Articoli di riviste: "Human Immunological aspects"

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Nyland, H., R. Matre e S. Mörk. "Immunological aspects of human gliomas". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 63, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2009): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1981.tb00762.x.

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Uibo, Raivo, Andres Salumets e Gilbert Faure. "Immunological Aspects of Human Reproduction". Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/408329.

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Butterworth, A. E. "Immunological aspects of human schistosomiasis". British Medical Bulletin 54, n. 2 (1 gennaio 1998): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011693.

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Chandra, R. K. "Immunological Aspects of Human Milk". Nutrition Reviews 36, n. 9 (27 aprile 2009): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1978.tb07393.x.

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Karpati, George, e Montreal Myoblast Transfer Team. "Human myoblast transfer: Immunological aspects". Journal of Neuroimmunology 35 (gennaio 1991): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(91)90955-7.

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ANDERSSON, ROLAND. "Immunological Aspects of Human Growth Hormone". Acta Paediatrica 75, s325 (aprile 1986): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10364.x.

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Hattori, N., e C. Inagaki. "Immunological aspects of human growth hormone and prolactin". Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, n. 5 (settembre 1998): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-7240(98)00019-8.

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Mueller-Loebnitz, Christoph, Helmut Ostermann, Anke Franzke, Juergen Loeffler, Lutz Uharek, Max Topp e Hermann Einsele. "Immunological Aspects ofCandidaandAspergillusSystemic Fungal Infections". Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/102934.

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Patients with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) have a high risk of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) even after neutrophil regeneration. Immunological aspects might play a very important role in the IFI development in these patients. Some data are available supporting the identification of high-risk patients with IFI for example patients receiving stem cells from TLR4 haplotype S4 positive donors. Key defense mechanisms against IFI include the activation of neutrophils, the phagocytosis of germinating conidia by dendritic cells, and the fight of the cells of the innate immunity such as monocytes and natural killer cells against germlings and hyphae. Furthermore, immunosuppressive drugs interact with immune effector cells influencing the specific fungal immune defense and antimycotic drugs might interact with immune response. Based on the current knowledge on immunological mechanism inAspergillus fumigatus, the first approaches of an immunotherapy using human T cells are in development. This might be an option for the future of aspergillosis patients having a poor prognosis with conventional treatment.

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Gergert, V. Ja, M. M. Averbakh e A. E. Ergeshov. "Immunological aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis". Terapevticheskii arkhiv 91, n. 11 (15 novembre 2019): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000262.

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The morphological aspects of TB pathogenesis are well described in the publications. Much is also known about the main stages of development and formation of specific adaptive immunity. However, from our point of view, not enough attention is being paid to the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of clinically relevant TB abnormalities, as well as various forms of the disease. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the variety of clinical manifestations of any disease associated with the penetration of a foreign agent into the body, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in particular, is due to the collective interaction of the infectious agent and the individual response of the macroorganism to this infectious agent. The mosaic of such interactions usually imposes its own adjustments on the development of different forms of the process, its speed and direction, as well as the outcomes. Certainly, the response of a macroorganism to MTB is an integral part of pathogenesis and consists of many general components including the responses associated with the mechanisms of natural and acquired immunity. Intensity of these reactions depends on the characteristics of an agent (MTB) and a macroorganism. For the development of TB disease, massiveness of TB infection, dose and duration of MTB exposure to the human body, as well as virulence of MTB and the level of body's protection during the exposure play a very important role. TB pathogenesis is somewhat different in primary MTB infection and re - infection. With primary infection, 88-90% of individuals do not have clinical manifestations, and only the tuberculin skin test conversion signals the onset of infection. In some cases, without any use of anti-TB drugs limited abnormalities may result in spontaneous cure with the minimal residual changes in the lungs, intrathoracic lymph nodes and tissues of other organs, often in the form of calcifications and limited areas of fibrosis in more advanced cases. Only 10-12% of newly infected individuals develop TB with severe clinical manifestations requiring TB therapy. The absence of clinical manifestations of primary TB infection can be explained by a high level of natural resistance of the human body to tuberculosis, and sometimes can be an effect of acquired protection due to BCG vaccination. This review attempts to discuss the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis both at the beginning of disease development, and in the process of its various manifestations. Issues of genetically determined resistance or susceptibility to TB are not being covered in detail in this manuscript.

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Andrews, R. B., C. D. R. Dunn, J. Jolly, J. B. Jones e R. D. Lange. "Some Immunological and Haematological Aspects of Human Cyclic Neutropenia". Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 22, n. 2 (24 aprile 2009): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1979.tb00409.x.

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Gazzinelli, G., e Z. Brener. "Immunological aspects of the morbidity of human Chagas' disease". Research in Immunology 142, n. 2 (gennaio 1991): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(91)90032-e.

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Hodgson, H. J. F. "Immunological aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases of the human gut". Agents and Actions 36, n. 3-4 (luglio 1992): C27—C31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01996092.

