiciary is to declare what the law is, and if bad legislation exists, it is the responsibility of the legislature to correct it through new legislation. Expanding the scope of punishment for bad legislation through an interpretation that goes beyond the literal meaning of the text.
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Yaqoob, Munazza. "Narratives of Confession: Religion and Patriarchy in the Fiction of Shahraz and Hosseini". Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan 25, n. 2 (19 dicembre 2018): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46521/pjws.025.02.0043.
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This paper discusses Khalid Hosseini‘s novel A Thousand Splendid Suns and Qaisra Shahraz‘s novel Typhoon as social commentaries on the socio-cultural oppressive structures both established and perpetuated by patriarchy, and by patriarchal interpretations of religion to subordinate and victimise women in Pakistani and Afghani societies. The paper also examines these texts as narratives of confession, unfolding crimes and injustices as committed in the name of religion and culture against weak and vulnerable members of the society. Both of these narratives, as forms of confession, voice through, not only their female characters but also men, that ‗the sacred‘ is an effective patriarchal apparatus centred on justifying male control and dominance while denying basic human rights to women, thus relegating them to a secondary position. Through a critical examination of centuries-old socio-cultural norms, which have achieved the status of ‗sacred‘ in such societies, these texts reveal various practices of domestic and structural violence through which the sins of injustice, cruelty, oppression and victimisation of women in the name of culture and religion are justified and exercised in daily life. Both Typhoon and A Thousand Splendid Suns, as narratives of confession, document emotional, psychological, physical, sexual and structural violence committed against women and voice resistance against the oppressive social practices of their respective societies. As narratives of confession, these two texts authenticate the truth presented in the form of fiction.
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Soltanaga Sadigova, Aygun. "EKOLOJİ TƏHLÜKƏSİZLİK VƏ TRANSMİLLİ MÜHİT CİNAYƏTLƏRİ". SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 08, n. 4 (27 aprile 2022): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/08/20-25.
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The aim of this study is to examine the transformation process that started to occur in security in terms of environment and to deal with environmental crimes in this direction. The starting point of the examination is that in the 21st century, parallel to the increase in population and technological developments, the security of the environment has not remained and the crimes against the environment have increased. Depending on the rapid change process in the world, today's living conditions are also changing rapidly and new problems and needs are emerging. One of the places where the change is most striking is the international areas where security is felt more and more. An increasing trend is observed in crime rates and the nature of the crimes committed is changing. Parallel to globalization, it is observed that environmental crimes have also become globalized and exceeded the borders of the country. Crimes have moved from an individual basis to a global dimension; women, organs, immigrants, drug trade, which are included in transnational crimes; terrorism, cyber-crimes, environmental crimes are also added. Key words: SecurityEnvironmental Security, Crime and Transnational Environmental Crime. Aygün Soltanağa qızı Sadiqova EKOLOJİ TƏHLÜKƏSİZLİK VƏ TRANSMİLLİ MÜHİT CİNAYƏTLƏRİ Xülasə Məqalədəki əsas məqsəd təhlükəsizlikdə baş verməyə başlayan transformasiya prosesini ətraf mühit baxımından araşdırmaq və bu istiqamətdə ekoloji cinayətlərlə mübarizə aparmaqdır. Ekspertizanın çıxış nöqtəsi XXI əsrdə əhalinin artmasına və texnoloji inkişafa paralel olaraq ətraf mühitin təhlükəsizliyinin qalmaması və ətraf mühitə qarşı cinayətlərin artmasıdır. Dünyada gedən sürətli dəyişiklik prosesindən asılı olaraq bugünkü həyat şəraiti də sürətlə dəyişir və yeni problemlər və ehtiyaclar meydana çıxır. Dəyişikliyin ən çox diqqət çəkdiyi yerlərdən biri təhlükəsizliyin getdikcə daha çox hiss olunduğu beynəlxalq sahələrdir. Cinayətlərin sayında artım tendensiyası müşahidə olunur və törədilmiş cinayətlərin xarakteri dəyişir. Qloballaşmaya paralel olaraq ekoloji cinayətlərin də qloballaşaraq ölkə hüdudlarını aşması müşahidə olunur. Demək olar ki, cinayətlər fərdi əsasdan qlobal ölçüyə keçir: transmilli cinayətlərə daxil olan qadınlar, orqanlar, immiqrantlar, narkotik ticarəti və s. Açar sözlər: təhlükəsizlik, ekoloji təhlükəsizlik, cinayət və transmilli ekoloji cinayət.
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Wilson, Chris, Sanjal Shastri e Henry Frear. "Does the Scale or Speed of Immigration Generate Nativism? Evidence from a Comparison of New Zealand Regions". Journal on Migration and Human Security 10, n. 1 (15 dicembre 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211057840.
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Nativism, the belief that the rights of those who came first should be prioritized over immigrants, is an increasingly important driver of the rise of far-right populism. It is also leading to hate crimes and even terrorist attacks against immigrants. However, it remains unclear when and why local communities come to oppose immigration. One important set of questions concerns whether nativism is most likely to emerge in societies in which immigrants constitute a higher proportion of the total population or those where there is rapid growth in the immigrant population, even if absolute numbers or their proportion of society remain low. This paper employs multivariate analysis to test these two hypotheses. We use data from a survey of nativist (and populist) sentiment in New Zealand conducted in 2020 along with population data from the national censuses of 2013 and 2018. We compare the results from all New Zealand regions. Our findings strongly support the second hypothesis regarding the importance of the rate of growth in the immigrant population. Those regions that have the highest rate of change in immigrant populations present the highest levels of nativist sentiment, despite their immigrant populations being both small in size and as a proportion of the local population. Conversely, those regions where immigrant numbers are high or they constitute a large proportion of the local population return low levels of nativist sentiment.
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Mohammad Bitar e Benarji Chakka. "Responsibility for Violation of Rights of Migrants in Libyan Detention Centre". Mizan Law Review 17, n. 2 (18 dicembre 2023): 315–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v17i2.4.
