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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Human dispersal"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 8 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Human dispersal"

Smith, M. A., P. S. C. Tacon, D. Curnoe, A. Thorne; e P. Mellars. "Human Dispersal into Australasia". Science 315, n. 5812 (2 febbraio 2007): 597b—598b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5812.597b.

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Cotgreave, Peter. "Human evolution and dispersal". Journal of Zoology 241, n. 4 (aprile 1997): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05750.x.

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Cann, Rebecca L. "Human dispersal and divergence". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90127-b.

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Heilhecker, Ellen, Richard P. Thiel e Wayne Hall. "Wolf, Canis lupus, Behavior in Areas of Frequent Human Activity". Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, n. 3 (1 luglio 2007): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.472.

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We report incidental observations of Wolves (Canis lupus) tolerating human activity in central Wisconsin. Three monitored packs raised pups in close proximity to varying levels of human activity. Wolf pups were raised <350m from rearing pens of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana), which saw daily human activity. One pack used cornfields as rendezvous sites within 175 m of a maintenance shed visited regularly by workers. Another pack centered their activities along a well-traveled state highway using both the verge and the road center for activity. Aerial locations of 10 yearling and adult dispersing Wolves were plotted to evalute human densities in natal territories relative to dispersal and post-dispersal territories. Township densities (mean = 9.02 humans/km2, SE = 4.015) and residential densities (mean = 5.59 housing units/km2, SE = 2.12 ) in natal pack territories were significantly greater (P <.01) for dispersal and post-dispersal township densities (mean = 43.98 humans/km2, SE =7.37) and residence densities (mean = 23.12 housing units/km2, SE =3.49). Furthermore, a pup negotiated the densely populated region of northern Illinois and dispersed from central Wisconsin to east-central Indiana, a distance of at least 690 km. As Wolves live in closer proximity to humans, living in areas of higher township and residential densities, they can be expected to be more habituated to people, increasing the probability of human/Wolf conflicts.

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van Zonneveld, Maarten, Nerea Larranaga, Benjamin Blonder, Lidio Coradin, José I. Hormaza e Danny Hunter. "Human diets drive range expansion of megafauna-dispersed fruit species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, n. 13 (12 marzo 2018): 3326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718045115.

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Neotropical fruit species once dispersed by Pleistocene megafauna have regained relevance in diversifying human diets to address malnutrition. Little is known about the historic interactions between humans and these fruit species. We quantified the human role in modifying geographic and environmental ranges of Neotropical fruit species by comparing the distribution of megafauna-dispersed fruit species that have been part of both human and megafauna diets with fruit species that were exclusively part of megafauna diets. Three quarters of the fruit species that were once dispersed by megafauna later became part of human diets. Our results suggest that, because of extensive dispersal and management, humans have expanded the geographic and environmental ranges of species that would otherwise have suffered range contraction after extinction of megafauna. Our results suggest that humans have been the principal dispersal agent for a large proportion of Neotropical fruit species between Central and South America. Our analyses help to identify range segments that may hold key genetic diversity resulting from historic interactions between humans and these fruit species. These genetic resources are a fundamental source to improve and diversify contemporary food systems and to maintain critical ecosystem functions. Public, private, and societal initiatives that stimulate dietary diversity could expand the food usage of these megafauna-dispersed fruit species to enhance human nutrition in combination with biodiversity conservation.

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Wichmann, Matthias C., Matt J. Alexander, Merel B. Soons, Stephen Galsworthy, Laura Dunne, Robert Gould, Christina Fairfax, Marc Niggemann, Rosie S. Hails e James M. Bullock. "Human-mediated dispersal of seeds over long distances". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, n. 1656 (30 settembre 2008): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1131.

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Human activities have fundamental impacts on the distribution of species through altered land use, but also directly by dispersal of propagules. Rare long-distance dispersal events have a disproportionate importance for the spread of species including invasions. While it is widely accepted that humans may act as vectors of long-distance dispersal, there are few studies that quantify this process. We studied in detail a mechanism of human-mediated dispersal (HMD). For two plant species we measured, over a wide range of distances, how many seeds are carried by humans on shoes. While over half of the seeds fell off within 5 m, seeds were regularly still attached to shoes after 5 km. Semi-mechanistic models were fitted, and these suggested that long-distance dispersal on shoes is facilitated by decreasing seed detachment probability with distance. Mechanistic modelling showed that the primary vector, wind, was less important as an agent of long-distance dispersal, dispersing seeds less than 250 m. Full dispersal kernels were derived by combining the models for primary dispersal by wind and secondary dispersal by humans. These suggest that walking humans can disperse seeds to very long distances, up to at least 10 km, and provide some of the first quantified dispersal kernels for HMD.

