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1
Nathasya, Sri, Tri Haryanto e Ni Made Sukartini. "Analisis Kondisi Pemukiman Penduduk Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia". Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 9, n. 3 (29 novembre 2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jep.v9i3.118.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The settlement is a very important topic and is widely discussed in all countries. This study is a study that discusses the topic of settlement using the literature review method. In this study, we will discuss several articles related to housing and try to compare with the conditions of settlements in Indonesia. The findings of this study are that there are two aspects of empirical research that are not found to be running optimally in Indonesia, namely: aspects of consumption patterns and urban and environmental planning. Meanwhile, the empirical condition that is under the conditions of housing in Indonesia is the limited quality of human resources and types of housing in Indonesia as well as aspects of the interaction between the public sector, the interaction of the private sector to increase settlement growth.
2
Miao, Yuan, e Shang-Chia Chiou. "Study on the Wind Environment of the Architecture Communities: Traditional Typical Min Nan Human Settlements’ Case". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/467076.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In contrast to the modern urban planning, which can be done in short period in terms of the spatial qualified design, the traditional tribe needs longer period in terms of the villagers’ sense of community. The selection of location, planning, and construction reveals the wisdom of the former people’s use of the resourceful life experience. First, the paper employs PHOENICS to simulate the wind environments of two most representative patterns of rural settlements in the southern area of Southern Fujian, China. This was made to compare the different conditions caused by settlements of various architectural groups. Second, the engineering and construction aspects of settlements—such as the width of roads and building structures—will be further analyzed and examined as case study in attempt to discover the favorable environmental factors for generating winds as well as the construction dimension of the settlement, such as the road width and the architectural design. Finally, the paper tends to conclude with an energy conservation strategy applied to the construction of modern communities which has low density and small group buildings.
3
Tao, Tingting, Sebastián Abades, Shuqing Teng, Zheng Y. X. Huang, Luís Reino, Bin J. W. Chen, Yong Zhang, Chi Xu e Jens-Christian Svenning. "Macroecological factors shape local-scale spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n. 1866 (8 novembre 2017): 20172003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Macro-scale patterns of human systems ranging from population distribution to linguistic diversity have attracted recent attention, giving rise to the suggestion that macroecological rules shape the assembly of human societies. However, in which aspects the geography of our own species is shaped by macroecological factors remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a first demonstration that macroecological factors shape strong local-scale spatial patterns in human settlement systems, through an analysis of spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements in eastern mainland China based on high-resolution Google Earth images. We used spatial point pattern analysis to show that settlement spatial patterns are characterized by over-dispersion at fine spatial scales (0.05–1.4 km), consistent with territory segregation, and clumping at coarser spatial scales beyond the over-dispersion signals, indicating territorial clustering. Statistical modelling shows that, at macroscales, potential evapotranspiration and topographic heterogeneity have negative effects on territory size, but positive effects on territorial clustering. These relationships are in line with predictions from territory theory for hunter-gatherers as well as for many animal species. Our results help to disentangle the complex interactions between intrinsic spatial processes in agriculturalist societies and external forcing by macroecological factors. While one may speculate that humans can escape ecological constraints because of unique abilities for environmental modification and globalized resource transportation, our work highlights that universal macroecological principles still shape the geography of current human agricultural societies.
4
Ульяниченко, Людмила, Lyudmila Ulyanichenko, Владимир Минаев, Vladimir Minaev, Евгений Цыщук e Evgeniy Tsyshchuk. "Methodical aspects of risk assessment and strategic benefits of tourism development in municipal units". Servis Plus 9, n. 3 (28 agosto 2015): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12539.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines the questions of informational and methodological support of the assessment procedures and analysis of the benefits and risks of tourism development at the municipal level. There was proposed a method for evaluating the complex risk of tourism industry in the settlements of the municipality on the basis of expert procedures. Expert data on four aspects of the existence of risks and strategic benefits in the settlements was described on the example of one of the districts of the Moscow region: the first aspect is motivational characteristics of the local population and local leaders; human resources and opportunities for training of tourism personnel, infrastructure indicators of the tourism industry, regulatory support for the management of the tourist industry; the second one is environmental factors that affect tourism and recreational activities, and opportunities of the health care system for servicing tourists; the third aspect is municipal factors associated with the development of roads and transport, territorial disparities in the level and quality of life of the population, the costs of tourism infrastructure; and the fourth one is the possibility of development of settlements in connection with the development of their tourism potential, interregional ties and geographical position. Quantitative indicators for the complex potential benefits and risks of comprehensive development of tourism were introduced, grounded and experimentally tested on the example of settlements in the studied area. The analysis of the qualitative opinions of experts about the benefits and risks in the settlements of the district was made as an additional argument of summary quantitative findings. This allowed a more detailed dive into the problems of specific territories and their specialties of the development in tourism activities.
5
Bimenyimana, Theoneste, Eric Derrick Bugenimana, Eliezel Habineza, Magreth S. Bushesha e Mohammod Ali. "Impact of Urbanization on Land use and Land Cover Changes in Growing Cities of Rwanda". Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 44, n. 8 (31 agosto 2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.8.258.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives : This research examined the effect of urbanization on environmental justice in Rwanda from 1999 to 2019. Specifically, the research sought to document changes in land use and land cover in the study region in order to analyze the environmental consequences of urban growth in Rwanda.Methods : Land use/land cover patterns were identified and modelled using remotely sensed data.Results and Discussion : The findings revealed that in the majority of cases, economic development influenced land use change in various aspects, both in terms of area and intensity, which replaced agricultural land with human settlements. For example Nyagatare city, built-up areas have expanded by 15 to 20%, while forests, vegetation, and waterbodies have decreased by 49%. It has been noted that urbanization is out of step with the natural urban environment, resulting in soil erosion, violent winds, flooding, and landslides, all of which are linked to environmental injustice. Also, settlement destruction, flooding, infrastructure damage, loss of natural habitat, and agricultural loss were all linked to urban expansion, particularly uncontrolled settlements in metropolitan contexts, with 64 people killed and 178 injured in just five years.Conclusion : Therefore, this shows that there are consequences of biodiversity losses which affect land use and land cover. To overcome, the research suggests current households located in high-risk zones be moved to the convenient zones and the government policy to focus on family planning, encouraging the flexibility of land use, crop production, and farming systems based on agroecosystem models, and strengthening the greening city strategy by raising public understanding on environmental issues.
6
Wei, Wei, Pei Ji Shi, Jun Zhao, Xu Feng Wang e Xue Ping Wang. "Environmental Suitability Evaluation for Human Settlements in Arid Inland River Basin — A Case Study on the Shiyang River Basin". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maggio 2012): 4874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4874.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper selects slope, aspect, Relief Degree of Land Surface, land use, vegetation index, hydrology, transportation density and climate as evaluation indexes and sets up the Human Settlements Environmental Index (HEI) model to evaluate the environmental suitability for Human Settlements in Shiyang river basin. Through using spatial analysis technology of GIS such as spatial overlay analysis, buffer analysis and density analysis to establish the spatial situation of nature suitability and spatial pattern for human settlement. The Results showed that: the index of nature suitability for human settlement in Shiyang river basin was between 17.13 and 84.32. In general, nature suitability for human settlement decreased from southwest to northeast. Saw from area pattern, the suitable region mainly distributed in Minqin oasis, Wuwei oasis and Changning basin, which accounting for about1080.01 km2, 2.59% of the total area. Rather and comparatively suitable region mainly distributed around the county in Gulang, Yongchang and north of Tianzhu, which accounting for about1100.30 km2.The common suitable region mainly distributed outside of the county inYongchang, Jinchuan and most area of Minqin county, which accounting for about 23328.04km2, 56.08% of the total area. The unsuitable region mainly distributed upstream and north of river, which accounting for about 9937.60 km2, 23.89% of the total area. Meanwhile, the least suitable region distributed around the Qilian Mountain which covered by snow and cold desert and the intersecting area between Tenger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert. The total area was about 6154.05 km2, which accounting for 14.79% of the total area. Suitable regions for human inhabitance mainly distributed around rivers in the form of ribbons and batches, while others are scattered. Their distribution pattern was identical with the residential spatial pattern. In addition, the relationships between HEI and some factors were also analyzed. There was a clear logarithm correlation between situation of residential environment and population, that is, the correlation coefficient between evaluation value and population density reached 0.851. There was also positive correlation between situation of residential environment and economics, which reached 0.845 between evaluation value of residential environment and GDP. Results also showed the environment was out of bearing the existing population in Shiyang river basin. Spatial distribution of population was profoundly affected by severe environment such as the expanded deserts, the wavy terrains, and the changeful climate. Surface water shortage and slowly economic growth was the bottleneck of nature suitability for human settlement in Shiyang river basin. So according to these problems and various planning, some of residential parts need to relocate in order to improve situation of residential environment.
