Bibliografie tematiche / IL-5

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "IL-5"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 28 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "IL-5"

1

Kotsimbos, ATC, e Q. Hamid. "IL-5 and IL-5 receptor in asthma". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92, suppl 2 (dicembre 1997): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761997000800012.

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2

TAKATSU, Kiyoshi. "Interleukin-5, IL-5". Journal of Japan Atherosclerosis Society 23, n. 10 (1996): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat1973.23.10_599.

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3

Malhi, Gin S. "DSM-5: Il buono, il cattivo, il brutto". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 47, n. 7 (28 giugno 2013): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867413496363.

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4

NAKANISHI, KENJI. "Interleukin cascade of IL-4,IL-5 and IL-2." Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology 13, n. 5 (1990): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2177/jsci.13.438.

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5

Stein, Miguel L., Joyce M. Villanueva, Bridget K. Buckmeier, Yoshiyuki Yamada, Alexandra H. Filipovich, Amal H. Assa'ad e Marc E. Rothenberg. "Anti–IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy reduces eosinophil activation ex vivo and increases IL-5 and IL-5 receptor levels". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 121, n. 6 (giugno 2008): 1473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.02.033.

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6

Warren, H. S., B. F. Kinnear, J. H. Phillips e L. L. Lanier. "Production of IL-5 by human NK cells and regulation of IL-5 secretion by IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12." Journal of Immunology 154, n. 10 (15 maggio 1995): 5144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5144.

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Abstract Human NK cells produce IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and granulocyte macrophage-CSF when stimulated with susceptible target cells or through the CD16 and CD94 cell surface molecules. This study reports that NK cells also produce IL-5, a cytokine typically produced by Th2 cells, which mediates mobilization and differentiation of eosinophils. Polyclonal NK cell populations and NK cell clones produce IL-5 when stimulated to proliferate with gamma-irradiated MM-170 melanoma cells or JY B-lymphoblastoid cells and rIL-2. IL-5 is produced in cultures generated from freshly isolated NK cells (primary cultures) and when quiescent NK cells from primary cultures are restimulated to proliferate (secondary cultures). Production of IL-5 is on average 8.8-fold greater in secondary cultures compared with primary cultures (n > 18), suggesting that the ability of NK cells to produce IL-5 matures during primary stimulation. IL-5 secretion, particularly in primary cultures, is augmented by IL-4 and is inhibited by IL-12 and IL-10. By contrast, IL-4 and IL-12 have the reverse effects on IFN-gamma secretion. Cultured NK cells that no longer secrete cytokines can be restimulated to do so with either phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate and ionomycin or with susceptible target cells in the presence of rIL-2. IL-5 production in these cultures occurs only when NK cells are in an exponential growth phase, whereas IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and granulocyte macrophage-CSF are produced also by stimulation of quiescent cells, although to a lesser extent. Furthermore, cytokine production is unrelated to the cytolytic activity of NK cells. In conclusion, proliferating human NK cells have the potential to produce IL-5 with secretion regulated by IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12.
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Esnault, Stephane, Mats W. Johansson e Sameer K. Mathur. "Eosinophils, beyond IL-5". Cells 10, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2021): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102615.

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8

Takatsu, Kiyoshi, e Hiroshi Nakajima. "IL-5 and eosinophilia". Current Opinion in Immunology 20, n. 3 (giugno 2008): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.001.

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9

Chung, K. F. "IL-5 in asthma". Thorax 57, n. 8 (1 agosto 2002): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.8.751.

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10

Matthaei, Klaus I., Paul S. Foster e Ian G. Young. "The role of interleukin-5 (IL-5 ) in vivo: studies with IL-5 deficient mice". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 92, suppl 2 (dicembre 1997): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761997000800010.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "IL-5"

1

Lundberg, Elin. "Utomståenderegeln i 57:5 IL". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12225.

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Abstract

This bachelor thesis deals with the close company rules in chapter 56-57 within the Swedish income tax law (IL). The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the outsider rule in 57:5 IL. If a shareholder or a family member works or have worked actively within the company within the fiscal year or the last five fiscal years then the partner has qualified shares and is to be taxed according to the special closed company rules.

If an outsider, directly or indirectly, is a significant shareholder within the company, and directly or indirectly, are entitled to dividends then an active partner only has qualified shares if there is special reasons. When making the assessment regard must be made to conditions under the fiscal year or the last five fiscal years. There is special reason not to apply the rule if there are agreements regarding how the profit should be split or cross-ownerships between companies.

If a taxpayer can show that an outsider own 30 percent of the closed company and has a right to dividends and there is no special reason to why the rule should not be applied then the outsider rule is applicable. If the rule is applicable it means that all the shareholders within the company will be taxed for dividends and capital gain with a 25 percent tax rate.

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2

Krisiukėnienė, Algirda. "Rūkymo sąlygoti imuninio atsako ypatumai sergant astma". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090604_110354-67472.