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Hallett, Emily Y. "Modern Human Origins and Dispersal". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 54, n. 4 (2 ottobre 2019): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2019.1676053.

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Gippet, Jérôme MW, Andrew M. Liebhold, Gyda Fenn-Moltu e Cleo Bertelsmeier. "Human-mediated dispersal in insects". Current Opinion in Insect Science 35 (ottobre 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.07.005.

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Beyin, Amanuel. "Upper Pleistocene Human Dispersals out of Africa: A Review of the Current State of the Debate". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (5 maggio 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/615094.

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Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multiple Homo sapiens source populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to ~74–60 kya.

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Valkó, Orsolya, Katalin Lukács, Balázs Deák, Réka Kiss, Tamás Miglécz, Katalin Tóth, Ágnes Tóth et al. "Laundry washing increases dispersal efficiency of cloth-dispersed propagules". NeoBiota 61 (2 ottobre 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.61.53730.

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Due to increased human mobility, cloth-dispersed propagules can be transported over long distances, which would not have been bridged otherwise. We studied a potentially important component of human-mediated seed dispersal by assessing the effects of laundry washing on the dispersed propagules. We studied the germination of 18 species, which have morphological adaptations for epizoochory and are commonly dispersed by people. We tested six treatments (washing with water, soap nut or detergent, at 30 °C or 60 °C) compared to an untreated control. Washing intensity was the most significant factor affecting germination. Washing at 30 °C was neutral for 14 species, suppressed one species and supported three species. Washing at 60 °C decreased seedling numbers of half of the studied species. The intensive washing treatments at 60 °C significantly decreased the synchrony of germination. We showed that people are not purely transporting propagules from one location to another, but via the laundry cycle, we can also influence the fate of the transported propagules by affecting germination potential, seedling fitness and germination dynamics. These results have new implications for understanding the early stages of biological invasions and call for improved biosecurity measures in nature reserves subjected to a growing pressure of tourism.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Human dispersal"

Banha, Filipe Miguel Santos. "Human dispersal of freshwater invasive fauna". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18152.

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The main goal of this thesis was to improve the knowledge on the mechanisms involved on Human dispersal of freshwater invasive fauna, contributing for the management of these problematic species. Several vectors were investigated, both accidental and intentional, from a freshwater invaders list that included some of the worse species. It was found that the red swamp crayfish and the signal crayfish presented desiccation survival capacities compatible with long-distance human-mediated dispersal. Off-road vehicles constituted a viable accidental vector for invasive macroinvertebrates, like the red swamp crayfish and the bladder snail. Live bait capture using dip nets and crayfish trapping constitute viable vectors for invasive freshwater macrofauna dispersal. The former is more related with accidental transport of small invasive organisms, and the latter is mostly related with intentional transport of invasive fish species. The importance of the angling web forums as a useful tool to help detection of non-native fish species was demonstrated with the first record of European Perch, a non-native fish in continental Portugal. Freshwater anglers from Portugal and Spain presented preference for invasive fish species, similar mobility, low incidence of live bait use and similar perception of biological freshwater invasions processes and impacts. Differences among countries were found for angler's activity patterns throughout the year and motivations for introductions. Zebra mussel larvae desiccation survival is compatible with long-distance overland dispersal. Its transport by natural vectors, like ducks, or human vectors like fishing tackle, such as waders and keep nets is viable. Yet, when comparing both types of vectors, fishing tackle presented a higher propensity to spread zebra mussel larvae than ducks; Dispersão de fauna invasiva dulçaquícola pelo Homem Resumo: O principal objetivo desta tese foi melhorar o conhecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na dispersão de fauna dulçaquícola invasiva pelo homem, contribuindo assim para a gestão destas espécies problemáticas. Investigaram-se vários vetores, quer acidentais quer intencionais de uma lista de invasores dulçaquícolas que incluem algumas das piores espécies. Verificou-se que o lagostim vermelho e o lagostim sinal possuem uma capacidade de sobrevivência à dessecação compatível com a sua dispersão a longa distância pelo Homem. Os veículos todo-o-terreno constituem um vetor viável para macroinvertebrados invasivos como o lagostim vermelho e o caracol aquático. A captura de isco vivo com recurso a camaroeiro e o uso de armadilhas para a captura de lagostim constituem vetores viáveis de dispersão para a macrofauna dulçaquícola, sendo que o primeiro está relacionado com o transporte acidental de pequenos organismos invasores e o segundo com transporte intencional de peixes invasores. Através do primeiro registo em Portugal Continental de Perca-europeia, uma espécie não-nativa, demostrou-se a importância de fóruns on-line de pesca desportiva como uma ferramenta útil para a deteção de peixes não-nativos. Os pescadores dulçaquícolas de Portugal e Espanha apresentam preferência por espécies de peixes invasores, similar mobilidade, baixa incidência no uso de isco vivo e similar perceção dos processos e impactos das invasões biológicas dulçaquícolas. Detetaram-se diferenças entre países nos padrões de atividade dos pescadores durante o ano e na motivação para as introduções. A sobrevivência à dessecação de larvas de mexilhão-zebra é compatível com o seu transporte a longas distâncias fora de água, sendo viável o seu transporte quer por vetores naturais, como patos, quer humanos como equipamento de pesca, como botas altas e redes de retenção. No entanto, quando se comparam ambos os tipos de vetores, o equipamento de pesca apresenta maior propensão que os patos para dispersar larvas de mexilhão-zebra.