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Migrants in Libya are experiencing the worst form of human rights violations, particularly after the fall of the Gaddafi regime. Post-2014 migrants faced a serious threat of human rights violations in detention centres and became the most vulnerable in Libyan society. The migrants experienced various human rights violations such as murder, torture, rape, enforced disappearance, and forced labour that may amount to crimes against humanity in international criminal law. In light of this situation, European policies aim at returning migrants to the European coasts. This has led to the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral migration agreements with the Libyan government and armed non-state actors. These policies have contributed to the vulnerability of migrants and the legitimization of violations by armed non-state actors. This article examines the violations committed against migrants in detention centres in Libya under the national and international legal framework with the aim of revealing the shortcomings and gaps in the Libyan national legal system and identifying the responsibility of the Libyan government, European Union countries and non-state actors for violations committed against immigrants in Libya.
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Medina, Manuel. "Crimes Against the State, Crimes Against Persons: Detective Fiction in Cuba and Mexico. By Persephone Braham. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 169. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $59.95 cloth; $19.95 paper." Americas 62, n. 02 (ottobre 2005): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150006435x.
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Medina, Manuel. "Crimes Against the State, Crimes Against Persons: Detective Fiction in Cuba and Mexico. By Persephone Braham. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Pp. xv, 169. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $59.95 cloth; $19.95 paper." Americas 62, n. 2 (ottobre 2005): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2005.0166.
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LADJAJ, Mariem. "PENAL PROTECTION FOR NATIONAL UNITY AND SOCIETAL HARMONY IN LIGHT OF THE DEVELOPMENTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, "THE LAW ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND HATE SPEECH IN ALGERIAN LEGISLATION AS A MODEL"". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, n. 03 (1 maggio 2023): 632–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.23.32.
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The developments of artificial intelligence, with the increasing number of people using online communication platforms and messaging applications, enabled the continuous and immediate flow of information exchange, and helped speed up communication and access to information, which affected the use of digital tools during political, social and economic crises, as well as in the event of natural disasters and conflicts, In order to distort the facts intentionally or unintentionally, with the aim of provoking strife by influencing members of society and inciting them against each other, and inciting peoples against their governments, which would threaten national unity and social harmony, Among the most prominent forms of this use is the spread of hate speech and racial discrimination through the means of digital communication with an expression that encourages or justifies discrimination, and in various forms that include contempt, insult, hostility, hatred or violence, whether by saying or writing, drawing, signaling, photographing, singing, acting. Or any form of expression under the pretext of freedom of opinion and expression. Hate speech and discrimination ignites the fire of sedition among the people of the same country, and encourages violent practices against certain groups of society, as well as contributes to the commission of crimes against them, such as minorities, political opponents, immigrants, and others, and by using digital means, the matter has become faster and more dangerous. Through this research paper, we will look at the reasons for the escalation of crimes of discrimination and hate speech, especially in light of the developments of artificial intelligence, and show the mechanisms to combat them, as a model for this. We read the provisions of Law No. 20-05 of April 28, 2020 related to the prevention and combating of discrimination and hate speech in Algerian legislation.
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Lumsden, Karen, Jackie Goode e Alex Black. "‘I Will Not Be Thrown Out of the Country Because I’m an Immigrant’: Eastern European Migrants’ Responses to Hate Crime in a Semi-Rural Context in the Wake of Brexit". Sociological Research Online 24, n. 2 (20 novembre 2018): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418811967.
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This article examines Eastern European migrants’ experiences of and responses to hate crime. Following the UK European Union Membership Referendum (‘Brexit’ vote), there was an increase in reported hate crimes against immigrants. The study focuses on the experiences of migrants in Lincolnshire, a region of England which has a significant migrant population, and which had one of the highest ‘leave’ votes. The focus on white migrants in this semi-rural setting offers an original perspective in the field of hate crime studies. We draw on semi-structured interviews and observations to identify temporal, spatial, and relational factors in responses to hate crime. We uncover the insecure occupation of a ‘third space’ constituted by material, discursive, and emotional practices. This positioning was destabilised post referendum; but there was also evidence of the operation of agency within processes of ‘othering’, suggesting a transition from victim identity to emergent political subject.
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Vrančić, Frano. "Le catholique Bernanos face à la guerre civile espagnole". Studia Romanistica 20, n. 2 (novembre 2020): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/sr.2020.20.0013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper analyses the political‑religious reflection developed by the great French novelist Georges Bernanos (1888-1948) during his Majorcan stay in the course of the Spanish Civil War. Indeed, it was in Palma de Mallorca, where this writer stayed from 1934 to 1937 to escape the anger of his Parisian creditors, that he wrote most of his masterpiece The Diary of a Country Priest as well as A New History of Mouchette. Fundamentally Catholic and monarchist, at the very beginning of the Francoist military uprising against the Popular Front in the summer of 1936, Bernanos became enthusiastic about the “glorioso Movimiento”. This is due not only to his son Yves, who actively participated in the rebellion, but also and above all to his virulent anticommunism and his youth’s fascination for the ideas of Hello and Maurras. However, after seeing the atrocities committed against the civilian population by the partisans of Franco, as a good Catholic, Bernanos raises his voice and denounces the blessing of Francoist war crimes by part of the Spanish clergy in his famous non‑fiction book The Great Cemeteries Under the Moon (1938). Contrary to what one might believe, this explosive essay is not a leftist manifesto, since Bernanos does not justify the crimes committed by the socialists and communists who came to Spain so as to fight against Franco and his Italian and German allies, but a warning addressed to the French political elites, especially to his old friends of the conservative Action Française, against the fascist temptation. Finally, this striking work is still relevant in a Europe whose political classes sometimes tend to minimize the destructive effects of the three deadly ideologies of the past century for electoral purposes, which exacerbates memory wars and thus damages the living‑together.