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Hodgson, H. J. F. "Immunological aspects of inflammatory bowel diseases of the human gut". Agents and Actions 36, S1 (marzo 1992): C27—C31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01991020.

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Torabinejad, Mahmoud, William C. Eby e Irving J. Naidorf. "Inflammatory and immunological aspects of the pathogenesis of human periapical lesions". Journal of Endodontics 11, n. 11 (novembre 1985): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(85)80221-1.

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VENCLÍKOVÁ, Zora, Oldrich BENADA, Jirina BÁRTOVÁ, Ludek JOSKA e Lubor MRKLAS. "Metallic Pigmentation of Human Teeth and Gingiva: Morphological and Immunological Aspects". Dental Materials Journal 26, n. 1 (2007): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.26.96.

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Yan, Wei-Hua, Aifen Lin, Xue-Jiao Chen, Mei-Zhen Dai, Hui-Hui Xu, Bao-Guo Chen, Lin-Hong Gan e Wei-Wu Shi. "Immunological aspects of human amniotic fluid cells: Implication for normal pregnancy". Cell Biology International 32, n. 1 (gennaio 2008): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.017.

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Bocheva, Georgeta St, Radomir M. Slominski e Andrzej T. Slominski. "Immunological Aspects of Skin Aging in Atopic Dermatitis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 11 (27 maggio 2021): 5729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115729.

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The cutaneous immune response is important for the regulation of skin aging well as for the development of immune-mediated skin diseases. Aging of the human skin undergoes immunosenescence with immunological alterations and can be affected by environmental stressors and internal factors, thus leading to various epidermal barrier abnormalities. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and skin dysbiosis in the advanced age, together with the genetic factors, facilitate the late onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly, whose cases have recently been on the rise. Controversial to the healthy aged skin, where overproduction of many cytokines is found, the levels of Th2/Th22 related cytokines inversely correlated with age in the skin of older AD patients. As opposed to an endogenously aged skin, the expression of the terminal differentiation markers significantly increases with age in AD. Despite the atenuated barrier disturbances in older AD patients, the aged skin carries an impairment associated with the aging process, which reflects the persistence of AD. The chronicity of AD in older patients might not directly affect skin aging but does not allow spontaneous remission. Thus, adult- and elderly subtypes of AD are considered as a lifelong disease.

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Luz, Jean Carlos dos Santos da, Fernanda Antunes, Maria Alejandra Clavijo-Salomon, Emanuela Signori, Nayara Gusmão Tessarollo e Bryan E. Strauss. "Clinical Applications and Immunological Aspects of Electroporation-Based Therapies". Vaccines 9, n. 7 (2 luglio 2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070727.

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Reversible electropermeabilization (RE) is an ultrastructural phenomenon that transiently increases the permeability of the cell membrane upon application of electrical pulses. The technique was described in 1972 by Neumann and Rosenheck and is currently used in a variety of applications, from medicine to food processing. In oncology, RE is applied for the intracellular transport of chemotherapeutic drugs as well as the delivery of genetic material in gene therapies and vaccinations. This review summarizes the physical changes of the membrane, the particularities of bleomycin, and the immunological aspects involved in electrochemotherapy and gene electrotransfer, two important EP-based cancer therapies in human and veterinary oncology.

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Zerpa, Olga, Marian Ulrich, Margarita Benitez, Concepción Ávila, Vestalia Rodríguez, Marta Centeno, Doris Belizario, Steven G. Reed e Jacinto Convit. "Epidemiological and immunological aspects of human visceral leishmaniasis on Margarita Island, Venezuela". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97, n. 8 (dicembre 2002): 1079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000800002.

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Anversa, Laís, Monique Gomes Salles Tiburcio, Virgínia Bodelão Richini-Pereira e Luis Eduardo Ramirez. "Human leishmaniasis in Brazil: A general review". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 64, n. 3 (marzo 2018): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.03.281.

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Summary Leishmaniasis is a disease with ample clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity and is considered a major public health problem. This article presents an overview of the transmission cycles, host-parasite interactions, clinical, histological and immunological aspects, diagnosis and treatment of various forms of the human disease.

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Goodkin, Karl, Michael H. Antoni, Lynne Helder e Bernd Sevin. "Psychoneuroimmunological Aspects of Disease Progression among Women with Human Papilloma Virus-Associated Cervical Dysplasia and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Co-Infection". International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 23, n. 2 (giugno 1993): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/f8f0-4uk8-xv79-ec6g.