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Wasilwa, Noah Sitati. "Human-elephant conflict in the Masai Mara dispersal areas of Transmara District". Thesis, University of Kent, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399587.

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Davies, S. W. G. "The Aurignacian as a reflection of modern human population dispersal in Europe". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272097.

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Bateman, Ashley. "The Dynamics of Microbial Transfer and Persistence on Human Skin". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22709.

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The skin microbiome is a critical component of human health, however, little is understood about the daily dynamics of skin microbiome community assembly and the skin’s potential to acquire microorganisms from the external environment. I performed a series of microbial transfers using three skin habitat types (dry, moist, sebaceous) on human subject volunteers. Microbial communities were transferred to recipient skin using a sterile swab 1) from other skin sites on the same individual, 2) from other skin sites on a different individual, 3) and from two environmental donor sources (plant leaf surfaces and farm soil). With these experiments I was able to test for the presence of initial transfer effects and for the persistence of those effects over the time period sampled (2-, 4-, 8-, and 24-hours post-transfer). The sebaceous skin community was associated with the strongest initial effect of transfer and persistence on the moist recipient skin site, and to a lesser extent the dry skin site. The soil donor community when transferred to dry skin resulted in the strongest initial transfer effect and was persistent over 8- and even 24-hours post-transfer. These experiments are the first in scope and scale to directly demonstrate that dispersal from other human or environmental microbial communities are plausible drivers of community dynamics in the skin microbiome.

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Escoda, Assens Lídia. "Applications of next-generation sequencing in conservation genomics: kinship analysis and dispersal patterns". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586083.