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Z. Alkhafaji, Mayada, e Ansam Yaroub. "HUMAN LAB RATS IN JAMES DASHNER’S THE MAZE RUNNER SERIES (2009 – 2011): HISTORICAL REFERENCES, PRESENT ALLUSIONS, AND DYSTOPIAN FUTURE". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, n. 5 (5 novembre 2019): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.75148.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: This study aims to shed the light on allusions to real lab rats in Dashner’s trilogy: The Maze Runner (2009), The Scorch Trails (2010), and The Death Cure (2011). It also aims to trace the historical documents and chronicles essential to reveal the justifications behind the vague political and scientific crimes. Methodology: The researchers have used the literary analytical approach to study and analyze selected prominent aspects from each novel; such as the concept of lab rats and genocide crimes in The Maze Runner; references to weather experiments, the climate change conspiracy, gas chambers, and the Holocaust in The Scorch Trails; and finally, the man-made diseases and biological weapons in The Death Cure. Results: The outcomes confirm the necessity of knowing history whether bright or dark as a keyword to understand the present and predict the future. Also, Dashner has based The Maze Runners series on historical references as well as present-day vital scientific issues to predict a catastrophic future if a decision is not made. Young adult is chosen to lead the revolution against human abusing crimes and make a change. Applications: To develop a high understanding of young adult fiction, the researchers recommend those who are interested in literature with the necessity to apply this study to other post-apocalyptic, survival, adventure, science and dystopian series fictions, movies adaptations of related books, and related video games series that addressing young adults’ mind in order to diagnose any dilemma . Novelty/Originality: Hence, this study makes a difference in the sense of exposing the genocide crimes committed by the name of science embedded in Dashner's The Maze Runners series by tracing the historical, social, political, and scientific justifications regarding the concept of human lab rats as one of the worst human abusing experiences still used by tyrant regimes till now in ethnic and sectarian purification.
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See, Teresita Ang. "Infodemics and Deadly Racist Viruses: covid-19 Response in the Chinese-Filipino Community". Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 15, n. 2 (7 ottobre 2021): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-15020002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In the last decade, the Philippines has experienced an escalation of anti-Chinese sentiment due to many factors, founded and unfounded. The growing presence of illegal immigrants and crimes associated with them; an increase in the number of Chinese workers, who are perceived as competing with Filipino workers; an increase in Chinese businesses, especially in retail, some operating without permits; the continuing dispute between China and the Philippines over the islands in the West Philippine Sea; President Rodrigo Duterte’s China pivot policy and what has been deemed as favoring China to the detriment of the Philippines. This confluence of events has served to worsen the image of China. The covid-19 pandemic and the way the government responded to it worsened the sinophobia directed at anyone considered “Chinese,” including Filipinos of Chinese ancestry. This paper explores the racism vented against the Chinese and how the local Chinese-Filipino community has responded with positive action to help mitigate the anti-Chinese wave.
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Joshi, Vishwaveda, e Ira Famarin. "Longing in the Past, Belonging in the Future: An Autoethnographic Fiction". Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne, n. 13 (14 dicembre 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jk.2021.13.04.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this autoethnographic writing, we explore the concepts of longing and belonging through a collaborative writing process that is fictional at times and autoethnographic at times. We present an experimental and arts-based approach to analyzing and understanding memories, and themes of nostalgia, belongingness, and longing in the present day. Through our autoethnographic fiction (Bochner and Ellis 2016; Ellis 2004) we explore questions such as: what is it like to long and belong, what is it like to long for a future that is embedded in the past, what is it like to futurize/co-futurize memories, and what if the past is the pre-present? As immigrants to Toronto, coming from nations that were once colonized, and still remain in the peripheries of colonization, we ponder about our bodies occupying the third space that we are living in, the feelings of nostalgia and belonging in our fiction. We write about our belongingness to our roots and the trajectories of our beings and think what decolonizing the the concept of memories might evoke. Methodologically, we draw from Erin Manning’s (2016) idea of going against method to propose a collaborative autoethnographic fiction writing and collaging practice that implicates our memories and bodies with our surroundings and other bodies, human, beyond human, and material, as instruments of research. We suggest that the decolonization and dehistoricization of memories and our conceptions of longing, belonging, and creating futures embedded in the past can happen by futurizing our notions of memories. We hope that writing a fiction in conversation with one another and in synchronicity of each other’s experiences will allow us to deconstruct and problematize our understanding of memories, the frictions between avant-garde and nostalgia and interspersing the collaging practice will allow us to build our stories and explore belongingness and nostalgia, longing for something indefinite and unwanted memories.
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MOHAMMED ABOU ADEL, MOHAMMAD ISSA ALHOURANI e GEORGIOS KORMPAS. "THE MUSLIM DIASPORA’S NATIONALISM AND IDENTITY IN KAMILA SHAMSIE’S HOME FIRE". Hamdard Islamicus 47, n. 2 (30 giugno 2024): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.57144/hi.v47i2.802.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper deals with Kamila Shamsie’s novel Home Fire to explore the profound social and psychological aspects and identity conflicts Muslim immigrants face in the West, especially in Britain. The importance of this paper is to express the conflict that the Muslim expatriate experiences in his relationship with the West and explore the reasons that affect their tolerance and coexistence. The paper’s problem manifests in exploring significant facets of human interactions, including tolerance, the increasing migrations from Islamic nations to non-Muslim countries, and the challenges arising from identity, religion, and race, which expose migrants to significant perils. The Method uses a social theoretical framework that intersects with the psychological approach. It investigates how both the original and new environments affect character development and individuals' psychological, developmental, and cognitive dimensions in the Muslim Diaspora. It aims to understand the reasons behind involvement in terrorist organizations and also examines the citizenship rights of Muslim Diaspora members. Finally, the paper concludes by presenting the most prominent results, which collectively illustrate that the aggressive style of fiction has influenced the presence of paranoia in literary criticism, leading to an exaggeration of the crimes of others and justification of the self. This is not conducive to objective and neutral analysis, so adopting a more moderate and neutral approach is recommended to allow for open discussion and acceptance of differing viewpoints. This approach should address questions of identity and national belonging.
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Dhiba, Hana Farah. "The Phenomenon of People Smuggling in the Lens of Indonesian Immigration: Efforts for Handling and Collaborating with Institutions in Handling it". Journal of Law and Border Protection 1, n. 1 (28 maggio 2019): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v1i1.157.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
People Smuggling or also known as human smuggling is a crime against humanity that is increasingly happening. Indonesia is one of the countries with a high number of people smuggling crimes and it is very potential. The phenomenon of People smuggling in Indonesia is closely related to immigration. This is because the crime of people smuggling involves immigration factors including traffic entering and leaving Indonesia, foreign citizens, Indonesian citizens and State sovereignty. Therefore, the importance of law enforcement and optimal eradication efforts need to be done by realizing various collaborations between institutions and between ministries so that people smuggling crime practices in Indonesia can be suppressed and minimized for the realization of national and state security guarantees. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research and normative juridical approach. From the research results, it can be seen that the People Smuggling Crime is a transnational crime that threatens the country from two sides, from outside and inside. From the outside, human smuggling is carried out by illegal foreign immigrants who make Indonesia a transit area. Meanwhile, the internal threat is the practice of people smuggling carried out by Indonesian citizens who want to work as Migrant Workers abroad through illegal channels or also known as Non-Porsedural TKI or Illegal Migrant Workers (TMI). With these two threats, it is necessary to pay more attention to eradicating these crimes. The implementation of cooperation between institutions is one of the answers to existing problems.
