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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Human dispersal"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 8 febbraio 2022

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1

Smith, M. A., P. S. C. Tacon, D. Curnoe, A. Thorne; e P. Mellars. "Human Dispersal into Australasia". Science 315, n. 5812 (2 febbraio 2007): 597b—598b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5812.597b.

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2

Cotgreave, Peter. "Human evolution and dispersal". Journal of Zoology 241, n. 4 (aprile 1997): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05750.x.

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3

Cann, Rebecca L. "Human dispersal and divergence". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90127-b.

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4

Heilhecker, Ellen, Richard P. Thiel e Wayne Hall. "Wolf, Canis lupus, Behavior in Areas of Frequent Human Activity". Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, n. 3 (1 luglio 2007): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.472.

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We report incidental observations of Wolves (Canis lupus) tolerating human activity in central Wisconsin. Three monitored packs raised pups in close proximity to varying levels of human activity. Wolf pups were raised <350m from rearing pens of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana), which saw daily human activity. One pack used cornfields as rendezvous sites within 175 m of a maintenance shed visited regularly by workers. Another pack centered their activities along a well-traveled state highway using both the verge and the road center for activity. Aerial locations of 10 yearling and adult dispersing Wolves were plotted to evalute human densities in natal territories relative to dispersal and post-dispersal territories. Township densities (mean = 9.02 humans/km2, SE = 4.015) and residential densities (mean = 5.59 housing units/km2, SE = 2.12 ) in natal pack territories were significantly greater (P <.01) for dispersal and post-dispersal township densities (mean = 43.98 humans/km2, SE =7.37) and residence densities (mean = 23.12 housing units/km2, SE =3.49). Furthermore, a pup negotiated the densely populated region of northern Illinois and dispersed from central Wisconsin to east-central Indiana, a distance of at least 690 km. As Wolves live in closer proximity to humans, living in areas of higher township and residential densities, they can be expected to be more habituated to people, increasing the probability of human/Wolf conflicts.

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5

van Zonneveld, Maarten, Nerea Larranaga, Benjamin Blonder, Lidio Coradin, José I. Hormaza e Danny Hunter. "Human diets drive range expansion of megafauna-dispersed fruit species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n. 13 (12 marzo 2018): 3326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718045115.

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Neotropical fruit species once dispersed by Pleistocene megafauna have regained relevance in diversifying human diets to address malnutrition. Little is known about the historic interactions between humans and these fruit species. We quantified the human role in modifying geographic and environmental ranges of Neotropical fruit species by comparing the distribution of megafauna-dispersed fruit species that have been part of both human and megafauna diets with fruit species that were exclusively part of megafauna diets. Three quarters of the fruit species that were once dispersed by megafauna later became part of human diets. Our results suggest that, because of extensive dispersal and management, humans have expanded the geographic and environmental ranges of species that would otherwise have suffered range contraction after extinction of megafauna. Our results suggest that humans have been the principal dispersal agent for a large proportion of Neotropical fruit species between Central and South America. Our analyses help to identify range segments that may hold key genetic diversity resulting from historic interactions between humans and these fruit species. These genetic resources are a fundamental source to improve and diversify contemporary food systems and to maintain critical ecosystem functions. Public, private, and societal initiatives that stimulate dietary diversity could expand the food usage of these megafauna-dispersed fruit species to enhance human nutrition in combination with biodiversity conservation.

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Wichmann, Matthias C., Matt J. Alexander, Merel B. Soons, Stephen Galsworthy, Laura Dunne, Robert Gould, Christina Fairfax, Marc Niggemann, Rosie S. Hails e James M. Bullock. "Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, n. 1656 (30 settembre 2008): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1131.

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Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD.

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7

Hallett, Emily Y. "Modern Human Origins and Dispersal". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 54, n. 4 (2 ottobre 2019): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2019.1676053.

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8

Gippet, Jérôme MW, Andrew M. Liebhold, Gyda Fenn-Moltu e Cleo Bertelsmeier. "Human-mediated dispersal in insects". Current Opinion in Insect Science 35 (ottobre 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.005.

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9

Beyin, Amanuel. "Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (5 maggio 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/615094.

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Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multiple Homo sapiens source populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to ~74–60 kya.

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10

Valkó, Orsolya, Katalin Lukács, Balázs Deák, Réka Kiss, Tamás Miglécz, Katalin Tóth, Ágnes Tóth et al. "Laundry washing increases dispersal efficiency of cloth-dispersed propagules". NeoBiota 61 (2 ottobre 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.61.53730.