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Objective: Psychosocial associations have been observed with level of cervical dysplasia or “pre-cancer” and invasive cervical cancer [related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection]. Psychoneuroimmunological relationships have been observed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, which is being described in an increasing number of women. Our objective was to review these relationships regarding effects that might be expected in HIV-1 and HPV co-infected women. Method: This review was based on a Medline literature search supplemented by a manual search of selected journals unrepresented in that database. Results: Relationships of psychosocial factors and level of cervical dysplasia were similarly observed with reference to immunological and health status in asymptomatic and early symptomatic HIV-1 infected homosexual men, suggesting that a potentiating effect may occur in HIV-1 and HPV co-infected women. Consistency of relationships across studies appeared to be enhanced by the use of a biopsychosocial model integrating the effects of life stressors, social support and coping style as well as psychiatric disorders. Conclusions: Research is indicated on the relationships between psychosocial factors, immunological status and clinical health status in this group of women. Because of the high prevalence of psychosocial risk factors for chronic psychological distress in these women and the known immunological and health status decrements occurring with progression of these two infections, a clinical screening program based on the biopsychosocial model is recommended as a means of secondary prevention. If effective in generating treatment referrals, such a program would likely improve quality of life and could aid in the determination of relationships with immunological and health status as well.

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Nicolaisen, Else Marie, Lisbeth Lyng Hansen, Fritz Poulsen, Steven Glazer e Ulla Hedner. "Immunological Aspects of Recombinant Factor Vila (rFVIIa) in Clinical Use". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 76, n. 02 (1996): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1650554.

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SummaryPatients, receiving rFVIIa for treatment of bleeding disorders, have been followed for specific antibody formation. No antibodies against FVII were demonstrated in 170 patients, with hemophilia, or with acquired inhibitors to clotting factors. Of 6 FVII-deficient patients, one overdosed patient developed antibodies to human FVII. There was no indication of de novo formation of antibodies to potential contaminating foreign protein, which could be correlated to the rFVIIa treatment. Except for the FVII-deficient population, which may represent a risk group, rFVIIa appears to be immunologically safe for use in patient groups with bleeding disorders, including hemophilia A and B patients.

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Montanari, Elisa, Carmen Gonelle‐Gispert, Jörg D. Seebach, Michael F. Knoll, Rita Bottino e Leo H. Bühler. "Immunological aspects of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation: a comparison between mouse and human". Transplant International 32, n. 9 (15 maggio 2019): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tri.13445.

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Hamilton, R. G. "Human IgG subclass measurements in the clinical laboratory." Clinical Chemistry 33, n. 10 (1 ottobre 1987): 1707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.10.1707.

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Abstract Complement activation, cell surface-receptor binding, blocking activity, and possibly placental transfer are among the biologically important functional differences that have been detected between the four human IgG subclasses by use of polyclonal antisera. In 1985, a IUIS/WHO panel of immunologists, using eight immunological methods, documented the specificity of select monoclonal antibodies for the IgG subclasses. Clinical assays have been developed involving these monoclonal antibodies that allow quantification of the concentration of IgG subclass protein and distribution of the IgG subclass antibodies in human immune responses. This review addresses issues of concern to investigators who are evaluating and (or) developing quantitative human IgG subclass assays in the clinical laboratory. Unique physical (structural) and biological (functional) properties of human IgG subclasses are summarized, with a focus on aspects pertinent to their clinical importance and in vitro quantification. The HP-series monoclonal antibodies with documented specificity are examined within the context of their application to several immunological methods. I describe unique technical aspects of total and antigen-specific IgG-subclass immunoassays involving these monoclonal antibodies. Finally, this report outlines clinical applications and indications for IgG-subclass measurements in the study of human health and disease.

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Deligeoroglou, Efthimios, Aikaterini Giannouli, Nikolaos Athanasopoulos, Vasileios Karountzos, Anastasia Vatopoulou, Konstantinos Dimopoulos e George Creatsas. "HPV Infection: Immunological Aspects and Their Utility in Future Therapy". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540850.

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High prevalence and mortality rates of cervical cancer create an imperative need to clarify the uniqueness of HPV (Human Papillomavirus) infection, which serves as the key causative factor in cervical malignancies. Understanding the immunological details and the microenvironment of the infection can be a useful tool for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Chronic infection and progression to carcinogenesis are sustained by immortalization potential of HPV, evasion techniques, and alterations in the microenvironment of the lesion. Inside the lesion, Toll-like receptors expression becomes irregular; Langerhans cells fail to present the antigens efficiently, tumor-associated macrophages aggregate resulting in an unsuccessful immune response by the host. HPV products also downregulate the expression of microenvironment components which are necessary for natural-killer cells response and antigen presentation to cytotoxic cells. Additionally HPV promotes T-helper cell 2 (Th2) and T-regulatory cell phenotypes and reduces Th1 phenotype, leading to suppression of cellular immunity and lesion progression to cancer. Humoral response after natural infection is inefficient, and neutralizing antibodies are not adequate in many women. Utilizing this knowledge, new endeavors, such as therapeutic vaccination, aim to stimulate cellular immune response against the virus and alter the milieu of the lesion.

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Pluhator, Michelle M., Alan BR Thomson e Richard N. Fedorak. "Clinical Aspects of Trace Elements: Zinc in Human Nutrition – A Biochemical and Physiological Perspective". Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 9, n. 5 (1995): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/384176.