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Prihandrijanti, M., H. M. Kristanto e Y. D. Apritasari. "Integrating ecology and zero runoff in a vertical village residential design in West Jakarta". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, n. 1 (1 novembre 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Diminishing availability of urban land in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta resulting in high-density settlements, which impacted the quality of life of the urban village communities. One of the government’s efforts to solve this problem is by building subsidized apartments. However, this effort mainly focused on the land scarcity and the required housing aspects, while ecological and environmental roles toward the life quality of the dwellers are often set aside though very influential. On the other hand, Jakarta is very vulnerable to natural disasters related to water, such as flooding caused by stormwater runoff which cannot be accommodated by the insufficient capacity of the surrounding environment. Therefore, the development of urban settlements in Jakarta has to pay more attention to integrate ecology and zero runoff management from the design conception phase. A vertical village residential design in West Jakarta that integrates these two aspects through ecological architecture elements (nature, water, human and environment) was proposed as a role model design for vertical village housing. Various water design features have been creatively designed and integrated into the landscape and building elements resulting in zero runoff and an ecologically significant built environment.
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Thomas, Alyssa S., Francisco J. Escobedo, Matthew R. Sloggy e José J. Sánchez. "A burning issue: Reviewing the socio-demographic and environmental justice aspects of the wildfire literature". PLOS ONE 17, n. 7 (28 luglio 2022): e0271019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271019.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Larger and more severe wildfires are becoming more frequent and impacting different communities and human settlements. Much of the scientific literature and media on wildfires has focused on area of ecosystems burned and numbers of structures destroyed. Equally unprecedented, but often less reported, are the increasing socioeconomic impacts different people and communities face from wildfires. Such information seems to indicate an emerging need to account for wildfire effects on peri-urban or wildland urban interface (WUI) areas, newer socio-demographic groups, and disadvantaged communities. To address this, we reviewed the socio-demographic dimensions of the wildfire literature using an environmental justice (EJ) lens. Specifically using a literature review of wildfires, human communities, social vulnerability, and homeowner mitigation, we conducted bibliometric and statistical analyses of 299 publications. The majority of publications were from the United States, followed by Canada and Australia, and most dealt with homeowner mitigation of risk, defensible space, and fuel treatments in WUI areas. Most publications studied the direct effects of wildfire related damage. Secondary impacts such as smoke, rural and urban communities, and the role of poverty and language were less studied. Based on a proposed wildfire-relevant EJ definition, the first EJ publication was in 2004, but the term was first used as a keyword in 2018. Studies in WUI communities statistically decreased the likelihood that a publication was EJ relevant. There was a significant relationship between EJ designation and inclusion of race/ethnicity and poverty variables in the study. Complexity across the various definitions of EJ suggest that it should not be used as a quantitative or binary metric; but as a lens to better understand socio-ecological impacts to diverse communities. We present a wildfire-relevant definition to potentially guide policy formulation and account for social and environmental justice issues.
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Moura, A. S., A. T. M. Oliveira, L. B. Rosa e A. P. Machado Neto. "Use of fire in the hidden settlement, Mato Grosso-Brazil". Scientific Electronic Archives 14, n. 2 (26 gennaio 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/14220211230.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The practice of using fire by human populations is characterized as a production strategy in rural settlements, being used for several purposes, such as pasture cleaning, pest control, and to eliminate production waste. The study was conducted at the Federal Settlement Project Gleba do Escondido (PA Escondido), located in the municipality of Juara, in the northern region of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. In this context, we aim with the present work, to diagnose the previous knowledge of settled farmers on forest fires prevention and control strategies. To accomplish this, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire, with questions related to the use of fire, in addition to the approach on prevention techniques. In addition, we sought to know the social aspects, introducing questions regarding the social and cultural conditions of the interviewees. We applied the interviews to 42 settlers, involving individuals of both genders. The results show that part of the settlers still handle the fire inappropriately, in addition to little knowledge about the potential environmental effects of the fires. Thus, we verified that the socio-environmental profile of the settlers reflects the assistance policies employed in these communities. Therefore, the emergency tangent for maintaining a healthy environment would be the implementation of environmental education programs, with the objective of sensitizing the community about fire’s proper use and management, together with environmental conservation
10
Korde, Janhavi Rajeev, Digvijay Sanjay Deshmukh e Sagar Pawar. "Urban Renewal: A Need to Redefine and Rebuild the Old City Area – Case of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali and Mira Bhayander". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 12, n. 1 (30 ottobre 2022): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3831.1012122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Urban renewal initiatives play an important role in achieving the targets of making human settlements and cities safe, inclusive, resilient and sustainable. Urban Renewal in India is a comprehensive presentation of strategic, technical and theoretical aspects of urban areas. ‘Urban Renewal’ refers redevelopment of urban areas to ensure quality of life, growth of infrastructure, promotion of tourism. The paper describes the tools or approaches for urban renewal namely slum clearance, redevelopment and rehabilitation. To describe the urban renewal scenario in Mumbai Metropolitan Region cases of Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali and Mira Bhayandar are described.
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Schreg, Rainer. "Ecological Approaches in Medieval Rural Archaeology". European Journal of Archaeology 17, n. 1 (2014): 83–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, scientific methods of bio- and geoarchaeology have become increasingly important for archaeological research. Political changes since the 1990s have reshaped the archaeological community. At the same time environmental topics have gained importance in modern society, but the debate lacks an historical understanding. Regarding medieval rural archaeology, we need to ask how this influences our archaeological research on medieval settlements, and how ecological approaches fit into the self-concept of medieval archaeology as a primarily historical discipline. Based mainly on a background in German medieval archaeology, this article calls attention to more complex ecological research questions. Medieval village formation and the late medieval crisis are taken as examples to sketch some hypotheses and research questions. The perspective of a village ecosystem helps bring together economic aspects, human ecology and environmental history. There are several implications for archaeological theory as well as for archaeological practice. Traditional approaches from landscape archaeology are insufficient to understand the changes within village ecosystems. We need to consider social aspects and subjective recognition of the environment by past humans as a crucial part of human–nature interaction. Use of the perspective of village ecosystems as a theoretical background offers a way to examine individual historical case studies with close attention to human agency. Thinking in terms of human ecology and environmental history raises awareness of some interrelations that are crucial to understanding past societies and cultural change.
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Yulia, Astri, Denny Helard e Vera Surtia Bachtiar. "Analysis of Sanitation Technology for Waste Management and Drainage Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method in Bangko City". International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 2, n. 3 (27 dicembre 2022): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v2i3.147.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sanitation in Indonesia is defined as efforts to dispose of liquid waste and domestic waste to create a clean and healthy living environment both at the household and settlement levels Domestic waste management needs to be considered in managing a settlement Domestic waste products, especially those containing human feces, contain dangerous pathogens. If it is released directly into water bodies without processing it will result in environmental pollution Technology and knowledge are needed to accelerate the implementation of development states that technology options are highly dependent on technical and non-technical aspects; environmental factors, cultural and behavioral factors, as well as capital and recurring cost factors To analyze the choice of technology, determined based on perception using the Process Hierarchy Analysis (AHP) method. the AHP method can be used in determining sanitation technology in specific areas in order to obtain the most suitable sanitation technology for use in specific areas. The selected sanitation technology is a recommendation that is acceptable to the local population. Based on this, in order to accelerate the implementation of development, it is necessary to determine the right choice of sanitation technology for slum settlements in Bangko City, Merangin Regency. The selection of sanitation technology in the most effective waste treatment technology in Bangko uses the AHP method, namely conducting sewage treatment by suctioning feces with 31% and good drainage by making grase traps as much as 28%.
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Ying, Hua, Bo Song Cheng, Sun Ming e Lu Bin Dai. "Research and Countermeasures on Human Settlement Problems in Coal Resource Exhausted Cities of Heilongjiang Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (agosto 2013): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.508.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coal resource cities of Heilongjiang Province had entered a depletion period as a result of long-term immoderate mining and they were facing the huge challenge of economic transformation. This paper analyses the present situation of human settlement of coal cities and then finds out the factors leading to the city environmental pollution and ecological destruction that influence human settlement. Several aspects such as environmental governance, ecological planning, industry scale, economic development and so on are discussed. The countermeasures and measures are put forward which are suitable for the sustainable development of human settlement in coal resource cities of Heilongjiang province.