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Due to increased human mobility, cloth-dispersed propagules can be transported over long distances, which would not have been bridged otherwise. We studied a potentially important component of human-mediated seed dispersal by assessing the effects of laundry washing on the dispersed propagules. We studied the germination of 18 species, which have morphological adaptations for epizoochory and are commonly dispersed by people. We tested six treatments (washing with water, soap nut or detergent, at 30 °C or 60 °C) compared to an untreated control. Washing intensity was the most significant factor affecting germination. Washing at 30 °C was neutral for 14 species, suppressed one species and supported three species. Washing at 60 °C decreased seedling numbers of half of the studied species. The intensive washing treatments at 60 °C significantly decreased the synchrony of germination. We showed that people are not purely transporting propagules from one location to another, but via the laundry cycle, we can also influence the fate of the transported propagules by affecting germination potential, seedling fitness and germination dynamics. These results have new implications for understanding the early stages of biological invasions and call for improved biosecurity measures in nature reserves subjected to a growing pressure of tourism.

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11

Dodson, John. "The great arc of human dispersal". Quaternary International 202, n. 1-2 (giugno 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.07.018.

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12

Auffret, Alistair G., Johan Berg e Sara A. O. Cousins. "The geography of human-mediated dispersal". Diversity and Distributions 20, n. 12 (1 settembre 2014): 1450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12251.

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13

Koenig, Andreas, e Carola Borries. "Hominoid dispersal patterns and human evolution". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21, n. 3 (maggio 2012): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21300.

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14

Sugiyama, Yukimaru. "Sex-biased dispersal of human ancestors". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 26, n. 4 (luglio 2017): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21539.

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15

Blom, Mozes P. K., Nicholas J. Matzke, Jason G. Bragg, Evy Arida, Christopher C. Austin, Adam R. Backlin, Miguel A. Carretero et al. "Habitat preference modulates trans-oceanic dispersal in a terrestrial vertebrate". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n. 1904 (5 giugno 2019): 20182575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2575.

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The importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in shaping geographical distributions has been debated since the nineteenth century. In terrestrial vertebrates, LDD events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has, therefore, led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human-mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographical distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.

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16

Parkos, Joseph J., e Joel C. Trexler. "Origins of functional connectivity in a human-modified wetland landscape". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, n. 9 (settembre 2014): 1418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0553.

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Spatial heterogeneity in habitat conditions within a landscape should influence degree of movement of species between natural and artificial environments. For wetland landscapes, this functional connectivity was predicted to emerge from the influence of spatiotemporal patterns of depth on permeability of habitat edges and distance and directedness of cross-habitat dispersal. We quantified how connectivity between canals and marshes of the Florida Everglades varies with species and landscape patterns bordering canals by using radio telemetry to measure movement of a native (Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus) and a nonnative species (Mayan cichlid, Cichlasoma urophthalmus) common to canals. Both species moved similar distances inside canal networks, but Mayan cichlids dispersed outside of canals more frequently, at shallower conditions, and over greater distances than Florida largemouth bass. As topographic relief increased in marshes bordering canals, dispersal between these habitats decreased in distance and became more directed, with Florida largemouth bass sensitive to depth variability at a smaller spatial scale than Mayan cichlids. The way fish traits interact with submerged landscape structure to influence connectivity can serve as a basis for predicting potential impacts of artificial habitats that arise from dispersal outside their borders.

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17

Heintzman, Peter D., Duane Froese, John W. Ives, André E. R. Soares, Grant D. Zazula, Brandon Letts, Thomas D. Andrews et al. "Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in western Canada". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, n. 29 (6 giugno 2016): 8057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601077113.

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The Ice Free Corridor has been invoked as a route for Pleistocene human and animal dispersals between eastern Beringia and more southerly areas of North America. Despite the significance of the corridor, there are limited data for when and how this corridor was used. Hypothetical uses of the corridor include: the first expansion of humans from Beringia into the Americas, northward postglacial expansions of fluted point technologies into Beringia, and continued use of the corridor as a contact route between the north and south. Here, we use radiocarbon dates and ancient mitochondrial DNA from late Pleistocene bison fossils to determine the chronology for when the corridor was open and viable for biotic dispersals. The corridor was closed after ∼23,000 until 13,400 calendar years ago (cal y BP), after which we find the first evidence, to our knowledge, that bison used this route to disperse from the south, and by 13,000 y from the north. Our chronology supports a habitable and traversable corridor by at least 13,000 cal y BP, just before the first appearance of Clovis technology in interior North America, and indicates that the corridor would not have been available for significantly earlier southward human dispersal. Following the opening of the corridor, multiple dispersals of human groups between Beringia and interior North America may have continued throughout the latest Pleistocene and early Holocene. Our results highlight the utility of phylogeographic analyses to test hypotheses about paleoecological history and the viability of dispersal routes over time.

