Tesi sul tema "Idea of soul"

The focus of this thesis is to emphasise the lived experience of being a migrant, and of living in a multicultural society, and to acknowledge the multi-dimensionality of these experiences. The author conducted interviews with people from ethno-specific community groups in the Sydney suburb of Auburn. These interviews explored the physical, emotional and spiritual aspect of coming to terms with a changing sense of what is home and what is foreign. The tenor of the thesis is strongly optimistic and explores the social ecology of multiculturalism in Australia in the late 1990's, using Auburn, with its strong immigrant population and large Turkish community, as a case study. The contributions by the people of Auburn are woven through the thesis as voices in their own right, rather than as quotations for a line of argument. Social ecology, as a project, works to open up dimensions of awareness and to acknowledge complexity by addressing the physical and sensory levels of individual experience as well as the broader political and social contexts which frame people's lives. The thesis acknowledges that the success of contemporary Australian multiculturalism has something to do with the broad based policies that implement this social phenomenon. More importantly, multiculturalism succeeds because it has become the culture scape in which the soul of the community wanders. This thesis acknowledges that there is something intellectually difficult about the word soul, but there is an ecological value in James Hillman's idea of the soul as not an elevated idea but rather one 'down in the earth'; soul in this sense is about place, finding and taking root in a new place.
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)

Il s'agit dans cette thèse d'explorer la question du dualisme substantiel et sa relation avec l'union chez Descartes en choisissant comme angle d'attaque le rapport entre imagination et idée. Si, comme l'ont soutenu de nombreux commentateurs, l'imagination a été écartée par Descartes dès 1630 et surtout à partir de 1637 parce qu'il lui importait de démontrer la distinction réelle de l'âme et du corps et de fonder cette démonstration sur l'existence de Dieu, alors la théorie des idées qu'il développe dans ce contexte, devrait être déterminée indépendamment de la notion d'imagination. Nous montrons que les notions d'imagination et d'image servent à constituer sa théorie des idées, ce qui indique que cette faculté occupe toujours pour lui une place importante dans sa théorie de la connaissance et qu'elle n'est en aucun cas exclue de sa métaphysique. Comment concilier cette position épistémologique avec la thèse de la distinction réelle? Nous avons reconsidéré le statut ontologique de l'imagination, conçue comme un mode de la substance pensante mais exclue de l'essence de celle-ci. Cette distinction modale est cruciale pour ne pas interpréter la distinction réelle esprit/corps comme un dualisme dur. Car si une propriété est un mode, elle ne peut être exclue de l'essence de la substance dont elle est le mode. Nous concluons que l'imagination est en réalité exclue de l'essence de l'âme purement intellectuelle mais non de l'essence de l'âme humaine et qu'il n'y a de distinction réelle qu'entre l'âme pure et le corps
This doctoral dissertation concerns the substantial Cartesian dualism and its relation with union in the light of the link between imagination and ideas. If imagination was removed since 1630 and 1637, as a lot of commentators argued, because Descartes wanted to demonstrate the real distinction between body and soul, and found his demonstration on the existence of God, then his theory of ideas should be constituted independently of the notion of imagination. We argue that the notions of imagination and image help to establish this theory: this shows that imagination is still important in Descartes' theory of knowledge and that it is not excluded from his Metaphysics. How to conciliate this epistemological position with real distinction thesis? We reconsidered the ontological status of imagination as a mode of a thinking substance but excluded from the essence of this substance. This modal distinction is crucial in order not to misinterpret the real distinction between soul and body, seen not only as a hard dualism. Yet, if a property is a mode, it cannot be excluded from the essence of the substance of which it is the mode. We conclude that imagination is removed from the essence of a purely intellectual soul but not from human soul and that there is only a real distinction between pure soul and body. Imagination reinforces the intelligibility of dualism since it serves to understand why the real distinction between soul and body is compatible with their substantial union

A tese é uma análise interpretativa do trecho conhecido como símile do Sol na obra República de Platão (508b-509b). Esta análise tem por base dois vieses: i) aquele das questões de relação entre autor e seus personagens, e das questões da relação dos personagens com o próprio drama vigente no diálogo; e ii) aquele das questões relativas à argumentação metafísica apresentada nesta parte do debate, seja quanto aos seus conteúdos, seja quanto aos métodos nela empregados. Estas duas perspectivas de abordagem do símile são atravessadas tendo como fio condutor da exegese o elemento dramático que o próprio autor Platão fez questão que se seguisse à exposição de Sócrates da analogia solar: a reação do personagem Glauco, sobretudo a seguinte passagem: E Glauco muito humorosamente falou: Ah, Apolo, mas que exagero extraordinário! (República VI 509c1-2). O símile do Sol assim é analisado segundo os seus possíveis aspectos de autoria, drama, comicidade e religiosidade, de um lado, e, do outro, segundo os aspectos de sua relação com alguns pontos filosóficos apresentados pelo próprio personagem Sócrates platônico no diálogo e alhures, como a assim chamada Teoria das Ideias, o chamado caminho mais longo, e alguns aludidos métodos de investigação. A partir disso, o presente estudo pretende discutir com, e lançar dúvidas sobre, algumas posições que a tradição da filosofia ocidental construiu nos séculos XX e XXI a respeito da Ideia de Bem dentro do texto da República.
This thesis is an interpretative analysis of the analogy known as simile of the Sun in Plato\'s Republic(508b-509b). The analysis is based on two perspectives: i) that of issues about relationship between author and his characters, and about relationship between the characters and own living drama in the dialogue; and ii) that of issues related to metaphysical argumentation presented in this part of work, whether about its contents or about its methods. In both these approach perspectives of the simile the exegesis\' leitmotiv is the dramatic element that author Plato himself decided put after Socrates\' exposition of analogy of sun: the reaction of character Glaucon, mainly this passage: And Glaucon very comically said: Oh, Apollo, what an extraordinary exaggeration! (RepublicVI 509c1-2). Therefore simile of Sun is analyzed according to its possible features of authorship, drama, comicality and religiosity, on one hand, and, on the other, according to its features about relationship between it and some points made by character Socrates himself in the dialogue and elsewhere, as so called Theory of Ideas, so called longer way, and some alluded to methods of inquiry. With these bases, this study intends discuss with, and cast doubts on, some positions developed at XX and XXI centuries by Western Philosophy tradition about Idea of Good within Republic\'s text.

