Articoli di riviste: "Human Development – physiology"

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Samandar, Saidmurodov. "RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY". American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation 3, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2023): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/volume03issue12-13.

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The development of sports physiology stands as a crucial cornerstone in comprehending the intricate mechanisms governing human performance in athletic endeavors. This article delves into the profound relevance and significance of sports physiology in deciphering the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological facets underpinning athletes' abilities. It outlines the historical progression of sports physiology, highlighting its pivotal role in optimizing training methodologies, preventing injuries, enhancing performance, and fostering overall athlete well-being. By elucidating the significance of sports physiology, this study emphasizes its contribution to advancing athletic excellence and shaping the future landscape of sports.

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Whitehouse, Lindy. "Recent Advances in Human Physiology". Science Reviews. Biology 1, n. 1 (16 ottobre 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.57098/scirevs.biology.1.1.1.

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The study of human physiology provides important insight into the complex nature of the human body, increasing our understanding of the various systems and processes that occur to keep us alive. Developments in this field provide the basis for the development of novel treatments and therapies that are crucial for the advancement of medicine and improving the health and well-being of people around the world. Recent research into the pathogenesis of SAR-CoV-2 and the discovery of novel treatments for its symptoms have bought this field of science to the forefront. Yet there have also been several other recent advances that have increased our understanding of the human body and provided opportunities for the development of new medicines and therapies. Here we discuss the latest advances in this field, highlighting recent progression in our understanding of cancer metastasis, the development of the brain, and the use of organoids in the study of the human body. Finally, we examine the work of two physiologists that received the Nobel Prize in 2021 for their work in understanding the mechanism behind how humans feel the heat, cold, and mechanical force.

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Wieser, Fritz, Leslie Waite, Christophe Depoix e Robert N. Taylor. "PPAR Action in Human Placental Development and Pregnancy and Its Complications". PPAR Research 2008 (2008): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/527048.

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During pregnancy crucial anatomic, physiologic, and metabolic changes challenge the mother and the fetus. The placenta is a remarkable organ that allows the mother and the fetus to adapt to the new metabolic, immunologic, and angiogenic environment imposed by gestation. One of the physiologic systems that appears to have evolved to sustain this metabolic regulation is mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). In clinical pregnancy-specific disorders, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and intrauterine growth restriction, aberrant regulation of components of the PPAR system parallels dysregulation of metabolism, inflammation and angiogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of PPARs in regulating human trophoblast invasion, early placental development, and also in the physiology of clinical pregnancy and its complications. As increasingly indicated in the literature, pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia and gestational diabetes, represent potential targets for treatment with PPAR ligands. With the advent of more specific PPAR agonists that exhibit efficacy in ameliorating metabolic, inflammatory, and angiogenic disturbances, further studies of their application in pregnancy-related diseases are warranted.

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Schulte-Merker, Stefan, Amélie Sabine e Tatiana V. Petrova. "Lymphatic vascular morphogenesis in development, physiology, and disease". Journal of Cell Biology 193, n. 4 (16 maggio 2011): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201012094.

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The lymphatic vasculature constitutes a highly specialized part of the vascular system that is essential for the maintenance of interstitial fluid balance, uptake of dietary fat, and immune response. Recently, there has been an increased awareness of the importance of lymphatic vessels in many common pathological conditions, such as tumor cell dissemination and chronic inflammation. Studies of embryonic development and genetically engineered animal models coupled with the discovery of mutations underlying human lymphedema syndromes have contributed to our understanding of mechanisms regulating normal and pathological lymphatic morphogenesis. It is now crucial to use this knowledge for the development of novel therapies for human diseases.

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Hane, Amie A., e Nathan A. Fox. "Early caregiving and human biobehavioral development: a comparative physiology approach". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 7 (febbraio 2016): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.12.002.

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Singh, Akaljot, Holly M. Poling, Jason R. Spence, James M. Wells e Michael A. Helmrath. "Gastrointestinal organoids: a next-generation tool for modeling human development". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 319, n. 3 (1 settembre 2020): G375—G381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00199.2020.

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Gastrointestinal organoids are an exciting new tool for modeling human development, physiology, and disease in human tissue. Derived from pluripotent stem cells, gastrointestinal organoids consist of epithelial and mesenchymal cells organized in an intricate, three-dimensional structure that recapitulates the physiology and microscopic anatomy of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vitro derivation of gastrointestinal organoids from definitive endoderm has permitted an exploration of the complex signaling pathways required for the initial maturation of each individual gastrointestinal organ. Further maturation beyond an early fetal state currently requires transplantation into an immunocompromised host. Transplantation-induced maturation provides an opportunity to functionally interrogate the key mechanisms underlying development of the human GI tract. Gastrointestinal organoids can also be used to model human diseases and ultimately may serve as the basis for developing novel, personalized therapies for human intestinal diseases.

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Grebennikov, Egor K., Inna N. Grebennikova, Anna M. Subotyalova e Mikhail A. Subotyalov. "History of aviation physiology". RUDN Journal of Medicine 27, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2023): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-411-418.