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18

Taylor, Kimberley, Tyler Brummer, Mark L. Taper, Alexandre Wing e Lisa J. Rew. "Human-mediated long-distance dispersal: an empirical evaluation of seed dispersal by vehicles". Diversity and Distributions 18, n. 9 (15 giugno 2012): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00926.x.

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19

Wooller, Matthew J., Émilie Saulnier-Talbot, Ben A. Potter, Soumaya Belmecheri, Nancy Bigelow, Kyungcheol Choy, Les C. Cwynar et al. "A new terrestrial palaeoenvironmental record from the Bering Land Bridge and context for human dispersal". Royal Society Open Science 5, n. 6 (giugno 2018): 180145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180145.

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Palaeoenvironmental records from the now-submerged Bering Land Bridge (BLB) covering the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present are needed to document changing environments and connections with the dispersal of humans into North America. Moreover, terrestrially based records of environmental changes are needed in close proximity to the re-establishment of circulation between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans following the end of the last glaciation to test palaeo-climate models for the high latitudes. We present the first terrestrial temperature and hydrologic reconstructions from the LGM to the present from the BLB's south-central margin. We find that the timing of the earliest unequivocal human dispersals into Alaska, based on archaeological evidence, corresponds with a shift to warmer/wetter conditions on the BLB between 14 700 and 13 500 years ago associated with the early Bølling/Allerød interstadial (BA). These environmental changes could have provided the impetus for eastward human dispersal at that time, from Western or central Beringia after a protracted human population standstill. Our data indicate substantial climate-induced environmental changes on the BLB since the LGM, which would potentially have had significant influences on megafaunal and human biogeography in the region.

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20

Chappell Hodge, Shannon. "POPULATION DISPERSAL AND HUMAN HEALTH AT MOUNDVILLE". Southeastern Archaeology 30, n. 2 (dicembre 2011): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sea.2011.30.2.003.

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21

Andrews, P. "Fossil Evidence on Human Origins and Dispersal". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 51 (1 gennaio 1986): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/sqb.1986.051.01.050.

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CALLEGARI, SIMONE, JOHN DAVID WEISSMANN, NATALIE TKACHENKO, WESLEY P. PETERSEN, GEORGE LAKE, MARCIA PONCE DE LEÓN e CHRISTOPH P. E. ZOLLIKOFER. "AN AGENT-BASED MODEL OF HUMAN DISPERSALS AT A GLOBAL SCALE". Advances in Complex Systems 16, n. 04n05 (agosto 2013): 1350023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525913500239.

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In this paper, we report on the theoretical foundations, empirical context and technical implementation of an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework, that uses a high-performance computing (HPC) approach to investigate human population dynamics on a global scale, and on evolutionary time scales. The ABM-HPC framework provides an in silico testbed to explore how short-term/small-scale patterns of individual human behavior and long-term/large-scale patterns of environmental change act together to influence human dispersal, survival and extinction scenarios. These topics are currently at the center of the Neanderthal debate, i.e., the question why Neanderthals died out during the Late Pleistocene, while modern humans dispersed over the entire globe. To tackle this and similar questions, simulations typically adopt one of two opposing approaches, top-down (equation-based) and bottom-up (agent-based) models of population dynamics. We propose HPC technology as an essential computational tool to bridge the gap between these approaches. Using the numerical simulation of worldwide human dispersals as an example, we show that integrating different levels of model hierarchy into an ABM-HPC simulation framework provides new insights into emergent properties of the model, and into the potential and limitations of agent-based versus continuum models.

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23

Heinze, D. M., E. A. Gould e N. L. Forrester. "Revisiting the Clinal Concept of Evolution and Dispersal for the Tick-Borne Flaviviruses by Using Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Analyses". Journal of Virology 86, n. 16 (6 giugno 2012): 8663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01013-12.