The focus of this thesis is to emphasise the lived experience of being a migrant, and of living in a multicultural society, and to acknowledge the multi-dimensionality of these experiences. The author conducted interviews with people from ethno-specific community groups in the Sydney suburb of Auburn. These interviews explored the physical, emotional and spiritual aspect of coming to terms with a changing sense of what is home and what is foreign. The tenor of the thesis is strongly optimistic and explores the social ecology of multiculturalism in Australia in the late 1990's, using Auburn, with its strong immigrant population and large Turkish community, as a case study. The contributions by the people of Auburn are woven through the thesis as voices in their own right, rather than as quotations for a line of argument. Social ecology, as a project, works to open up dimensions of awareness and to acknowledge complexity by addressing the physical and sensory levels of individual experience as well as the broader political and social contexts which frame people's lives. The thesis acknowledges that the success of contemporary Australian multiculturalism has something to do with the broad based policies that implement this social phenomenon. More importantly, multiculturalism succeeds because it has become the culture scape in which the soul of the community wanders. This thesis acknowledges that there is something intellectually difficult about the word soul, but there is an ecological value in James Hillman's idea of the soul as not an elevated idea but rather one 'down in the earth'; soul in this sense is about place, finding and taking root in a new place.

Depuis le début des années 1980, l'ouverture de l'économie mondiale a conduit à une évolution rapide des flux d'IDE essentiellement vers les pays en voie de développement. Cette croissance est le résultat du changement structurel de l'activité économique vers la spécialisation verticale internationale. Ainsi, elle a fait émerger un nouveau principe d'analyse pour arbitrer entre l'IDE et la sous-traitance internationale.Notre travail s'intéresse au cas de la Tunisie et examine l'évolution des IDE entrants, essentiellement après la signature de l'accord de partenariat avec l'Union Européenne en 1995. Cet accord représente le point fort du processus d'ouverture de l'économie Tunisienne censé consolider les déterminants économiques traditionnels. Notre analyse empirique des flux entrants entre 1992 et 2008 pour l'ensemble des 58 pays originaires des investissements étrangers en Tunisie, montre que ces investissements se sont concentrés principalement dans le secteur énergétique et dans la branche des textiles et habillement. La principale motivation des investisseurs étrangers demeure la recherche d'une main d'œuvre bon marché, dans une logique de division internationale du travail. En outre, mis à part quelques opérations de privatisation générant des flux importants et concentrés dans la télécommunication et la cimenterie, le processus de libéralisation de l'activité économique n'a pas eu les effets escomptés sur les flux entrants d'IDE.

I Sverige finns det en fysisk likhet som karakteriserar de större, medelstora och även i viss mån de mindre städerna. I dessa städer, med varierande omfattning och utsträckning, finns bostadsområden som på många sätt i sin utformning påminner om varandra. Något som har en huvudsaklig anledning i att dessa bostadsområden är sprungna ur det välkända politiska bostadsbyggnadsprogrammet, benämnt som miljonprogrammet, ifrån vilket nästan en fjärdedel av dagens bostadsbestånd har sitt ursprung. Studiens utgångspunkt är därmed att försöka se hur mycket ett enskilt utvalt exempel ifrån detta miljonprogrammets genomförande, stadsdelen Ryd i Linköping, egentligen kan sägs påverkades och styrdes av de ideal, visioner och idéer som kan sägas var utmärkande för de nationella statliga (SOU) utredningarna på området.

Studien avgränsar sig till flerfamiljshus, som var den mest utpräglade bebyggelsen under miljonprogrammet. Den valda metoden i bearbetandet av uppsatsen källmaterial, SOU-publikationer och lokala nämnd- och fullmäktigeprotokoll, är gjorde utifrån en kvalitativ ansats. Studien kommer även att ha en tillämpning av det teoretiska diskursbegreppet som en form av teoretiskt analysverktyg för att fånga tidstypiska ideal och strömmingar i källmaterialet. Bakgrundsdelen och forskningsläge beskriver i uppsatsen begrepp och denna tids olika ideal som präglar planerandet av bostadsområden och bostäder, då främst av begreppen funktionalism och grannskap. Bakgrundsdelen innehåller även en redogörelse för miljonprogrammet och olika perspektiv på dess allmänna historik och tillkomst. Forskningsläget består av två studier av Sophia Lövgren och Lina Lago som har likartade ansatser att urskilja på vilka sätt ett bostadsområde eventuellt kan påverkas och styras av ideal, visioner och idéer från olika nationella nivåer.

Studiens resultat pekar på att de nationella SOU-publikationerna på området i väldigt stor utsträckning påverkade och styrde de lokala myndigheterna i den övergripande utformningen av bostadsområdet Ryd. Genom dess uttalade ideal, visioner och idéer påverkades i hög grad planeringsprocessen och utformningen av bostadsområdet samt utformningen av bostäderna. SOU-publikationernas påverkan på Ryd kan tydligast ses igenom den rationella planerings- och byggprocessen samt genom områdets storskalighet och dess upprepande utformning. Det går även att spåra i dess tydliga funktionella prägel gällande olika former av service för de boende, som skola, vård och barnomsorg och även gällande dess tydliga utformade av planering och utbud av olika näringsverksamheter.