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Niemczynowicz, Janusz. "New aspects of urban drainage and pollution reduction towards sustainability". Water Science and Technology 30, n. 5 (1 settembre 1994): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0246.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A very basic problem of open material flows resulting in accumulation of pollution is not adequately addressed in present societies. Developed countries with expensive water-related infrastructure still contribute to local and global pollution. Developing countries to a great extent lack water treatment facilities and environmentally sound water management. Large scale end-of-pipe wastewater treatment is one of the spectacular examples of technologies that must change in order to provide a sustainable solution. In order to start the way towards a solution of increasing worldwide pollution problems, a new holistic approach to resource management must be applied. The final goal of such an approach is to close the cycles of residuals that damage the environment, and recover resources lost in residuals emitted from all human activities. Water management should be integrated with management of other activities such as waste handling, industrial production, transportation, energy production, etc. The most important action is to apply pollution prevention strategy, i.e. to prevent pollution formation at the source during all human activities. Different kinds of effluents should be separated instead of mixed together. Recycling of water, nutrients and solid residuals should be arranged on a lowest possible level of human settlements. Technologies exist that can solve the problem of pollution from wastewater on a very basic level of a single house or residential area. Stormwater flows with different origin can be separated and disposed locally or re-used in a single house. Industries should modify technologies so that, eventually, wastewater is not produced at all, instead all fluid, solid and gaseous residuals are recovered and recycled. Tools for implementation of such solutions are: legislation and administrative actions coupled with education programmes on all societal levels, increasing public awareness, competition rules of the market economy based on long-term profits. The goal is sustainability of the society by resource recovery and re-use. Demonstration projects, in which the rules of preventive approach and novel technology is applied may constitute a practical way of implementing such an approach.
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Searle, Jeremy B., Catherine S. Jones, İslam Gündüz, Moira Scascitelli, Eleanor P. Jones, Jeremy S. Herman, R. Victor Rambau et al. "Of mice and (Viking?) men: phylogeography of British and Irish house mice". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, n. 1655 (30 settembre 2008): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0958.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The west European subspecies of house mouse ( Mus musculus domesticus ) has gained much of its current widespread distribution through commensalism with humans. This means that the phylogeography of M. m. domesticus should reflect patterns of human movements. We studied restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequence variations in mouse mitochondrial (mt) DNA throughout the British Isles (328 mice from 105 localities, including previously published data). There is a major mtDNA lineage revealed by both RFLP and sequence analyses, which is restricted to the northern and western peripheries of the British Isles, and also occurs in Norway. This distribution of the ‘Orkney’ lineage fits well with the sphere of influence of the Norwegian Vikings and was probably generated through inadvertent transport by them. To form viable populations, house mice would have required large human settlements such as the Norwegian Vikings founded. The other parts of the British Isles (essentially most of mainland Britain) are characterized by house mice with different mtDNA sequences, some of which are also found in Germany, and which probably reflect both Iron Age movements of people and mice and earlier development of large human settlements. MtDNA studies on house mice have the potential to reveal novel aspects of human history.
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França, José Ulisses Bezerra, Ana Paula do Nascimento Lamano-Ferreira, Mauro Silva Ruiz, Cristiano Capellani Quaresma, Claudia Terezinha Kniess, Heidy Rodriguez Ramos e Maurício Lamano Ferreira. "ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PROTECTED AREAS IN THE EAST ZONE OF SÃO PAULO, SP: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN URBAN AREA". HOLOS 3 (23 giugno 2016): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2016.3819.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Environmental issues in urban areas have been increasingly discussed in the construction of smart and sustainable cities. Thus, public green spaces have become the focus of studies for bringing several contributions to the urban environment, as well as provide many ecosystem services. However, it is important to know how users of these green spaces perceive the environment around them, especially in the context of creating new parks in areas with intense human settlements. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological knowledge of residents surrounding an urban green area in the east zone of São Paulo city, which became municipal park after the end of this study. The Municipal Park Jardim da Conquista (PMJC) is located in an area considered one of the largest human settlements in Brazil and the world. 675 interviews were carried out with people living around the urban park in 2013. The profile of the supposed goers varies between 20 and 30 years, belonging predominantly to C economic class and also with sporadic profile of visiting the park. The interviewed people related these green spaces with leisure and biodiversity conservation. In addition, residents attribute part of the care and preservation of the park to themselves. This work highlights the user profile of a new park in the city of São Paulo, as well as their knowledge of some ecological aspects of an urban park.
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Wang, Ziyan, Cheng Wang, Zehui Jiang, Tao Hu, Wenjing Han, Chang Zhang, Jiali Jin, Kaiyue Wei, Jiao Zhao e Xinyu Wang. "Relationship between Rural Settlements’ Plant Communities and Environmental Factors in Hilly Area of Southeast China". Sustainability 12, n. 7 (1 aprile 2020): 2771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072771.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The construction of the ecological environment in rural settlements is a very important part of the development of human settlements. Key to this construction is the coordinated and sustainable development of plant environment, geographical environment, and human activities. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of plant diversity and their driving mechanisms. The study area, ‘Shanchuan Town’, is located in the hilly area of Southeast China, Anji County, Zhejiang Province. As bamboo forests cover 62% of the total forests, it has the reputation of being the “China town of bamboo”. To interpret rural plant community features, we extracted topography data by the field survey, satellite image, and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on ArcGIS platform, then used Spearman’s correlation and a redundancy analysis to examine the relationships between explanatory variables (e.g., plot elevation, slope aspect and architectural height, etc.) and the distribution of plant community diversity. In this study, 227 plots were selected from 14 settlements to investigate totally 105, 88, 206, and 17 species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines, respectively, belonging to 147 families, 324 genera, and 416 species. Among them, there were 19 bamboo species, and 47 species of alien plants, which accounted for 11.3% of the total. The dominant trees and shrubs were mainly native species with high edible or ornamental value. The dominant bamboo species were common species for bamboo shoots in Zhejiang Province, while most of the dominant herbaceous species were alien species. Among the explanatory variables, the impact of plot elevation (PE) on plant community was significantly higher than those of other explanatory factors. The correlation analysis showed that the richness and diversity indices of different plant life layers were significantly related to PE. Among the architectural factors, the architectural orientation (AO) and layout type (AT) effect on shrubs and other herbaceous species was stronger than those on trees and bamboo. There was a high plant community richness in the study area, and both topography and architectural factors had a significant effect on plant community. Therefore, construction of the plant landscape should conform to the topography and regulate the residential construction activities properly, so as to get rid of urban planning thinking and the excessive pursuit of plant diversity, realizing the sustainable development of ecological environment in settlements.
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Vallejo-Villalta, Ismael, Estefanía Rodríguez-Navas e Joaquín Márquez-Pérez. "Mapping Forest Fire Risk at a Local Scale—A Case Study in Andalusia (Spain)". Environments 6, n. 3 (2 marzo 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6030030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Forest fires are a critical environmental problem facing current societies, with serious repercussions at ecological, economic and personal safety levels. Detailed maps enabling identification of areas liable to be affected is an indispensable first step allowing different prevention and protection measures vis-à-vis this kind of phenomenon. These maps could be especially valuable for use in land management and emergency planning at a municipality scale. A methodology is shown for producing local maps of mid- and short-term forest fire risk, integrating both natural and human factors. Among natural factors, variables normally used in hazard models are considered as fuel models, slopes or vegetation moisture stress. From the human perspective, more novel aspects have been evaluated, meant either to assess human-induced hazard (closeness to forestland of causative elements or the ability of people to penetrate the forest environment), or to assess vulnerability, considering the population’s location in urban centres and scattered settlements. The methodology is applied in a municipality of Andalusia (Spain) and obtained results were compared to burned areas maps.
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Orcutt, Janet D. "Environmental Variability and Settlement Changes on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico". American Antiquity 56, n. 2 (aprile 1991): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281421.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recent studies have shown a relation between low- and high-frequency environmental variability and aspects of culture. This paper uses low-frequency alluvial and hydrological changes on the Colorado Plateaus and high-frequency changes in moisture availability for the northern Rio Grande between A.D. 1150 and A.D. 1600 to derive expectations for changes in settlement organization on the Pajarito Plateau. The expectations are evaluated using data on the distribution of population and field houses in elevation zones. Changes in population size and aggregation also are reviewed. Low-frequency processes especially appear to have played a role in settlement change until A.D. 1450. After this date, settlement does not conform to expectations. Reasons for this are suggested, including a poor understanding of low- frequency processes, conflict, and human-induced environmental degradation.