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The tremendous technological advances in trace element analysis seen in recent years have stimulated and facilitated research in a number of disciplines including microbiology, nutrition, agriculture, clinical medicine and, most recently, psychology. The importance of trace elements to human health is receiving greater attention as clinical cases of deficiency and toxicity are described. Zinc has been recognized as an essential trace element for humans since the early 1960s. It has been found to play a critical role in the physiological and biochemical well-being of humans. This review discusses the tissue distribution, concentration and intracellular binding of zinc in healthy humans. (Other reviews in this five-part series will appear in following issues.) The biochemical roles of zinc, including its involvement in the actions of metalloenzymes, cell synthesis, wound healing, growth, reproduction, hormone metabolism, cellular structural stability and immunological processes, are highlighted in order to provide an understanding of the unique and extensive role zinc plays in the biochemistry of the human body.

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Keller, Thomas, Andrea Schneider Cta, Richard Dirnhofer, Regula Jungo e Wolfgang Meyer. "Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Human Whole Blood". Medicine, Science and the Law 40, n. 3 (luglio 2000): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580240004000312.

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Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a technique which has been known for a number of years. Since the development of the fundamental principles of fluorescence polarization by Perrin in a series of papers beginning in 1926, immunological techniques using labelled reactants have gained an extraordinary importance in the field of medical research and in routine diagnosis. As one of the nonradioactive immunological techniques, FPIA has found broad application in clinical and forensic toxicology. The authors report a new method to quickly screen autopsy, police and hospital blood samples for opiates, benzodiazepines, benzoylecgonine, barbiturates and methadone after Extrelut extraction utilising the FPIA methodology.

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Kilpatrick, D. C. "Immunological aspects of the potential role of dietary carbohydrates and lectins in human health". European Journal of Nutrition 38, n. 3 (9 luglio 1999): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003940050051.

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Jensen, James B., e John A. Vande Waa. "Epidemiological and immunological aspects of human crisis form factor in falciparum malaria: Cell-mediated responses?" Veterinary Parasitology 29, n. 2-3 (settembre 1988): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(88)90124-0.

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Perumal, A. N. I., Y. I. N. S. Gunawardene e R. S. Dassanayake. "Setaria digitata in advancing our knowledge of human lymphatic filariasis". Journal of Helminthology 90, n. 2 (30 aprile 2015): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x15000309.

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AbstractSetaria digitata is a filarial parasite that causes fatal cerebrospinal nematodiasis in goats, sheep and horses, resulting in substantial economic losses in animal husbandry in the tropics. Due to its close resemblance to Wuchereria bancrofti, this nematode is also frequently used as a model organism to study human lymphatic filariasis. This review highlights numerous insights into the morphological, histological, biochemical, immunological and genetic aspects of S. digitata that have broadened our understanding towards the control and eradication of filarial diseases.

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Corrigan, Margaret, e Gideon M. Hirschfield. "Aspects of the Pathophysiology of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis". Digestive Diseases 33, Suppl. 2 (2015): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000440755.

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Primary biliary cirrhosis is a classical autoimmune liver disease and is present in around 1 in 1,000 women over the age of 40. It has a number of diagnostic characteristics consistent with autoimmune liver injury, in particular, the high specificity of circulating anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Histologically, the disease is reflected as a granulomatous lymphocytic cholangitis that consequently leads to small bile duct loss and cholestasis. Progressive disease is characterised by the development of a biliary cirrhosis, with end-stage features of liver disease ultimately impacting patient outcomes. Studies support a combination of environmental and genetic risk factors that coalesce to lead to loss of immunological tolerance and persistent biliary inflammation. Significant advances have occurred recently in understanding the genetic risk factors for disease, as well as utilising human and murine studies to characterise the nature of the biliary injury and cholestatic response.

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Darlan, Dewi Masyithah, Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi e Hemma Yulfi. "Overview of Immunological Responses and Immunomodulation Properties of Trichuris sp.: Prospects for Better Understanding Human Trichuriasis". Life 11, n. 3 (27 febbraio 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030188.

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Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. Through this review, we elaborate and discuss innate–adaptive immune responses and immunomodulation aspects, as well as the clinical implications for managing inflammatory-based diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic, sepsis, and other autoimmune diseases.

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Velavan, TP, e Olusola Ojurongbe. "Regulatory T Cells and Parasites". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/520940.

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Human host encounters a wide array of parasites; however, the crucial aspect is the failure of the host immune system to clear these parasites despite antigen recognition. In the recent past, a new immunological concept has emerged, which provides a framework to better understand several aspects of host susceptibility to parasitic infection. It is widely believed that parasites are able to modulate the magnitude of effector responses by inducing regulatory T cell (Tregs) population and several studies have investigated whether this cell population plays a role in balancing protective immunity and pathogenesis during parasite infection. This review discusses the several mechanism of Treg-mediated immunosuppression in the human host and focuses on the functional role of Tregs and regulatory gene polymorphisms in infectious diseases.