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Kristin, Debby, e Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi. "TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN PENYELUNDUPAN MANUSIA (PEOPLE SMUGGLING) DI INDONESIA: TANGGUG JAWAB INDONESIA DAN AUSTRALIA". Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 1, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2017): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v1i1.278.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstrakPenyelundupan manusia merupakan salah satu kejahatan transnasional terorganisir yang semakin meningkat di Indonesia, khususnya pulau-pulau perbatasan yang letaknya dekat dengan Australia. Lemahnya pengawasan di wilayah perbatasan dan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat setempat tentang kejahatan penyelundupan manusia memudahkan pihak-pihak tertentu untuk menyelundupkan para imigran ilegal ke Ashmore Reef (Australia). Sebagai Negara pihak United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) dan Palermo Protocol, Indonesia dan Australia mempunyai kewajiban dalam rangka pencegahan dan pemberantasan tindak pidana penyelundupan manusia. Makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah Indonesia dan Australia telah memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Negara Peserta UNTOC dan Palermo Protocol, serta memberikan rekomendasi kepada kedua negara dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya terkait kejahatan penyelundupan manusia sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab Negara.Kata kunci: kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, penyelundupan manusia, tanggung jawab negara.AbstractPeople smuggling is one of transnational organized crimes that has been increasing in Indonesia, especially in the outermost Indonesian’s islands which are close to Australia. Lack of surveillance in the border region and lack of knowledge on the local people in regards to the crimes of people smuggling makes it easy to smuggle illegal immigrants to Ashmore Reef (Australia). Hence, it leads to the increasing number of people smuggling in Indonesia. As state parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) as well as its Protocol, Indonesia and Australia bound by the obligation to prevent and combat people smuggling. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether Indonesia and Australia have fulfil their obligation as State Parties of the UNTOC and the Palermo Protocol, also to propose actions that can be taken by both Governments to fulfill their obligation as state party in regards to the state responsibility.Keywords: people smuggling, state responsibility, transnational organized crime.
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Carvalho, Tiago Jose de, Helio Pedrini e Anderson De Rezende Rocha. "Visual Computing and Machine Learning Techniques for Digital Forensics". Revista de Informática Teórica e Aplicada 22, n. 1 (18 maggio 2015): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2175-2745.49492.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is impressive how fast science has improved day by day in so many different fields. In special, technology advances are shocking so many people bringing to their reality facts that previously were beyond their imagination. Inspired by methods earlier presented in scientific fiction shows, the computer science community has created a new research area named Digital Forensics, which aims at developing and deploying methods for fighting against digital crimes such as digital image forgery.This work presents some of the main concepts associated with Digital Forensics and, complementarily, presents some recent and powerful techniques relying on Computer Graphics, Image Processing, Computer Vision and Machine Learning concepts for detecting forgeries in photographs. Some topics addressed in this work include: sourceattribution, spoofing detection, pornography detection, multimedia phylogeny, and forgery detection. Finally, this work highlights the challenges and open problems in Digital Image Forensics to provide the readers with the myriad opportunities available for research.
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Aguaded-Ramírez, Eva, Pierette Bartolomei-Torres e Georgia Angelidou. "Analysis of a Project Conducted on Unaccompanied Refugees Children (MERNAs)". Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 7, n. 2 (15 luglio 2018): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2018.7.256.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
“An Unaccompanied Refugee children is a person under the age of 18, who is afraid of being persecuted, whose rights are threatened and is forced to leave his / her habitual residence and / or country of origin and is outside it, without the accompaniment of parents, relatives or other adult person, who, by law or custom, is responsible. “ (Angelidou & Aguaded, 2016). According to the Human Rights Watch researches (2016), serious crimes against refugees and immigrants children are being committed. The Government of Spain announced that they expect to relocate a total of 586 people before the end of 2017. At present, the number of refugees in Spain is more than 470. Specifically, Andalusia became, in September 2016, the first Spanish community that manages to relocate unaccompanied refugees children. The objective of this research is to analyze the socio-educational intervention, which is being carried out with these children. For this, the method used was in-depth interviews, y cuestionarios, which results offer very diverse information, from which we can conclude that there is a way forward, which is leading to improvements for children.
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Quesada, Iñaki Tofiño. "Book Review: Jelena Subotić, Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019." NETSOL: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 6, n. 2 (13 dicembre 2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24819/netsol2021.12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 2010, Claus Leggewie, a German professor of Political Science, tried to define what he called “the seven circles of European memory”, common memories shared, in theory, by all Europeans: - European unification as a success story which, however, has had little impact on European self-confidence; - the notion of Europe as a continent of immigrants; - European colonialism and colonial massacres, such as the Herero massacre, as forerunners of the Holocaust; - War and wartime memories, specially about World Wars I and II; - Population transfers and ethnic cleansings as pan-European traumas (for example, the Armenian genocide or the Ukranian Holodomor); - Soviet communism; - The Shoah as Europe’s negative founding myth. At that time, he saw the possible problems caused by the imposition of the Holocaust as “the matrix for dealing with communist state crimes against humanity across the whole of Eastern Europe” (Leggewie 4), which might lead “these nations to exploit this consensus [Eastern European countries having been victims of the Soviet empire] in order to relativize or conceal their participation in the murder of the Jews” (Leggewie 5).
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Houssine, Khadiri El. "Counter- Representational Discourse of Islam in Islamophobic States: The Case of Mohja Kahf’s The Girl in Tangerine Scarf (2006)". International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 3, n. 1 (2023): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.3.1.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Anglophone Arab literature in general and women in specific witnessed unprecedented change in content and quantity after the Twin Tower collapse. The September attacks of the 2011 brought about great political, social, cultural changes to the situation of Arabs in the West and America in particular since it destabilized their sense of belonging and created an agony and hostility against them. The experiences of social, political, and cultural marginality shape Arab Women’s diaspora fiction which, in turn, attempts to produce a rhetoric of resistance to counter-balance discourses of hierarchies and cultural binaries (self/other, black/white man woman and so forth). In this respect, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (2006), written by Arab American, Mohja Kahf, functions as a mirror which reflects on the image of Islam, the veil and Arab-Muslim identities in Islamophobic states. This paper, therefore, offers an investigation of how, in border zone, Mohja Kahf attempts to correct the fallacies vis-à-vis Islam and Muslim and negotiates journeys of displacement and dislocation that Arab immigrants may experience.