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Harbi, Jun, Yukun Cao, Noril Milantara, Gamin, Ade Brian Mustafa e Nathan James Roberts. "Understanding People−Forest Relationships: A Key Requirement for Appropriate Forest Governance in South Sumatra, Indonesia". Sustainability 13, n. 13 (23 giugno 2021): 7029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137029.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Indonesian forestry challenges in attributional land-use conflicts of overlapping villages and state forests have affected community livelihoods and forest sustainability for decades. This empirical research uncovers the socio-economic attributes of villages in order to gain a better understanding of people−forest relationships in order to guide improved forest management and governance for long-term sustainability. Data were obtained from 69 villages located in the forest management unit of Lakitan Bukit Cogong in South Sumatra Province. Spatially-explicit quantitative measurements and qualitative approaches were employed to explore the interrelationships between human footprint, village development, and conflict resolution strategies over two decades. The results confirmed that utilization of forest areas as part of the village territory (such as for building settlements, public/social infrastructure facilities, plantations and agricultural fields) has long been administered without permits, destabilizing forest functions. Moreover, aspects such as human population size, proximity of villages to the national road and sub-district capital, and the transmigration settlement units have an impact on the Human Footprint Index and Village Development Index. Furthermore, our analyses identified three distinctive forms of conflict based on village type: (1) villages which are administratively included in the forest area; (2) villages for transmigration settlement; and (3) villages adjacent to company management concession areas. In these villages, the clarity of land/forest boundaries and property rights are predominant conflict issues. Several recommendations are proposed to support sustainable forest development; namely, controlling human activities in the forest, improving village management governance, and resolving associated conflicts.
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Zulaeha, Mulyani, Suprapto Suprapto, Linda Nurulita e Rizka Annisa Falmelia. "Characteristics of dispute resolution in wetland environment: Integration between environmental, cultural and community empowerment aspects". International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, n. 4 (14 giugno 2021): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i4.1184.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the characteristics of dispute resolution in a wetland environment through the integration of environmental aspects, culture and empowerment of rural communities. A life that is safe, orderly and peaceful, is the life of human society so that every dispute needs to be resolved. In fact, the principle of justice is simple, fast and low cost for most people. This research method uses a socio-juridical (socio-legal) approach using an interdisciplinary or "hybrid" approach between aspects of normative legal research with a sociological approach using qualitative analysis. The results show that through the settlement of disputes based on deliberation to reach consensus (badamai) based on local wisdom that grows and develops in communities in wetland areas, it is hoped that it will be able to expand access to justice in rural communities and reduce the burden of cases on formal channels. This requires a forum as an institution that facilitates the settlement of disputes outside the court at the village level.
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Theissen, Tim, Annette Otte e Rainer Waldhardt. "Land-Use Change Related to Topography and Societal Drivers in High-Mountains – A Case Study in the Upper Watershed of the Tergi (Kazbegi Region), Greater Caucasus". European Countryside 11, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0020.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract High mountain ecosystems, with strong topographic and climatic gradients, are fragile and particularly sensitive to changes in land use. The abandonment of historic cultural landscapes has often led to changes in the pattern of land cover and thus, to a shift in the functions of high mountain landscapes, like fresh water supply, productivity or erosion control. In order to understand the effects of land-use change on the land-cover pattern at the local and regional scale, we analyzed and classified the mountainous landscape structure in the Kazbegi region in Georgia, located in the Central Greater Caucasus. For 13 settlements, we determined the land cover as present in 1987 and 2015, and quantified the changes over time to detect land-cover development trends for each settlement. Using a cluster analysis, the study area was analyzed regarding to topography (altitude, aspect, slope) and distance to settlements at the regional scale to gain six groups with separating conditions. Furthermore, each settlement was classified according to topography and land-cover change to obtain site-specific, comparative development trends. Our results show that this Caucasian high-mountain landscape is characterized by open grassland (67%) used as pasture and hay meadow, and natural birch forests (7%) in patches in the upper half of the subalpine belt. Within the settlements but also in their surroundings, field vegetables are cultivated in home gardens (1%). Land-cover change during the observation period mainly affected the cultural grassland with hay meadow abandonment. Moreover, shrubbery and forest expanded considerably on abandoned pastures. We further detected a strong relationship to topography that considerably varied between settlements resulting in specific trends in land-use change. Hay-making and arable land cultivation are focused today on sun-exposed and gentle slopes near the settlements. Shrub encroachment and reforestations were localized on farther distances and mostly on north-exposed slopes. Besides providing basic information about the historic and current land-use and land-cover patterns, our results quantify the landscape change during almost 30 years. A spatio-temporal analysis revealed an understanding of how land-use decisions influence the landscape pattern. In the context of societal development, regional socioeconomic processes, like shifts in the agricultural structure and population outmigration, seem to be societal drivers of changes. Our findings reveal linkages and interrelationships between natural, human-induced environmental and socioeconomic processes within high-mountain socio-ecological systems. Moreover, we suggest that sustainable land-use strategies for spatial development on sub-regional level, especially in marginal high-mountain regions, should consider topography and its influence on land-use change.
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Hua, Ying, e Bo Song Cheng. "Analysis and Countermeasures on Present Situation of Coal Resource Exhausted Cities Ecological Human Settlement in the Northeast Region of China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (ottobre 2013): 4215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4215.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The coal resource-based cities has now entered the depletion period due to the long uncontrolled exploitation. With the deterioration of the living environment, cities are facing the great challenges of economic restructuring. This article analyses the living environment status of coal urban in northeast of China in two aspects of the industrial building and civil construction, from environmental managing, ecological planning, industrial scaling, government functions, economic development and other several aspects to identify the factors that cause urban environmental pollution and ecological damage which affect the sound development of ecological living environment, sums strategies and controls measures which suit living environment’s sustainable development of coal resource city.
24
Dean, Jeffrey S., Robert C. Euler, George J. Gumerman, Fred Plog, Richard H. Hevly e Thor N. V. Karlstrom. "Human Behavior, Demography, and Paleoenvironment on the Colorado Plateaus". American Antiquity 50, n. 3 (luglio 1985): 537–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280320.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Archaeological and paleoenvironmental data are integrated in an investigation of culture change among the Anasazi of the American Southwest by a conceptual model of the interaction among environment, population, and behavior, the major determinants of human adaptive systems. Geological, palynological, and dendrochronological reconstructions of low and high frequency environmental variability coupled with population trends are used to specify periods of regional population-resource stress that should have elicited behavioral responses. Examination of these periods elucidates the range of responses employed and clarifies the adaptive contributions of mobility, shift of settlement location, subsistence mix, exchange, ceremonialism, agricultural intensification, and territoriality. These results help differentiate responses that are triggered by environmental variability from those stimulated primarily by demographic or sociocultural factors. These analyses also demonstrate the adaptive importance of amplitude, frequency, temporal, spatial, and durational aspects of environmental variability compared to the commonly invoked but simplistic contrast between “favorable” and “unfavorable” conditions.
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KUPINETS, L. Ye, e H. O. TIUTIUNNYK. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS OF CITY TERRITORIES IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN URBAN PROCESSES". Economic innovations 23, n. 1(78) (20 marzo 2021): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.1(78).95-114.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Topicality. In the context of urban development, the issue of urban management in order to prevent risks and solve economic, environmental, socio-psychological problems of urban development with their impact on human life becomes relevant. Aim and tasks. The aim of the study is to substantiate the essence of managing the formation of local areas as a human habitat and material base in terms of urbanization processes as complex socio-economic and ecological systems. Tasks of the study: analysis of the preconditions, positive and negative features of the development of urban processes; characteristics of trends and stages of urban processes in the world; presentation of a new approach to the study of the city, taking into account its multifunctionality and interdisciplinarity; consideration of current trends and factors in the development of cities and urban settlements; coverage of the socio-psychological side of the development of urban processes; substantiation of the approach to planning and management of urban land use on the basis of a new model of urban territory through the formation of "atmosphere" as a nonlinear system of inevitable interaction of ecosystems, economic and socio-psychological relations; development of principles of urban areas management through socio-economic-ecological components in the context of modern urban processes. Research results. The preconditions, tendencies, risks, ways of development of urbanization are analyzed, the characteristic of a modern condition of this process is given. The study of urban space in terms of demographic, urban, environmental, social, economic and information aspects is substantiated. Factors of development of urban processes, in particular demographic, economic, ecological, town-planning, social and cultural are considered. Modern trends in urban development and urban settlements are described. The directions of risk prevention and solution of economic, ecological, social and psychological problems and problems of development of urban processes with their influence on human life and socio-ecological development of economy are presented. The formation of a new model of the territory of cities on the basis of a nonlinear system - "atmosphere" taking into account the socio-psychological side of the development of urban processes is substantiated. Conclusion. The main goal of the current stage of urban processes requires research and the formation of new approaches to the management of a complex system called "city" and its territories. The new model requires taking into account the socio-economic and ecological potential of the territory, conservation, rational use and reproduction of resources in the relevant area. Particular attention needs to be taken into account socio-psychological and a variety of other factors, according to which urban settlements are developing and functioning, gaining rapid growth with the development of urban processes. The greatest attention is paid to the problems of compliance with environmental requirements, conservation of land use, biodiversity and the general state of the ecosystem.