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Prieto Pozo, Alfonso Agustín, e Francisco Luis Daniel Salvador Sagüez. "HIV and SARS-CoV-2: points to consider to face this new pandemic". Medwave 20, n. 09 (31 ottobre 2020): e8049-e8049. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2020.09.8049.

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In December 2019, a new species of pneumonia-causing betacoronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China, which was later identified as SARS-CoV-2. This RNA virus presents certain similarities with other viruses of the same genetic material. It has been seen that infection by human immunodeficiency virus resembles the infection by SARS-CoV-2 in various aspects. In this comment, we present some of the virological, immunological, clinical, and pharmacological similarities between HIV and SARS-CoV-2, which could allow us to understand the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 better, as well as make some decisions in regarding antiviral management.

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Rodrigues-Silva, Rosângela, Hércules Moura, Cerusa Dreyer e Luiz Rey. "Human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a review". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 37, n. 6 (dicembre 1995): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651995000600009.

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The authors presented a detailed summary of the geographical distribution, clinical and pathological aspects of human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Although benign, this zoonosis, of which Dirofilaria immitis is the major etiological agent, represents a medical problem since it produces symptoms which may be confused with neoplasia and thus may subject patients to unnecessary thoracic surgery. Of 229 cases cited in the literature, only 17 were reported in Brazil, despite the existence of highly favorable conditions for the transmission of this infection in man. Thus it may well be that this parasitic infection remains underdiagnosed. Finally, the importance of a differential diagnosis between dirofilariasis and pulmonary neoplasia is emphasized in cases where there is a solitary subpleural nodule ("coin lesion") present. In addition, the development and improvement of modern immunological diagnostic techniques are essential to distinguish this benign disease from other pathological conditions and thus avoid unneccessary surgery. These techniques may reveal the true prevalence of this parasitic infection in our environment.

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Neroev, V. V., L. A. Katargina, L. A. Kovaleva, G. I. Krichevskaya, N. V. Balatskaya e I. G. Kulikova. "Central bacterial corneal ulcers of prolonged course. Immunological aspects and tactics of etiopathogenetic treatment". Russian Ophthalmological Journal 12, n. 1 (16 marzo 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2019-12-1-43-49.

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Purpose: to describe the characteristic clinical signs and to study the causes of the development of an unfavorable prolonged course of bacterial corneal ulcers of central localization, and to improve treatment effectiveness. Material and methods. A total of 289 patients with central bacterial corneal ulcers were examined. Two types courses of bacterial corneal ulcer were distinguished: favorable (acute and subacute) and unfavorable (prolonged subacute and prolonged chronic forms). Blood (122 samples) and scrapings from corneal ulcers (110 samples) were examined in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of simple herpes virus (HSV) 1 and 2 types, virus Epstein–Barr (VEB), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, and HHV-7. To detect autoimmune sensitization to the corneal antigens, migration inhibition reaction of leukocytes (MIRL, 215 samples) was used. Results. In patients with unfavorable course of the disease, blood and corneal HHV DNA was detected in 88.7 % of cases, while with a favorable course only 10 % of cases showed the presence of HHV DNA (р < 0.002). In all patients, HHV type 6 was predominating. Autosensitivity to corneal antigens was detected in 8 (10.4 %) out of 77 patients at the end of the first week of the disease, and as the disease progressed, the number of patients with an autoimmune component increased to reach 63.2 % (48 of 76). The inclusion of antiviral and immunosuppressive drugs into the routine treatment plan led to complete epithelialization of the cornea within 5–10 days. Сonclusion. The protracted course of bacterial corneal ulcers was found to be caused by a mixed herpes-bacterial infection, which is corroborated by the effectiveness of the modified treatment tactics.

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Davydov, A. I., D. V. Isakov, R. А. Chilova, V. A. Lebedev e M. N. Shakhlamova. "Clinical and immunological rationale for comprehensive approach to prevention and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia associated with human papillomavirus". Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, n. 3 (2021): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-3-161-168.

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A clinical and immunological analysis of the use of antiviral agent Inosine Pranobex (IP) as postoperative drug therapy in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) is performed. It is known that IP has a high anti-relapse activity adapted to the mechanisms of HPV elimination (through the sequence of oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7, a decrease in the synthesis of interferons (IFNs) occurs and resistance of HPV-infected cells to IFN is formed). In this work, a number of statements justifying the priority of IP in the treatment of patients with CIN associated with HPV is covered, namely that IP induces trained immunity, differentiation of the Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells and proliferation of CD8+ T cells. Conclusion. Inosine Pranobex should be considered as the medication of choice for postoperative monotherapy in patients with HPV-associated CIN. Inosine Pranobex is characterized by mechanisms of action in both virus-infected cells and through the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Key words: CIN, human papillomavirus, inosine pranobex, clinical and immunological aspects, trained immunity

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Janz, Siegfried. "Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Clinical and Immunological Aspects, Natural History, Cell of Origin, and Emerging Mouse Models". ISRN Hematology 2013 (9 settembre 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/815325.