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Astma-lėtinė kvėpavimo takų liga, pasireiškianti dusulio ar kosulio epizodais bei padidėjusiu bronchų reaktyvumu. Eksperimentiniai bei klinikiniai tyrimai parodė, kad lėtinis neinfekcinis kvėpavimo takų uždegimas- svarbiausia astmos patogenezės grandis, lemianti šios ligos klinikinę eigą, sunkumą bei skiriamo gydymo efektyvumą. Nėra aišku, ar alerginė bei nealerginė astma skiriasi ne tik klinikiniu pasireiškimu, bet ir patomorfologiniais bei patofiziologiniai kvėpavimo takų pakitimais. Rūkymas- svarbus veiksnys, sukeliantis reikšmingus pokyčius kvėpavimo takų gleivinėje. Tačiau kaip rūkymas įtakoja lėtinį neinfekcinį kvėpavimo takų uždegimą ir ar skiriasi rūkymo poveikis sergant fenotipiškai skirtingomis astmos formomis- nėra žinoma. Todėl šio tyrimo tikslas- nustatyti rūkymo sąlygotus imuninio atsako ypatumus sergant alergine ir nealergine astma. Ištirti alergine ir nealergine astma sergantys pacientai, kurie pagal rūkymo įpročius suskirstyti į grupes: rūkorius ir nerūkančiuosius. Įvertinti rūkymo sąlygoti skreplių, bronchoalveolinio lavažo skysčio ląstelių sudėties skirtumai, eotaksinų, IL-5 bei IL-9 koncentracijų ypatumai, jų ryšys su svarbiausiais klinikiniais pacientų duomenimis. Nustatyta, kad alerginė ir nealerginė astma skiriasi patofiziologinėmis savybėmis, o rūkymas sukelia nevienodus imuninių lėtinio kvėpavimo takų uždegimo žymenų pakitimus pacientams, sergantiems skirtingomis astmos formomis.
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways, which is characterized by the presence of chronic airway inflammation. Experimental and clinical studies have showed that chronic airway inflammation is the most important part of asthma pathogenesis, which determines the clinical picture and severity of this disease. The data about differences and similarities of allergic and non-allergic asthma are questionable. It was considered that smoking might cause significant changes of bronchial mucosa. It is unclear whether smoking impairs immune response in patients with allergic and non-allergic asthma similarly. The aim of this study was to evaluate tobacco smoke-induced features of immune response in patients with allergic and non-allergic asthma. Subjects, with allergic and non-allergic asthma were investigated. According to their smoking habits, patients were divided into the groups: smokers and non-smokers. Tobacco smoke-induced changes of sputum and BAL fluid cellular composition were evaluated and features of inflammatory mediators (eotaxins, IL-5 and IL-9) were investigated. This study showed pathomorphological and pathophysiological differences between allergic and non-allergic asthma. Smoking impairs lung function and changes the pattern of chronic airway inflammation by decreasing production of cytokines and increasing production of chemokines.
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3

Stomski, Frank Charles. "The molecular basis of IL-3, Il-5 and GM-CSF receptor activation /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs8766.pdf.

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4

Nilsson, Linda, e Jenny Palm. "Utomståenderegeln 57 kap 5§ IL - är den ändamålsenlig?" Thesis, Kristianstad University College, Department of Business Administration, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-3767.

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Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva vad utomståenderegeln innebär, vilka rekvisit som måste uppfyllas för att den ska vara tillämpbar och om den är ändamålsenlig enligt lagstiftarens syfte. Metoden som används är den rättsdogmatiska rättsvetenskapen, vilken innebär att en redogörelse gör för gällande rätt med hjälp av de olika rättskällorna, lag, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin. För att ge en helhetsbild används exempel för att illustrera olika situationer.

Till kategorin fåmansföretag räknas aktiebolag och ekonomisk förening, där fyra eller färre fysiska personer äger, direkt eller indirekt, så många aktier eller andelar att de tillsammans har mer än hälften av rösterna för samtliga aktier eller andelar i företaget. Det finns undantag som bidrar till att fåmansföretag inte omfattas av fåmansreglerna trots att de räknas till kategorin fåmansföretag. Ett av dessa undantag är utomståenderegeln.

Utomståenderegeln är en undantagsregel från 3:12-reglerna. Syftet med denna undantagsregel är att fåmansföretag med minst 30 % utomstående ägande befrias från de hårda beskattningsreglerna för fåmansföretag. Det finns vissa rekvisit som måste uppfyllas för att utomståenderegeln ska bli tillämpbar.

De slutsatser vi har kommit fram till är att sambor och stiftelser inte bör räknas som utomstående vilket de gör idag. Utomståenderegeln bör vidare vara obligatorisk för att inte undergräva skattemoralen. För att ytterligare förtydliga rekvisiten bör betydande del och gränsen för verksam i betydande omfattning preciseras i lagtext och förarbeten i den mån det är möjligt.

Det finns särskilda skäl som gör att utomståenderegeln inte kan tillämpas, vi anser att de särskilda skälen bör bortses från om det tydligt framgår att syftet inte varit att undgå 3:12-reglerna. Utomståenderegeln uppfyller till stor del sitt syfte. Vissa situationer kan dock ifrågasättas, t.ex. vid sambos och stiftelser som utomstående ägare.

Enligt dagens lagtext finns stort utrymme för tolkningar. Beträffande användning av förarbeten vid lagtolkningen, är det mot bakgrund av legalitetsprincipen viktigt att tolkningsresultatet underlättar förutsebarheten för den skatteskyldige.