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Akşehir-Uygur, Mahinur. "Crush Humanity One More Time: Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman in Žižekian Terms". New Theatre Quarterly 33, n. 4 (11 ottobre 2017): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x17000495.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Martin McDonagh's The Pillowman dramatizes the interrogation and torture of a horror fiction writer, Katurian, whose stories have been re-enacted in ‘real’ life without his knowledge. The audience gradually finds out that the murders are the crimes of Michal, Katurian's mentally retarded brother, who had been physically tortured by his parents in childhood, until Katurian murdered them. Upon Michal's confession, Katurian has to kill his brother to save him from the suffering and torture to come. Subsequently, it becomes clear that the two interrogators also suffer from the violent childhoods they re-enact with the violence they inflict on their suspects. It appears that all kinds of violence in the play are somehow justified, and treated in such a complex way that it becomes hard to draw boundaries between victims and perpetrators. The depiction of violence can, however, also be examined in dimensions that trigger and shape each other: the violence of the totalitarian state directed against the individual and the artist; domestic violence; the fictional violence found in Katurian's stories. Read through Slavoy Žižek's theory of violence, which also highlights the interconnected nature of its several kinds, The Pillowman can be observed to create a panoramic view of its subject. Mahinur Akşehir-Uygur is an Assistant Professor in the Department of English, Manisa Celal Bayar University in Manisa, Turkey. Her areas of interest are satirical literature, contemporary fiction, and women's literature.
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Harpin, Tina. "La violence et la culpabilité en partage : le destin national du thème de l’inceste dans la fiction sud-africaine". Études littéraires africaines, n. 38 (16 febbraio 2015): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028671ar.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Twenty years after the end of Apartheid, violence is still a serious problem in South Africa, despite the prosperity and democratic stability of the state. Sexual violence, in particular, has become a major concern. During the decades of transition, secrets of sexual crimes were disclosed more than ever, and it was made patent that they were intertwined with political violence. Incest thus became a new important fictional theme in South African literature. Actually, the issue was already a tacit burning question for politicians and scientists at the end of the 20th century. Given the racist and eugenist background of the country, incest has long been written in the gothic mode to express White communities’ anxieties, until Doris Lessing, Reza de Wet and Marlene van Niekerk came along. They integrated irony into the gothic and rethought the question of taboo in such a way that it was made available for critical thinking beyond local or racial boundaries. Since the end of the 90s, writing fictions involving incest contributes more than ever to reflect on the possibility or the impossibility of strengthening an extended national community against violence, which I demonstrate through my reading of the novels by Achmat Dangor and of a recent play by Paul Grootboom and Presley Chweneyagae.
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M. Sawwa, Nisreen, e Shadi S. Neimneh. "Exile and Self-Actualization in Pauline Kaldas’s “He Had Dreamed of Returning” and “Airport”". International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, n. 2 (4 gennaio 2017): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.2p.207.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Against common pessimistic readings of exile in postcolonial fiction, this article employs the notion of “self-actualization” that argues for people’s desire to accomplish everything they are capable of and their need to realize their potential. Within a comparative context and using identity theory and diaspora studies, the article illustrates how self-actualization keeps the immigrants from experiencing exile in two Arab American short stories by Pauline Kaldas: “Airport” (2009a) and “He Had Dreamed of Returning” (2009b). This article shows how the main characters of “Airport” and “He Had Dreamed of Returning,” Samir and Hani respectively, fulfill the American Dream and how Hoda, Samir’s wife, pictures America as the place where she can realize her ambitions. However, Nancy, Hani’s wife, achieves her potential in Egypt rather than America, where she feels needed as a teacher. Thus, Samir and Hani do not get dislocated in America, and Nancy has a sense of belonging in Egypt. Hence, the article utilizes the American Dream and a reverse side of it, and it shows how Samir’s, Hani’s, and Nancy’s self-actualization is a counter to feelings of exile. In other words, the three characters do not experience loss of identity and displacement in the countries they emigrate to. Rather, they fulfill their dreams there and find/create new identities which have been suppressed in their hometowns, which enhances a view of identity as fluid rather than fixed. Briefly put, this article presents the self-actualization of immigrants in new locales as a counter to different levels of dislocation and exile.Keywords: Pauline Kaldas, “He Had Dreamed of Returning,” “Airport,” Arab Americans, exile, self-actualization, identity, immigrant literature
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Macías-Rojas, Patrisia. "Immigration and the War on Crime: Law and Order Politics and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996". Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241800600101.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) was a momentous law that recast undocumented immigration as a crime and fused immigration enforcement with crime control (García Hernández 2016; Lind 2016). Among its most controversial provisions, the law expanded the crimes, broadly defined, for which immigrants could be deported and legal permanent residency status revoked. The law instituted fast-track deportations and mandatory detention for immigrants with convictions. It restricted access to relief from deportation. It constrained the review of immigration court decisions and imposed barriers for filing class action lawsuits against the former US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). It provided for the development of biometric technologies to track “criminal aliens” and authorized the former INS to deputize state and local police and sheriff's departments to enforce immigration law (Guttentag 1997a; Migration News 1997a, 1997b, 1997c; Taylor 1997). In short, it put into law many of the punitive provisions associated with the criminalization of migration today. Legal scholars have documented the critical role that IIRIRA played in fundamentally transforming immigration enforcement, laying the groundwork for an emerging field of “crimmigration” (Morris 1997; Morawetz 1998, 2000; Kanstroom 2000; Miller 2003; Welch 2003; Stumpf 2006). These studies challenged the law's deportation and mandatory detention provisions, as well as its constraints on judicial review. And they exposed the law's widespread consequences, namely the deportations that ensued and the disproportionate impact of IIRIRA's enforcement measures on immigrants with longstanding ties to the United States (ABA 2004). Less is known about what drove IIRIRA's criminal provisions or how immigration came to be viewed through a lens of criminality in the first place. Scholars have mostly looked within the immigration policy arena for answers, focusing on immigration reform and the “new nativism” that peaked in the early nineties (Perea 1997; Jacobson 2008). Some studies have focused on interest group competition, particularly immigration restrictionists’ prohibitions on welfare benefits, while others have examined constructions of immigrants as a social threat (Chavez 2001; Nevins 2002, 2010; Newton 2008; Tichenor 2009; Bosworth and Kaufman 2011; Zatz and Rodriguez 2015). Surprisingly few studies have stepped outside the immigration policy arena to examine the role of crime politics and the policies of mass incarceration. Of these, scholars suggest that IIRIRA's