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Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare and currently incurable neoplasm of IgM-expressing B-lymphocytes that is characterized by the occurrence of a monoclonal IgM (mIgM) paraprotein in blood serum and the infiltration of the hematopoietic bone marrow with malignant lymphoplasmacytic cells. The symptoms of patients with WM can be attributed to the extent and tissue sites of tumor cell infiltration and the magnitude and immunological specificity of the paraprotein. WM presents fascinating clues on neoplastic B-cell development, including the recent discovery of a specific gain-of-function mutation in the MYD88 adapter protein. This not only provides an intriguing link to new findings that natural effector IgM+IgD+ memory B-cells are dependent on MYD88 signaling, but also supports the hypothesis that WM derives from primitive, innate-like B-cells, such as marginal zone and B1 B-cells. Following a brief review of the clinical aspects and natural history of WM, this review discusses the thorny issue of WM’s cell of origin in greater depth. Also included are emerging, genetically engineered mouse models of human WM that may enhance our understanding of the biologic and genetic underpinnings of the disease and facilitate the design and testing of new approaches to treat and prevent WM more effectively.

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Gredmark, Sara, Tamara Tilburgs e Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér. "Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits Cytokine-Induced Macrophage Differentiation". Journal of Virology 78, n. 19 (1 ottobre 2004): 10378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.19.10378-10389.2004.

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ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in immunocompromised patients is associated with impaired immunological function. Blood monocytes, which differentiate into macrophage effector cells, are of central importance for immune reactivity. Here, we demonstrate that HCMV transiently blocks cytokine-induced differentiation of monocytes into functionally active phagocytic macrophages. In HCMV-treated cultures, the cells had classical macrophage markers but lacked the classical morphological appearance of macrophages and had impairments in migration and phagocytosis. Even at very low multiplicities of infection, macrophage differentiation was almost completely inhibited. The inhibition appeared to be mediated by a soluble factor released upon viral treatment of monocytes. Human immunodeficiency virus or measles virus had no such effects. These findings suggest that HCMV impairs immune function by blocking certain aspects of cytokine-induced differentiation of monocytes and demonstrate an efficient pathway for this virus to evade immune recognition that may have clinical implications for the generalized immunosuppression often observed in HCMV-infected patients.

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Slamanig, Stefan A., e Martijn A. Nolte. "The Bone Marrow as Sanctuary for Plasma Cells and Memory T-Cells: Implications for Adaptive Immunity and Vaccinology". Cells 10, n. 6 (15 giugno 2021): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061508.

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The bone marrow (BM) is key to protective immunological memory because it harbors a major fraction of the body’s plasma cells, memory CD4+ and memory CD8+ T-cells. Despite its paramount significance for the human immune system, many aspects of how the BM enables decade-long immunity against pathogens are still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the relationship between BM survival niches and long-lasting humoral immunity, how intrinsic and extrinsic factors define memory cell longevity and show that the BM is also capable of adopting many responsibilities of a secondary lymphoid organ. Additionally, with more and more data on the differentiation and maintenance of memory T-cells and plasma cells upon vaccination in humans being reported, we discuss what factors determine the establishment of long-lasting immunological memory in the BM and what we can learn for vaccination technologies and antigen design. Finally, using these insights, we touch on how this holistic understanding of the BM is necessary for the development of modern and efficient vaccines against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2.

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Fomsgaard, Anders, e Margaret A. Liu. "The Key Role of Nucleic Acid Vaccines for One Health". Viruses 13, n. 2 (8 febbraio 2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020258.

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The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted both the importance of One Health, i.e., the interactions and transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, and the potential power of gene-based vaccines, specifically nucleic acid vaccines. This review will highlight key aspects of the development of plasmid DNA Nucleic Acid (NA) vaccines, which have been licensed for several veterinary uses, and tested for a number of human diseases, and will explain how an understanding of their immunological and real-world attributes are important for their efficacy, and how they helped pave the way for mRNA vaccines. The review highlights how combining efforts for vaccine development for both animals and humans is crucial for advancing new technologies and for combatting emerging diseases.

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Ryczek, Natalia, Magdalena Hryhorowicz, Joanna Zeyland, Daniel Lipiński e Ryszard Słomski. "CRISPR/Cas Technology in Pig-to-Human Xenotransplantation Research". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 6 (21 marzo 2021): 3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063196.

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CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats linked to Cas nuclease) technology has revolutionized many aspects of genetic engineering research. Thanks to it, it became possible to study the functions and mechanisms of biology with greater precision, as well as to obtain genetically modified organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The changes introduced by the CRISPR/Cas system are based on the repair paths of the single or double strand DNA breaks that cause insertions, deletions, or precise integrations of donor DNA. These changes are crucial for many fields of science, one of which is the use of animals (pigs) as a reservoir of tissues and organs for xenotransplantation into humans. Non-genetically modified animals cannot be used to save human life and health due to acute immunological reactions resulting from the phylogenetic distance of these two species. This review is intended to collect and summarize the advantages as well as achievements of the CRISPR/Cas system in pig-to-human xenotransplantation research. In addition, it demonstrates barriers and limitations that require careful evaluation before attempting to experiment with this technology.