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Avila, Héctor Gabriel, Rosa Graciela Cejas, Marta Graciela Cabrera, Mirna Sawicki, Graciela I. Santillán e María Victoria Periago. "A Cross-Sectional Study to Detect Cystic Echinococcosis in Añatuya, Santiago Del Estero (Argentina)". Parasitologia 2, n. 4 (16 novembre 2022): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia2040027.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in Argentina, and approximately 30% of the national territory has characteristics appropriate for the development of the zoonotic domestic cycle of this disease. This community-wide study was implemented in rural areas of Añatuya, Santiago del Estero (northern Argentina) to determine the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the definitive host (dogs) and the presence of CE in humans. Infection data from dogs were obtained through the collection and analysis of fecal samples; these were processed through sedimentation/flotation techniques and PCR. The presence in humans was determined by ultrasound (US) and serology (ELISA confirmed by Western Blot—WB) in the Miel de Palo settlement. A standardized questionnaire was used to investigate potential risk factors for CE; more than half of the studied population carried out activities that favor the maintenance of the cycle. The prevalence of E. granulosus s.l. in dogs from 10 rural settlements, confirmed by PCR, was 4.7% (32/678). The results of the US and serology screening showed a human prevalence of 0.55% (1/183) in Miel de Palo. This prevalence increased to 4.9% (9/183) if imaging-negative but serology-positive (ELISA+WB) individuals are included, as per national guidelines. One of the participants with CE, confirmed by US, was less than 15 years old, which evidences the presence of active transmission. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, taking into consideration social, behavioral, sanitary, and environmental aspects intimately tied to the parasite cycle, is needed.
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Auvaria, Shinfi Wazna. "IMPROVEMENT OF AWARENESS AND ASPECT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION BY ECO-MOSQUE". Al-Ard: Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan 4, n. 1 (30 settembre 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29080/alard.v4i1.321.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Climate change and environmental pollution are some of the current environmental issues of global concern. One in six people died in 2015 due to environmental pollution. Climate change that occurs can be seen from the recent number of rainy season shift and extreme natural disasters. IPCC’s fifth Assessment report says that there are 95% chance of human activity in the last 50 years is the trigger of climate change. Some means to achieve SDG’s targets and solving environmental problems are increasing awareness and aspects of community participation in the settlement, including adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Some countries with a majority of the population of Muslims, there is Authentic Islamic Environmental Movement. One of the adapted program is EcoMosque as one of the ways to increase awareness and to increase aspects of community participation in overcoming environmental problems in Indonesia. EcoMosque is very possible to be done in Indonesia because supported by the majority of Islamic’s population which is very potential in the implementation
28
Widodo, Johannes. "Multitude in Cultural Complexities in Asia". SHS Web of Conferences 41 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184102001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The genesis of human settlements is a continuous process of production and layering of patterns, forms and spaces in different scale levels across historical periods. Our urban morphology is the product of the cosmopolitan communities, the articulation of the multi layered tangible and intangible urban traditions and modernization processes. Diversity, eclecticism, fusion, acculturation, adaptation, are the nature of our architecture and urbanism. However, at present, we are in an urgent need to find resolutions to address serious problems posed by the climate change, ideological conflicts, economic greediness, depletion of resources, and social justice. One of an essential elements in humanity is empathy, and this empathy has been anesthetized or lost due to ignorance and greed in almost all aspects of our relationships with others and nature. The design and planning profession and education should reflect on the mistakes that have been created which have caused cultural, social, and environmental issues. We need to reconsider our present practices, i.e., to reflect on, to interrogate and perhaps to present alternatives to our existing pedagogical paradigm.
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Szabóné Pap, Hajnalka, e Zoltán Baros. "Public opinion on the settlements’ environment and the use of renewable energy sources in the Micro-region of Gyöngyös". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n. I (5 ottobre 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/i/8414.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper intends to give an overview on some results of our studies carried out on the public opinion of the above aspects (settlements’comfort level and the use of renewable energy sources) directly or indirectly linked to the topic of climate change and possible adaptations.These studies were carried out by applying questionnaire survey in the (altogether 25) settlements of the Gyöngyös Micro-region.Knowledge on general human perceptions related to climate change and its impacts is considered to be important as it should advance theelaboration of adaptation and applied scientific works. They are highly required as rural areas, due to their closer relationship (dependence)to the physical environment, are more susceptible to changes resultant from the climate change with their possibilities to adaptation alsobeing impeded.The beauty of environment plays an important role in the settlements studied within the micro-region with more than two third of polleesopting the environment as a factor they most proud of, especially among those residing in the villages for more than 10 years. It can bepresumed that any change in this environment would greatly impact their everyday life and emotional relationship to their home villages. Theoverall picture after analysing the public opinion on the use of renewable energy source (as possible way of adaptation to the impacts ofclimate change) is rather controversial. Even basic knowledge and information are limited regarding the relevant technologies callingattention to the importance of raising environmental awareness and providing full information seems to be essential and should beimplemented, through the media and education.
30
Ciolac, Ramona, Tabita Adamov, Tiberiu Iancu, Gabriela Popescu, Ramona Lile, Ciprian Rujescu e Diana Marin. "Agritourism-A Sustainable Development Factor for Improving the ‘Health’ of Rural Settlements. Case Study Apuseni Mountains Area". Sustainability 11, n. 5 (9 marzo 2019): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051467.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Agritourism is a complex activity, a chance maybe today to ensure both human health and the “health” of the environment and rural settlements in order to achieve a most wanted desideratum, the sustainability of the rural environment. The idea of this paper starts from the trend of the current period, meaning the strong emphasis on natural, organic, bio, in all human activities, health and environment, in a word, sustainability. The necessity of implementing the sustainability of activities, health and environment in rural areas, taking into account the agritourism field, was a subject pursued in the study, taking as area of study the mountainous rural environment, the reason of this choice deriving from the fact that the mountain area offers great opportunities for agritourism development, the practice of which is even necessary in the current period. The sustainability of agritourism on rural health and environment cannot be dissociated from the economic, social and cultural life of the community in which it manifests itself, and has a multiplier effect on all the domains with which it interacts. So the purpose of the paper is to follow the development of the agritourism field and, based on some present information, to make a future forecast for some specific indicators, to highlight the representative aspects related to the development and capitalization of guesthouses from a rural mountain environment through agritourism and to come up with a forecast for future transformations that need to take place in the studied area in order to support the sustainable development of the human environment through agritourism.
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Xie, Yichun, e Zongyao Sha. "Quantitative Analysis of Driving Factors of Grassland Degradation: A Case Study in Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia". Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/169724.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Current literature suggests that grassland degradation occurs in areas with poor soil conditions or noticeable environmental changes and is often a result of overgrazing or human disturbances. However, these views are questioned in our analyses. Based on the analysis of satellite vegetation maps from 1984, 1998, and 2004 for the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and binary logistic regression (BLR) analysis, we observe the following: (1) grassland degradation is positively correlated with the growth density of climax communities; (2) our findings do not support a common notion that a decrease of biological productivity is a direct indicator of grassland degradation; (3) a causal relationship between grazing intensity and grassland degradation was not found; (4) degradation severity increased steadily towards roads but showed different trends near human settlements. This study found complex relationships between vegetation degradation and various microhabitat conditions, for example, elevation, slope, aspect, and proximity to water.
32
Mihu-Pintilie e Nicu. "GIS-based Landform Classification of Eneoli thic Archaeological Sites in the Plateau-plain Transition Zone (NE Romania): Habitation Practices vs. Flood Hazard Perception". Remote Sensing 11, n. 8 (15 aprile 2019): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080915.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The landforms of the Earth’s surface ranging from large-scale features to local topography are factors that influence human behavior in terms of habitation practices. The ability to extract geomorphological settings using geoinformatic techniques is an important aspect of any environmental analysis and archaeological landscape approach. Morphological data derived from DEMs with high accuracies (e.g., LiDAR data), can provide valuable information related to landscape modelling and landform classification processes. This study applies the first landform classification and flood hazard vulnerability of 730 Eneolithic (ca. 5000–3500 BCE) settlement locations within the plateau-plain transition zone of NE Romania. The classification was done using the SD (standard deviation) of TPI (Topographic Position Index) for the mean elevation (DEV) around each archaeological site, and HEC-RAS flood hazard pattern generated for 0.1% (1000 year) discharge insurance. The results indicate that prehistoric communities preferred to place their settlements for defensive purposes on hilltops, or in the close proximity of a steep slope. Based on flood hazard pattern, 8.2% out of the total sites had been placed in highly vulnerable areas. The results indicate an eco-cultural niche connected with habitation practices and flood hazard perception during the Eneolithic period in the plateau-plain transition zone of NE Romania and contribute to archaeological predictive modelling.