Det är bara beträffande några mindre aspekter som studien visar att utformningen frångår SOU-publikationernas ideal. Detta är gällande att området har en något lägre och inte så tät bebyggelse än idealet, att det gjordes vissa avkall på en funktionell trafiklösning genom en kapad matargata samt att tillgången till lokaler för föreningar och annan typ av bildande verksamhet nästintill inte fanns med i den planerade utformningen. Dessa SOU-publikationer kan enligt resultatet tydligt ses som det regelsystem som legitimerade vissa kunskaper och var styrande och hade befogenheten att uttala sig om vad som var felaktigt respektive rätt, i det som man kan kalla diskursen gällande bostadsbyggande för miljonprogrammet

Nous avons essaye de comparer deux societes, la societe francaise du 19e siecle de la societe coreenne sous la dynastie yi (1392-1910), au niveau de l'ideal ainsi que de la structure sociale. Nous avons focalise notre analyse sur l'ordre, plus precisement sur l'ordre hierarchique, qui est a la base de la constitution de chacun des niveaux de la societe. Nous avons travaille sur l'ideologie qui regit l'inegalite sociale et la stratification de la societe. Mais nous avons egalement tente de voir comment l'ordre ideal se realise a travers l'ordre social, dans les deux societes. L'analyse que nous avons menee nous conduit a dire qu'il existe une relation intime entre l'ordre ideal et l'ordre social. Nous pouvons caracteriser l'ordre liberal comme etant un ordre "opposant" avec une structure dichotomique et l'ordre neo-confuceen comme etant un ordre "relatif" avec la structure concentrique
In this study we have tried to compare two societies: the french society of the 19th century and the korean society under the yi donasty (1932-1910), from the ideal point of view as well as from the point of view of the social structure. Our analyses has been focalised on the order, especially on the hierarchical order, the basis of every level of the society. We have worked on the ideology that underlines social inequality and the stratification of the society. We have also endeavoured to see how the ideal order is realized through the social order in both societies. Our analysis enables us to state that there is an intimate relation between the ideal order and the social order. We could quality the liberal order as an "opposing" order with a dual structure and the neo-confucian order as a "relatice" order with a concentric structure