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Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBF) are widely dispersed across Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and North America, and some present a significant threat to human health. Seminal studies on tick-borne encephalitis viruses (TBEV), based on partial envelope gene sequences, predicted a westward clinal pattern of evolution and dispersal across northern Eurasia, terminating in the British Isles. We tested this hypothesis using all available full-length open reading frame (ORF) TBF sequences. Phylogenetic analysis was consistent with current reports. However, linear and nonlinear regression analysis of genetic versus geographic distance combined with BEAST analysis identified two separate clines, suggesting that TBEV spread both east and west from a central point. In addition, BEAST analysis suggested that TBF emerged and dispersed more than 16,000 years ago, significantly earlier than previously predicted. Thus, climatic and ecological changes may have played a greater role in TBF dispersal than humans.

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García, Daniel, e Daniel Martínez. "Species richness matters for the quality of ecosystem services: a test using seed dispersal by frugivorous birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, n. 1740 (28 marzo 2012): 3106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0175.

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The positive link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is a current paradigm in ecological science. However, little is known of how different attributes of species assemblages condition the quality of many services in real ecosystems affected by human impact. We explore the links between the attributes of a frugivore assemblage and the quantitative and qualitative components of its derived ecosystem service, seed dispersal, along a landscape-scale gradient of anthropogenic forest loss. Both the number and the richness of seeds being dispersed were positively related to frugivore abundance and richness. Seed dispersal quality, determined by the fine-scale spatial patterns of seed deposition, mostly depended on frugivore richness. In fact, richness was the only attribute of the frugivore assemblage affecting the probability of seed dispersal into deforested areas of the landscape. The positive relationships between frugivore richness per se (i.e. independent of frugivore abundance and composition) and all components of seed dispersal suggest the existence of functional complementarity and/or facilitation between frugivores. These links also point to the whole assemblage of frugivores as a conservation target, if we aim to preserve a complete seed dispersal service and, hence, the potential for vegetation regeneration and recovery, in human-impacted landscapes.

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Haws, Jonathan A., Michael M. Benedetti, Sahra Talamo, Nuno Bicho, João Cascalheira, M. Grace Ellis, Milena M. Carvalho, Lukas Friedl, Telmo Pereira e Brandon K. Zinsious. "The early Aurignacian dispersal of modern humans into westernmost Eurasia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n. 41 (28 settembre 2020): 25414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016062117.

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Documenting the first appearance of modern humans in a given region is key to understanding the dispersal process and the replacement or assimilation of indigenous human populations such as the Neanderthals. The Iberian Peninsula was the last refuge of Neanderthal populations as modern humans advanced across Eurasia. Here we present evidence of an early Aurignacian occupation at Lapa do Picareiro in central Portugal. Diagnostic artifacts were found in a sealed stratigraphic layer dated 41.1 to 38.1 ka cal BP, documenting a modern human presence on the western margin of Iberia ∼5,000 years earlier than previously known. The data indicate a rapid modern human dispersal across southern Europe, reaching the westernmost edge where Neanderthals were thought to persist. The results support the notion of a mosaic process of modern human dispersal and replacement of indigenous Neanderthal populations.

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Leff, Laura G. ""Genetic Pollution": Human-Mediated Dispersal of Marine Organisms". Ecology 75, n. 3 (aprile 1994): 863–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941748.

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López, Saioa, Lucy Van Dorp e Garrett Hellenthal. "Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate". Evolutionary Bioinformatics 11s2 (gennaio 2015): EBO.S33489. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ebo.s33489.

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Shanafelt, David W., Jean Clobert, Eli P. Fenichel, Michael E. Hochberg, Ann Kinzig, Michel Loreau, Pablo A. Marquet e Charles Perrings. "Species dispersal and biodiversity in human-dominated metacommunities". Journal of Theoretical Biology 457 (novembre 2018): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.041.

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Rosenthal, Benjamin M., Giuseppe LaRosa, Dante Zarlenga, Detiger Dunams, Yao Chunyu, Liu Mingyuan e Edoardo Pozio. "Human dispersal of Trichinella spiralis in domesticated pigs". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 8, n. 6 (dicembre 2008): 799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.008.

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Runghen, Rogini, Bernat Bramon Mora, Antonia Godoy‐Lorite e Daniel B. Stouffer. "Assessing unintended human‐mediated dispersal using visitation networks". Journal of Applied Ecology 58, n. 4 (5 marzo 2021): 777–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13829.

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Carpenter, Joanna K., Colin F. J. O'Donnell, Elena Moltchanova e Dave Kelly. "Long seed dispersal distances by an inquisitive flightless rail ( Gallirallus australis ) are reduced by interaction with humans". Royal Society Open Science 6, n. 8 (agosto 2019): 190397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190397.