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5

Porte, Liliane Medianeira Favero. "Síntese de 5-hidróxi-3-(1,1-dimetoxietan-2-il)-5-trifluormetil-2-pirazolinas e 3-(1,1-difluoretan-2-il)-1H-pirazóis análogos". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10417.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work describes, at first, the synthesis of 4,6,6-trimethoxy-1,1,1-trifluorohex-3-en-2-one by the acylation reaction of 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxybutane, in 65% yields. Afterwards, the synthesis of a new series of 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles, which contain a ketal-protected aldehyde function as substituent, is described. These compounds are obtained by the reaction of 4,6,6-trimethoxy-1,1,1-trifluorohex-3-en-2-one with hydrazines (NH2NHR, R= 2-furoyl, C6F5, COOMe, COMe, Nicotinoyl), in 90-97% yields. In a subsequent step, dehydration reactions of 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles are reported, leading to 1H-pyrazoles. In addition, this work proposes a fluorination methodology of the ketal substituent of the 4,5-diidro-1H-pyrazoles and 1H-pyrazoles using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). Finally, this work reports the desprotection of the ketal substituent to obtain the respective carbonyl compound and the subsequent fluorination reaction leading to the difluorinated analogues, in 55-60% yields. The compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR experiments and by Mass Spectrometry, and their purity was confirmed by elemental analysis.
A presente dissertação descreve, inicialmente, a síntese de 4,6,6-trimetoxi-1,1,1-trifluorhex-3-en-2-ona através da reação de acilação do acetal 1,1,3,3-tetrametoxibutano, com rendimento de 65%. Subsequentemente é descrita a síntese de uma nova série de 4,5-diidro-1H-pirazóis, que possuem como substituinte uma função aldeído protegida sob a forma de acetal, obtidos a partir da reação de 4,6,6-trimetoxi-1,1,1-trifluorhex-3-en-2-ona com hidrazinas (NH2NHR, R= 2-furanoil, C6F5, COOMe, COMe, Nicotinoil), com rendimentos de 90-97%. Numa etapa posterior, são descritas as reações de desidratação dos 4,5-diidro-1Hpirazóis, as quais levaram ao isolamento dos respectivos 1H-pirazóis. Além disso, são propostas neste trabalho metodologias para a fluoração do substituinte acetal dos 4,5-diidro-1H-pirazóis e 1H-pirazóis, utilizando Dietilamino Trifluoreto de Enxofre (DAST). Finalmente, é descrito neste trabalho a etapa de desproteção do substituinte acetal para obtenção do composto carbonílico correspondente e posterior reação de fluoração levando ao isolamento dos análogos difluorados com rendimentos de 55-60%. Os compostos foram caracterizados por experimentos de RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C {1H} e por Espectrometria de Massas, e sua pureza comprovada por Análise Elementar.
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Paim, Gisele Rocha. "Síntese de 2-(1h-pirazol-1-il)-5-(1h-pirazol-1-il-1-carbonil) piridinas". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10419.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work describes the synthesis of a new series of 2-[3-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-5-trihalomethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-il]-5-[3-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-5-trihalomethyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-il-1-carbonyl]pyridines by the cyclocondensation reaction of 1,1,1-trihalo-4-alkoxy-4-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-3-alken-2- ones [CX3C(O)CH=CR1OR, where R = Me, Et; R1 = H, Me, Ph, 4-MeOPh, 4-NO2Ph, 4,4 -Biphenyl, 1-Naftyl, 2-Furyl, 2-Thienyl and X = F, Cl] with 6-hydraninonicotinic hydrazide hydrate. Yields of 67 to 97% was obtained when the reactions were performed in ethanol as a solvent to 78 oC for 4 hours. In a subsequent step are described the reactions of dehydration intramolecular of 2- (1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(1H pyrazol-1-yl-1-carbonyl)pyridines. These reactions were carried out in pyridine/benzene in the presence of thionyl chloride and led to the isolation of a series of 2- [3-alkyl (aryl/heteroaryl)-5-trihalomethyl-1H- pyrazol-1-yl]-5-3-alkyl (aryl/heteroaryl)-5-trihalomethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-1-carbonyl]pyridine, with yields of 64 to 86%. All compounds were characterized by analytical experiments 1Hs and 13Cs, 2DCOLOQ NMR, mass spectrometry (GC-MSD) and its purities they were determined by CHN elemental analysis.
Esta dissertação apresenta a síntese de uma nova série de 2-[3-alquil (aril/heteroaril)-5-trialometil-5-hidroxi-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il]-5-[3- alquil(aril/heteroaril)-5-trialometil-5-hidroxi-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazol-1-il-1- carbonil]piridinas, obtida a partir de reações de ciclocondensação de 1,1,1-trialo-4- alquil(aril/heteroaril)-4-alcoxi-3-alquen-2-onas [CX3C(O)CH=CR1OR, onde R = Me, Et; R1 = H, Me, Ph, 4-MeOPh, 4-NO2Ph, 4,4 -Bifenil, 1-Naftil, Fur-2-il e Tien-2-il e X = F, Cl] com hidrazida 6-hidrazino nicotínica. Rendimentos de 67 a 97% foram obtidos quando as reações foram executadas em etanol como solvente a 78 oC por 4 horas. Numa etapa posterior, são descritas as reações de desidratação intramolecular de 2- (1H-pirazol-1-il)-5-(1H-pirazol-1-il-1-carbonil) piridinas. Estas reações foram realizadas em meio piridina/benzeno, na presença de cloreto de tionila e levaram ao isolamento de uma série de 2-[3-alquil(aril/heteroaril)-5-trifluormetil-1H-pirazol-1-il]-5-[3-alquil (aril/ heteroaril)-5-trifluormetil-1H-pirazol-1-il-1-carbonil]piridina, com rendimentos de 64 a 86%. Os compostos foram caracterizados por experimentos de RMN de 1H, RMN de 13C {1H} e RMN 2D COLOQ, espectroscopia de massas (GC-MSD) e as suas purezas foram determinadas por análise elementar CHN.