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Nematodes are possibly one of the oldest forms of existing life. They are microscopical animals and respond to changes in the environment. This work has the objective to extend the referring knowledge to the influences of the land use cover changes systems over the population of soil nematodes. One gives credit that the different systems of agricultural management and land cover act directly on the population of the nematodes. The study discussed in Chapter 1 was lead from an experiment of long term duration in the experimental field of the Embrapa Gado de Corte in Campo Grande MS. The evaluated treatments were: CD - original Cerrado forest, an area without disturbance for agriculture; PL - permanent pasture of B. decumbens implanted in December of 1993, joined with the mucunoides legumes with fertilization of biennial maintenance; SCV - area under continuous farming of soybean since 1993, with conventional management, without winter culture, SCS - area under continuous farming of soybean since 1993, conservacionist soil, with plantation of millet in the winter; SPD - area under continuous farming of soybean since 1993, without soil preparation, with direct plantation of the soybean with millet in the winter. Based on taxonomics characteristics and ecological parameters, the nematodes communities were analyzed in function of the total abundance, trophic function, standard of decomposition of the organic substance, diversity of Shannon, dominance of Simpson, equitability of Pielou and degree of disturbance. It was observed that there had been identified a total of 70 genus accumulated in the five studied. The genus most abundant was Helicotylenchus, Acrobeles, Eucephalobus, Cephalobus and Tylenchus. The systems CD and SCS presented the highest numbers of genus (S) of nematodes. The CD system showed the highest diversity of nematodes followed by SCS. The systems PL and SCV presented the highest values for the index of Simpson dominance, with the higher number of fitoparasitic nematodes. The system CD presented greater equitabilility of the genus of nematodes. The system CD had the highest index of maturity, followed by SCS and PL presented which showed the lowest index of maturity. The ratio of the trophic groups, dominated by fitoparasitics and bacterivores, was similar to the registered in the literature in pastures. The standard decomposition of the organic substance was differentiated in accordance with the land use cover change. The objective of the study in Chapter 2 was to evaluate the relation between the environment variables over the genus diversity and abundance of nematodes in different systems of soil management in Campo Grande - MS. This relation was evaluated with Canonic Analysis of Correspondence (CCA) in two samplings. The CCA was used to show the importance of the environmental variables in the explanation of the standard of occurrence of nematodes in the present study. It was observed that the CCA made possible the separation between the sampling systems and observed that system SPD presented greater correlations with variables such as humidity, Corg and FLL. The environmental variable that had presented greater correlation with the CD were P, FLL, FI and pH in 2004 winter samples. In 2005 summer, the diagram of the CCA presented a distinct configuration of the presented one in the first collection. The CCA was useful to organize and to analyze two complex scenarios used in this study. During both periods systems SCS and SPD had the biggest similarity with the functional groups. In the multivaried PRC was observed that it had great seasonal fluctuation in the composition of nematofauna in all the systems
Os nemat?ides s?o, possivelmente, uma das formas mais antigas de vida existente, s?o animais microsc?picos e respondem com rapidez ?s mudan?as no ambiente. Esse trabalho objetivou ampliar o conhecimento referente ?s influ?ncias dos sistemas de manejo e cobertura do solo na popula??o de nemat?ides do solo. Acredita-se que os diferentes sistemas de manejo agr?cola e coberturas vegetais atuem de forma vari?vel sobre a popula??o dos nemat?ides do solo. O estudo apresentado no Cap?tulo 1 foi conduzido a partir de um experimento de longa dura??o no campo experimental da Embrapa Gado de Corte em Campo Grande MS. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: CD - Mata original de cerrados, PL - Pastagem permanente de B. decumbens implantada em dezembro de 1993, consorciada com as leguminosas e mantida com aduba??o de manuten??o bianual, SCV - ?rea sob lavoura cont?nua de soja desde 1993, com preparo do solo convencional (uma ara??o e duas gradagens), sem cultura de inverno, SCS - ?rea sob lavoura cont?nua de soja desde 1993, preparo de solo conservacionista (uma ara??o e uma gradagem), com plantio de milheto no inverno, SPD - ?rea sob lavoura cont?nua de soja desde 1993, sem preparo de solo, com plantio direto da soja onde foi cultivado milheto no inverno. Baseando-se em caracter?sticas taxon?micas e par?metros ecol?gicos, as comunidades de nemat?ides foram analisadas em fun??o da abund?ncia total, fun??o tr?fica, padr?o de decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica, ?ndices de diversidade de Shannon, domin?ncia de Simpson, equitabilidade de Pielou e grau de dist?rbio. Analisando os resultados, observou-se que foi identificado um total de 70 g?neros acumulados nos cinco sistemas de manejo. Os g?neros mais abundantes foram Helicotylenchus , Acrobeles, Eucephalobus, Cephalobus e Tylenchus. Os sistemas CD e SCS apresentaram as maiores riquezas de g?neros (S) de nemat?ides. O sistema CD apresentou a maior diversidade de nemat?ides seguido do sistema SCS. Os sistemas PL e SCV apresentaram os maiores valores do ?ndice de domin?ncia de Simpson, com domin?ncia de nemat?ides fitoparasitas. O sistema CD apresentou maior equitabilidade dos g?neros de nemat?ides. O sistema CD apresentou o maior ?ndice de maturidade e o sistema PL apresentou o menor ?ndice de maturidade. A propor??o dos grupos tr?ficos, dominado por fitoparasitas e bacteri?fagos, foi semelhante ao registrado em literatura em sistemas de pastagens. O padr?o de decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica foi diferenciado de acordo com a cobertura do solo. O objetivo do estudo do Cap?tulo 2 foi avaliar a rela??o entre a composi??o de g?neros de nemat?ides e vari?veis ambientais em diferentes sistemas de manejo do. Para que esta rela??o fosse avaliada utilizou-se a An?lise de Correspond?ncia Can?nica (CCA) em duas ?pocas de coleta. A CCA foi utilizada para mostrar a import?ncia das vari?veis ambientais na explica??o do padr?o de ocorr?ncia de nemat?ides no presente estudo. Observou-se que a CCA possibilitou a separa??o entre os sistemas de manejo. O que o sistema SPD apresentou maiores correla??es com vari?veis ligadas ao maior aporte de mat?ria org?nica. As vari?veis ambientais que apresentaram maior correla??o com o sistema CD foram P, Fra??o Leve Livre, Fra??o Intra-agregado e pH na coleta realizada no inverno de 2004. A CCA foi ?til para organizar e analisar dois complexos grupos de dados utilizados neste estudo. Nas duas ?pocas avaliadas neste, os sistemas SCS e SPD mantiveram a maior similaridade quanto ? distribui??o dos grupos funcionais. Na an?lise curva de resposta principal (Principal Response Curves, PRC), observou-se que houve grande flutua??o sazonal na composi??o da nematofauna em todos os sistemas.

Sous la pression croissante de l'innovation, les entreprises sont plus que jamais obligées de s’occuper de la gestion de l'innovation, et plus particulièrement la génération systématique et la sélection des idées. Ceci s’applique en particulier aux secteurs technologiques tels que l'automobile.L’idéation signifie la procédure de la génération et sélection des idées pour les innovations de nouveaux produits, services où modèles d’affaires avec un potentiel commercial sur le marché. Elle se situe au début de la phase floue amont (« fuzzy front-end », FFE) du processus de l'innovation et détermine le processus de développement de nouveaux produits (« New Product Development », NPD).Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à répondre à la question de recherche suivante: « Comment est-il possible de créer une approche structurée qui fait de l’idéation la tâche principale de la FFE et l’implémenter comme processus dans un environnement d'entreprise pour faciliter la gestion de l'innovation? » À cet objectif, la principale contribution de ce travail est un modèle « étape – points de décision » (« stage-gate » en anglais) d’un processus d’idéation de référence qui est basé sur un ensemble des facteurs clés de succès identifiés dans la littérature et des entrevues d'experts.Le modèle de processus d’idéation de référence proposé s’appuie sur l’intégration forte et systématique des acteurs internes et externes dans l'idéation et intègre ainsi intrinsèquement le paradigme modern de l'Innovation Ouverte. Il a été conçu de manière qu’il puisse être intégré dans les processus d'innovation existants avec des efforts raisonnables, et qu’il assure l’alignement des activités d'idéation avec la stratégie commerciale de l'entreprise.La validation du modèle de processus de référence proposé a été faite chez le sous-traitant automobile allemand KSPG Automotive Group essentiellement par la dérivation d'un processus spécifique à cette entreprise à partir du processus de référence. Ce processus dérivé prend en compte le contexte spécifique de l'innovation et l'idéation chez cette entreprise et facilite par conséquence son intégration dans la culture organisationnelle de l'entreprise et son paysage de processus.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, la faisabilité de l'approche globale ainsi que le processus d'idéation lui-même ont été validés, et un concept pour l'introduction du nouveau processus a été établi. Sur cette base solide sont données des perspectives pour les prochaines activités de recherche qui sont directement liées à l'introduction et l'amélioration du processus, ainsi que la détermination de l'applicabilité de l'approche dans d’autres secteurs industriels
Under the rapidly increasing innovation pressure, companies are forced—more than ever before—to deal with the subject of innovation management, particularly with systematic idea generation and selection. This is especially true in technology-driven sectors such as automotive.Ideation denotes the procedure of idea generation and selection for innovations of products, services or business models with commercialisation potential on the market. It is located in the very beginning of the fuzzy front-end (FFE) of the entire innovation process and sets the course for New Product Development (NPD).In this context, this work attempts to answer the following research question: “How is it possible to create a structured approach which makes ideation the core task of the FFE, and to implement it as a process in a corporate environment such that it facilitates innovation management?” To this aim, its principal contribution is an ideation stage-gate reference process model based on a set of key success factors identified from literature and expert interviews.The proposed ideation reference process model capitalises on the strong and systematic involvement of internal and external stakeholders in ideation, and therefore follows intrinsically the modern paradigm of Open Innovation. It is designed in a way that can be integrated in existing innovation processes with reasonable effort, and it assures the alignment of ideation activities with the company’s business strategy.The validation of the proposed reference process model has been done at the German automotive supplier KSPG Automotive Group based on the derivation of a company-specific ideation process from the reference process. This derived process takes into account the company’s specific context of innovation and ideation, and is consequently focused on facilitating its integration into the company’s organisational culture and process landscape while introducing a fundamentally new approach to systematic ideation activities.In the scope of this thesis, the feasibility of the total approach as well as the ideation process itself has been demonstrated, and a concept for the broad introduction of the new process has been established. On this solid basis, perspectives for future research activities directly linked to the introduction and the improvement of the process, as well as to the determination of the applicability of the approach in different industry sectors are given