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Relevance. In studying the history of medical and biological disciplines, an important part is the identification of the stages of their formation and development. In this regard, it seems important to make a historical and scientific analytical review of the development of ideas about aviation physiology, covering different stages of the history of science and reflecting the contribution of researchers from different regions. It will be useful for teaching historical and scientific and special disciplines, as well as for researchers involved in the study of aviation physiology. The need to understand how the human body functions in flight arose along with the development of aeronautics. The study is devoted to the analysis of the main stages in the development of aviation physiology. The purpose of the study - to characterize the stages of formation and development of aviation physiology. Research methods. In preparing this publication, articles in publications included in the RSCI, PubMed, and Scopus were mainly used. Preference was given to materials published in the last 15 years. The main results present the stages of development of aviation physiology with a description of the contribution of the main researchers in this field. The achievements of domestic scientists, doctors, physiologists I.M. Sechenov, L.A. Orbeli, G.M. Zarakovsky are analyzed, their scientific priorities in the development of this scientific direction are presented. The process of formation and development of aviation physiology as a direction of biomedical knowledge is presented. Before the advent of aviation (19th century), hypoxia was studied in the study of balloon flights. With the advent of high-speed and maneuverable aircraft, aviation physiology began to study the body’s response to overloads caused by highly maneuverable flights. Conclusion . The development of aviation physiology can be divided into two stages. 1. Pre-aviation, within which the emergence of this area of medico-biological knowledge takes place. 2. Aviation, at this stage scientists have the opportunity to study different multidirectional overloads and their effect on the human body. Currently, aviation physiology is one of the important branches of physiology, aviation and space medicine.

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Beaglehole, Robert, Srinath Reddy e Stephen R. Leeder. "Poverty and Human Development". Circulation 116, n. 17 (23 ottobre 2007): 1871–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.107.736926.

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Titu, Stefan, Cristiana Maria Grapa, Teodora Mocan, Ovidiu Balacescu e Alexandru Irimie. "Tetraspanins: Physiology, Colorectal Cancer Development, and Nanomediated Applications". Cancers 13, n. 22 (12 novembre 2021): 5662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13225662.

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Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins expressed in a multitude of cells throughout the organism. They contribute to many processes that surround cell–cell interactions and are associated with the progress of some diseases, including cancer. Their crucial role in cell physiology is often understated. Furthermore, recent studies have shown their great potential in being used as targeting molecules. Data have suggested the potential of tetraspanins as a targeting vector for nanomediated distribution and delivery for colorectal cancer applications. Our aim is to provide a review on the important part that tetraspanins play in the human organism and highlight their potential use for drug delivery systems using nanotechnology.

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Briley, Paul M., Elizabeth B. Liddle, Madeleine J. Groom, Helen J. F. Smith, Peter G. Morris, Giles L. Colclough, Matthew J. Brookes e Peter F. Liddle. "Development of human electrophysiological brain networks". Journal of Neurophysiology 120, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2018): 3122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00293.2018.

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Functional activity in the human brain is intrinsically organized into independently active, connected brain regions. These networks include sensorimotor systems, as well as higher-order cognitive networks such as the default mode network (DMN), which dominates activity when the brain is at rest, and the frontoparietal (FPN) and salience (SN) networks, which are often engaged during demanding tasks. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests that although sensory systems are mature by the end of childhood, the integrity of the FPN and SN develops throughout adolescence. There has been little work to corroborate these findings with electrophysiology. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of 48 participants (aged 9–25 yr) at rest, we find that beta-band functional connectivity within the FPN, SN, and DMN continues to increase through adolescence, whereas connectivity in the visual system is mature by late childhood. In contrast to fMRI results, but replicating the MEG findings of Schäfer et al. (Schäfer CB, Morgan BR, Ye AX, Taylor MJ, Doesburg SM. Hum Brain Mapp 35: 5249–5261, 2014), we also see that connectivity between networks increases rather than decreases with age. This suggests that the development of coordinated beta-band oscillations within and between higher-order cognitive networks through adolescence might contribute to the developing abilities of adolescents to focus their attention and coordinate diverse aspects of mental activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using magnetoencephalography to assess beta frequency oscillations, we show that functional connectivity within higher-order cognitive networks increases from childhood, reaching adult values by age 20 yr. In contrast, connectivity within a primary sensory (visual) network reaches adult values by age 14 yr. In contrast to functional MRI findings, connectivity between cognitive networks matures at a rate similar to within-network connectivity, suggesting that coordination of beta oscillations both within and between networks is associated with maturation of cognitive skills.

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Cohen, Erez, Jessica K. Sawyer, Nora G. Peterson, Julian A. T. Dow e Donald T. Fox. "Physiology, Development, and Disease Modeling in the Drosophila Excretory System". Genetics 214, n. 2 (febbraio 2020): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302289.

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The insect excretory system contains two organ systems acting in concert: the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut perform essential roles in excretion and ionic and osmotic homeostasis. For over 350 years, these two organs have fascinated biologists as a model of organ structure and function. As part of a recent surge in interest, research on the Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Drosophila have uncovered important paradigms of organ physiology and development. Further, many human disease processes can be modeled in these organs. Here, focusing on discoveries in the past 10 years, we provide an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the Drosophila excretory system. We describe the major developmental events that build these organs during embryogenesis, remodel them during metamorphosis, and repair them following injury. Finally, we highlight the use of the Malpighian tubules and hindgut as accessible models of human disease biology. The Malpighian tubule is a particularly excellent model to study rapid fluid transport, neuroendocrine control of renal function, and modeling of numerous human renal conditions such as kidney stones, while the hindgut provides an outstanding model for processes such as the role of cell chirality in development, nonstem cell–based injury repair, cancer-promoting processes, and communication between the intestine and nervous system.

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Swain, James E., Suzanne C. Perkins, Carolyn J. Dayton, Eric D. Finegood e S. Shaun Ho. "Parental brain and socioeconomic epigenetic effects in human development". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, n. 5 (ottobre 2012): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12001112.