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Nogara, Pablo Andrei. "Síntese de (5-trifluormetil-1H-pirazol-1-IL)(quinolin-4-IL)metanonas de interesse farmacológico". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10627.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A convergent synthesis of a series of 16 new polysubstituted (5-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(quinolin-4-yl)methanones, starting from isatin and alky(aryl/heteroaryl) ketones, is described. The diheteroaryl methanones were achieved at yields of up to 95% by a (3 + 2) cyclocondensation reaction involving 4-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-4-methoxy-1,1,1-trifluorobut-3-en-2-ones (by two-step reaction) and 2-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-4-carbohydrazides (by three-step reaction). Subsequently, representative dehydrated heterocyclic derivatives were obtained from the respective 5-hydroxy-2-pyrazoline moieties by classical dehydration reactions, which resulted in the corresponding (5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(quinolin-4-yl)methanones (three examples) at yields of 69 82%. The compounds were characterized by one- and two-dimensional 1H/13C NMR, X-ray diffraction, GC-MS and elemental analysis. The subsequent cytotoxicity evaluation showed that compounds with aromatic groups at the 2-position of the quinoline and a methyl moiety at the 3-position of the pyrazole have significant cytotoxicity in human leukocytes at high concentrations (200 μM).
Uma síntese convergente de uma série de 16 novos poli-substituídos (5-hidroxi-5-(trifluorometil)-4,5-di-hidro-1H-pirazol-1-il)(quinolin-4-il)metanonas, a partir da isatina e alquil(aril/heteroaril)cetonas, é descrito. As diheteroarilmetanonas foram obtidas com rendimentos de até 95% por uma reação de ciclocondensação (3 + 2) envolvendo 4-alquil(aril/heteroaril)-4-metóxi-1,1,1-trifluorbut-3-en-2-onas (reação em dois passos) e 2-alquil(aril/heteroaril)-4-carbohidrazidas (reação em três passos). Subsequentemente, os representantes desidratados dos heterociclos foram obtidos a partir das respectivas porções de 5-hidróxi-2-pirazolina por reações de desidratação clássicas, o que resultou nas correspondentes (5-(trifluormetil)-1H-pirazol-1-il)(quinolin-4-il )metanonas (três exemplos) com rendimentos de 69-82%. Os compostos foram caracterizados por RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensional, difração de raios-X, CG-EM e análise elementar. As posteriores avaliações da citotoxicidade mostraram que os compostos com grupos aromáticos na posição 2 da quinolina e o grupo metila na posição 3 do pirazol, possuem significativa citotoxicidade em leucócitos humanos em concentrações elevadas (200 μM).
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Monduzzi, Pietro. "Applicare il design thinking a progetti ad elevato TRL (5-7): riflessioni metodologiche e il caso M.A.T.R.I.C.S". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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La ricerca presentata nell’elaborato trova origine a seguito dell’esperienza maturata nel progetto M.A.T.R.I.C.S., in cui si è cercato di applicare il design thinking in un contesto che vede una tecnologia a TRL elevato (5-7) e, dunque, con vincolo tecnologico.
 Il team di progetto si è accorto del fatto che fosse necessario uscire dagli schemi dell’approccio tradizionale per creare valore, e si è riadattato in corso d’opera, al fine di includere la prospettiva human-centred in un ambiente fortemente vincolato dal campo applicativo e con una tecnologia scelta (vincolo tecnologico) per ricoprire un ruolo preciso all’interno del contesto.  Attraverso il confronto con altre testimonianze di progetti a stampo simile e riprendendo la letteratura, si è cercato di raccogliere ed analizzare le differenze metodologiche che sono state prese in considerazione, al fine di presentarle in un unico lavoro. Questo con l’obiettivo di facilitare l’approccio dei progettisti che si imbattono in challenge di questo tipo.  Dopo aver categorizzato i progetti con vincolo tecnologico, e considerando gli aspetti dell’HRL e della collaborazione tra team di progettisti di ricerca e team di progettisti tecnici analizzati in letteratura, l’intento è di fornire, per i particolari contesti presi in esame, visione di processo, tools, pratiche e approcci che possano guidare il processo di progettazione. Ciò viene svolto riprendendo le logiche della progettazione human-centred attraverso un’analisi differenziale rispetto alla progettazione classica del design thinking. L’applicazione della metodologia proposta viene concretizzata riportando il caso studio M.A.T.R.I.C.S., che riguarda tracking e monitoraggio dell’igiene nell’ambito healthcare. A conclusione dell’analisi, la metodologia proposta verrà messa in relazione alla letteratura analizzata, sintetizzando il contributo che i vari processi forniscono rispetto all’aumento di TRL e HRL.
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Sun, Qiyu. "Human GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptor expression and their functional domains studied with monoclonal antibodies /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs9569.pdf.