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Guerrero Torrenegra, Alejandro Jesús. "Dramatismo de las periferias espontáneas - Latinoamérica: un desafío para el desarrollo urbano sustentable." Procesos Urbanos 1 (1 gennaio 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21892/2422085x.21.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Resumen: Las periferias de América Latina se caracterizan por sus genes tipológicos informales (invasiones) que identifican la urbanización de la pobreza y que se transforman en territorio insostenible. El objetivo principal de estudio, analizar las características de las periferias internas informales latinoamericanas en un escenario marcado por las ciudades difusas, que al menos nos disponga ante algunos aspectos que afectan a las sociedades del siglo XXI. La investigación es descriptiva y analítica, sigue pautas holísticas, que reflejan el comportamiento del hombre, el estado real del territorio, la teoría del principio de incertidumbre, del caos, aporta nuevas ideas para el mejoramiento o coacción de los aspectos urbanos y ambientales. La ciudad de Medellín es el territorio escogido para investigar las características de los asentamientos espontáneos. El resultado nos originó otra manera de aproximación al problema, dejando de lado las soluciones basadas en el equilibrio social (igualdad) y en el orden (control), para transformarlas en territorios sustentables.
___Palabras clave: Ciudad difusa, mestizaje, globalización, periferias espontáneas, urbanismo social.
___Abstract: The peripheries of Latin America are characterized by informal - typological invasions genes that identify the urbanization of poverty that become unsustainable territory. The main objective: to analyze the characteristics of the Latin America informal internal peripheries in a scenario marked by diffuse cities, which at least provided us with some aspects affecting the XXI century. The research is descriptive and analytical, following holistic patterns that reflect human behavior, the actual status of the territory, the theory of the uncertainty principle, chaos, bringing new ideas to improve or coercion of urban and environmental aspects. The city of Medellín, is the territory chosen to investigate the characteristics of informal settlements. The result caused us another way of approaching the problem, aside based on social balance (equality) and order (check) to turn them into sustainable solutions territories.
___Keywords: Fuzzy City, miscegenation, globalization, spontaneous peripheries, social planning.
___Recibido agosto 20 de 2014 / Aceptado octubre 6 de 2014
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Vedysheva, Natalia, Мaria Mukhlynina, Olga Efimova e Andrey Nikiforov. "Digital Technologies in Ensuring the Protection of the Population and Territories of the Russian Federation from Natural and Man-Made Emergencies: Legal Aspect". SHS Web of Conferences 93 (2021): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219302022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem of sustainable management of digitalization of the environmental and technosphere security system at the legal and organizational levels both in the Russian Federation and in the world is now coming to the fore and requires immediate solutions. After analyzing strategic planning documents and other normative legal acts, the authors of the article attempt to consider current legal problems in the field under study in the aspect of digitalization, which ensures environmental and technosphere security of Russia, and implements the UN sustainable development goals in the environmental direction. The authors suggest that a successful economic policy aimed at achieving the UN sustainable development goals in the field of ensuring the safety of cities and human settlements is impossible without the introduction of science-based methodologies and tools for accounting for losses from disasters, improving modeling, assessment, monitoring of disaster risk, etc. In conclusion, a number of conclusions are drawn about the legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation and the organizational measures being implemented to help solve various problems related to the implementation of interdepartmental integrated systems of RSChS with the participation of the Ministry of digital development, communications and mass communications of Russia, etc.
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Cordeiro, A. M. Rochette. "The Importance of the Holistic View in Urbanism: The Role of Physical Geography in the Sustainable City of the 21st Century". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, n. 12 (27 dicembre 2022): 380–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.912.13662.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The need for an interdisciplinary approach to urban planning is an undeniable fact in the 21st century vision of sustainable cities. Although in geography studies urban planning has always been regarded as a field of human geography, resilience to climate change and the importance of ecosystems in increasingly populated territories offer new perspectives to physical supports, in particular in urban design and in its relevance in environmental aspects of sustainable urban planning. This study takes an integrated approach to physical geography in order to understand urban environments through urban landscapes from a socio-natural standpoint. In the last decade, both at global level, through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and at European level, through directives and environmental programmes, such as the Urban Agenda for the EU and the European Climate Law, the adaptations of urban climate, air quality, and sustainable land-use contingent to nature-based solutions brought about new challenges and perspectives to the 21st century city. In this framework, the energy efficiency and decarbonisation issues were brought into the equation, being key elements in sustainable urban development. Adapting the sub-areas of physical geography to the different mosaics in urban spaces in a holistic manner by analysing endogenous factors – “morphological system” – and exogenous factors – climate –, as well as all those interconnected thereto downstream – hydrology, natural hazards, or the different environmental management and land-use and occupation instruments provides physical geographers with opportunities for the urbanisation of nature, in a temporal matrix, showing the trajectories of transformation of urban settlements.
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Tshering, Kinley, Phuntsho Thinley, Mahyat Shafapour Tehrany, Ugyen Thinley e Farzin Shabani. "A Comparison of the Qualitative Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Quantitative Frequency Ratio Techniques in Predicting Forest Fire-Prone Areas in Bhutan Using GIS". Forecasting 2, n. 2 (30 marzo 2020): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast2020003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Forest fire is an environmental disaster that poses immense threat to public safety, infrastructure, and biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential to have a rapid and robust method to produce reliable forest fire maps, especially in a data-poor country or region. In this study, the knowledge-based qualitative Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the statistical-based quantitative Frequency Ratio (FR) techniques were utilized to model forest fire-prone areas in the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. Seven forest fire conditioning factors were used: land-use land cover, distance from human settlement, distance from road, distance from international border, aspect, elevation, and slope. The fire-prone maps generated by both models were validated using the Area Under Curve assessment method. The FR-based model yielded a fire-prone map with higher accuracy (87% success rate; 82% prediction rate) than the AHP-based model (71% success rate; 63% prediction rate). However, both the models showed almost similar extent of ‘very high’ prone areas in Bhutan, which corresponded to coniferous-dominated areas, lower elevations, steeper slopes, and areas close to human settlements, roads, and the southern international border. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) fire points were overlaid on the model generated maps to assess their reliability in predicting forest fires. They were found to be not reliable in Bhutan, as most of them overlapped with fire-prone classes, such as ‘moderate’, ‘low’, and ‘very low’. The fire-prone map derived from the FR model will assist Bhutan’s Department of Forests and Park Services to update its current National Forest Fire Management Strategy.
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Tokarev, A. E. "CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF TEMPORARY RESIDENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS OF RUSSIA". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, n. 4 (28 agosto 2019): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-4-76-93.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose: The aim of this work is to study the environmental issues of northern urban planning and create a conceptual model of the functional zoning of the temporary residence module for the Far North. The purpose includes summary of the problems and threats of protected natural areas, namely the Arctic National Park of Russia; a study of the main historical town-planning of the ideal cities, clarification of aspects of the modern city planning in extreme conditions ; the analysis of the conceptual project “Cities of the Future”, in which the environmental problem is the main requirement for the artificial environment for human life; a description of urban planning principles and space-planning decisions of existing camps in the north of Russia and reveal the significant shortcomings of construction in these conditions ; formulation and systematization of specific requirements for the modern architecture of temporary Arctic settlements; propose a conceptual model of functional zoning of a temporary residence module in the Far North regions.Research findings: A new composition of the Arctic module for temporary residence of the 21st century is considered. A list and zoning scheme of the main and auxiliary premises, united by functional zones is discussed. The requirements for residential, public and technical spaces of the complex are defined and formulated.Practical implications: The proposed temporary residence modules can be used for Arctic regions of Russia. The functional zoning will allow to create a spatial environment of autonomous bioclimatic temporary residence module for the Russian Arctic National Park.
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Zhang, Tingting, Dan He, Tian Kuang e Ke Chen. "Effect of Rural Human Settlement Environment around Nature Reserves on Farmers’ Well-Being: A Field Survey Based on 1002 Farmer Households around Six Nature Reserves in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 11 (26 maggio 2022): 6447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116447.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Numerous countries actively consider the human settlement environment and have implemented rural governance strategies to ameliorate the living conditions of rural dwellers. The construction of a rural human settlement environment is an important goal of China’s rural revitalization strategy and improving farmers’ well-being is a key element of China’s policies on agriculture, farmers, and villages. However, whether a rural human settlement environment enhances farmers’ well-being remains untested. By adopting the method of random stratified sampling, this study investigated 1002 farmers inside and outside six nature reserves in Liaoning, China. OLS and ordered probit regression models were used to assess the impact on the well-being and the satisfaction of farmers with their settlement environment around nature reserves from three aspects: the natural ecological environment, the hardware facility environment, and the daily governance environment. The results of this study proved that the construction of a human settlement environment can significantly boost the well-being of farmers. Moreover, the satisfaction towards the natural ecological environment, hardware facility environment, and daily governance environment exerts a substantial impact on the well-being at the significance level of 1%, with a positive sign, showing a stable enhancement role. Among them, the satisfaction with the hardware facility environment was the most essential for improving happiness, with a coefficient of 0.126. A heterogeneity analysis suggests that the positive effect of satisfaction with the human settlement environment on farmers’ well-being within nature reserves was more significant in the natural ecological environment, with a coefficient of 0.244; the hardware facility environment had the greatest positive effect on the well-being of farmers outside nature reserves, with a coefficient of 0.224; and the daily governance environment had a greater enhancing effect on the well-being of farmers both inside and outside nature reserves. Based on these results, it is recommended that governments encourage farmers around nature reserves to participate in wildlife accident insurance, strengthen ecological environmental protection, and enhance the hardware facility environment. Furthermore, local governments should disseminate knowledge of human settlement management to farmers and improve the efficiency of human settlement environment management at the grassroots level. Finally, governments should prioritize human settlement environment development and identify the farmers’ needs of human settlement environment to enhance their well-being.