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Human presence is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, but the influence this has on the seed dispersal services performed by frugivorous animals is largely unknown. The New Zealand weka ( Gallirallus australis ) is an inquisitive flightless rail that frequently congregates in areas of high human use. Weka are important seed dispersers, yet the seed dispersal services they provide are still poorly understood. We estimated seed dispersal distances of weka for two plant species ( Prumnopitys ferruginea and Elaeocarpus dentatus ) and tested how human interaction affected these dispersal distances. We estimated weka seed dispersal distances by combining GPS data from 39 weka over three sites with weka seed retention time data in a mechanistic model. The mean seed retention times were extremely long (38–125 h). Weka were highly effective dispersers, dispersing 93–96% of seeds away from parent canopies, and 1% of seeds over 1 km. However, we found evidence of a significant human impact on the seed dispersal distances of weka, with birds occupying areas of high human use performing 34.8–40.9% shorter distances than their more remote counterparts. This represents an example of cryptic function loss, where although weka are still present in the ecosystem, their seed dispersal services are impaired by human interaction.

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Vizzari, Maria Teresa, Andrea Benazzo, Guido Barbujani e Silvia Ghirotto. "A Revised Model of Anatomically Modern Human Expansions Out of Africa through a Machine Learning Approximate Bayesian Computation Approach". Genes 11, n. 12 (16 dicembre 2020): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121510.

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There is a wide consensus in considering Africa as the birthplace of anatomically modern humans (AMH), but the dispersal pattern and the main routes followed by our ancestors to colonize the world are still matters of debate. It is still an open question whether AMH left Africa through a single process, dispersing almost simultaneously over Asia and Europe, or in two main waves, first through the Arab Peninsula into southern Asia and Australo-Melanesia, and later through a northern route crossing the Levant. The development of new methodologies for inferring population history and the availability of worldwide high-coverage whole-genome sequences did not resolve this debate. In this work, we test the two main out-of-Africa hypotheses through an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach, based on the Random-Forest algorithm. We evaluated the ability of the method to discriminate between the alternative models of AMH out-of-Africa, using simulated data. Once assessed that the models are distinguishable, we compared simulated data with real genomic variation, from modern and archaic populations. This analysis showed that a model of multiple dispersals is four-fold as likely as the alternative single-dispersal model. According to our estimates, the two dispersal processes may be placed, respectively, around 74,000 and around 46,000 years ago.

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Acosta-Rojas, Diana Carolina, María Victoria Jiménez-Franco, Víctor Manuel Zapata-Pérez, Pilar De la Rúa e Vicente Martínez-López. "An integrative approach to discern the seed dispersal role of frugivorous guilds in a Mediterranean semiarid priority habitat". PeerJ 7 (11 ottobre 2019): e7609. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7609.

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Seed dispersal is an essential process to maintain the viability of plant populations, and understanding this ecological process allows management strategies to be developed to conserve ecosystems. European Union priority habitat 5220* is defined as “Mediterranean arborescent shrubland with Ziziphus lotus” and it represents a favorable microclimate within the severe climatic conditions typical of the semiarid south-eastern region of the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the study of seed dispersal in this priority habitat by different frugivorous guilds, is a challenge for its conservation. In this study, we have characterized a mutualistic network of seed dispersal that is mediated by vertebrates (mammals and birds) in the protected habitat 5220*. The aims of this study were to: (i) identify the seed disperser community; (ii) analyze the relative role of key species in the dispersal process; and (iii) compare the functional ecology of the seed dispersal process between mammals and birds. As such, we collected animal faeces to determine seed dispersers taxonomy, identifying the mammals through the visual aspect of the faeces and the birds by DNA barcoding. In the case of birds, we also collected regurgitated seeds in which the disperser species was also identified through molecular techniques. This allowed us to build-up a mutualistic network and to identify the relative role of these animals in seed dispersal. Our results showed that mammals and birds fulfilled complementary roles in seed dispersal, with birds representing the main dispersers of key plants within the 5220* habitat, and mammals the main dispersers of human-cultivated plants. Herein, we provide a useful approach with relevant information that can be used to propose management policies that focus on restoring the threatened 5220* habitat, promoting the role of birds to disperse key species that structure plant communities of this priority habitat.

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Navarro, Teresa, Jalal El Oualidi e Mohammed Sghir Taleb. "Relationship between seed size and related functional traits in North Saharan Acacia woodlands". Plant Ecology and Evolution 151, n. 1 (28 marzo 2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2018.1368.