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Borgwardt, Derek Steven. "Histatin 5 attenuates IL-8 dendritic cell response to gingivalis Hemagglutinin B". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/926.

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Histatins, a group of proteins produced by human salivary glands, have a variety of innate immune functions including the ability to: kill oral microorganisms, neutralize toxins, inactivate protease/collagenase activities, inhibit co-aggregation of oral bacteria, and inhibit lipopolysaccharide mediated activities. Hemagglutinin B (HagB), a virulence factor of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, induces a robust cytokine and chemokine response in human myeloid dendritic cells. In this study, I hypothesize that histatin 5 can attenuate a HagB-induced chemokine response. Objectives: To characterize an expanded cytokine and chemokine response induced in human myeloid dendritic cells by HagB, and to determine if prior incubation of HagB with histatin 5 attenuates these responses. Methods: In my first experiment, 0.040 M HagB was mixed with dilutions of histatin 5 and histatin 8 (Sigma, 0.04 to 40.0 M), incubated at 37C for 30 minutes, and added to 2 x 104 human myeloid dendritic cells (Lonza, Walkersville, MD). At 24 hours, culture media was removed, and 6 cytokines and chemokines (pg/ml) were determined in cell-free supernatants (Millipore, Billerica, MA) using the Luminex 100 IS instrument (Luminex, Austin, TX). In my second experiment, 0.040 M HagB was mixed with 40.0 M histatin 5 only (e.g., 1:1000), incubated at 37C for 30 minutes, and added to 2 x 104 human myeloid dendritic cells. At 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours post-inoculation, culture media was removed, and 26 cytokines and chemokines (pg/ml) were determined in cell-free supernatants. Results: In both experiments, human myeloid dendritic cells incubated with HagB produced Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12(p70), IFN-, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, , IL-15, IL-17); pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, IL-12(p40); anti-inflammatory v cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, IFN2); chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1, MIP-1b, CCL11/eotaxin); and colony stimulating factors (IL-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF). Histatin 5 significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) the IL-8 response induced by HagB at 8 - 16 hours and to a lesser extent, the IL-6, GM-CSF, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α response. Conclusion: Histatin 5 is an important salivary component capable of attenuating an IL-8 response. Together with human beta defensin 3, another peptide previously shown to attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokines, histatin 5 may help control and contain oral infection and inflammation by down regulating IL-8 chemotactic response.
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Libri sul tema "IL-5"

1

Kim, Myŏng-sŏn. Che-5 Konghwaguk 444-il. Sŏul: Pʻyŏngbŏm Sŏdang, 1988.

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5-wŏl 18-il, Kwangju. Sŏul-si: Yŏksa Kong'gan, 2010.

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3

Yi, Tŏk-pong. Che-5 Konghwaguk 444-il. Sŏul: Koryŏ Kihoek, 1988.

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Kim, Il-sŏng. Choguk Kwangbokhoe kyuyak, 1936-yŏn 5-wŏl 5-il. [Pʻyŏngyang]: Chosŏn Nodongdang Chʻulpʻansa, 1988.

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5

Monina, Michele. Il perchè di una vittoria: Il Movimento 5 stelle. Roma: Moralia, 2013.

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6

Il fine della chiocciola: 5 storie. Roma: Albatros Il filo, 2010.

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7

Changjinho tongtchok: 4-il nat 5-il pam ŭi pirok. Sŏul-si: Tat'ŭaen, 2013.

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8

Munhwa ro toesaranan Namdo 5-il chang. Sŏul: Minsogwŏn, 2010.

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9

Kang, In-sun. Kang In-sun mok kongyejŏn, 2001. 5. 16(su) - 5. 27 (il). Kyŏnggi-do Sŏngnam-si: Gaellŏri Samsŏng Pʻŭllaja, 2001.

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10

2002 Han-Il Wŏldŭkʻŏp Chosŏn Ilbo kʻŏllŏ chʻukswaepʻan: 5-wŏl 31-il-7-wŏl 10-il. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Chosŏn Ilbosa, 2002.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "IL-5"

1

Pelaia, Girolamo, Alessandro Vatrella e Rosario Maselli. "IL-5-Targeted Antibodies". In Asthma: Targeted Biological Therapies, 51–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46007-9_5.

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Schroeder, John T. "Diagnostic Components: T Helper Cell Cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17)". In Encyclopedia of Medical Immunology, 221–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9194-1_298.

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Khan, Manzoor M. "Regulation of IL-4 and IL-5 Secretion by Histamine and PGE2". In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 35–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1891-4_5.

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4

Mui, Alice, Akihiko Muto, Kazuhiro Sakamaki, Noriko Sato, Taisei Kinoshita, Sumiko Watanabe, Takashi Yokota, Kenichi Arai e Atsushi Miyajima. "Function of the Common β Subunit of the GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5 Receptors". In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 217–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0987-9_22.

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Chang, Yun-Ke, Schubert Foo e Shaheen Majid. "Assessing IL Skills of Primary-5 Students in Singapore". In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 531–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14136-7_56.

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6

Mori, Akio, Matsunobu Suko, Osamu Kaminuma, Yoko Nishizaki, Toshifumi Nagahori, Tadashi Mikami, Takeo Ohmura, Akihiko Hosino, Yumiko Asakura e Hirokazu Okudaira. "Enhanced Production and Gene Expression of IL-5 in Bronchial Asthma". In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 439–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5855-2_64.