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AbstractCritically significant parental effects in behavioral genetics may be partly understood as a consequence of maternal brain structure and function of caregiving systems recently studied in humans as well as rodents. Key parental brain areas regulate emotions, motivation/reward, and decision making, as well as more complex social-cognitive circuits. Additional key environmental factors must include socioeconomic status and paternal brain physiology. These have implications for developmental and evolutionary biology as well as public policy.

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Wahren, John, Karin Ekberg, Jan Johansson, Mikael Henriksson, Aladdin Pramanik, Bo-Lennart Johansson, Rudolf Rigler e Hans Jörnvall. "Role of C-peptide in human physiology". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, n. 5 (1 maggio 2000): E759—E768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.e759.

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The C-peptide of proinsulin is important for the biosynthesis of insulin but has for a long time been considered to be biologically inert. Data now indicate that C-peptide in the nanomolar concentration range binds specifically to cell surfaces, probably to a G protein-coupled surface receptor, with subsequent activation of Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. The association rate constant, K ass, for C-peptide binding to endothelial cells, renal tubular cells, and fibroblasts is ∼3 ⋅ 109M− 1. The binding is stereospecific, and no cross-reaction is seen with insulin, proinsulin, insulin growth factors I and II, or neuropeptide Y. C-peptide stimulates Na+-K+-ATPase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activities. Data also indicate that C-peptide administration is accompanied by augmented blood flow in skeletal muscle and skin, diminished glomerular hyperfiltration, reduced urinary albumin excretion, and improved nerve function, all in patients with type 1 diabetes who lack C-peptide, but not in healthy subjects. The possibility exists that C-peptide replacement, together with insulin administration, may prevent the development or retard the progression of long-term complications in type 1 diabetes.

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Goswami, Mitrabrata. "Research and Development of Repair Mechanisms of Damaged DNA in Human Physiology". Indian Science Cruiser 35, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24906/isc/2021/v35/i1/208410.

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Tibbitts, Jay. "Issues Related to the Use of Canines in Toxicologic Pathology—Issues With Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism". Toxicologic Pathology 31, n. 1_suppl (gennaio 2003): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390174896.

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The dog is a commonly used animal model by virtue of its size, well-characterized physiology, and ease of handling. For these reasons and others, dogs are also useful in pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies during the development of both human and veterinary pharmaceutical products. In comparison with humans, or with other animals, dogs have some unique physiologic attributes that can affect the disposition of drugs. Species differences in gastrointestinal physiology, metabolism, renal function, and protein binding can affect the correlation of the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of dogs with those of other species. With the use of relevant examples, this article will provide an introduction to characteristics of dog physiology and their impact on pharmacokinetics, metabolism, drug disposition, toxicity, and dose selection.

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Umemura, Yasuhiro, Izumi Maki, Yoshiki Tsuchiya, Nobuya Koike e Kazuhiro Yagita. "Human Circadian Molecular Oscillation Development Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells". Journal of Biological Rhythms 34, n. 5 (agosto 2019): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730419865436.

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The mammalian circadian clock, which coordinates various physiological functions, develops gradually during ontogeny. Recently, we have reported the posttranscriptional suppression of CLOCK protein expression as a key mechanism of the emergence of the circadian clock during mouse development. However, whether a common mechanism regulates the development of the human circadian clock remains unclear. In the present study, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have no discernible circadian molecular oscillation. In addition, in vitro differentiation culture of human iPSCs required a longer duration than that required in mouse for the emergence of circadian oscillations. The expression of CLOCK protein in undifferentiated human iPSCs was posttranscriptionally suppressed despite the expression of CLOCK mRNA, which is consistent with our previous observations in mouse embryonic stem cells, iPSCs, and early mouse embryos. These results suggest that CLOCK protein expressions could be posttranscriptionally suppressed in the early developmental stage not only in mice but also in humans.

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Shay, Jerry W. "Telomerase in human development and cancer". Journal of Cellular Physiology 173, n. 2 (novembre 1997): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199711)173:2<266::aid-jcp33>3.0.co;2-b.

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Dawson, Paul Anthony. "Role of sulphate in development". REPRODUCTION 146, n. 3 (settembre 2013): R81—R89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0056.

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Sulphate contributes to numerous processes in mammalian physiology, particularly during development. Sulphotransferases mediate the sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) of numerous compounds, including steroids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, neurotransmitters and xenobiotics, transforming their biological activities. Importantly, the ratio of sulphonated to unconjugated molecules plays a significant physiological role in many of the molecular events that regulate mammalian growth and development. In humans, the fetus is unable to generate its own sulphate and therefore relies on sulphate being supplied from maternal circulation via the placenta. To meet the gestational needs of the growing fetus, maternal blood sulphate concentrations double from mid-gestation. Maternal hyposulphataemia has been linked to fetal sulphate deficiency and late gestational fetal loss in mice. Disorders of sulphonation have also been linked to a number of developmental disorders in humans, including skeletal dysplasias and premature adrenarche. While recognised as an important nutrient in mammalian physiology, sulphate is largely unappreciated in clinical settings. In part, this may be due to technical challenges in measuring sulphate with standard pathology equipment and hence the limited findings of perturbed sulphate homoeostasis affecting human health. This review article is aimed at highlighting the importance of sulphate in mammalian development, with basic science research being translated through animal models and linkage to human disorders.

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Sato, K., R. Leidal e F. Sato. "Morphology and development of an apoeccrine sweat gland in human axillae". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1987): R166—R180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.1.r166.