most punitive provisions stem from a “new penology” in the criminal justice system, characterized by discourses and practices designed to predict dangerousness and to manage risk (Feeley and Simon 1992; Miller 2003; Stumpf 2006; Welch 2012). Yet historical connections between the punitive turn in the criminal justice and immigration systems have yet to be disentangled and laid bare. Certainly, nativist fears about unauthorized migration, national security, and demographic change were important factors shaping IIRIRA's criminal provisions, but this article argues that the crime politics advanced by the Republican Party (or the “Grand Old Party,” GOP) and the Democratic Party also played an undeniable and understudied role. The first part of the analysis examines policies of mass incarceration and the crime politics of the GOP under the Reagan administration. The second half focuses on the crime politics of the Democratic Party that recast undocumented migration as a crime and culminated in passage of IIRIRA under the Clinton administration. IIRIRA's criminal provisions continue to shape debates on the relationship between immigration and crime, the crimes that should provide grounds for expulsion from the United States, and the use of detention in deportation proceedings for those with criminal convictions. This essay considers the ways in which the War on Crime — specifically the failed mass incarceration policies — reshaped the immigration debate. It sheds light on the understudied role that crime politics of the GOP and the Democratic Party played in shaping IIRIRA — specifically its criminal provisions, which linked unauthorized migration with criminality, and fundamentally restructured immigration enforcement and infused it with the resources necessary to track, detain, and deport broad categories of immigrants, not just those with convictions.
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Riaz, Humaira, e Asfandyar Shah. "Claustrophobia in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane: Negotiating the Past with the Present". International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 3, n. 1 (10 giugno 2022): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v3i1.90.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article reworks the notion of “claustrophobia,” symbolically in relevance to expatriate fiction writing. Claustrophobia is an individual’s fear of being confined in an enclosed space. Qualitative in nature, this paper critically investigates Monica Ali’s Brick Lane (2003) that delineates a constant fear in the immigrant characters alienated from their host country. Globalisation owes much to provide rationale for the current study. Within the larger context of Diaspora, Sarup’s notion of migration, with both negative and positive implications, is used as a theoretical framework to study the juncture of expatriate desire of home and examine how exile causes an irrational fear entrapping immigrants in the wake of socio-cultural and economic differences. The present study refers to it as a state of “being ambivalent” and concludes that exile (forced or by choice) though deadening, regenerates life for those who exercise their energies to combat their existing situations. For others, it proves fatal. The study significantly provides an insight into South Asian culture and norms in comparison to British culture and through Ali’s work challenges the allegation against women’s writings being limited in experience, non-scientific and “womanly.
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Шалагин, А. Е., e А. Д. Идиятуллов. "CRIMINOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PREVENTION OF SERIAL VIOLENT CRIMES". VESTNIK OF THE EAST SIBERIAN INSTITUTE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, n. 2(109) (27 giugno 2024): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2312-3184.2024.25.44.024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье отражен криминологический подход к пониманию личности преступника, совершающего серийные насильственные преступления, в том числе и на сексуальной почве. Анализируются детерминирующие факторы формирования такой личности. Раскрываются демографические, нравственно-психологические, уголовно-правовые, криминологические признаки личности серийного насильственного преступника. Отдельное внимание обращено на меры предупреждения серийных насильственных преступлений. Материалы и методы. Нормативную основу исследования составляет действующее уголовное законодательство Российской Федерации. В работе использовались методы анализа, обобщения, сравнения и изучения документов. Приподготовке статьи был сделан акцент на труды ученых криминологов, правоведов, психологов, психиатров, судебно-медицинских экспертов. Проанализированы статистические данные, характеризующие насильственную преступность в России, размещенные на официальном портале Судебного департамента при Верховном Суде Российской Федерации, Федеральной службы государственной статистики Российской Федерации. Результаты исследования.На основе проведенного исследования предложены меры предупреждения серийных насильственных преступлений. Затронут вопрос о создании национальной базы учета насильственных преступлений и лиц, привлеченных к ответственности за совершение преступлений против личности, в том числе на сексуальной почве. Обращается внимание на положительный опыт противодействия насильственным преступлениям в зарубежных странах. Выводы и заключения.Общественное мнение об образе серийного насильственного преступника сформировалось благодаря произведениям художественной литературы, кинофильмам, что в большинстве случаев не соответствует реальной действительности, поскольку подобные лица нередко склонны к вариации различных стереотипов преступного поведения. Подозреваемые и обвиняемые, зачастую пытаются ввести органы предварительного расследования в заблуждение, направить расследование по ложному пути с целью ухода от уголовной ответственности. Авторами указывается на необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования российского законодательства в сфере противодействия насильственным преступлениям. Обращается внимание на развитие методики криминалистического профилирования, способствующего изобличению и розыску серийных насильственных преступников на ранних этапах их противоправной деятельности. the article reflects the criminological approach to understanding the personality of a criminal who commits serial violent crimes, including sexual offences. The determinant factors of formation of such personality are analysed. Demographic, moral-psychological, criminal-legal, criminological characteristics of the personality of a serial violent offender are revealed. Special attention is paid to the measures of prevention of serial violent crimes. Materials and Methods: the normative basis of the study is the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The methods of analysis, generalisation, comparison and study of documents were used in the work. In preparing the article, emphasis was placed on the works of scientists criminologists, legal scholars, psychologists, psychiatrists, forensic experts. The statistical data describing violent crime in Russia, posted on the official portal of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation were analysed. The Results of the Study: the basis of the study, measures to prevent serial violent offences have been proposed. The issue of creating a national database of records of violent crimes and persons prosecuted for committing crimes against the person, including sexual offences, is touched upon. Attention is drawn to the positive experience of countering violent crime in foreign countries. Findings and Conclusions: public opinion about the image of a serial violent criminal has been formed thanks to works of fiction and films, which in most cases does not correspond to reality, since such persons are often prone to variations of various stereotypes of criminal behaviour. Suspects and defendants often try to mislead the bodies of preliminary investigation, to direct the investigation along a false path in order to avoid criminal responsibility. The authors point out the need for further improvement of Russian legislation in the field of countering violent crime. Attention is drawn to the development of methods of criminalistic profiling, which helps to identify and search for serial violent criminals at the early stages of their illegal activities.