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Background and aims – North Saharan Acacia woodland is a fragile ecosystem altered by desertification and human activities. Little research has been conducted on the ecology of North Saharan Acacia woodland species. Seed size is a key trait to determine germination success, survival rate and establishment of Acacia woodland species under desert constraints.Methods – We analysed seed-size relationships in 42 selected woody plants in four different types of Acacia woodland vegetation which correspond to 26 plant species. We examined the correlation among seed size, fruit size, plant height, leaf size and flowering time and we tested seed size and fruit size variation among growth forms, dispersal modes and mechanisms to prevent dispersal. Key results – Close relationships were found between seed size and fruit size (r = 0. 77**), between fruit size and plant height (r = 0.51**) and between seed size and flowering duration (r = -0.46*) and a weak positive relationship was found between fruit and leaf size. Species with restricted spatial dispersal tended to have smaller seeds and fruits compared to those with well-developed spatial dispersal. Species which disperse and germinate throughout the year tended to have large diaspores, whereas species with seasonal germination tended to have small diaspores. The relationship between seed size and growth form/plant height was strong for gravity-dispersed (barochorous) species secondarily dispersed by vertebrates (Ziziphus lotus), seeds with secondary wind-assisted dispersal (Zilla spinosa subsp. macroptera) and for restricted-dispersal species (Tetraena gaetula). Precocious, short-flowering species that spread dispersal and germination over time (Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana) tended to have large seeds. Early- and long-flowering herbaceous species tended to have small seeds (Brocchia cinerea).Conclusion – Close relationships are found between seed size and fruit size, between fruit size and plant height and between seed size and flowering duration in Moroccan Acacia woodland species.

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Li, Yue, Kazumichi Fujiwara, Naoki Osada, Yosuke Kawai, Toyoyuki Takada, Alexey P. Kryukov, Kuniya Abe et al. "House mouse Mus musculus dispersal in East Eurasia inferred from 98 newly determined complete mitochondrial genome sequences". Heredity 126, n. 1 (15 settembre 2020): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-00364-y.

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AbstractThe Eurasian house mouse Mus musculus is useful for tracing prehistorical human movement related to the spread of farming. We determined whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (ca. 16,000 bp) of 98 wild-derived individuals of two subspecies, M. m. musculus (MUS) and M. m. castaneus (CAS). We revealed directional dispersals reaching as far as the Japanese Archipelago from their homelands. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eastward movement of MUS was characterised by five step-wise regional extension events: (1) broad spatial expansion into eastern Europe and the western part of western China, (2) dispersal to the eastern part of western China, (3) dispersal to northern China, (4) dispersal to the Korean Peninsula and (5) colonisation and expansion in the Japanese Archipelago. These events were estimated to have occurred during the last 2000–18,000 years. The dispersal of CAS was characterised by three events: initial divergences (ca. 7000–9000 years ago) of haplogroups in northernmost China and the eastern coast of India, followed by two population expansion events that likely originated from the Yangtze River basin to broad areas of South and Southeast Asia, including Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Indonesia (ca. 4000–6000 years ago) and to Yunnan, southern China and the Japanese Archipelago (ca. 2000–3500). This study provides a solid framework for the spatiotemporal movement of the human-associated organisms in Holocene Eastern Eurasia using whole mtDNA sequences, reliable evolutionary rates and accurate branching patterns. The information obtained here contributes to the analysis of a variety of animals and plants associated with prehistoric human migration.

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MORAND, SERGE. "Phylogeography helps with investigating the building of human parasite communities". Parasitology 139, n. 14 (1 maggio 2012): 1966–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000662.

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SUMMARYPhylogeography of parasites and microbes is a recent field. Phylogeographic studies have been performed mostly to test three major hypotheses that are not mutually exclusive on the origins and distributions of human parasites and microbes: (1) the “out of Africa” pattern where parasites are supposed to have followed the dispersal and expansion of modern humans in and out of Africa, (2) the “domestication” pattern where parasites were captured in the domestication centres and dispersed through them and (3) the “globalization” pattern, in relation to historical and more recent trade routes. With some exceptions, such studies of human protozoans, helminths and ectoparasites are quite limited. The conclusion emphasizes the need to acquire more phylogeographic data in non-Occidental countries, and particularly in Asia where all the animal domestications took place.