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Evidence is presented that in adult human axillae there exists a third type of sweat gland tentatively designated as the apoeccrine sweat gland. This type of gland shows a segmental or diffuse apocrinelike dilatation of its secretory tubule but has a long and thin duct which does not open into a hair follicle. The electron microscopy of its dilated segment is often indistinguishable from that of the classical apocrine gland. The less remarkably dilated segment of the apoeccrine gland tends to retain intercellular canaliculi and/or dark cells. These apoeccrine glands are consistently present in adult human axillae regardless of sex or race. In the axillae of the two 6-yr-old subjects, both classical apocrine and eccrine glands were present but no apoeccrine glands were found. Between 8–14 yr of age, the number of large eccrine glands with or without partial segmental dilatation gradually increased. At 16–18 yr of age, the number of apoeccrine glands increased to as high as 45% of the total axillary glands. The data support the notion that apoeccrine glands develop during puberty in the axillae from eccrine or eccrinelike sweat glands.

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Marneli, Diyyan, R. Delfita e M. R. Pratama. "The development of didactic and contemplative based teaching materials for human anatomy and physiology". JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 8, n. 1 (7 marzo 2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v8i1.2459.

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Existing Human Physiology Anatomy teaching materials tend to have a gap between the content of teaching materials and students, and there is no link to the verses of the Qur'an and the values of Asma al Husna. This study aims to develop didactic and contemplative-based teaching materials for human anatomy and physiology. Research development (R & D) used the ADDIE model. The participants in this study were three experts and 58 sixth semester biology students, majoring in biology department, Tarbiyah and Teachers Training Faculty, IAIN Batusangkar. The research instruments were observation sheets, interview sheets and validation questionnaires. The mean and standard deviation were calculated to determine the validity. Didactic and contemplative teaching materials in the Human Physiology Anatomy course were developed to fulfill all aspects of a development research, according to the characteristics of a teaching material, having didactic and contemplative characteristics. The didactic and contemplative teaching materials developed contain didactic aspects in the form of various activities, according to student learning styles, there is contemplation practice, contains Asma al Husna and contains verses of the Qur'an. The didactic and contemplative teaching materials developed have validity with very valid criteria (3.45±0.43). Thus, these teaching materials are suitable for use in classroom learning, fill the gap between the content of teaching materials and students, stop the separation between "knowledge" and "student-self" and deserve to be used as a reference in developing teaching materials that integrate science and religion

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Hahn, Matthias, Silvia Dambacher e Gunnar Schotta. "Heterochromatin dysregulation in human diseases". Journal of Applied Physiology 109, n. 1 (luglio 2010): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00053.2010.

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Heterochromatin is a repressive chromatin state that is characterized by densely packed DNA and low transcriptional activity. Heterochromatin-induced gene silencing is important for mediating developmental transitions, and in addition, it has more global functions in ensuring chromosome segregation and genomic integrity. Here we discuss how altered heterochromatic states can impair normal gene expression patterns, leading to the development of different diseases. Over the last years, therapeutic strategies that aim toward resetting the epigenetic state of dysregulated genes have been tested. However, due to the complexity of epigenetic gene regulation, the “first-generation drugs” that function globally by inhibiting epigenetic machineries might also introduce severe side effects. Thus detailed understanding of how repressive chromatin states are established and maintained at specific loci will be fundamental for the development of more selective epigenetic treatment strategies in the future.

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Shkarin, Vladimir V., Andrey I. Perepelkin e Olga S. Chepuryaeva. "Modern aspects of physiology of muscle contraction". Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 20, n. 4 (27 gennaio 2024): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2023-20-4-10-15.

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A lot of works have been devoted to the physiology of muscle contraction. Since ancient times, scientists have been studying the physiological processes, structure, organization and function of the human body. After all, only by studying in detail the structure and normal physiology of a person, it is possible to separate the norm from pathology, learn to diagnose various functional pathologies and ways to restore function. Much attention is paid to the physiology of muscle contraction, since human life itself, activity, motor function is associated with the work of muscles. In different periods of the development of medicine, approaches to the study and ideas about muscle contraction, the work of human muscles were different. In our opinion, it is very promising to study the problems and features of the physiology of muscle contraction.

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Zhang, Zhongshuang, Lei Zhao, Ketao Ma, Liya Shan, Lili Wei, Liang Zhang, Xiushi Yu e Xiaodan Li. "Blended Learning for MBBS Students: The Practice and Research in Human Physiology Course". Advances in Higher Education 3, n. 3 (30 agosto 2019): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i3.1495.

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<p>With the rapid development of information technology, more and more new media technology is applied to the course teaching, the current traditional teaching model, teaching methods are facing great challenges. Based on this, this paper, combined with the individual learning situation and different physiological characteristics of students, explores the introduction of blended learning mode into the course teaching of human physiology under the current background of rapid development of information technology, hoping to further promote the teaching mode innovation and course reform of human physiology.</p>

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Setiawan, Dwi Candra, Mila Karmila, Anastasia Pitung e Gloria A. N. Daga Dede. "Biology teaching material needs analysis based on cooperative learning approaches in the human physiology system". JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi) 5, n. 2 (29 novembre 2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v5i2.628.

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This research was conduct because of the low development of teaching material made by educators. The development of a teaching material that is by the character and background of students is necessary to be able to facilitate students in the learning process. This study aims to obtain preliminary data to develop a teaching material based on a cooperative approach to the material system of human physiology. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The population used is high school students in Malang with 75 research samples taken from three schools. Random sample selection by giving an open questionnaire. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, questionnaire distribution, and interviews. The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive analysis. From the results obtained from the needs analysis test, 98% of students expect the development of a teaching material that can help students understand the topic of the human physiology system by developing teaching materials based on a cooperative approach.Keywords: Teaching materials, cooperative learning, human physiology system

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Millar, Garrett C., Ondrej Mitas, Wilco Boode, Lisette Hoeke, Joost de Kruijf, Anna Petrasova e Helena Mitasova. "Space-time analytics of human physiology for urban planning". Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 85 (gennaio 2021): 101554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101554.