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Knowledge of the genealogical relationships among individuals of a population and their dispersal patterns are essential to many studies of endangered species, especially those with small and fragmented populations. The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to use genomic data obtained with next-generation sequencing techniques to infer contemporary dispersal patterns of species from relatedness networks, to construct pedigrees from kinship categories, and to quantify the effect of anthropogenic and geographic barriers on the dispersal of individuals, using as a model the Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus), a small semi-aquatic mammal endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. First, the contact zone between two lineages of the Pyrenean desman in the Iberian Range (La Rioja) was studied using SNPs obtained from ddRAD (double-digest restriction associated DNA) genomic libraries. According to the genomic tree, the principal component analysis, and the population structure analyses, the genetic variability in the area was structured by rivers instead of by mitochondrial lineages. Relatedness and inbreeding coefficients were then calculated with a maximum-likelihood estimator. Mean relatedness was found to be very high in the area. Individuals also showed high inbreeding levels. The reliability of these estimates was assessed with bioinformatics simulations based on artificial pedigrees that included as founders actual genotypes of the studied population. The relatedness networks showed a low level of contemporary inter-river dispersal compared to intra-river dispersal, indicating poor connectivity between rivers. Then, kinship relationships and pedigrees of Pyrenean desmans of two rivers of the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula (Zamora) were inferred. The ddRAD protocol was modified to allow processing each sample independently, which enabled the use of minimally invasive hair samples. Mean relatedness and inbreeding coefficients obtained from the SNPs were much lower than those from La Rioja. In addition, relatedness was higher for female dyads than for male dyads, suggesting a higher degree of female philopatry. Kinship categories were determined and their reliability was assessed using bioinformatics simulations based on artificial pedigrees. Using these kinship categories, pedigrees were reconstructed and their congruence was evaluated with the age of the individuals, the mitochondrial haplotypes, and the inbreeding coefficients. Pedigrees allowed the estimation of the average dispersal distance per generation, as well as preliminary data about the reproductive biology of the species. Finally, the assortativity coefficient obtained from the kinships networks was used to quantify the effect of specific barriers on the dispersal of individuals in the two rivers studied of Zamora, the Tera and the Tuela. The most important barrier found with this approach was the watershed divide between both rivers, followed by a dam located in one of them. These results were highly congruent with those obtained from the population structure analysis. The information obtained with the approaches presented in this thesis can be used to unravel fundamental aspects about the biology of endangered species, such as their dispersal patterns and their reproductive biology, as well as to quantify the effect of potential barriers on dispersal. These data may be fundamental to develop conservation plans aimed at improving the connectivity between populations.
El conocimiento de las relaciones genealógicas entre individuos de una población y sus patrones de dispersión son esenciales en muchos estudios sobre especies amenazadas, especialmente de aquellas con poblaciones pequeñas y fragmentadas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es utilizar datos genómicos obtenidos con técnicas de secuenciación de última generación para inferir patrones de dispersión contemporánea de las especies a partir de redes de parentesco, construir pedigríes a partir de categorías de parentesco y cuantificar el efecto de barreras antropogénicas y geográficas en la dispersión de individuos, usando como modelo el desmán ibérico (Galemys pyrenaicus), un pequeño mamífero semi-acuático endémico de la Península Ibérica. En primer lugar, se estudió la zona de contacto entre dos linajes de desmán ibérico en el Sistema Ibérico (La Rioja) usando SNPs obtenidos mediante bibliotecas genómicas ddRAD (DNA asociado a sitios de restricción con doble digestión). De acuerdo con el árbol genómico, el análisis de componentes principales y el análisis de estructura poblacional, la variabilidad genética en el área estudiada resultó estar estructurada por ríos en lugar de por linajes mitocondriales. A continuación, los coeficientes de parentesco y de consanguinidad fueron calculados con un estimador de máxima verosimilitud. La media del coeficiente de parentesco encontrada en el área fue muy alta. Los individuos también mostraron altos niveles de consanguinidad. La fiabilidad de estas estimaciones se comprobó mediante simulaciones bioinformáticas basadas en pedigríes artificiales que incluían como fundadores genotipos reales de la población estudiada. Las redes de parentesco construidas mostraron un bajo nivel de dispersión contemporánea entre ríos en comparación con la dispersión dentro de ríos, lo que indicaba una mala conectividad entre los ríos del Sistema Ibérico. Después se infirieron las relaciones de parentesco y los pedigríes de desmanes ibéricos de dos ríos del noroeste de la Península Ibérica (Zamora). El protocolo de ddRAD se modificó y optimizó para poder procesar cada muestra de forma independiente, lo que permitió el uso de muestras de pelo mínimamente invasivas. Las medias de los coeficientes de parentesco y de consanguinidad obtenidos a partir de los SNPs fueron mucho más bajas que en La Rioja. Además, la media del coeficiente de parentesco fue mayor para las parejas de hembras que para las de machos, lo que sugiere un mayor grado de filopatría de las hembras. Se determinaron las categorías de parentesco existentes y se evaluó su fiabilidad con simulaciones bioinformáticas basadas en pedigríes artificiales. Usando estas categorías de parentesco, se reconstruyeron pedigríes y se evaluó su congruencia mediante la comprobación de la edad de los individuos, los haplotipos mitocondriales y los coeficientes de consanguinidad. La reconstrucción de pedigríes permitió estimar el promedio de la distancia de dispersión por generación, así como datos preliminares sobre la biología reproductiva de la especie. Por último, se usó el coeficiente de asortatividad obtenido a partir de las redes de parentesco para cuantificar el efecto de barreras específicas en la dispersión de los individuos en los dos ríos estudiados en Zamora, el Tera y el Tuela. La barrera más importante encontrada en el área fue la divisoria de aguas entre ambos ríos, seguida por una presa situada en uno de ellos. Estos resultados fueron altamente congruentes con los obtenidos con el análisis de estructura poblacional. La información obtenida con el enfoque metodológico presentado en esta tesis puede ser usada para desentrañar aspectos fundamentales sobre la biología de especies amenazadas, como pueden ser sus patrones de dispersión y su biología reproductiva, así como para cuantificar el efecto de barreras potenciales en la dispersión. Estos datos pueden ser fundamentales para desarrollar planes de conservación dirigidos a la mejora de la conectividad entre diferentes poblaciones.

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Mogollones, Barrera Sol C. "Seed dispersal, seedling emergence and bird community structure in a human-modified landscape mosaic in Sri Lanka". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202126.

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Hulme-Beaman, Ardern. "Exploring the human-mediated dispersal of commensal small mammals using dental morphology : Rattus exulans and Rattus rattus". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215116.