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Paasch-Colberg, Sünje, Christian Strippel, Joachim Trebbe e Martin Emmer. "From Insult to Hate Speech: Mapping Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration". Media and Communication 9, n. 1 (3 febbraio 2021): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3399.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent debates on offensive language in participatory online spaces, the term ‘hate speech’ has become especially prominent. Originating from a legal context, the term usually refers to violent threats or expressions of prejudice against particular groups on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation. However, due to its explicit reference to the emotion of hate, it is also used more colloquially as a general label for any kind of negative expression. This ambiguity leads to misunderstandings in discussions about hate speech and challenges its identification. To meet this challenge, this article provides a modularized framework to differentiate various forms of hate speech and offensive language. On the basis of this framework, we present a text annotation study of 5,031 user comments on the topic of immigration and refuge posted in March 2019 on three German news sites, four Facebook pages, 13 YouTube channels, and one right-wing blog. An in-depth analysis of these comments identifies various types of hate speech and offensive language targeting immigrants and refugees. By exploring typical combinations of labeled attributes, we empirically map the variety of offensive language in the subject area ranging from insults to calls for hate crimes, going beyond the common ‘hate/no-hate’ dichotomy found in similar studies. The results are discussed with a focus on the grey area between hate speech and offensive language.
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Casabó-Ortí, María-Ángeles. "Where is the risk? Inter-reality comparison study of multiple-perpetrator rape assailants in Spain". Communication & Society 36, n. 4 (2 ottobre 2023): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.36.4.99-116.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This research paper aims to shed a critical light on the moral panic surrounding multiple-perpetrator rape (MPR) in Spain, by exploring the interplay between official statistics of this type of crime, and the depiction in the media. The concordance between media representation and the statistical reality of crime raises questions: (1) how multiple perpetrator assault and its assailants are represented in media narratives (content analysis) is examined, including the content, framing, and underlying themes within the media coverage, with a particular emphasis on the role of nationality, and (2) this representation is compared to official crime statistics (Ministry of Home Affairs report on crimes against sexual freedom and indemnity in Spain (detentions/accused) and the statistics of the sentences passed by various Spanish Provincial Courts between 2005 and 2020 from criminal justice data), and to what extent, they align. If they do not align, do news portrayals influence a moral panic? In conclusion, the idea of tabloid justice (Fox et al., 2001) is not present in the three largest Spanish daily newspapers from 2005 to 2021. There is a misrepresentation of non-Spanish nationalities having the highest rates, Romanians being underrepresented and the French being overrepresented. Media coverage perceives tourists as a certain danger, and is questioning the idea of certain non-Spanish immigrants as ‘folk devils.’
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Ryan, Thomas M. "The Checkpoint of History: Testimony and Intertextuality in the Documentary Literature of the Korean War, 1960s–1970s". Journal of Korean Studies 29, n. 1 (1 marzo 2024): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07311613-10948686.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Korean War literature has historically encompassed a wide range of ideologically disparate texts. If canonical works of literary fiction have critically interrogated the violence of war and division, the civil war itself has continued to generate institutionalized cultural production purporting to document the crimes of the other side. Working against the categorical separation of these two traditions, this article explores their mutual and intertextual constitution. The sponsorship and commercialization of North Korean defector memoirs (kwisunja sugi) in 1960s South Korea, the article shows, influenced the development of two other popular genres of Korean War literature that alternately reinforced and undermined statist anticommunism. First, the novelist Yi Pyŏngju (1921–1992) employed kwisunja sugi as historical records in his works of the 1960s and 1970s, even as he demonstrated an awareness of the historicity and duplicity of Cold War testimony. Second, while autobiographical essays (ch’ehŏm sugi) submitted to the amateur nonfiction contest (1965–80) of the monthly Sin tonga mimicked kwisunja sugi, charting their authors’ immersion in and escape from the scene of communist violence, these texts also applied this structure to subaltern life in the militarized, capitalist South, reaffirming subversive understandings of the Korean Civil War as a reciprocal system.
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Swanson, Lucy. "(Re-)Framing the Midwife: Rewriting Archival and Postcolonial Intertexts in Rosalie l’infâme". Journal of Haitian Studies 28, n. 2 (settembre 2022): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhs.2022.a901947.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: This article examines how Évelyne Trouillot’s 2003 novel Rosalie l’infâme rewrites the narratives of two historical figures, the prerevolutionary hero Makandal and an Arada midwife who committed infanticide to spare children from a life of enslavement. Close readings contrast Rosalie ’s representation of the legal trials against these figures with the accounts given in colonial source texts and prior postcolonial rewritings. This comparison reveals how Trouillot reimagines these narratives to restore their emotional weight, and uses the celebrated Makandal legend to frame the midwife’s more taboo acts of resistance. Trouillot dismantles the colonial archives’ transformation of legitimate acts of resistance into crimes, but she also undermines triumphant postcolonial narratives of the fight against enslavement. Ultimately, this article argues that while, historically, rewriting has been used to distort enslaved persons’ affective realities, Rosalie seeks to restore the original emotions to these archival narratives and, by extension, to restore the complexity of the motivations behind these violent acts of resistance—if only through fiction. Résumé: Cet article étudie la réécriture des récits des figures historiques de Makandal et de la sage-femme Arada qui aurait tué des enfants pour les sauver d’une vie esclavagée dans le roman Rosalie l’infâme (2003) d’Évelyne Trouillot. Rosalie nous livre une représentation des procès à contre de ces personnages, qui contraste avec celles qu’en ont fait les archives coloniales et les réécritures postcoloniales antérieures. Ces différences révèlent la manière dont Trouillot réimagine ces récits pour restituer leur poids affectif ainsi que les stratégies employées par l’auteure qui exploite la légende célèbre de Makandal afin de mettre en lumière les actes de résistance plus tabous de la sage-femme. Trouillot remet en question la transformation, par les archives coloniales, d’actes de résistance en actes criminels, tout en interrogeant également des récits postcoloniaux triomphants sur la lutte contre l’esclavage. L’objet de cet article est de démontrer que malgré le fait que la réécriture a souvent été utilisée pour déformer les réalités affectives de personnes esclavagées, Rosalie cherche, au contraire, à restituer les émotions originelles des personnes esclavagées, pour compléter les récits des archives et, par conséquent, rétablir la complexité des motivations derrière ces actes violents de résistance, même si ce n’est possible qu’à travers la fiction.