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Mason, Gina M., Sanna Lokhandwala, Tracy Riggins e Rebecca M. C. Spencer. "Sleep and human cognitive development". Sleep Medicine Reviews 57 (giugno 2021): 101472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472.

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Azumendi, Guillermo, Kazuo Maeda, Ritsuko K. Pooh e Iva Lausin. "Advances in Visualization of the Early Human Development". Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, n. 3 (2009): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1018.

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Abstract The anatomy and physiology of placental and embryonic development is a field where medicine exerts its impact on early pregnancy and opens fascinating aspects of embryonic differentiation. The introduction of high frequency transvaginal transducers as well as three and four dimensional sonography has resulted in remarkable progress in ultrasonic visualization of early embryos and fetuses. Ultrasound has been widely used in the field of early human development due to its safety, diagnostic accuracy and convenience. Normal fetal anatomy and development have been widely investigated using two-dimensional ultrasound and most of the knowledge regarding early human development were established through understanding of sectional images of fetal body and organs obtained by two-dimensional ultrasound. Usage of new techniques has produced more objective and accurate information of embryonal and early fetal development. For the first time parallel analyses of structural and functional parameters in the first 12 weeks of gestation become possible. This article deals with establishment of human life from ovum and sperm, though fertilization, detailed histological development and the establishment of the placenta, and early human development visualized by 2- and 3-dimensional ultrasonography.

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Krasnoshchekova, E. I., P. A. Zykin, L. A. Tkachenko e T. Yu Smolina. "Characteristics of human cortical pyramidal neuron development during the second gestational trimester". Human Physiology 36, n. 4 (luglio 2010): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119710040079.

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Lane, Michelle, e David K. Gardner. "Understanding cellular disruptions during early embryo development that perturb viability and fetal development". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, n. 3 (2005): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04102.

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An inability to regulate ionic and metabolic homeostasis is related to a reduction in the developmental capacity of the embryo. The early embryo soon after fertilisation and up until compaction appears to have a reduced capacity to regulate its homeostasis. The reduced ability to regulate homeostasis, such as intracellular pH and calcium levels, by the precompaction-stage embryo appears to impact on the ability to regulate mitochondrial function and maintain adequate levels of energy production. This reduction in ATP production causes a cascade of events leading to disrupted cellular function and, perhaps ultimately, disrupted epigenetic regulation and aberrant placental and fetal development. In contrast, after compaction the embryo takes on a more somatic cell-like physiology and is better able to regulate its physiology and therefore appears less vulnerable to stress. Therefore, for human IVF it would seem important for the establishment of healthy pregnancies that the embryos are maintained in systems that are designed to minimise homeostatic stress, particularly for the cleavage-stage embryos, as exposure to stress is likely to culminate in impaired embryo function.

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Crater, Jacqueline M., Daniel C. Dunn, Douglas F. Nixon e Robert L. Furler O’Brien. "A History and Atlas of the Human CD4+ T Helper Cell". Biomedicines 11, n. 10 (23 settembre 2023): 2608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102608.

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CD4+ T cells have orchestrated and regulated immunity since the introduction of jawed vertebrates, yet our understanding of CD4+ T cell evolution, development, and cellular physiology has only begun to be unearthed in the past few decades. Discoveries of genetic diseases that ablate this cellular population have provided insight into their critical functions while transcriptomics, proteomics, and high-resolution microscopy have recently revealed new insights into CD4+ T cell anatomy and physiology. This article compiles historical, microscopic, and multi-omics data that can be used as a reference atlas and index to dissect cellular physiology within these influential cells and further understand pathologies like HIV infection that inflict human CD4+ T cells.

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Torday, J. S., e V. K. Rehan. "Lung evolution as a cipher for physiology". Physiological Genomics 38, n. 1 (giugno 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.90411.2008.

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In the postgenomic era, we need an algorithm to readily translate genes into physiologic principles. The failure to advance biomedicine is due to the false hope raised in the wake of the Human Genome Project (HGP) by the promise of systems biology as a ready means of reconstructing physiology from genes. like the atom in physics, the cell, not the gene, is the smallest completely functional unit of biology. Trying to reassemble gene regulatory networks without accounting for this fundamental feature of evolution will result in a genomic atlas, but not an algorithm for functional genomics. For example, the evolution of the lung can be “deconvoluted” by applying cell-cell communication mechanisms to all aspects of lung biology development, homeostasis, and regeneration/repair. Gene regulatory networks common to these processes predict ontogeny, phylogeny, and the disease-related consequences of failed signaling. This algorithm elucidates characteristics of vertebrate physiology as a cascade of emergent and contingent cellular adaptational responses. By reducing complex physiological traits to gene regulatory networks and arranging them hierarchically in a self-organizing map, like the periodic table of elements in physics, the first principles of physiology will emerge.

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Zabner, Joseph, Phil Karp, Michael Seiler, Stacia L. Phillips, Calista J. Mitchell, Mimi Saavedra, Michael Welsh e Aloysius J. Klingelhutz. "Development of cystic fibrosis and noncystic fibrosis airway cell lines". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 284, n. 5 (1 maggio 2003): L844—L854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00355.2002.