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A handful of rat species are among the most pervasive mammal species across the globe, primarily because of their close relationship with humans. The processes involved in this relationship, commensalism, are described in detail. Two rat species, Rattus rattus and Rattus exulans, are the focus of this thesis and their biology and taxonomy are described and discussed. Their modern distributions are the direct result of some of the earliest and most extensive human migration events in human history. The archaeology of the Pacific and Indian Oceans is described and migration vectors and spheres of interaction are identified. These possible patterns of human migration and exchange networks provide testable hypotheses that can be investigated using the subject rat species as proxies for long distance human movement. Modern and archaeological tooth samples of R. exulans and modern samples of R. rattus are analysed using geometric morphometrics. The results reveal important aspects of human migration and differences between these species' biology. R. exulans was likely to have been transported out of Island Southeast Asia at a very early date. Human colonisation of the Pacific occurred in a series of complex pulses and pauses that are clearly reflected in the R. exulans data. For the first time it is possible to demonstrate, within one dataset, the multiple origins and directions of colonisation across the Pacific. The R. rattus data provides a striking comparison, showing very different results that allude to a different level of modern gene-‐ flow and therefore a difference in behaviour and biology. The results provide a framework for comparison with future archaeological material. The results presented and hypotheses raised have immediate application to existing archaeological material and areas of interest. Further commensal species should be examined following similar lines of questioning as applied here.

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Blome, Margaret Whiting. "Lacustrine Paleoecological Records and Modern Training Sets from Lake Malawi: Implications for African Paleoclimate and Connections to Human Prehistory". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265558.

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African climate changed considerably throughout the Pleistocene (2.588 million (Ma) to 12 thousand years ago (ka)). The timing, rate, and magnitude of past climate change across the continent impacted the evolutionary and migratory history of many mammalian species, including hominins. Investigating paleoclimatic variability through time at local and regional scales allows for an assessment of the extent to which climate change affected hominin evolution in Africa. This dissertation presents three approaches for increasing the understanding of past climate change in Africa. One method is to critically synthesize the existing literature of African climate (n=85) and hominid demography (n=64) over a restricted time frame (150 ka to 30 ka) and specific spatial scale (regional). Results from this study are two-fold: 1) climate change in Africa during this period was variable by region, responding to different climate-forcing mechanisms, and 2) changes in population and climate were asynchronous and likely created alternating opportunities for migration into adjacent regions, including hominin migrations out of Africa (~140-80 ka). The second approach is to evaluate modern ecological relationships between species and their environment to better quantify interpretations of paleoecological records. A modern distribution study of 33 ostracode species from 104 sites in the southwest arm of Lake Malawi suggest that depth-dependent variables likely define species niches. Relationships between ostracodes, fish and the green algae Botryococcus, were used to inform the paleoecological interpretations in the third study of this dissertation. Additional results suggest that macrocharcoal is likely delivered to the lake basin via river rather than wind-borne methods. The third approach involves primary analysis of climatic indicators from the sedimentary record to chronicle paleoecological and paleoenvironmental change at the basin scale through time. Results from a 380.7 meter-long sediment core recovered from Lake Malawi indicate a change of state likely caused by local tectonism, which affected ostracode assemblages, but had little effect on lake level history through time. Furthermore, the local hydroclimate of Lake Malawi alternately covaried with global glacial/interglacial cycles and local insolation maxima over the past 1.25 Ma. The magnitude and frequency of hydroclimatic variability in the watershed will be further assessed in future research.

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Kirika, Jasper Mbae [Verfasser]. "Frugivores, seed dispersal and tree regeneration along a human disturbance gradient in East African tropical rainforests / Jasper Mbae Kirika". Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1225402077/34.

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Auffret, Alistair G. "Seed mobility and connectivity in changing rural landscapes". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89105.

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The success or failure of many organisms to respond to the challenges of habitat destruction and a warming climate lies in the ability of plant species to disperse between isolated habitats or to migrate to new ranges. European semi-natural grasslands represent one of the world's most species-rich habitats at small scales, but agricultural intensification during the 20th century has meant that many plant species are left only on small fragments of former habitat. It is important that these plants can disperse, both for the maintenance of existing populations, and for the colonisation of target species to restored grasslands. This thesis investigates the ecological, geographical and historical influences on seed dispersal and connectivity in semi-natural grasslands, and the mobility of plants through time and space. Seed dispersal by human activity has played a large role in the build-up of plant communities in rural landscapes, but patterns have shifted. Livestock are the most traditional, and probably the most capable seed dispersal vector in the landscape, but other dispersal methods may also be effective. Motor vehicles disperse seeds with similar traits to those dispersed by livestock, while 39% of valuable grasslands in southern Sweden are connected by the road network. Humans are found to disperse around one-third of available grassland species, including several protected and red-listed species, indicating that humans may have been valuable seed dispersers in the past when rural populations were larger. Past activities can also affect seed mobility in time through the seed bank, as seeds of grassland plant species are shown to remain in the soil even after the grassland had been abandoned. Today however, low seed rain in intensively grazed semi-natural grasslands indicates that seed production may be a limiting factor in allowing seeds to be dispersed in space through the landscape.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Manuscript.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Human dispersal"

Boivin, Nicole, Michael Petraglia e Remy Crassard, a cura di. Human Dispersal and Species Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316686942.