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KAISER, Claire. "GERMANY, PALE MOTHER: A WOMAN IN THE WAR BETWEEN INTIMATE HISTORY AND TRANSMISSION OF THE PAST". Astraea 5, n. 1 (2024): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/astraea.2024.5.1.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The film Germany, Pale Mother (1980) by German director Helma Sanders-Brahms depicts the journey of a woman who has to survive alone with her child during the Second World War, when her husband is sent to the front. Based on the memories of H. Sanders-Brahms’s mother, the film tells a very personal story, while at the same time raising the question of collective German guilt. Germany, Pale Mother is neither a faithful historical reconstruction nor the account of an individual destiny in the mode of traditional biography, but resembles a mosaic of disparate materials that “shatter the academic gloss of fiction”. The aim of this article is to explore the way in which H. Sanders-Brahms deconstructs classic narrative schemes in order to get as close as possible to an intimate trajectory that is inseparable from Germany’s disastrous national history. How do you tell the story of a life (her mother’s), which is also in the background her own (as a child) and that of her own country? In particular, this article will explore the link between individual and collective memory, between personal recollections and collective representations of the past, in order to understand the specific nature of this unique film biography. In the context of Russian war against Ukraine, we will be looking in particular at the way in which a film can raise awareness among viewers and encourage them to take responsibility for the crimes committed in their name. Russians today, like Germans yesterday.
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Dević, Nemanja. "ISTORIJSKO U ROMANU DOBRICE ĆOSIĆA „DALEKO JE SUNCE“". Istorija 20. veka 40, n. 2/2022 (1 agosto 2022): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2022.2.dev.383-404.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The plot of Dobrica Ćosić’s novel The Sun is Far Away is deeply rooted in the events of 1942-1943, with reference to other war and post-war years. The second layer consists of the writer’s subsequent political ideas and thoughts, which were then attributed to his literary heroes. Ćosić’s early work, with an emphasis on the novel The Sun is Far Away, cannot be viewed as dissident; according to his motives and conclusions, he is politically engaged and completely “on the Party line”. However, the then open dilemma (whether to fight for freedom at all costs) will follow the author in the following period, and his conclusions presented in 1951 will change in the future. The number of identified historical contents in the novel exceeds the initial expectations and it could be said that for all the basic ideas presented in the book, the author had as inspiration specific historical events and personalities. He shaped them through artistic freedoms, but also in accordance with the ideology of the movement to which he belonged. In our opinion, the motives for the creation of the novel in the early post-war years were also political: to present the Partisan Movement to the Serbian people as part of its historical epic vertical; to make a departure from the USSR and present the Partisan struggle as an independently executed, authentic revolution; to point out the betrayal and crimes of the counter-revolution and the Ravna gora Movement (presented in a politically constructed symmetry as “Serbian Ustashas”), and thus to contribute to the war propaganda that was waged against them even then. In that sense, the novel The Sun is Far Away should not be viewed only as a literary fiction, but as a part of engaged literature which had far-reaching consequences in the formation of the historical consciousness of post-war generations.
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Tsai, Jiun-Yi, Joe Phua, Shuya Pan e Chia-chen Yang. "Intergroup Contact, COVID-19 News Consumption, and the Moderating Role of Digital Media Trust on Prejudice Toward Asians in the United States: Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, n. 9 (25 settembre 2020): e22767. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22767.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background The perceived threat of a contagious virus may lead people to be distrustful of immigrants and out-groups. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the salient politicized discourses of blaming Chinese people for spreading the virus have fueled over 2000 reports of anti-Asian racial incidents and hate crimes in the United States. Objective The study aims to investigate the relationships between news consumption, trust, intergroup contact, and prejudicial attitudes toward Asians and Asian Americans residing in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare how traditional news, social media use, and biased news exposure cultivate racial attitudes, and the moderating role of media use and trust on prejudice against Asians is examined. Methods A cross-sectional study was completed in May 2020. A total of 430 US adults (mean age 36.75, SD 11.49 years; n=258, 60% male) participated in an online survey through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform. Respondents answered questions related to traditional news exposure, social media use, perceived trust, and their top three news channels for staying informed about the novel coronavirus. In addition, intergroup contact and racial attitudes toward Asians were assessed. We performed hierarchical regression analyses to test the associations. Moderation effects were estimated using simple slopes testing with a 95% bootstrap confidence interval approach. Results Participants who identified as conservatives (β=.08, P=.02), had a personal infection history (β=.10, P=.004), and interacted with Asian people frequently in their daily lives (β=.46, P<.001) reported more negative attitudes toward Asians after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Relying more on traditional news media (β=.08, P=.04) and higher levels of trust in social media (β=.13, P=.007) were positively associated with prejudice against Asians. In contrast, consuming news from left-leaning outlets (β=–.15, P=.001) and neutral outlets (β=–.13, P=.003) was linked to less prejudicial attitudes toward Asians. Among those who had high trust in social media, exposure had a negative relationship with prejudice. At high levels of trust in digital websites and apps, frequent use was related to less unfavorable attitudes toward Asians. Conclusions Experiencing racial prejudice among the Asian population during a challenging pandemic can cause poor psychological outcomes and exacerbate health disparities. The results suggest that conservative ideology, personal infection history, frequency of intergroup contact, traditional news exposure, and trust in social media emerge as positive predictors of prejudice against Asians and Asian Americans, whereas people who get COVID-19 news from left-leaning and balanced outlets show less prejudice. For those who have more trust in social media and digital news, frequent use of these two sources is associated with lower levels of prejudice. Our findings highlight the need to reshape traditional news discourses and use social media and mobile news apps to develop credible messages for combating racial prejudice against Asians.