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In this study, we utilized the reverse transcriptase component of telomerase, hTERT, and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 and E7 genes to transform normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) human airway epithelial (HAE) cells. One cell line, designated NuLi-1 (normal lung, University of Iowa), was derived from HAE of normal genotype; three cell lines, designated CuFi (cystic fibrosis, University of Iowa)-1, CuFi-3, and CuFi-4, were derived from HAE of various CF genotypes. When grown at the air-liquid interface, the cell lines were capable of forming polarized differentiated epithelia that exhibited transepithelial resistance and maintained the ion channel physiology expected for the genotypes. The CF transmembrane conductance regulator defect in the CuFi cell lines could be corrected by infecting from the basolateral surface using adenoviral vectors. Using nuclear factor-κB promoter reporter constructs, we also demonstrated that the NuLi and CuFi cell lines retained nuclear factor-κB responses to lipopolysaccharide. These cell lines should therefore be useful as models for studying ion physiology, therapeutic intervention for CF, and innate immunity.

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Hediger, Matthias A., Richard J. Johnson, Hiroki Miyazaki e Hitoshi Endou. "Molecular Physiology of Urate Transport". Physiology 20, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00039.2004.

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Humans excrete uric acid as the final breakdown product of unwanted purine nucleotides. Urate scavenges potential harmful radicals in our body. However, in conjunction with genetic or environmental (especially dietary) factors, urate may cause gout, nephrolitiasis, hypertension, and vascular disease. Blood levels of urate are maintained by the balance between generation and excretion. Excretion requires specialized transporters located in renal proximal tubule cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The recently identified human urate transporters URAT1, MRP4, OAT1, and OAT3 are thought to play central roles in homeostasis and may prove interesting targets for future drug development.

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Voltarelli, Vanessa Azevedo, Larissa Gonçalves Fernandes e Patricia Chakur Brum. "Cellular and molecular exercise physiology". Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, n. 3 (20 novembre 2020): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-5509202000030533.

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Exercise physiology has evolved as a main area of investigation, in which the central goal is to better understand how the physiological systems respond to an acute bout of exercise and how these systems adapt to different types of exercise training. For many years and until now, exercise physiology field have been grounded in the fundamentals of biology and human physiology. However, during the last century, scientific knowledge has changed our understanding of biological sciences, allowing the integration of different areas, and increasing the focus on many sub-areas like cellular and molecular investigation. The development of new experimental techniques in the last years provided detailed information about cellstructure and function and, as a result, we could better understand not only the human body physiology, but also many diseases and their pathophysiology. Therefore, this present review intends to discuss more about cellular and molecular exercise physiology area, focusing on historical and methodological approaches, and highlighting the future perspectives for scientific knowledge and their practical application in health and exercise.

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Voltarelli, Vanessa Azevedo, Larissa Gonçalves Fernandes e Patricia Chakur Brum. "Cellular and molecular exercise physiology". Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, n. 3 (30 settembre 2020): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.v34i3p533-542.

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Abstract (sommario):

Exercise physiology has evolved as a main area of investigation, in which the central goal is to better understand how the physiological systems respond to an acute bout of exercise and how these systems adapt to different types of exercise training. For many years and until now, exercise physiology field have been grounded in the fundamentals of biology and human physiology. However, during the last century, scientific knowledge has changed our understanding of biological sciences, allowing the integration of different areas, and increasing the focus on many sub-areas like cellular and molecular investigation. The development of new experimental techniques in the last years provided detailed information about cellstructure and function and, as a result, we could better understand not only the human body physiology, but also many diseases and their pathophysiology. Therefore, this present review intends to discuss more about cellular and molecular exercise physiology area, focusing on historical and methodological approaches, and highlighting the future perspectives for scientific knowledge and their practical application in health and exercise.

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Hardy, Richard R., e Kyoko Hayakawa. "Development and Physiology of LY-1 B and its Human Homolog, LEU-1 B". Immunological Reviews 93, n. 1 (ottobre 1986): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01502.x.

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Nakamura, Naosuke, Dmitry Lyalin e Vladislav M. Panin. "Protein O-mannosylation in animal development and physiology: From human disorders to Drosophila phenotypes". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 21, n. 6 (agosto 2010): 622–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.03.010.

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Olson, Jay, Jim Rinehart, Jacqueline Jordan Spiegel e Layla Al-Nakkash. "Student perception on the integration of simulation experiences into human physiology curricula". Advances in Physiology Education 43, n. 3 (1 settembre 2019): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00202.2018.

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A variety of medical simulators have been developed over recent years for students of all medical professions. These simulators serve to teach basic science concepts, advanced clinical skills, as well as empathy and student confidence. This study aimed to understand the students’ perception of the integration of high-fidelity simulation exercises into the teaching of human physiology. Research groups were made up of both osteopathic and podiatric medical students. Data were obtained using a Likert-scale survey. Results indicated that students believed the simulation experiences were beneficial to further understanding of physiological concepts, as well as seeing these concepts in a clinical setting. Variations were noted between podiatric and osteopathic medical students’ perception on how the experiences helped them develop clinical and personal confidence, and if the experience helped illustrate correlations between laboratory values and accompanying physiology. Results illustrated no differences in perception between the sexes. Although all students agreed that the experience helped with the understanding of physiology, podiatric medical students did not necessarily find value in the simulation for their development as future clinicians. We predict that differences in perception are largely based on the different curriculums of the students questioned. The present study indicated that incorporation of simulation experiences in the first year of medical school enhanced learning basic science physiology concepts and promoted the development of self-confidence as future clinicians. Incorporating simulation into the didactic coursework should be promoted in other medical schools’ curricula.

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Radi, Zaher A. "Kidney Pathophysiology, Toxicology, and Drug-Induced Injury in Drug Development". International Journal of Toxicology 38, n. 3 (7 marzo 2019): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581819831701.