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7

Compare, Angelo, Enzo Grossi, Elena Germani, Luca Domeneghetti, A. Zielllo e Claudio Zullo. "Verso il DSM-5: Scenari nosologici delle patologie legate allo stress". In Stress e disturbi da somatizzazione, 357–83. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2080-1_23.

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Marshall, Richard, e Isidore Faiferman. "IL-5-directed approaches in the treatment of eosinophil-driven disease". In New Drugs and Targets for Asthma and COPD, 103–7. Basel: KARGER, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000320806.

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9

Paquet, Luc, Paolo Renzi, Nicolay Ferrari e Mark Parry-Billings. "A multitargeted antisense therapy directed at CCR3 and the common β-chain of IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF". In New Drugs and Targets for Asthma and COPD, 297–302. Basel: KARGER, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000320834.

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10

Yokota, T., H. Hagiwara, Y. Takebe, T. Otsuka, A. Miyajima, P. Meyerson, P. Hoy et al. "Isolation and Characterization of Mouse and Human cDNA Clones Encoding IL-4 and IgA-Enhancing Factor/Eosinophil CSF (IL-5)". In Molecular Basis of Lymphokine Action, 313–24. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4598-8_28.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "IL-5"

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Dimitrova, Denitsa, Vania Youroukova, Tsvetelina Velikova e Kalina Tumangelova-Yuzeir. "Serum levels of IL-5, IL-6 and IL-8 in moderate and severe asthma clusters". In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa5060.

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Domagala-Kulawik, J., A. Safianowska, H. Grubek-Jaworska e R. Chazan. "IL-5 Concentration and BALF Eosinophilia – Diagnostic Value." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a3696.

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Linch, Stefanie N., Ann Kelly, Erin Danielson e Jeffrey A. Gold. "IL-5 Augments Macrophage Function In Polymicrobial Sepsis". In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a1802.

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Patel, Katir K., Paul S. Salva e Wilmore C. Webley. "Increased Secretion Of Interleukin-5 (IL-5) And IL-13 In The Lungs Of Pediatric Patients Infected With Chlamydia Organisms". In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3276.

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5

Allinne, Jeanne, George Scott, Dylan Birchard, Seblewongel Asrat, Kirsten Nagashima, Audrey Le Floc’H, Matthew A. Sleeman, Andrew J. Murphy, George D. Yancopoulos e Jamie M. Orengo. "Broader Impact of IL-4Ra Blockade Than IL-5 Blockade on Type 2 Inflammation". In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa3877.

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Maruoka, Shuichiro, Ryoji Ito, Mamoru Ito, Satoshi Nunomura, Kenji Izuhara, Yasuhiro Gon, Kaori Soda, Shu Hashimoto e Shoichiro Ota. "Development of IL-33-induced asthmatic airway inflammation in human IL-3/GM-CSF/IL-5-transgenic NOG mice". In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa573.

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7

Naselsky, Warren C., Kelly D. Chason, Xiaoyang Hua e Stephen L. Tilley. "IL-4 Primes Human Mast Cells To Secrete IL-5, IL-13, And PGD2 In Response To LPS Stimulation". In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a5732.

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Selvaraja, M., M. Abdullah, A. Md Shah, MB Arip e S. Amin Nordin. "314 Role of cytokine il-5 and il-25 as biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus". In LUPUS 2017 & ACA 2017, (12th International Congress on SLE &, 7th Asian Congress on Autoimmunity). Lupus Foundation of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2017-000215.314.

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Saji, Junko, Hiromi Muraoka, Eriko Nishimoto, Shin Matsuzawa, Mariko Okamoto, Teppei Inoue, Hiroshi Handa et al. "Effectiveness of anti-IgE and anti-IL-5 treatment in step 5 asthma patients." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa1131.

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Jackson, David J., Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo, Jerico del Rosario, Aurica Telcian, Alexandra Nikonova, Julia Aniscenko, Leila Gogsadze et al. "Rhinovirus Induces IL-4, IL-5 And IL-13 In The Airways In Asthma But Not In Non-Atopic Subjects". In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a6874.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "IL-5"

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Rink, George, e Carl A. Budelsky. Proceedings of the 7th central hardwood conference; 1989 March 5-8; Carbondale, IL. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-gtr-132.

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2

Cordts, Jerome R. Annual Conference on Human Retrovirus Testing (7th) held in Chicago, IL on March 3-5, 1992. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, aprile 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada262160.

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3

Cao, Xianling, Xuanyou Zhou, Naixin Xu, Songchang Chang e Chenming Xu. Association of IL-4 and IL-10 Polymorphisms with Preterm Birth Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, aprile 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0044.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of IL-4 and IL-10 gene polymorphism and clarify their possible association with PTB. Condition being studied: World Health Organization (WHO) defines preterm birth (PTB) as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. The new estimates show that the prevalence of PTB during 2014 ranged from 8.7% to13.4% of all live births, about 15 million preterm babies born each year. Besides, PTB is the leading cause of death worldwide for children below 5 years of age. Babies born preterm are at an increased risk of short-term and long-term complications attributed to immaturity of multiple organ systems, such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, vision and hearing impairments, and impaired cognitive development. PTB has become a worldwide public health problem, but its etiology remains unclear. Accumulating evidence shows that PTB is a syndrome that can be attributed to a variety of pathological processes(5). Inflammatory diseases and genetic background are known risk factors for PTB, many studies had shown that genetic variations in proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α) are associated with increased risk of PTB, but the relationship between genetic polymorphism in anti-inflammatory cytokines and risk of PTB remains controversial.
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Liu, Miao, Hongan Wang, Jing Lu, Zhiyue Zhu, Chaoqun Song, Ye Tian, Xinzhi Chen et al. Vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, settembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0129.