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Kramer, Karen L., Ryan Schacht e Adrian Bell. "Adult sex ratios and partner scarcity among hunter–gatherers: implications for dispersal patterns and the evolution of human sociality". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, n. 1729 (31 luglio 2017): 20160316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0316.

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Small populations are susceptible to high genetic loads and random fluctuations in birth and death rates. While these selective forces can adversely affect their viability, small populations persist across taxa. Here, we investigate the resilience of small groups to demographic uncertainty, and specifically to fluctuations in adult sex ratio (ASR), partner availability and dispersal patterns. Using 25 years of demographic data for two Savannah Pumé groups of South American hunter–gatherers, we show that in small human populations: (i) ASRs fluctuate substantially from year to year, but do not consistently trend in a sex-biased direction; (ii) the primary driver of local variation in partner availability is stochasticity in the sex ratio at maturity; and (iii) dispersal outside of the group is an important behavioural means to mediate locally constrained mating options. To then simulate conditions under which dispersal outside of the local group may have evolved, we develop two mathematical models. Model results predict that if the ASR is biased, the globally rarer sex should disperse. The model's utility is then evaluated by applying our empirical data to this central prediction. The results are consistent with the observed hunter–gatherer pattern of variation in the sex that disperses. Together, these findings offer an alternative explanation to resource provisioning for the evolution of traits central to human sociality (e.g. flexible dispersal, bilocal post-marital residence and cooperation across local groups). We argue that in small populations, looking outside of one's local group is necessary to find a mate and that, motivated by ASR imbalance, the alliances formed to facilitate the movement of partners are an important foundation for the human-typical pattern of network formation across local groups. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

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Abebe, Firew Bekele. "Invasive Lantana camara L. Shrub in Ethiopia: Ecology, Threat, and Suggested Management Strategies". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n. 7 (8 giugno 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p184.

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Lantana camara L. is one of the worst invasive alien species that are categorized worldwide. The objective of this review paper was to review the dispersal and threats posed by Lantana camara L. in Ethiopia and based on review results, to suggest management strategies that can bring solutions to the threats posed by the weed. Both biological characteristics of Lantana camara L. and its dispersal agents have contributed to the success of its dispersal. Even though Lantana camara L. is dispersed in other places within Ethiopia, Debrezeit, Dire Dawa, Harar and Somali are the hotspot areas for the weed. Biodiversity and potential agricultural loss, human and animal health problems and infestation in national parks are the identified threats that Lantana camara L. posed within the country. Utilization of Lantana camara L. for various purposes, prevention of its further dispersal into non-infected areas, use of fire, mechanical and biological control and awareness creation are the suggested management strategies that can bring solutions to the threats posed by the weed within the country.

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Woods, Carrie L., Amare Bitew Mekonnen, Mabel Baez-Schon, Robyn Thomas, Peter Scull, Berhanu Abraha Tsegay e Catherine L. Cardelús. "Tree Community Composition and Dispersal Syndrome Vary with Human Disturbance in Sacred Church Forests in Ethiopia". Forests 11, n. 10 (10 ottobre 2020): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101082.

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Research Highlights: Variations in species composition across church forests in northern Ethiopia were driven more by variations in human disturbance and community forest management than forest size. The degree of human disturbance acted as an environmental filter that selected for weedy, exotic, and wind-dispersed species regardless of forest size. Background and Objectives: Forest fragmentation can profoundly influence the long-term persistence of forests on the landscape. Habitat fragmentation can increase edge effects and limit dispersal between forest patches. In the South Gondar Administrative Zone in northern Ethiopia, many of the remaining forests are small sacred church forests governed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church. Materials and Methods: We examined the drivers of woody plant species composition across 46 church forests in this region, including the influence of elevation, forest size, distance between forests, human disturbance, the presence of a wall, and the importance of local/individual community forest management at the Woreda level. We also examined how dispersal syndromes are influenced by increasing distance between forests and the extent of human disturbance within forests. Results: We found that elevational zone, distance between forests, the degree of human disturbance and Woreda had the greatest effect on species composition. Forest size and the presence of a wall were not significant drivers of species composition in these forests. Conclusions: We propose connecting forests through corridors or scattered trees to increase dispersal between forests, and greater on-the-ground protection efforts to restrict people and cattle from leaving the main trails within sacred forests

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Limongi, Tania, Marta Canta, Luisa Racca, Andrea Ancona, Stefania Tritta, Veronica Vighetto e Valentina Cauda. "Improving dispersal of therapeutic nanoparticles in the human body". Nanomedicine 14, n. 7 (aprile 2019): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2019-0070.