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Maeland, Johan A., Andreas Radtke, Randi V. Lyng e Rooyen T. Mavenyengwa. "Novel Aspects of the Z and R3 Antigens of Streptococcus agalactiae Revealed by Immunological Testing". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2013): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00581-12.

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ABSTRACTGroup B streptococci (GBS) are important human and bovine pathogens which can be classified by a variety of phenotype- and gene-based techniques. The capsular polysaccharide and strain-variable, surface-anchored proteins are particularly important phenotypic markers. In an earlier study, a previously unrecognized protein antigen called Z was described. It was expressed by 27.2% of GBS strains from Zimbabwe, usually in combination with R3 protein expression. In this study, a putative Z-specific antiserum actually contained antibodies against two different antigens named Z1 and Z2; Z1 was >250 kDa in molecular mass. Z1, Z2, and R3 generated multiple stained bands on Western blots and showed similar chromatographic characteristics with respect to molecular mass, aggregate formation, and charge. Of 28 reference and prototype GBS strains examined, 8/28 (28.5%) isolates expressed one, two, or all three of the Z1, Z2, and R3 antigens; 4/28 expressed all three antigens; 2/28 expressed Z2 and R3; 1/28 expressed Z1 only; and 1/28 expressed R3 only. Twenty (71.5%) of the 28 isolates expressed none of the three antigens. Expression of one or more of these antigens was shown by isolates of the capsular polysaccharide types Ia, Ib, V, and IX and NT strains and occurred in combination with expression of various other strain-variable and surface-localized protein antigens. When used as serosubtype markers, Z1, Z2, and R3 affected existing GBS serotype designations for some of the isolates. For instance, the R3 reference strain Prague 10/84 (ATCC 49447) changed serotype markers from V/R3 to V/R3, Z1, and Z2. Other isolates may change correspondingly, implying consequences for GBS serotyping and research.

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Lightner, Amy, Danny J. Schust, Yi-Bin A. Chen e Breton F. Barrier. "The Fetal Allograft Revisited: Does the Study of an Ancient Invertebrate Species Shed Light on the Role of Natural Killer Cells at the Maternal-Fetal Interface?" Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/631920.

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Human pregnancy poses a fundamental immunological problem because the placenta and fetus are genetically different from the host mother. Classical transplantation theory has not provided a plausible solution to this problem. Study of naturally occurring allogeneic chimeras in the colonial marine invertebrate, Botryllus schlosseri, has yielded fresh insight into the primitive development of allorecognition, especially regarding the role of natural killer (NK) cells. Uterine NK cells have a unique phenotype that appears to parallel aspects of the NK-like cells in the allorecognition system of B. schlosseri. Most notably, both cell types recognize and reject “missing self” and both are involved in the generation of a common vascular system between two individuals. Chimeric combination in B. schlosseri results in vascular fusion between two individual colonies; uterine NK cells appear essential to the establishment of adequate maternal-fetal circulation. Since human uterine NK cells appear to de-emphasize primary immunological function, it is proposed that they may share the same evolutionary roots as the B. schlosseri allorecognition system rather than a primary origin in immunity.

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van der Putten, Carlos, Ester B. M. Remmerswaal, Matty L. Terpstra, Nelly D. van der Bom, Jesper Kers, Ineke J. M. ten Berge, Suzanne E. Geerlings, René A. W. van Lier, Frederike J. Bemelman e Michiel C. van Aalderen. "CD8 and CD4 T Cell Populations in Human Kidneys". Cells 10, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020288.

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Background: At border sites, and in internal organs, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) contribute to the immune barrier against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cancer. However, information on the presence and function of these cells in the human kidney is scant. In order to better understand the T cell-mediated immunological defense in this organ, we aimed to determine phenotypic and functional aspects of CD8 and CD4 T cells present in healthy and allograft kidney tissue. Methods: Using multichannel flow cytometry, we assessed the phenotype and function of T cells in healthy renal tissue samples (n = 5) and kidney allograft tissue (n = 7) and compared these aspects to T cells in peripheral blood from healthy controls (n = 13). Results: Kidney tissue samples contained substantial amounts of CD8 and CD4 T cells. In contrast to the circulating cells, kidney T cells frequently expressed CD69 and CD103, and were more often actively cycling. Furthermore, nearly all kidney T cells expressed CXCR3, and often expressed CXCR6 compared to T cells in the circulation. Markedly, kidney T cells produced greater quantities of IFNγ than circulating cells and were frequently polyfunctional. Conclusion: Functional T cells with the characteristic traits of TRM reside in human kidney tissues. These cells are more often actively cycling and frequently express CXCR3 and CXCR6.