En viktig del i diskussioner av kärnkraft är frågan om det avfall som skapas i driften av kärnreaktorer. Undersökningen har identifierat en förändring i uppfattningen av avfall under perioden mellan 1956, då kärnkraften var i sitt tidiga stadium, och 1980 då densamma har implementerats kommersiellt i Sverige. Uppsatsens syfte är att närmare förstå vilken roll diskussioner om kärnenergins restprodukter hade under denna förändring. Detta görs genom att använda sig av statens offentliga utredningar som material och användning av Sheila Jassanoff och Sang-Hyun Kims teoretiska ramverk sociotechnical imaginaries. Dessa används båda för att belysa utvecklingen av synen av avfallet som skapas av kärnenergin. Materialet visar hur avfallsfrågan diskuterades av experter och hur problematik eller icke-problematik togs upp till regeringen som hade beställt utredningen.

Los futuros maestros de primaria tienen, en su mayoría, actitudes negativas hacia la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias, y su formación previa en ciencias suele ser deficiente, ya que la mayoría de ellos han estudiado humanidades en su bachillerato. Esto suele dar lugar a que se sientan incapaces o poco confiados a la hora de enseñar ciencias en la escuela. Por lo tanto, es de suma importancia que sientan que pueden aprender en profundidad cualquier idea básica de la ciencia, como un paso previo para mejorar sus actitudes y sus emociones hacia la enseñanza de la ciencia a los niños. Ante este panorama nos planteamos cuál sería la mejor manera de enseñar ciencias a los futuros maestros para superar estas carencias. Revisando la investigación encontramos que existe un consenso sobre que una manera de superar esos obstáculos puede ser la enseñanza problematizada o por investigación guiada. Modelo de enseñanza que usamos en este trabajo. El problema fundamental de la ciencia tratado en este estudio es sobre la astronomía diurna y se dividió en dos problemas: un primer problema más empírico ("¿Hay regularidades en el movimiento del Sol? ¿Están estos cambios interrelacionados?"), Seguido de un segundo más deductivo con el objetivo de explicar los datos empíricos registrados en el primer problema ("¿Cómo se mueven el Sol y la Tierra para que ocurran los ciclos y simetrías existentes?"). El logro del conocimiento de contenido se evaluó utilizando los indicadores de aprendizaje previamente establecidos, que representan lo que los profesores deben "saber" y "saber hacer" sobre el tema de ciencias tratado. Para medir hasta qué punto se alcanzaron estos indicadores de aprendizaje se utilizó un cuestionario que se pasó antes y después de la instrucción a los grupos experimentales y a los grupos control y dos exámenes, que solo se pasaron a los grupos experimentales. Los datos del cuestionario muestran que los alumnos de los grupos experimentales obtuvieron resultados claramente mejores que los de los grupos control. Por otro lado los resultados de los exámenes muestran un alto nivel de logro alcanzado por maestros en formación después de un curso siguiendo una metodología por investigación guiada y también se muestra que ni la formación previa, ni la actitud inicial influyen en ese nivel alcanzado. Estos buenos resultados se obtuvieron para ocho grupos distintos, durante cuatro cursos, con tres profesores diferentes, lo que muestra la consistencia de la metodología. La segunda parte del trabajo estudia si la enseñanza recibida ha sido capaz de modificar y generar buenas actitudes hacia el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la ciencia, aspecto muy a tener en cuenta ya que lo que los maestros sienten hacia una asignatura lo trasmiten a sus alumnos. Para realizar este seguimiento se pasó un cuestionario, donde los alumnos evaluaban su actitud hacia la asignatura y la metodología, al finalizar el curso. Y también otro cuestionario para que mostraran como se habían sentido en diversos momentos del curso que coincidían con momentos importantes en el desarrollo de las clases y los temas. En este caso hemos encontrado que las actitudes finales de los alumnos eran claramente positivas, independientemente de si tenían actitudes iniciales positivas o negativas. Y también se ha encontrado que las actitudes finales eran mejores en los alumnos que mejores notas sacaban, pero incluso los que no alcanzaban los indicadores de comprensión acababan con una actitud claramente positiva hacia la asignatura. También se encontró que las emociones mejoraban de principio a mitad de curso, a partir de donde permanecían elevadas. Esto sugiere que esta metodología de enseñanza es útil para que los futuros maestros logren un conocimiento profundo de las ideas básicas de la ciencia y para que mejoren sus actitudes y emociones hacia la enseñanza de las ciencias, lo que consideramos un paso muy importante para mejorar su disposición a enseñar ciencias en la escuela primaria.