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Anatomically, the kidneys are paired, bean-shaped (in most mammals), excretory organs that lie in the retroperitoneum. High blood flow to the kidneys, together with high oxygen consumption, makes them more vulnerable to exposure, via the circulation, and subsequent injury related to high concentrations of xenobiotics and chemicals. In preclinical drug development and safety assessment of new investigational drugs, changes in kidney structure and/or function following drug administration in experimental laboratory animals need to be put in context with interspecies differences in kidney functional anatomy, physiology, spontaneous pathologies, and toxicopathological responses to injury. In addition, translation to human relevance to avoid premature drug termination from development is vital. Thus, detection and characterization of kidney toxicity in preclinical species and human relevance will depend on the preclinical safety testing strategy and collective weight-of-evidence approach including new investigational drug mechanism of action (MOA), preclinical and clinical interspecies differences, and MOA relevance to humans. This review describes kidney macroscopic and microscopic functional anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, toxicology, and drug-induced kidney toxicities in safety risk assessment and drug development.

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Mitasari, Zuni, e Abdul Gofur. "Developing the Immunology Book for Animal and Human Physiology Subject". Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia 3, n. 2 (23 giugno 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v3i2.4325.

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The objective of the study was to develop an immunology book for Animal and Human Physiology subject. This book was developed based on the Thiagarajan development model which was modified of: Define, Design, Develop, dan Disseminate (4D). The data expert validation instrument was questionnaire using Likert scales, comments, and recommendation sheets. Expert appraisal was done by material expert and media and design learning expert. The developmental testing was conducted using questionnaire to test the readibility. The expert validation was conducted by material expert as well as design and media learning expert validator; meanwhile, the field test was done to measure the readability. The validity test results were: the material expert state that the material is valid (97.14%), as well as the design and learning media expert (84.88%) and field test by students (88.17%).

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Mabilleau, Guillaume, Aaron Kwaasi, Afsie Sabokbar, Maria Tsoumpra, Frank Ebetino e Robert Russell. "BISPHOSPHONATES AFFECT HUMAN OSTEOCLAST DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO". Bone 46 (marzo 2010): S63—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2010.01.152.

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Sultana, Zakia, Kathryn A. Hasenstab e Sudarshan R. Jadcherla. "Pharyngoesophageal motility reflex mechanisms in the human neonate: importance of integrative cross-systems physiology". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 321, n. 2 (1 agosto 2021): G139—G148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00480.2020.

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Swallowing is a critical function for survival and development in human neonates and requires cross-system coordination between neurological, airway, and digestive motility systems. Development of pharyngoesophageal motility is influenced by intra- and extrauterine development, pregnancy complications, and neonatal comorbidities. The primary role of these motility reflex mechanisms is to maintain aerodigestive homeostasis under basal and adaptive biological conditions including oral feeding, gastroesophageal reflux, and sleep. Failure may result in feeding difficulties, airway compromise, dysphagia, aspiration syndromes, and chronic eating difficulties requiring prolonged tube feeding. We review the integration of cross-systems physiology to describe the basis for physiological and pathophysiological neonatal aerodigestive functions.

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Суботялова, А. М., e М. А. Суботялов. "HISTORY OF SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY". Человеческий капитал 1, n. 11(179) (16 novembre 2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2023.11.04.

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В статье представлены предпосылки, становление и развитие спортивной физиологии. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ развития спортивной физиологии. При подготовке текста данной публикации использовались статьи в изданиях, включенных в РИНЦ, PubMed. Глубина поиска публикаций составила 15 лет, также в обзор был включен ряд более ранних работ, соответствующих теме исследования. Представлены результаты о процессе становления и развития спортивной физиологии. Так, ее зарождение приходится на конец XIXвека, с началом исследований физической активности и ее влияния на организм человека. На рубеже XIX и XX веков создаются первые профессиональные учреждения для проведения исследований физиологии физических упражнений. Постепенно появляются новые лаборатории, а также начинают публиковаться тематические журналы. В наши дни исследования в этой области продолжаются. В обзоре представлен вклад врачей разных стран в развитие спортивной физиологии. Проанализированы достижения российских специалистов (Сеченов И.М., Карпович М.М., Крестовников А.Н., Бернштейн Н.А., Фарфель В.С., Кесарева Е.П., Рогозкин В.А., Газенко О.Г., Гурфинкель В.С., Карпман В.Л., Коц Я.М., Грибанов А.В., Рубанович В.Б.), представлены их научные приоритеты в мировой науке и вклад в развитие данного научного направления. The article presents the prerequisites, formation and development of sports physiology. The purpose of this review is to analyze the development of sports physiology. In preparing this publication, articles included in the RSCI, PubMed were used. The depth of the search for publications was 15 years, and a number of earlier works corresponding to the research topic were also included in the review. The results of the process of formation and development of sports physiology are presented. So, its origin falls at the end of the 19th century, with the beginning of research on physical activity and its effect on the human body. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first professional institutions were created to conduct research into the physiology of exercise. Then, new laboratories appear, and thematic journals also begin to be published. Today, research in this area continues. This review presents the contribution of physicians from different countries to the development of sports physiology. The achievements of Russian specialists are analyzed (Sechenov I.V., Karpovich M.M., Krestovnikov A.N., Bernshtein N.A., Farfel' V.S., Kesareva E.P., Rogozkin V.A., Gazenko O.G., Gurfinkel' V.S., Karpman V.L., Kots Ya.M., Gribanov A.V., Rubanovich V.B.), their scientific priorities in world science and contribution to the development of this scientific direction are presented.