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Rabett, Ryan J. Human adaptation in the Asian palaeolithic: Hominid dispersal and behaviour during the late quaternary. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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New diasporas: The mass exodus, dispersal and regrouping of migrant communities. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington Press, 1998.

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Straalen, Nico, e Dick Roelofs. Human Evolution and Development. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729208.

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Our understanding of human evolution is proceeding at an unprecedented rate over the last years due to spectacular fossil finds, reconstructions based on genome comparison, ancient DNA sequencing and new insights into developmental genetics. This book takes an integrative approach in which the development of the human embryo, the evolutionary history of our body, the structure of human populations, their dispersal over the world and their cultures are examined by integrating paleoanthropology, developmental biology, comparative zoology, population genetics and phylogenetic reconstruction. The authors discuss questions like: - What do we know about ancient humans? - What happens in the development of an embryo? - How did we manage to walk upright and why did we lose our hair? - What is the relationship between language, migration and evolution? - How does our body respond to the challenges of modern society? In addition to being a core text for the study of the life sciences, Human Evolution and Development is an easy-to-read overview for the interested layperson.

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L'invenzione del corpo: Dalle membra disperse all'organismo. Mantova: Negretto, 2009.

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Le corps dispersé: Histoire du corps au XXe siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993.

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Modern Humans: Their African Origin and Global Dispersal. Columbia University Press, 2017.

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Hoffecker, John. Modern Humans: Their African Origin and Global Dispersal. Columbia University Press, 2018.

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1938-, Akazawa Takeru, Aoki Kenichi 1948- e Kimura Tasuhu 1942-, a cura di. The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia. [Tokyo]: Hokuseu-sha, 1992.

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S, Bellwood Peter, Renfrew Colin 1937- e McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research., a cura di. Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, 2002.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Human dispersal"

Blench, Roger. "Language contact and human dispersal". In The Routledge Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 404–17. Other titles: Handbook of Pidgin and Creole languages Description: New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge handbooks in linguistics: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003107224-26.

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Currat, Mathias, Claudio S. Quilodrán e Laurent Excoffier. "Simulations of Human Dispersal and Genetic Diversity". In Evolution of the Human Genome II, 231–56. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56904-6_12.

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de A. Zanotto, Paolo M., e Ernie A. Gould. "Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution and Dispersal of the Genus Flavivirus". In The Molecular Epidemiology of Human Viruses, 167–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1157-1_8.

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Panov, Vadim E., e Carla Caceres. "Role of Diapause in Dispersal of Aquatic Invertebrates". In Diapause in Aquatic Invertebrates Theory and Human Use, 187–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5680-2_12.

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Carlton, James T. "Community assembly and historical biogeography in the North Atlantic Ocean: the potential role of human-mediated dispersal vectors". In Migrations and Dispersal of Marine Organisms, 1–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2276-6_1.

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Clarkson, Chris, Michael Petraglia, Clair Harris, Ceri Shipton e Kasih Norman. "The South Asian Microlithic: Homo sapiens Dispersal or Adaptive Response?" In Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, 37–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64407-3_3.

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Momber, Garry, e Hans Peeters. "Postglacial Human Dispersal and Submerged Landscapes in North-West Europe". In Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf, 321–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53160-1_21.

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Petraglia, Michael D., Paul S. Breeze e Huw S. Groucutt. "Blue Arabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation and Dispersal Models". In Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of the Red Sea, 675–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_30.

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Slusarczyk, Miroslaw, Bernadette Pinel-Alloul e Barbara Pietrzak. "Mechanisms Facilitating Dispersal of Dormant Eggs in a Planktonic Crustacean". In Dormancy in Aquatic Organisms. Theory, Human Use and Modeling, 137–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21213-1_8.

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Parker, Adrian G. "Pleistocene Climate Change in Arabia: Developing a Framework for Hominin Dispersal over the Last 350 ka". In The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia, 39–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_3.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Human dispersal"

Mann, Daniel H., e David J. Meltzer. "PLEISTOCENE PATHWAYS OF HUMAN DISPERSAL INTO AMERICA". In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-301996.

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Suarez, Andrew. "Insight into human-mediated jump dispersal of insects: A synthesis". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.95077.

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Dan Meng, Guitao Cao, Xinyu Song, Weiting Chen e Wenming Cao. "Automated human physical function measurement using constrained high dispersal network with SVM-linear". In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2016.7822747.