L'espace industriel d'Europe centrale et orientale apparaît peu homogène. L'observation de l'évolution de la géographie industrielle de la région pendant la transition permet de mettre en évidence l'émergence de trois sous bassins — le sous-bassin balkanique (Bulgarie, Roumanie), le sous-bassin central (Slovénie, Hongrie, République tchèque, Slovaquie, Pologne) et le sous-bassin balte (pays baltes) — qui présentent chacun des structures de production et de commerce relativement homogènes et se caractérisent par des échanges commerciaux particulièrement intensifs en leur sein. L'analyse des flux économiques entre les PECO et les pays de l'UE15 montre que ces sous-bassins sont en réalité des prolongements de bassins régionaux plus vastes, à savoir le bassin scandinave (Danemark, Norvège, Suède, Finlande) pour le sous-bassin balte, le bassin central (Autriche, Allemagne) pour le sous-bassin central et le bassin méridional (Grèce, Italie) pour le sous-bassin balkanique. Cette évolution traduit un phénomène de fragmentation du processus de production entre bassins et sous-bassins et la régionalisation de l'espace industriel d'Europe centrale et orientale apparaît donc être une conséquence des délocalisations des chaines de production des pays de l'UE15 vers les PECO voisins. Les bassins élargis qui en résultent se caractérisent alors par des structures de productions différenciées (mais homogènes en leurs seins) et des échanges intérieurs intensifs. Cette approche en termes de bassins élargis permet d'aborder la question du développement industriel des PECO sous un angle nouveau. Elle suggère en effet d'adopter une vision poly-centrée de l'Europe centrale et orientale pour comprendre l'évolution de sa géographie industrielle plutôt que la vision mono-centrée (sur l'Allemagne) habituellement adoptée. Suivant cette approche, chaque sous-bassin des PECO apparaît comme la périphérie d'un bassin de l'UE15 auquel elle s'intègre progressivement. La structure centre-périphérie habituellement mise en avant laisse alors place à trois structures centre-périphérie qui décrivent mieux la mutation en cours de l'espace industriel régional. Ce renversement d'approche permet d'une part d'atténuer les craintes liées à une éventuelle "périphérisation" des PECO baltes et balkaniques et d'autre part de définir des politiques publiques plus adaptées pour accélérer la convergence des PECO.

On développe une méthode de résolution du transfert radiatif au sein d'un milieu vapeur-gouttelettes entouré de parois chaudes, en vue d'un couplage avec une résolution de l'écoulement à l'échelle de la CFD. Le domaine d'application considéré est l'étude du refroidissement du coeur d'une centrale nucléaire suite à un Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire (APRP). Le problème du transfert radiatif se découpe en deux sous-problèmes, l'un concernant l'évaluation des propriétés radiatives du milieu et le second la résolution du transfert radiatif. Les propriétés radiatives ont été calculées avec la théorie de Mie pour les gouttelettes et le modèle C-k pour la vapeur d'eau. On obtient un milieu absorbant, diffusant anisotrope, émissif, non gris et non homogène. De plus, compte tenu de la grande gamme possible des propriétés de l'écoulement (diamètre et concentration des gouttelettes, température et pression de la vapeur), le milieu peut être optiquement fin ou optiquement épais. Il faut donc une méthode de résolution du transfert radiatif efficace pour toutes les conditions observées dans un APRP et ayant un temps de calcul raisonnable en vue du couplage avec les autres modes de transferts. La méthode IDA, dérivée de l'approximation P1, a été choisie. Son niveau de précision a été validé sur des cas tests académiques et une expérimentation. Des simulations en condition APRP ont ensuite été effectuées, permettant d'évaluer les flux rayonnés et confirmant que le transfert radiatif n'est pas négligeable dans cet accident
We developped a method of resolution of radiative transfer inside a medium of vapor-droplets surrounded by hot walls, in order to couple it with a simulation of the flow at the CFD scale. The scope is the study of the cooling of the core of nuclear reactor following a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The problem of radiative transfer can be cut into two sub problems, one concerning the evaluation of the radiative properties of the medium and a second concerning the solution of the radiative transfer equation. The radiative properties of the droplets have been computed with the use of the Mie Theory and those of the vapor have been computed with a Ck model. The medium made of vapor and droplets is an absorbing, anisotropically scattering, emissive, non grey, non homogeneous medium. Hence, owing to the possible variations of the flow properties (diameter and volumetric fraction of the droplets, temperature and pressure of the vapor), the medium can be optically thin or thick. Consequently, a method is required which solves the radiative transfer accurately, with a moderate calculation time for all of these prerequisites. The IDA has been chosen, derived from the well-known P1-approximation. Its accuracy has been checked on academical cases found in the literature and by comparison with experimental data. Simulations of LOCA flows have been conducted taking account of the radiative transfer, evaluating the radiative fluxes and showing that radiative transfer influence cannot be neglected

In 13th century Europe, the German bishop and scholastic philosopher Albertus Magnus was one of the most influential writers on the natural world and theology. This thesis investigates the relationship between humans and animals in his Quaestiones super de animalibus and De animalibus. In writings on medieval history the theologically enforced boundary between humans and animals is both emphasized and treated as a given. This study nuances the picture presented by previous scholars by highlighting an alternative natural philosophical discourse on humans and animals. Using discourse analysis, I argue that the differences that Albertus used to differentiate humans from animals were based on an understanding of similarities rather than opposites. To Albertus, the human was one species in the animal kingdom, thus sharing many basic functions with other animals. His understandings entailed a theory of essential differences between species but also allowed for divisions based on gradation and relativity. This study sheds new light on the complex relationship between humans and animals in medieval Europe.