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Akiyama, Shin'ichi, Enyu Imai e Shoichi Maruyama. "Immunology of membranous nephropathy". F1000Research 8 (24 maggio 2019): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17589.1.

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Accounting for about 20 to 50% of cases of primary nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy (MN) is the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. A rat model created nearly 60 years ago to research the primary MN disorder, Heymann nephritis, has provided us with a plethora of important information. Recently, our knowledge about MN has dramatically progressed. Heymann nephritis and human MN are now known to share a high degree of similarity in pathogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of MN pathogenesis while focusing particularly on the immunological aspects.

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Nelson, Michelle H., Marshall A. Diven, Logan W. Huff e Chrystal M. Paulos. "Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy". Journal of Immunology Research 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/368736.

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The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.

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Rossi, Giacomo, Michela Rossi, Claudia G. Vitali, Damiano Fortuna, Daniela Burroni, Laura Pancotto, Sonia Capecchi et al. "A Conventional Beagle Dog Model for Acute and Chronic Infection with Helicobacter pylori". Infection and Immunity 67, n. 6 (1 giugno 1999): 3112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.6.3112-3120.1999.

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ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori has been widely recognized as an important human pathogen responsible for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Little is known about the natural history of this infection since patients are usually recognized as having the infection only after years or decades of chronic disease. Several animal models ofH. pylori infection, including those with different species of rodents, nonhuman primates, and germ-free animals, have been developed. Here we describe a new animal model in which the clinical, pathological, microbiological, and immunological aspects of human acute and chronic infection are mimicked and which allows us to monitor these aspects of infection within the same individuals. Conventional Beagle dogs were infected orally with a mouse-adapted strain of H. pylori and monitored for up to 24 weeks. Acute infection caused vomiting and diarrhea. The acute phase was followed by polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, interleukin 8 induction, mononuclear cell recruitment, and the appearance of a specific antibody response against H. pylori. The chronic phase was characterized by gastritis, epithelial alterations, superficial erosions, and the appearance of the typical macroscopic follicles that in humans are considered possible precursors of MALT lymphoma. In conclusion, infection in this model mimics closely human infection and allows us to study those phases that cannot be studied in humans. This new model can be a unique tool for learning more about the disease and for developing strategies for treatment and prevention.

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Talaat, Kawsar R., A. Louis Bourgeois, Robert W. Frenck, Wilbur H. Chen, Calman A. MacLennan, Mark S. Riddle, Akamol E. Suvarnapunya, Jessica L. Brubaker, Karen L. Kotloff e Chad K. Porter. "Consensus Report on Shigella Controlled Human Infection Model: Conduct of Studies". Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_8 (9 dicembre 2019): S580—S590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz892.

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Abstract Shigella causes morbidity and mortality worldwide, primarily affecting young children living in low-resource settings. It is also of great concern due to increasing antibiotic resistance, and is a priority organism for the World Health Organization. A Shigella vaccine would decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with shigellosis, improve child health, and decrease the need for antibiotics. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are useful tools in vaccine evaluation for early up- or down-selection of vaccine candidates and potentially useful in support of licensure. Over time, the methods employed in these models have become more uniform across sites performing CHIM trials, although some differences in conduct persist. In November 2017, a Shigella CHIM workshop was convened in Washington, District of Columbia. Investigators met to discuss multiple aspects of these studies, including study procedures, clinical and immunological endpoints, and shared experiences. This article serves as a uniform procedure by which to conduct Shigella CHIM studies.

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Yasin, Sumaiya, Theophilus Bhatti, Muhammad Umer Farooqi e Farrukh Mateen. "Immunologic aspect in diagnosis and treatment of SARS-COV-2 patients". Journal of Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University 3, n. 2 (23 dicembre 2020): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32593/jstmu/vol3.iss2.88.

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Recent worldwide outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (CoVID-19) has affected massive human population including Pakistan, and has caused a huge number of mortalities in few months. CoVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is single stranded RNA enveloped beta coronavirus and affects lower respiratory tract. It transmits from human to human through respiratory droplets. It uses its S-protein to recognize ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2) receptors in lung epithelial cells where it attaches and causes infection. The incubation period is 2-14 days. In pre-symptomatic phase, body’s immune system starts antibodies production. Significant antibodies are IgM and IgG that produces within 03-06 days and 8-12 days respectively. This review provides the available information about immunological aspects in terms of diagnosis and screening of CoVID-19 and potential therapeutic targets for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunologic techniques to detect these antibodies are ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), CMIA (Chemiluminescent Micro particle Immunoassay) and ICT (Immunochromatographic Test). Among these, ELISA and CMIA are found to be highly specific and sensitive in convalescent phase of infection. While the fundamental confirmatory test for SARS-CoV-2 infection is RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) which detects the viral RNA in respiratory samples preferably nasopharyngeal swab. Serological assays are essential to find out rate of infection, and most importantly antibody titers in recovered patients to be used for therapeutic purpose. After some successful studies Convalescent Plasma is considered as a good therapeutic option in the absence of specific antiviral therapy.

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