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Review question / Objective: The patients should meet the internationally recognized diagnostic criteria for myasthenia gravis and be definitely diagnosed as myasthenia gravis, excluding MG patients caused by congenital, drug and other factors, as well as patients with serious primary diseases, autoimmune diseases or mental diseases. Patients are not restricted by race, region, gender, age, background, course of disease and other factors. We will focus on trials using vitamin D as an intervention at any dose and in any regimen (eg daily/weekly/monthly intake). The control group was routinely given western medicine, including cholinesterase inhibitors, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, alone or in combination, or placebo. The intervention group was treated with vitamin D on the basis of western medicine treatment in the control group. The specific dosage form and dose were not limited, and the shortest course of treatment should be 4 weeks. Main outcome measures: (1) Quantitative score of myasthenia gravis (QMG); (2) Recurrence rate; (3) Effective. Secondary outcome measures: (1) The level of serum acetylcholine receptor antibody (AchRab); (2) The levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-10; (3) Clinical absolute score; (4) TCM syndrome score scale; (5) Quality of life score (QOL); (6) Incidence rate of adverse events. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) literatures from the establishment to September 2022 were retrieved and classified.
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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman e Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.
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Ripoll, Santiago, Tabitha Hrynick, Ashley Ouvrier, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Federico Marco Federici e Elizabeth Storer. 10 façons dont les gouvernements locaux en milieu urbain multiculturel peuvent appuyer l’égalité vaccinale en cas de pandémie. SSHAP, gennaio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2023.001.

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Si l’on s’en tient aux chiffres de la vaccination contre la COVID-19 dans les pays du G7, la campagne apparaît comme un véritable succès tant au niveau global qu’au niveau national. En effet, à ce jour, 79,4 % de la population totale des pays du G7 a reçu une première dose, 72,9 % une seconde, et 45,4 % une dose de rappel (données du 28 avril 2022) 1 En France, c’est 80,6 % de la population totale qui a reçu une première dose, 78,2 % qui a reçu deux doses, et 55,4 % qui a reçu un rappel (données du 28 avril 2022).2 Au Royaume-Uni, 79,3 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 74,1 % une seconde, et 58,5 % un rappel.1 Enfin, en Italie, 85,2 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 80,4 % a reçu deux doses et 66,5 % a reçu leurs rappels (données du 28 avril 2022). Ces taux de vaccination élevés masquent pourtant des disparités importantes à l’intérieur de chaque pays. Ainsi, à Marseille, deuxième ville de France, moins de 50 % des habitants des quartiers nord de la ville étaient vaccinés à la fin de l’année 2021, alors que plus de 70 % des habitants des quartiers sud l’étaient au même moment.3 Dans le quartier populaire de Ealing, situé au nord-ouest de Londres, 70 % de la population admissible avait reçu une première dose, soit près de 10 % de moins que la moyenne nationale. 4 (Données du 4 avril 2022). Des disparités similaires ont été observées dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7. Ce document examine ces disparités au prisme de la notion d’« (in)égalité vaccinale ». En s’appuyant sur des recherches qualitatives menées pendant la campagne de vaccination de la COVID-19 dans les quartiers nord de Marseille, le quartier de Ealing à Londres (Nord-ouest) et dans la région de l'Émilie-Romagne et à Rome, en Italie, il montre comment les autorités locales peuvent agir pour atténuer ces inégalités. Mieux comprendre les inégalités en matière de vaccins fut primordial lors de la pandémie de la COVID-19 en ce sens que les populations sous-vaccinées étaient la plupart du temps des minorités ethniques ou culturelles, vivant dans des zones défavorisées, ou sans-papiers, donc plus susceptibles de contracter la COVID-19, et d’en subir les conséquences les plus dramatiques. 5 6 7 8 Ainsi, à Ealing, quatre mois après la campagne de vaccination, seulement 57,6% des personnes dans le décile de pauvreté le plus bas avaient reçu une dose, contre 81% des personnes dans le décile le plus aisé. 9 En outre, 89,2 % des résidents britanniques blancs de Ealing étaient vaccinés, contre 64 % des Pakistanais et 49,3 % des habitants issus des Caraïbes.9 À Rome, comme c’est le cas dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7, nos données révèlent des disparités particulières importantes entre le recours aux vaccins des populations sans papiers et celui des citoyens établis. Les facteurs d’inégalité vaccinale dans ces environnements urbains sont complexes et liés à l’interaction de nombreux phénomènes tels que les inégalités économiques, le racisme structurel, l'inégalité d'accès aux soins de santé, la méfiance envers les professionnels de santé, les représentants de l'État, et plus encore. Les collectivités locales tout comme les professionnels de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la manière dont s’exprime l’(in)égalité vaccinale. Pour autant, peu de leçons ont été systématiquement tirées des efforts menés en matière d’ «engagement vaccinal » au niveau local. Dans ce document, nous proposons d’expliquer comment l’expérience des inégalités structurelles se recoupe avec celle des habitants, et comment ces expériences ont été prises en compte ou au contraire ignorées dans la promotion et l’administration des vaccins contre la COVID-19 par les collectivités locales. Nous adressons également un ensemble de recommandations qui s’appliquent aux programmes de « vaccination de rattrapage » contre la COVID-19 (visant à atteindre les personnes qui n’ont pas encore reçu leur schéma vaccinal complet), mais elles concernent également les programmes de vaccination d'urgence à venir. Ce document repose sur des recherches menées entre octobre et décembre 2021 à Marseille et sur des échanges réguliers avec les autorités du Borough de Ealing initiés dès mai 2021. Il identifie comment les gouvernements locaux, les acteurs de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la production d’(in)égalités vaccinales. Ce document a été élaboré pour la SSHAP par Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Tavitha Hrynick (IDS), Ashley Ouvrier (LaSSA), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Federico Federici (UCL) et Elizabeth Storer (LSE). Il a été revu par Eloisa Franchi (Université de Pavie) et Ellen Schwartz (Conseil de santé publique de Hackney). La recherche a été financée par la British Academy COVID-19 Recovery : Fonds G7 (COVG7210038). Les recherches ont été menées à l’Institut d’études du développement (IDS), à l’Université de Sussex et au Laboratoire des sciences sociales appliquées (LaSSA). La SSHAP en assume la responsabilité.
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Funkenstein, Bruria, e Shaojun (Jim) Du. Interactions Between the GH-IGF axis and Myostatin in Regulating Muscle Growth in Sparus aurata. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696530.bard.