碩士
佛光大學
未來學系
96
Abstract The purpose of this study is discussing the influence of the Immortal Soul on human’s philosophy of life. According to social disturbance, we can see that the moral decline, soul reform, social disturbance reduces instead of increasing. People don’t want to do good things. While science omnipotent, metaphysical philosophy declining, researcher tries to use the ideas of Immortal Soul and life eternal to discuss the direction of social changes. Will the human life value increase? By discussing the Immortal Soul, whether the promotion of new generation’s attitude toward philosophy of life in the future will have deep and positive meanings? Researchers use qualitative research, rational manner, and the literature of immortal soul as well as the research of spirit world from all over the world to analysis the influence of immortal soul on philosophy of life. The method is analyzing the literature form both eastern and western world, including Chinese religions, the ancient Greece sage philosophers’ religious doctrines, thoughts, and demeanor. The author has made intensive interview to six matured, experienced, life frustrated adults. In which two are made by unstructured intensive interview, while the other four are made by semi-structure intensive interview. Accidentally discovered that five interviewers share their own spiritual experiences, and often mentioned “whatever one is doing, God is watching”, and “The gods are watching, so don't think you can get away with anything” , in order to advise others all around, and restrain themselves. Among them, only one Chinese teacher, although he did not experience personal spiritual situation, he did look at the spirit borrow medium to take advantage of writing poetry; therefore, deeply believed immortal soul. (The above situations are not anticipated by the researches in advance.) By the concept of immortal soul and intensive interview, can people sincerely face the death or not because of the immoral soul? Can human beings sincerely be good because of the immortal soul? Do human beings think their own existences forever lasting, therefore cause the life to become more constructive and self-fulfill philosophy of life because of the immortal soul? Are people willing to face the consciousness transformation in order to improve the quality of life because of the immortal soul? Are people willing to seek the sublimation and transformation of philosophy of life’s value because of the immortal soul? With the life value of the immoral soul, it is more acceptable to bear the close family member’s death, and no longer insist the existence of human body. Even after the family member dies, in order to increase the merits and virtues of the dead, we are not in sad but try to be nice to other people, praise scripture, donate money, do good deeds, and transmit God’s gospel to assist the family members afterwards. In addition, when encountering the enormous painful frustration, we also hope, even longer for the eternal God or divinities always are there for us to accompany us accomplish Analyzing six be intensive interviewed participants, under the idea of immortal soul of life , their behavior and ideas have nearly conformed to the self-realization of life value, life realization and life realization ideal. For instance, participants expression:The housewife becomes did not haggle over; Doctor is willing to pay many for the patient; Teacher value which fosters to child's initiation and the personality;Tzu Chi volunteer trust good is rewarded with good and evils is will berewarded with evil and wants the manner sacrifice offer the spirit, Stands is willing the generation after generations to be often good the Bodhisattva to say" Grasps the immediately happiness; Hoped oneself each quarter all can be joyful; positive facing and processes the difficulty life values which meet." Key words ： soul, immortal soul, human’s philosophy life

Humic substances (HS) are major components of soil organic matter (SOM). Advances on characterization of HS and their interaction with minerals can provide a more fundamental understanding of HS functions in soils. The objectives of this research were to investigate potential fractionation of humic acid (HA) upon adsorption on minerals and to determine any variation on structure and sorption properties of humin extracted by different methods. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, for the first time, provided direct evidence that HA was fractionated during adsorption on mineral surfaces. Aliphatic fractions of HA were preferentially adsorbed while aromatic fractions were more likely to be left in solution. The bound HA fractions had higher sorption linearity (N) and affinity (KOC) for phenanthrene than the source HA. For montmorillonite and kaolinite, the KOC values of adsorbed HA were up to several times higher than that of the source HA as a result of fractionation. Extraction procedures had substantial influences in structure and sorption characteristics of humin. Humin from 0.1 M NaOH exhaustive extraction and 6 M HF/HCl extraction at 60°C had relatively more aliphatic components as compared with 1 M HF extracted humin. The treatment of 6 M HF/HCl at 60°C reduced more than 50% carbohydrate components (50-108 ppm) and enriched amorphous poly(methylene) domains. The NaOH exhaustively extracted humin had the most nonlinear sorption isotherms and the HF extracted humin had the lowest KOC. We concluded that both NaOH and NaOH-HF procedures were appropriate approaches for humin extraction but the extraction with 6 M HF/HCl at 60 °C would be discouraged for use due to structural modifications of humin both chemically and physically. Segmental mobility of HA in solution was also explored by NMR relaxation. Proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of HAs ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 s in d6-DMSO, and from 0.26 to 2.3 s in 0.5 M NaOD at 300 MHz. Proton correlation time of HA in solvents was in an order of 10-10 s. Carbohydrate was identified as the largest and the most immobile components while aliphatic and aromatic fragments were relatively smaller and more mobile in aqueous solution.