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Bullock, James M., Dries Bonte, Gesine Pufal, Carolina da Silva Carvalho, Daniel S. Chapman, Cristina García, Daniel García, Erik Matthysen e Maria Mar Delgado. "Human-Mediated Dispersal and the Rewiring of Spatial Networks". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 33, n. 12 (dicembre 2018): 958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.09.008.

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42

Clarke, Alice L., e Bobbi S. Low. "Ecological correlates of human dispersal in 19th century sweden". Animal Behaviour 44, n. 4 (ottobre 1992): 677–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80295-7.

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Talbi, Chiraz, Philippe Lemey, Marc A. Suchard, Elbia Abdelatif, Mehdi Elharrak, Nourlil Jalal, Abdellah Faouzi et al. "Phylodynamics and Human-Mediated Dispersal of a Zoonotic Virus". PLoS Pathogens 6, n. 10 (28 ottobre 2010): e1001166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001166.

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Dennell, Robin, e Wil Roebroeks. "An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa". Nature 438, n. 7071 (dicembre 2005): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04259.

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Lintermans, Mark. "Human‐assisted dispersal of alien freshwater fish in Australia". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38, n. 3 (agosto 2004): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2004.9517255.

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Valls, Luis, Andreu Castillo-Escrivà, Francesc Mesquita-Joanes e Xavier Armengol. "Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear". Ambio 45, n. 1 (28 luglio 2015): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0689-x.

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47

Maly, Edward J., Stuart A. Halse e Mary P. Maly. "Distribution and incidence patterns of Boeckella, Calamoecia, and Hemiboeckella (Copepoda : Calanoida) in Western Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 48, n. 7 (1997): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97015.

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Abstract (sommario):

Surveys of 196 lakes and ponds in Western Australia showed that most species of the centropagid copepods Boeckella, Calamoecia and Hemiboeckella have low incidence, although a few are common within restricted geographic areas. Records of co-occurrences indicate that many species have broadly overlapping ecological requirements, suggesting that dispersal or historical events are more important determinants of incidence and distribution than is colonization ability. However, some species prefer or are restricted to specialized environments. The roles of history, recent natural dispersal, and recent human-mediated dispersal in moulding present-day distributions are discussed. It is concluded that most species have low dispersal ability and that historical events have played a major role in determining present-day distribution patterns, although local dispersal and some human-mediated local and long-range dispersal have influenced incidence and distribution patterns.

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Chivers, Corey, e Brian Leung. "Predicting invasions: alternative models of human-mediated dispersal and interactions between dispersal network structure and Allee effects". Journal of Applied Ecology 49, n. 5 (31 luglio 2012): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02183.x.

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Bell, Karen L., Haripriya Rangan, Manuel M. Fernandes, Christian A. Kull e Daniel J. Murphy. "Chance long-distance or human-mediated dispersal? How Acacia s.l. farnesiana attained its pan-tropical distribution". Royal Society Open Science 4, n. 4 (aprile 2017): 170105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170105.

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Abstract (sommario):

Acacia s.l. farnesiana , which originates from Mesoamerica, is the most widely distributed Acacia s.l. species across the tropics. It is assumed that the plant was transferred across the Atlantic to southern Europe by Spanish explorers, and then spread across the Old World tropics through a combination of chance long-distance and human-mediated dispersal. Our study uses genetic analysis and information from historical sources to test the relative roles of chance and human-mediated dispersal in its distribution. The results confirm the Mesoamerican origins of the plant and show three patterns of human-mediated dispersal. Samples from Spain showed greater genetic diversity than those from other Old World tropics, suggesting more instances of transatlantic introductions from the Americas to that country than to other parts of Africa and Asia. Individuals from the Philippines matched a population from South Central Mexico and were likely to have been direct, trans-Pacific introductions. Australian samples were genetically unique, indicating that the arrival of the species in the continent was independent of these European colonial activities. This suggests the possibility of pre-European human-mediated dispersal across the Pacific Ocean. These significant findings raise new questions for biogeographic studies that assume chance or transoceanic dispersal for disjunct plant distributions.

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Qu, Wan-Mei, Shu-Lei Tai, Cun-Huan Zhang, Lei Wang, Li-Li Li, Dong Chu e Yi Yu. "Dispersal pattern of Bradysia odoriphaga populations in Shandong, China as revealed by microsatellite markers: implications of human activities". Entomologia Generalis 37, n. 2 (1 giugno 2018): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2018/0528.

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