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Pashkov,, Vitalii M., e Maryna V. Trotska. "NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS COMPONENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH: SOME ASPECTS OF ITS LEGAL REGULATION". Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, n. 2 (2019): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201902122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: Human health depends on various factors that have a different physical origin, degree of influence on the human body, methods of manifestation and other characteristics. Within public health, their research is carried out implementing an integrated approach and understanding the causation of the factors that influence each other as well as their effects on the human body. The natural environment, namely its state in general and individual natural objects, in particular, is one of the elements having both direct and indirect effects on human health. The aim: To analyze the legal basis for the regulation of the impact of the natural environment as a component of public health. Materials and methods: The study examines provisions of international documents and scientists’ attitudes. The article analyzes generalized information from scientific journals by means of scientific methods from a medical and legal point of view. This article is based on dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and comprehensive research methods. Within the framework of the system approach, as well as analysis and synthesis, the concepts of public health, health and influence of the natural environment on them are researched. Review: As a result of the study of a particular range of problems, it may be noted that human health depends on a number of factors that allow it to be adequately addressed. The environmental component, namely, the state of the natural environment affecting the human body both directly and indirectly, is not the least of them. Proper legal settlement of the above-mentioned range of problems will allow a comprehensive approach to understanding the causation of human health and the natural environment. Conclusions: when researching the impact of the natural environment within public health, it can be noted that the legal basis for the multidimensional regulation of the notion of health in general, as well as its individual components, in particular, has been formed and reflected in a number of regulatory legal acts. In turn, inadequate implementation of the systematic approach with an in-depth understanding of the real and potential factors that affect human condition in one way or another does not allow the fullest possible determination of their causation both on the positive and negative sides.
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Mulyati, A., M. Najib e A. M. Y. Astha. "Collective space on residential as a resilience measure to disaster mitigation earthquakes and liquefaction". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1212, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1212/1/012003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Disasters have just hit Palu, Sigi, and Donggala, resulting in the fall of so many victims, not only humans but also city and village physicals (residential buildings, facilities, and infrastructure). Several villages hit by the disaster were hamlet 3 Vou, Langaleso village, Dolo sub-district, Jono Oge village, Biromaru sub-district, and Sigi district. The village’s condition was damaged, but most of the buildings and plants were lost to the mud. Settlement neighborhoods that should be full of activity are nowhere to be seen, and people become apathetic. They just accept this situation and are always waiting for help. Huntara, a form of assistance provided by funders, temporarily occupy the settlers’ land because the condition of the land or land needs to be cleared for the rebuilding process. The provision of inclusive spaces is one of the efforts to mitigate disasters in residential areas, namely public spaces that can be used by all settlers. These spaces must be safe and provide comfort, easy to reach, and become part of the residential environment. Village arrangement is one way that can be done to minimize the impact of a disaster. Arrangement of buildings, facilities, and environmental infrastructure are necessary not to create chaos in development. Also, aspects of environmentally friendly residential (village) spatial patterns, structural systems, and building construction that meet the requirements (SNI), the application of local and humane wisdom are no less important to consider in the process of procuring inclusive spaces in settlements, structuring villages, especially after a disaster.
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Putro, Jawas, e Zairin Zain. "Active and passive adaptation of floating houses (Rumah Lanting) to the tides of the Melawi river in West Kalimantan, Indonesia". Geographica Pannonica 25, n. 2 (2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp25-30422.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Floating houses or Rumah Lanting are one of the settlement cultures found in most river streams in Kalimantan and are observed to be different from several other houses in the area. They are mitigation-proof houses designed to respond to the risk of disasters usually experienced in the traditional settlements of West Kalimantan. Their structures have the ability to adapt to environmental conditions including natural disasters such as the river tides routinely experienced as a flood during the rainy season and as ebb in the dry season. This study aimed to identify the human-adaptation process existing in these floating houses through direct observation for two years during the dry and rainy seasons as well as in-depth interviews conducted with occupants of these buildings. The adaptation processes identified include the active and passive adaptation of the dwellers. The active aspect was observed from the behavior of occupants in accommodating the occurrence of disaster in the surrounding environment while the passive was identified as the physical changes implemented in the building to mitigate the disaster. The focus of this research was on some dwellings on the river banks settlement in the Melawi River near Sintang Regency of West Kalimantan Province and a qualitative approach with a case study was implemented. The samples were determined through a non-probability approach in the form of a purposive sampling method based on certain selected criteria which included the previous experience of ebb and flow of river water in the Rumah Lanting. The results showed the existence of active and passive adaptations for the dwellers of the floating houses in West Kalimantan. The active aspect observed involves the behavior of the occupants in adapting to natural disasters with the focus on the changes in the activity patterns, territory, and privacy. Meanwhile, the passive aspect showed some modifications in the architectural elements of the building such as the position, orientation, access, and function.
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Kerstens, S. M., H. B. Legowo e I. B. Hendra Gupta. "Evaluation of DEWATS in Java, Indonesia". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2012): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.065.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Under the Indonesian PPSP (Accelerated Sanitation Development for Human Settlements Program) thousands of new DEWATS (Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems) may be realized in the coming five years. Taking the massive scale of planned implementation into consideration an evaluation of the technical and financial-economic aspects and users' involvement for three different types of DEWATS was performed. Evaluated systems included (1) Settler (Set)+Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)+Anaerobic Filter (AF), (2) Digester+Set+ABR+AF and (3) Settler, equalization, activated sludge, clarifier, filtration. All three systems complied with the current regulations. System 3 suggested the best overall performance on selected parameters in the monitored period. A clear reduction in specific investment costs per household was found with an increasing number of households per system. Only daily, regular operational costs were recovered from fees collected by the community, whereas costs for desludging, major repairs and capital and replacement costs were not. Surveys with users showed a different degree of involvement of local men and women in the planning stages of the project for the systems. Recommendations are provided to scale up the introduction of DEWATS in a more sustainable way in the framework of a city wide sanitation strategy.
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McMichael, A. J. "Environmental and social influences on emerging infectious diseases: past, present and future". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, n. 1447 (29 luglio 2004): 1049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1480.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During the processes of human population dispersal around the world over the past 50 000–100 000 years, along with associated cultural evolution and inter–population contact and conflict, there have been several major transitions in the relationships of Homo sapiens with the natural world, animate and inanimate. Each of these transitions has resulted in the emergence of new or unfamiliar infectious diseases. The three great historical transitions since the initial advent of agriculture and livestock herding, from ca . 10 000 years ago, occurred when: (i) early agrarian–based settlements enabled sylvatic enzootic microbes to make contact with Homo sapiens ; (ii) early Eurasian civilizations (such as the Greek and Roman empires, China and south Asia) came into military and commercial contact, ca . 3000–2000 years ago, swapping their dominant infections; and (iii) European expansionism, over the past five centuries, caused the transoceanic spread of often lethal infectious diseases. This latter transition is best known in relation to the conquest of the Americas by Spanish conquistadores , when the inadvertent spread of measles, smallpox and influenza devastated the Amerindian populations. Today, we are living through the fourth of these great transitional periods. The contemporary spread and increased lability of various infectious diseases, new and old, reflect the combined and increasingly widespread impacts of demographic, environmental, behavioural, technological and other rapid changes in human ecology. Modern clinical medicine has, via blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and the use of hypodermic syringes, created new opportunities for microbes. These have contributed to the rising iatrogenic problems of hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS and several other viral infections. Meanwhile, the injudicious use of antibiotics has been a rare instance of human action actually increasing ‘biodiversity’. Another aspect of this fourth transition is that modern hyper–hygienic living restricts microbial exposure in early life. This, in the 1950s, may have contributed to an epidemic of more serious, disabling, poliomyelitis, affecting older children than those affected in earlier, more endemic decades. As with previous human–microbe transitions, a new equilibrial state may lie ahead. However, it certainly will not entail a world free of infectious diseases. Any mature, sustainable, human ecology must come to terms with both the need for, and the needs of, the microbial species that help to make up the interdependent system of life on Earth. Humans and microbes are not ‘at war’; rather, both parties are engaged in amoral, self–interested, coevolutionary struggle. We need to understand better, and therefore anticipate, the dynamics of that process.