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P, Sudhakar. "Animal Models Used for Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies: Focus on Their Human Likeness". Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 7, n. 1 (4 gennaio 2023): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000198.

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Bioequivalence (BE) and bioavailability (BA) studies are important for the development of new drugs and their approval by regulatory agencies. To determine the safety and efficacy of a drug, it is necessary to evaluate its bioavailability and bioequivalence. In vivo preclinical studies of BEBA are needed to explore the pharmacokinetic properties and behaviour of drugs. The in vivo BEBA studies data helps to get the proximate pharmacokinetic human values for clinical studies. The selection of animal models for BEBA studies plays a crucial role, which should mimic the anatomical and physiological state of humans. In this study, we have extensively reviewed the commonly used animal models for BEBA studies i.e. rodents, rabbits, canines, pigs, and non-human primates, and their relevance with human physiology. Besides the selected models rats have similar absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profile to humans. Beagle dogs are an alternative commonly used in the study of oral bioavailability, as they share many similarities with humans in terms of gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. This extensive review provides valuable information about the selection of proper animal models for BEBA studies

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Reid, Michael B., Gert J. Grubwieser, Dobrivoje S. Stokic, Stephen M. Koch e A. Arturo Leis. "Development and reversal of fatigue in human tibialis anterior". Muscle & Nerve 16, n. 11 (novembre 1993): 1239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880161115.

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Elder, Geoffrey C. B., e Byron A. Kakulas. "Histochemical and contractile property changes during human muscle development". Muscle & Nerve 16, n. 11 (novembre 1993): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.880161116.

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Rotwein, Peter. "Variation in Akt protein kinases in human populations". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 313, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2017): R687—R692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00295.2017.

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The three Akt kinases are related proteins that are essential for normal growth and metabolic regulation and are implicated as key signaling mediators in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Each Akt is activated by common biochemical signals that act downstream of growth factor and hormone receptors via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and each controls several downstream pathways. The importance of Akt actions in human physiology is strengthened by the rarity of modifying mutations in their genes and by the devastating impact caused by these mutations on growth and development and in disorders such as cancer. Recent advances in genomics present unique opportunities for enhancing our understanding of human physiology and disease predisposition through the lens of population genetics, and the availability of DNA sequence data from 60,706 people in the Exome Aggregation Consortium has prompted this analysis. Results reveal a cohort of potential missense and other alterations in the coding regions of each AKT gene, but with nearly all changes being uncommon. The total number of different alleles per gene varied over an approximately threefold range, from 52 for AKT3 to 158 for AKT2, with variants distributed throughout all Akt protein domains. Previously characterized disease-causing mutations were found rarely in the general population. In contrast, a fairly prevalent amino acid substitution in AKT2 appears to be linked to increased predisposition for type 2 diabetes. Further analysis of variant Akt molecules as identified here will provide opportunities to understand the intricacies of Akt signaling and actions at a population level in human physiology and pathology.

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Adams, Jason W., Fernanda R. Cugola e Alysson R. Muotri. "Brain Organoids as Tools for Modeling Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Physiology 34, n. 5 (1 settembre 2019): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00005.2019.

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Brain organoids recapitulate in vitro the specific stages of in vivo human brain development, thus offering an innovative tool by which to model human neurodevelopmental disease. We review here how brain organoids have been used to study neurodevelopmental disease and consider their potential for both technological advancement and therapeutic development.

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Krisher, Rebecca L., Adam L. Heuberger, Melissa Paczkowski, John Stevens, Courtney Pospisil, Randall S. Prather, Roger G. Sturmey, Jason R. Herrick e William B. Schoolcraft. "Applying metabolomic analyses to the practice of embryology: physiology, development and assisted reproductive technology". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, n. 4 (2015): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd14359.

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The advent of metabolomics technology and its application to small samples has allowed us to non-invasively monitor the metabolic activity of embryos in a complex culture environment. The aim of this study was to apply metabolomics technology to the analysis of individual embryos from several species during in vitro development to gain an insight into the metabolomics pathways used by embryos and their relationship with embryo quality. Alanine is produced by both in vivo- and in vitro-derived human, murine, bovine and porcine embryos. Glutamine is also produced by the embryos of these four species, but only those produced in vitro. Across species, blastocysts significantly consumed amino acids from the culture medium, whereas glucose was not significantly taken up. There are significant differences in the metabolic profile of in vivo- compared with in vitro-produced embryos at the blastocyst stage. For example, in vitro-produced murine embryos consume arginine, asparagine, glutamate and proline, whereas in vivo-produced embryos do not. Human embryos produce more alanine, glutamate and glutamine, and consume less pyruvate, at the blastocyst compared with cleavage stages. Glucose was consumed by human blastocysts, but not at a high enough level to reach significance. Consumption of tyrosine by cleavage stage human embryos is indicative of blastocyst development, although tyrosine consumption is not predictive of blastocyst quality. Similarly, although in vivo-produced murine blastocysts consumed less aspartate, lactate, taurine and tyrosine than those produced in vitro, consumption of these four amino acids by in vitro-derived embryos with high octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) expression, indicative of high quality, did not differ from those with low Oct4 expression. Further application of metabolomic technologies to studies of the consumption and/or production of metabolites from individual embryos in a complete culture medium could transform our understanding of embryo physiology and improve our ability to produce developmentally competent embryos in vitro.

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De Melo, Wesley Cândido, Augusto César De Mendonça Brasil e Rita De Cássia Silva. "Assessment of human physiology as indicators of stress when driving, biking and walking". World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research 11, n. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/writr.2022.10049709.

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