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Whitaker, Dwight L., Robert Simsiman, Emily S. Chang, Samuel Whitehead e Hesam Sarvghad-Moghaddam. "Numerical Modeling of Spores Dispersal of Sphagnum Moss Using ANSYS FLUENT". In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69417.

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The common peat moss, Sphagnum, is able to explosively disperse its spores by producing a vortex ring from a pressurized sporophyte to carry a cloud of spores to heights over 15 cm where the turbulent boundary layer can lift and carry them indefinitely. While vortex ring production is fairly common in the animal kingdom (e.g. squid, jellyfish, and the human heart), this is the first report of vortex rings generated by a plant. In other cases of biologically created vortex rings, it has been observed that vortices are produced with a maximum formation number of L/D = 4, where L is the length of the piston stroke and D is the diameter of the outlet. At this optimal formation number, the circulation and thus impulse of the vortex ring is maximized just as the ring is pinched off. In the current study, we modeled this dispersal phenomenon for the first time using ANSYS FLUENT 17.2. The spore capsule at the time of burst was approximated as a cylinder with a thin cylindrical cap attached to it. They were then placed inside a very large domain representing the air in which the expulsion was modeled. Due to the symmetry of our model about the central axis, we performed a 2D axisymmetric simulation. Also, due the complexity of the fluid domain as a result of the capsule-cap interface, as well as the need for a dynamic mesh for simulating the motion of the cap, first a mesh study was performed to generate an efficient mesh in order to make simulations computationally cost-effective. The domain was discretized using triangular elements and the mesh was refined at the capsule-cap interface to accurately capture the ring vortices formed by the expulsed cap. The dispersal was modeled using a transient simulation by setting a pressure difference between inside of the capsule and the surrounding atmospheric air. Pressure and vorticity contours were recorded at different time instances. Our simulation results were interpreted and compared to high-speed video data of sporophyte expulsions to deduce the pressure within the capsule upon dispersal, as well as the formation number of resulting vortex rings. Vorticity contours predicted by our model were in agreement with the experimental results. We hypothesized that the vortex rings from Sphagnum are sub-optimal since a slower vortex bubble would carry spores more effectively than a faster one.

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Vaughan, D. E., e J. Loscalzo. "PLATELET DISAGGREGATION IN PLASMA--A NOVEL EFFECT OF TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR". In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644385.

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Platelet aggregates are thought to play a significant role in many clinically important ischemic vascular events. Recently it has been shown that the platelet surface binds plasminogen and, in so doing, enhances its conversion to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Since fibrinogen, an alternative substrate for plasmin, serves as the cohesive link among platelets induced to aggregate by a variety of agonists, we hypothesized that the local production of plasmin at the platelet surface may be important in promoting the disaggregation of aggregated platelets. When added to a suspension of human platelets induced to aggregate in plasma with adenosine 5'-diphosphate, tPA promoted disaggregation over several minutes. The rate of disaggregation and its extent were dependent on the concentration of tPA as well as on its time of addition. Preincubation of platelet-rich plasma with excess alpha-2-antiplasmin inhibited disaggregation by tPA. While platelet surface fibrinogen receptors did not appear to be proteolyzed by plasmin in this plasma system, platelet-bound cohesive fibrinogen was selectively proteolyzed compared with proteolysis of ambient fibrinogen. The rate of disaggregation correlated best with the rate of loss of platelet-bound fibrinogen and not with the rate of ambient fi-brinogenolysis. These data demonstrate that tPA facilitates platelet disaggregation through the plasmin-mediated proteolysis of cohesive fibrinogen. This phenomenon may be important in the dispersal of circulating platelet aggregates and may be operative in the thrombolysis of platelet-rich clots.

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morqenstern, E., e H. Patscheke. "THE SECRETORY PATHWAY IN PLATELETS STUDIED BY CRYO-FIXATION". In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643491.