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Growth rate of cultured fish from hatching to commercial size is a major factor in the success of aquaculture. The normal stimulus for muscle growth in growing fish is not well understood and understanding the regulation of muscle growth in fish is of particular importance for aquaculture. Fish meat constitutes mostly of skeletal muscles and provides high value proteins in most people's diet. Unlike mammals, fish continue to grow throughout their lives, although the size fish attain, as adults, is species specific. Evidence indicates that muscle growth is regulated positively and negatively by a variety of growth and transcription factors that control both muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, growth hormone (GH), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and transforming growth factor-13 (TGF-13) play critical roles in myogenesis during animal growth. An important advance in our understanding of muscle growth was provided by the recent discovery of the crucial functions of myostatin (MSTN) in controlling muscle growth. MSTN is a member of the TGF-13 superfamily and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in mammals. Studies in mammals also provided evidence for possible interactions between GH, IGFs, MSTN and the musclespecific transcription factor My oD with regards to muscle development and growth. The goal of our project was to try to clarify the role of MSTNs in Sparus aurata muscle growth and in particular determine the possible interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in fish. The steps to achieve this goal included: i) Determining possible relationship between changes in the expression of growth-related genes, MSTN and MyoD in muscle from slow and fast growing sea bream progeny of full-sib families and that of growth rate; ii) Testing the possible effect of over-expressing GH, IGF-I and IGF-Il on the expression of MSTN and MyoD in skeletal muscle both in vivo and in vitro; iii) Studying the regulation of the two S. aurata MSTN promoters and investigating the possible role of MyoD in this regulation. The major findings of our research can be summarized as follows: 1) Two MSTN promoters (saMSTN-1 and saMSTN-2) were isolated and characterized from S. aurata and were found to direct reporter gene activity in A204 cells. Studies were initiated to decipher the regulation of fish MSTN expression in vitro using the cloned promoters; 2) The gene coding for saMSTN-2 was cloned. Both the promoter and the first intron were found to be polymorphic. The first intron zygosity appears to be associated with growth rate; 3) Full length cDNA coding for S. aurata growth differentiation factor-l I (GDF-II), a closely related growth factor to MSTN, was cloned from S. aurata brain, and the mature peptide (C-terminal) was found to be highly conserved throughout evolution. GDF-II transcript was detected by RT -PCR analysis throughout development in S. aurata embryos and larvae, suggesting that this mRNA is the product of the embryonic genome. Transcripts for GDF-Il were detected by RT-PCR in brain, eye and spleen with highest level found in brain; 4) A novel member of the TGF-Bsuperfamily was partially cloned from S. aurata. It is highly homologous to an unidentified protein (TGF-B-like) from Tetraodon nigroviridisand is expressed in various tissues, including muscle; 5) Recombinant S. aurata GH was produced in bacteria, refolded and purified and was used in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Generally, the results of gene expression in response to GH administration in vivo depended on the nutritional state (starvation or feeding) and the time at which the fish were sacrificed after GH administration. In vitro, recombinantsaGH activated signal transduction in two fish cell lines: RTHI49 and SAFI; 6) A fibroblastic-like cell line from S. aurata (SAF-I) was characterized for its gene expression and was found to be a suitable experimental system for studies on GH-IGF and MSTN interactions; 7) The gene of the muscle-specific transcription factor Myogenin was cloned from S. aurata, its expression and promoter activity were characterized; 8) Three genes important to myofibrillogenesis were cloned from zebrafish: SmyDl, Hsp90al and skNAC. Our data suggests the existence of an interaction between the GH-IGFaxis and MSTN. This project yielded a great number of experimental tools, both DNA constructs and in vitro systems that will enable further studies on the regulation of MSTN expression and on the interactions between members of the GHIGFaxis and MSTN in regulating muscle growth in S. aurata.
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Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai e Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.

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Abstract (sommario):
Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.
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