The thesis regards the image of Suli – a region in Epirus, in northwestern Greece – in art and literature of the 19th century. Greek image is collated with philhellenic vision, represented by English, French, Italian and Polish texts. The thesis includes the following questions: first mentions of Suli in Greek and European historiography, the role of Byron's narrative poem “Childe Harold's Pilgrimage” and of English travel literature in shaping the image of Suli, philhellenic reception of Greek folk songs about Suliote women fighters, motif of the Dance of Zalongo in literature and in art. The functioning of the image of Suli in today Greek society is discussed in the ending The bibliography presents the 19th century printed texts mentioning Suli and Suliotes, ordered thematically and by genre: historical works, memoirs, travel writings, collections of Greek folk songs, novels, short stories, poetry and dramas. Moreover, the catalog of philhellenic paintings, graphics and illustrations is attached to the thesis. The legend about the bravery of Suliotes plays an important role in Greek national discourse. The thesis discusses the threads of the legend formed by the Philhellenes and those defined by Greek intellectuals. It investigates the interactions between various images of Suli and analyzes its functioning in different European cultures.
Rozprawa dotyczy obrazu Suli – regionu w Epirze, na północnym zachodzie Grecji – w dziewiętnastowiecznym piśmiennictwie i sztuce. Obraz grecki zestawiony jest z obrazem filhelleńskim, reprezentowanym w pracy przez teksty kultury z angielskiego, francuskiego, włoskiego i polskiego obszaru językowo-kulturowego. Praca obejmuje następujące zagadnienia: pierwsze wzmianki o historii Suli w pismach greckich i europejskich historyków, rola poematu „Wędrówki Childe Harolda” Byrona oraz angielskiej literatury podróżniczej w kształtowaniu obrazu Suli i jego mieszkańców, filhelleńska recepcja greckich pieśni gminnych o kobietach z Suli, motyw tzw. Tańca Zalongijskiego w literaturze i sztuce. Zakończenie omawia funkcjonowanie legendy Suli w społeczeństwie dzisiejszej Grecji. Bibliografia przedstawia dziewiętnastowieczne teksty, w których pojawiają się wzmianki o Suli i Suliotach. Uporządkowany gatunkowo i tematycznie spis obejmuje dzieła historyczne, wspomnienia, podróżopisarstwo, zbiory pieśni gminnych, powieści, opowiadania, utwory poetyckie oraz dramaty. Do pracy załączono również katalog dziewiętnastowiecznych filhelleńskich obrazów i ilustracji przedstawiających Suli i Suliotów. Legenda o dzielności Suliotów pełni ważną rolę w greckim dyskursie narodowym. Praca opisuje te wątki legendy, które zostały ukształtowane przez wyobrażenia filhelleńskie oraz te, które wydobyli Grecy, śledzi interakcje między różnymi wyobrażeniami Suli i analizuje funkcjonowanie tych wyobrażeń w różnych kulturach Europy.

This thesis studies different conceptions of knowledge as they were conceived by George Berkeley and Immanuel Kant. In the first chapter we concentrate on Berkeley's pragmatic interpretation of knowledge which is based on the localization of the non-predicative judgements into the inner structure of perception. As the result there is such knowledge which is by human being used to identification of conditions for the formation of particular combinations of ideas and also to their more or less exact prognosis. We concentrate also on Berkeley's attempt to avoid "ontological" or "absolute" interpretations of "traditional concepts of metaphysics" as ,substance', an absolute existence of non-egoistic matterial being etc. In the second chapter of this thesis we are trying to study in which way is the idea of knowledge being transformed, in case that the starting point for interpretation of knowledge is, according to Kant, descriptive analysis of synthetic judgements a priori, whose proposition is the synthesis of subject and predicate. We will show that Kant contributed to the new understanding of metaphysics as transcendental research possibility of knowledge, and how were thanks to that meanings and status of subject and object transformed. We will make in the third and closing chapter complete...

The dichotomies Weight/Lightness and Form/Idea formed the theory and the practice of Art, existing a correspondence between them. The weight exists thanks to the existence of a form that is made of matter; in the other hand, the lightness comes from the idea that is always present when the creation exists. This dichotomies were always interconnected during the centuries, and there are variations in relevancy of form and/or idea. In sculpture´s tradition, the physical weight was a essential reality, and the idea of sculpture, without the immaterial side was underlined to the form. During the centuries, new artistic approaches were born and re-born focused on the frailty, lightness and idea of the artistic object, fact that came to cancel the classic notion of work of art. The concept of image became the focus of the esthetical experience of the subject, which alone, tended to substantiate the artistic object itself. In the same way that lightness, when taken to the extreme, and despite the tridimensionality materiality of the object, begun to relate the art with the own action of the body, the gesture of the artist, rising both to the status of art

This presented paper is a parallel reading of two works which both connect a philosophical perception of time and memory with an actual narration. The first is one of the earliest spiritual autobiographies of late antiquity - Confessions - and the second is a modern novel - In Search of Lost Time. A distinctive (originally Neoplatonic) understanding of eternity as simultaneity opens a line of questioning which both Confessions and In Search of Lost Time have in common: What is the relation between time and eternity (extra-temporality in Proust's case) and is it possible at all for a time being to have a relation to something what is eternal? In both works, the mediating role between time succession and timeless simultaneity is played by narration and memory. Part I of the paper (Chapter 1) deals with Augustine's understanding of time which can be found not only in Book XI of Confessions but also throughout the whole work including its narrative passages; it also partly takes into consideration Book VI of De musica. It tries to answer a more general question, i.e. whether Augustine in his autobiography concentrates only on subjective time or whether he is interested in time as such (in contrast to eternity). The answer is intended to be found through the analysis of questions the author of...