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Wei, Yiming, Hongwei Wang, Bo Tan, Mengqi Xue e Yucong Yin. "Analysis of the Spatial Differentiation and Development Optimization of Towns’ Livable Quality in Aksu, China". Sustainability 14, n. 13 (24 giugno 2022): 7728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137728.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the proposal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), how to effectively improve the quality of human settlements has become a hot spot. Governments and scholars around the world pay attention to reasonable improvement of livability, which is conducive to improving the happiness level of residents and is closely related to human well-being. Due to the lack of rural statistical data in Xinjiang, this study established a new comprehensive evaluation system, which selected 21 indicators from the natural and humanistic aspects. The results show that the overall ecological security of Aksu prefecture is good, and Kuche city has the best humanistic livability performance. In terms of the livable quality of towns, Kuche Urban Area performs best. The towns with excellent and good livable quality are concentrated, but their spatial connections are weak. Based on the analysis and survey results, we put forward zoning optimization suggestions for the livable quality in Aksu prefecture. The results of this study would provide directional guidance for the improvement of livable quality in Aksu prefecture. At the same time, we expect that it can provide a methodological supplement for the relevant evaluation in other similar regions.
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Manuraj, Siyar, e C. C. Babu. "Conjugal Rights and Sexual Privacy among Scheduled Caste Households in Caste Settlement Colonies in Kerala". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 10, n. 1 (1 luglio 2022): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v10i1.4815.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Space in a household is not only a private commodity but also it has alternative uses. Scarcity and alternative uses of space compel occupants in a household to choose what they have to do with their limited space against unlimited spatial needs. A household becomes a ‘’home’’, when it serves spatial needs of its occupants and helps them to realize maximum potential of their capabilities. Space scarcity is reflecting not only existing standard of living of people but also acts as a predictor of their future attainments. In this article we present spatial conditions of scheduled caste households in caste settlement colonies in Kerala. We argue that present residential conditions and space availability among scheduled caste households in caste settlement colonies in Kerala cause denial of many human rights including conjugal rights and sexual privacy to them. We suggest that housing policies of the state must give more importance to qualitative aspects of ‘space’ in household rather than quantitative aspects like how many number of houses we add every year.
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Torang, Inga, Sulmin Gumiri, Ardianoor Ardianoor e Adi Jaya. "Characteristic of Microphyta Distribution of Pager River, Central Kalimantan". International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 15 (17 maggio 2021): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91011.2021.15.20.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Environmental damage due to natural resource extraction, especially in watershed areas, seems to be of increasing concern and so far, from the aspect of aquatic and water resources, plankton is commonly used as an indicator of environmental damage. This study explores the distribution of microphyta as a parameter of environmental damage. The research was conducted in Pager watershed, Central Kalimantan and sampled at 2 (two) stations, namely station A (for the right side of the river) and station B (for the left side of the river). The study was conducted 13 sampling times, which began in the period 25 May 2019 ending until 9 November 2019. Laboratory analysis to identify the type and number of microphyta was carried out at the Palangka Raya University Laboratory. The results showed that the number of microphyta taxa at station A (right side of the river) was 12-13 species, more than station B (left side of the river). The number of microphyta taxa at Station B is 8 - 9 species, it is suspected that there is an influence from the gray water settlements around the left side, especially when the water level drops. The distribution characteristics of microphyta in the Pager river are as follows: large number of taxa/species, low abundance and low diversity index. River/peat water environments are vulnerable to change, especially human interference. This research shows the potential use of microphyta as an indicator of environmental damage.
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Setyabudi, Irawan, Kristoforus Wasa Ngama e Wahidyanti Rahayu Hastutiningtyas. "Kajian Penggunaan Ruang dan Kesehatan Lingkungan Suku Saga di Kabupaten Ende". Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies 18, n. 1 (30 giugno 2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2020.018.01.4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Saga Village, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara has a traditional house that becomes its identity, namely Sa’o. Unlike ordinary traditional houses, Sa’o has a customary leader in each house. Thus, the house is not just a place to live but also shows the social hierarchy. Visually, the floor plan is a square with a very steep roof angle so that the roof is visible. The philosophy follows the analogy of the human body, that is, lewu (pedestal/ foot), one (wall/ body), gara (roof/ head). On the macro scale, the Saga settlement pattern follows the contour pattern. There are about 20 houses with the same typology. The use of space in cultural activities is not yet identified. Besides, the position of the contoured landscape without shade and surrounded by forests has a vulnerability to several diseases. The link between space use and environmental health also has not yet been explained. Continuing from previous research on space cosmology, the micro aspect in this study deals with the physical identification of traditional houses. In contrast, in the macro aspect, it discusses the use of space for cultural activities and aspects of environmental health. The data collection was carried out through focus group discussions (FGD) and analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. The results of this study are descriptions of spaces used for cultural activities at a particular time and place as well as efforts to improve public environmental health. In conclusion, Saga people have local wisdom in terms of traditional architecture, in addition to the intangible form of inherited traditions and efforts to improve environmental health.
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Utomo, Setiyo. "Penerapan Hukum Progresif dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Agraria". Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi 3, n. 2 (27 dicembre 2020): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v3i2.3998.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article aims to analyse ongoing agrarian conflicts by providing recommendations in a progressive legal paradigm approach so that people's rights can be protected. This study uses a normative juridical approach by conducting several comparative analyses of the case approach and the comparative approach of various unresolved agrarian disputes. The main finding of this research is the explosion of increasingly widespread agrarian conflicts until unresolved agrarian conflicts. Settlement of agrarian conflict disputes can be resolved if the law works as its purposes. Hence, the main point of understanding the resolution of agrarian conflicts is people awareness toward access or land ownership of as the fundamental right of every human being, which the State must fulfil according to the mandate of the constitution. The application of progressive law is expected to help resolving agrarian conflicts that prioritize human rights by considering environmental aspects to improve the people welfare through land ownership.
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D’yachkova, Olga N. "Principles of strategic planning for the development of “green” infrastructure of the urban environment". Vestnik MGSU, n. 8 (agosto 2021): 1045–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.8.1045-1064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction. A promising direction of nature management, which allows avoiding the degradation of the biosphere, is the implementation of economic and other activities with minimal impact on nature. The state of health of the population is influenced by a complex of environmental factors. The load of atmospheric air is perceived by the respiratory organs, vision, and the skin. Water influences in the form of precipitation, both drinking and recreational. The direct effect of soil on human health occurs through direct contact with the skin, inhalation and oral intake into the body. Green spaces have a significant impact on the quality of urbanized soil, water and air, as well as the health of residents. The main aspect of environmental protection and maintaining a favorable microclimate in settlements is the preservation and recreation of the “green” fund.
Materials and methods. Systematic analysis of scientific literature, statistical data, regulatory documents.
Results. The dependence of Russians on the influence of sanitary and hygienic factors of the environment is shown. The dynamics of the indicator “green spaces” in the urban environment quality index for the group “largest cities” is considered. On the example of St. Petersburg, the satisfaction of residents with the sphere of landscaping the territories of city districts is shown. It is proposed to conditionally divide the main problems of the development of “green” infrastructure into groups. The conceptual principles that constitute the methodological basis for the creation of a “green” frame of a settlement have been determined. Formed a group of criteria for assessing the “green” infrastructure, which are indicators of technical progressivity and social significance, with predictive ability and consistency.
Conclusions. The necessary and sufficient amount of green spaces, normalizing the quality of the urban environment, can have a positive impact on the physical and mental health of residents. Strategic planning for the development of the “green” infrastructure of the settlement, ensuring the viability of the green frame, should take into account all its elements and include landscaping of land plots adjacent to the territories of multi-family dwelling.
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Hamilton, Sue, Ruth Whitehouse, Keri Brown, Pamela Combes, Edward Herring e Mike Seager Thomas. "Phenomenology in practice: towards a methodology for a ‘subjective’ approach". European Journal of Archaeology 9, n. 1 (2006): 31–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957107077704.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the practice of phenomenological archaeological fieldwork, which is concerned with sensory experience of landscapes and locales. Phenomenological approaches in archaeology have cast light on aspects of past human experience not addressed by traditional archaeological methods. So far, however, they have neither developed explicit methodologies nor a discussion of methodological practice and have laid themselves open to accusations of being ‘subjective’ and ‘unscientific’. This article describes and explores three experiments in phenomenological archaeology developed in the context of the Tavoliere–Gargano Prehistory Project and carried out on Neolithic settlement sites of the type known as villaggi trincerati. Our aims are both to develop explicit methods for this type of fieldwork and to combine phenomenology with other more traditional approaches, such as those concerned with technological, economic and environmental aspects of landscapes and sites. Our work also differs from other phenomenological archaeology in its concern with familiar, everyday experience and domestic contexts, rather than exceptional, special experience in ritual contexts. We consider how our particular approach might be used to further understandings of past lives.