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It is widely held, that the constituents packed in the a -granules are released by stimulated platelets via the surface connected system (SCS). By means of the fast-freezing and freeze substitution technique (which allow the investigation of membrane fusion) we found a secretory pathway in platelets (compound exocytosis) without an involvement of the SCS during the release of a-granules. To study the process of a-granule secretion human platelets concentrated in citrated blood plasm were stimulated with thrombin or collagen. 20 - 120 seconds after stimulation the platelets were rapidly frozen with a metal-mirror attachment to the KF 80 cryofixation unit (REICHERT-JUNG). Using plastic spacers droplets of the PRP were slammed against a copper block at 80 K at a rate of 0.2 m/sec. After cryofixation the specimens were transferred (in liquid nitrogen) into a Cs-auto cryosubstitution unit (REICHERT-JUNG). Cryosubstitution was programmed for 48h at 193 K in acetone with 4% osmium tetroxide. The temperature went automatically up to room temperature at a rate of 10 K/h. The specimens were embedded in araldite. The analysis of serial ultrathin sections of platelets in different phases of exocytosis revealed the following. a -granules in apposition showed different stages of swelling and dispersal of their electron dense matrix. Membrane appositions were also found between a -granules. The contraction of a sphere of microfilaments and microtubules during stimulation seemed to support this process. On the other hand this internal contraction prevented most of the a-granules from contacting with the plasmalemma. We observed fusion between swollen -granules in apposition and the plasmalemma and swollen and unswollen a -granules. Thus, large compound granules were formed frequently before fusion of the secretory organelles with the plasmalemma took place. These observations suggested that a -granules in stimulated platelets performed a compound exocytosis after swelling. The process seemed to start with the apposition of a -granule membranes to the plasmalemma. It cannot yet be answered whether the swelling of the granules is due to an osmotically driven influx of water or due to an influx after microfusion.Supported by DFG, Grant Mo 124/2-4

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Billingsley, Anne L., Chad L. Yost, Kayla Worthey, Brendan Fenerty, Jennifer Kielhofer, Mathew L. Fox, Zachary Naiman, Andrew S. Cohen e Henry F. Lamb. "400 KA YEAR RECORD OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AROUND AFRICA AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN DISPERSALS". In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-320703.

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Moyer, John T., Adam C. Abraham e Tammy L. Haut Donahue. "Nano-Mechanical Properties of Human Meniscal Surfaces". In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53184.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a crippling disease in humans that deteriorates the articular cartilage (AC) and subchondral bone. Research has shown AC preservation is most important for halting the initiation of OA, in the human knee joint, and this defense is contingent on the structural integrity of the menisci [1, 2]. The menisci are fibrocartilaginous structures which are crucial for proper load distribution in the knee [3–5]. The menisci are specifically designed to fit the contour of the femoral condyles, aiding to disperse the stresses on the tibial plateau and in turn safeguarding the underlying AC. Circumferentially aligned collagen fibers help to support the menisci while in tension, while a proteoglycan and water matrix reinforce the menisci during compressive loads [2, 6].

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Thomaschewski, Lisa, Benjamin Weyers e Annette Kluge. "Using usability and user experience scores to design an Augmented Reality-based Ambient Awareness interface to support spatially dispersed teams". In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichms49158.2020.9209564.

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Feng, Yu, e Clement Kleinstreuer. "DDPM-DEM Simulations of Particulate Flows in Human Tracheobronchial Airways". In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62307.

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Dense particle-suspension flows in which particle-particle interactions are a dominant feature encompass a diverse range of industrial and geophysical contexts, e.g., slurry pipeline, fluidized beds, debris flows, sediment transport, etc. The one-way dispersed phase model (DPM), i.e., the conventional one-way coupling Euler-Lagrange method is not suitable for dense fluid-particle flows [1]. The reason is that such commercial CFD-software does not consider the contact between the fluid, particles and wall surfaces with respect to particle inertia and material properties. Hence, two-way coupling of the Dense Dispersed Phase Model (DDPM) combined with the Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been introduced into the commercial CFD software via in-house codes. As a result, more comprehensive and robust computational models based on the DDPM-DEM method have been developed, which can accurately predict the dynamics of dense particle suspensions. Focusing on the interaction forces between particles and the combination of discrete and continuum phases, inhaled aerosol transport and deposition in the idealized tracheobronchial airways [2] was simulated and analyzed, generating more physical insight. In addition, it allows for comparisons between different numerical methods, i.e., the classical one-way Euler-Lagrange method, two-way Euler-Lagrange method, EL-ER method [3], and the present DDPM-DEM method, considering micron- and nano-particle transport and deposition in human lungs.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Human dispersal"

Seamans, Thomas, e Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.

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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.

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Dorr, Brian S., Kristi L. Sullivan, Paul D. Curtis, Richard B. Chipman e Russell D. McCullough. Double-crested Cormorants. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, agosto 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207735.ws.

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The history of conflict between double-crested cormorants and human interest in fisheries is long and convoluted. Overall, double-crested cormorants are not major consumers of commercial and sportfish species. However, exceptions have been recorded at specific sites with documented impacts on local fisheries. Double-crested cormorants can have a significant impact on vegetation at breeding sites through normal nesting activities. Their guano is acidic and can change soil chemistry, killing ground vegetation and irreversibly damaging nest trees. Humans should avoid direct contact with excrement from wildlife, including droppings from cormorants. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has the primary responsibility and authority for managing migratory bird populations in the U.S. This publication will focus on the double-crested cormorant, which is the most numerous and widely dispersed of the species.

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