Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
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Soukup, A. "Human capital, screening theory and education in agriculture". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 10 (7 gennaio 2008): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/928-agricecon.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Human capital theory views education as a specific production factor and as a specific sort of capital. Besides this theory, alternative concepts of education were developed. Filter theory which is interested in the selective function of education and created a different point of view of economic analysis phenomena in education. Screening theory is similar and is interested in information of labor market attendants and their deciding. Signal equilibrium states are better or worse according to Pareto’s efficiency and according to the higher or lower difference between private and common educational returns.
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Bills, David B. "Credentials, Signals, and Screens: Explaining the Relationship Between Schooling and Job Assignment". Review of Educational Research 73, n. 4 (dicembre 2003): 441–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543073004441.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The empirical relationship between educational attainment and credentials with socioeconomic attainment is well established, but why this relationship arises remains in doubt. The author of this article discusses seven types of middle-range theories meant to explain the relationship: human capital, screening (including filtering), signaling, control, cultural capital, institutional, and credentialist theories. In each, the central causal mechanism concerns how employers and job seekers acquire and use labor market information. The author argues that occupational status attainment and wage determination models are not adequate to explain the mechanisms underlying the process whereby the highly schooled become the highly placed in job hierarchies. He indicates the implications of transformations of the American labor market for further assessment of the relationship between educational credentials and job assignment.
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Bauer, Thomas K., Patrick J. Dross e John P. Haisken‐DeNew. "Sheepskin effects in Japan". International Journal of Manpower 26, n. 4 (1 giugno 2005): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720510609528.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of sheepskin effects in the return to education in Japan.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a short description of the Japanese schooling and recruitment system. It then describes the data set and the empirical approach. Estimation results are presented for the various specifications. The baseline specification closely follows existing studies for the USA to facilitate comparability across the two countries. The paper further investigates whether there are significant firm‐size differences in the estimated sheepskin effects and whether sheepskin effects disappear with increasing job tenure.FindingsThe estimation results indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50 percent of the total returns to schooling. The paper further finds that education as a signal is only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the USA. Finally, the estimated degree effects decrease with firm tenure, in particular for small firms. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms and the admission policy of Japanese universities.Originality/valueBy investigating the role of sheepskin effects in a labor market that differs substantially from the labor market in the USA, the paper provides additional insights to the human capital theory‐screening hypothesis debate.
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Gajdos, Artur. "Spatial Analysis Of Human Capital Structures". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2014): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the interdependence between labour productivity and the occupational structure of human capital in a spatial cross-section. Research indicates (see Fischer 2009) the possibility to assess the impact of the quality of human capital (measured by means of the level of education) on labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. This study attempts to thoroughly analyse the issue, assuming that apart from the level of education, the course of education (occupation) can also be a significant factor determining labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. The data used in this paper concerning labour force structure in major occupational groups in a regional cross-section comes from a Labour Force Survey. The data source specificity enables the assessment of labour force occupational specialisation at the regional level and the estimation of this specialisation at the subregional or county level. An in-depth analysis of the occupational structure of the labour market in a spatial cross-section is an important theoretical and practical area of study necessary for the development of effective labour market policies and the education system.
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Lee, Yew Liang, e Paul W. Miller. "Screening and Human Capital in the Australian Labour Market of the 1990s". Australian Economic Papers 43, n. 2 (giugno 2004): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2004.00220.x.
Testo completo
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Killeen, John, Richard Turton, Wayne Diamond, Odile Dosnon e Monique Wach. "Education and the labour market: subjective aspects of human capital investment". Journal of Education Policy 14, n. 2 (marzo 1999): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026809399286396.
Testo completo
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Shimada, Akira. "Parental migration, unpaid child labour, and human capital". International Journal of Social Economics 42, n. 10 (12 ottobre 2015): 906–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2013-0253.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how parental migration due to poverty affects a child’s education and human capital formation through changes in the child’s supply of unpaid labour. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a small open overlapping generations model where the parent migrates for the family’s subsistence and that the child has to give up a part of education to do the housework during the parent’s absence. Findings – The paper finds that given the level of the human capital, reducing the child’s burden of housework and promoting parental migration to high-wage countries do not necessarily raise the amount of child’s education. The paper also finds a possible underdevelopment trap in the dynamic context. Originality/value – Unlike previous studies on child labour, this paper focuses on unpaid labour, whose share is actually larger than that of paid labour. Even if paid labour is available, children cannot re-allocate their time from doing the housework to the market work; so the author cannot disregard this observation. Investigation into the dynamics of human capital formation under such child labour is new.
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Mueen Nasir, Zafar, e Nasir Iqbal. "Employers Size Wage Differential: Does Investment in Human Capital Matter?" Pakistan Development Review 48, n. 4II (1 dicembre 2009): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4iipp.509-521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wage differential due to employer size is one of the key areas of interest in labour market research because a strong positive relationship between employer size and wages has been observed in developed and developing countries. It is, however, relatively neglected area of research in Pakistan. The purpose of present study is to investigate the employer size wage differential by looking at human capital factors. The study is based on standard methodology and estimates earning functions on Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for year 2007-08. Results clearly show that human capital investment has a bigger role in determining wages in the larger firms as compared to smaller firms. The main policy implications emanating from the analysis are the higher investment in skill which increases opportunities for workers in the labour market for higher wages and for jobs with good characteristics especially in large sized firms. The government policy towards education and skill formation needs serious reforms and better allocation of funds so that people get chance to enhance their skill level hence wages. JEL classification: J31, J40, J24 Keywords: Wage Differential, Human Capital, Labour Market
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Gimpelson, V. "Does the Russian economy need human capital? Ten doubt". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n. 10 (20 ottobre 2016): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-10-129-143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Positive impact of human capital on economic growth seems to be undisputable but its magnitude depends on to what extent high quality education and skills are demanded and valued by the labour market. This essay argues that the lack of demand for human capital cannot be cured by growing supply if other things remain intact. The author formulates 10 doubts concerning human capital absorption in the Russian economy. These doubts, supported by statistical and anecdotal evidence, relate to low quality of the Russian institutional environment which limits demand for labour and distorts its structure.
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Kumar, Suchitra S. "The Glass Ceiling for Women: An Empirical Investigation". Journal of Global Economy 4, n. 2 (30 giugno 2008): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v4i2.122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The human capital approach to the gender disparity is not the only approach available. This paper compares and contrasts the two diverse approaches to understand the issues related to human capital formation in women. These approaches are the patriarchal approach and the human capital approach. The patriarchy approach highlights the role of social structures and power relationships in society, while the human capital approach highlights the importance of differential human capital endowments in explaining differences in labour market earnings. The two approaches are not mutually opposed, though they emphasize different channels that produce differences in labour market earnings. For example, lower earnings because of lower human capital investment in women as a result of social attitudes are entirely compatible with the human capital approach. How does one then distinguish the two approaches in an empirical study? This paper makes an attempt to do so. In this paper we attempt to analyse the labour market discrimination by controlling for variables such as gender, age, experience, number of children, and education in the regressions.
Tesi sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
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Jewell, Sarah. "Human capital acquisition and labour market outcome in UK higher education". Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494790.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent decades participation in higher education in the UK has increased but at the same time students increasingly faced a greater burden of the costs. With the government keen to increase participation it is important to understand the costs and benefits of higher education for the individual student. This thesis is a microeconomic study investigating formal and informal human capital acquisition in UK higher education and the subsequent labour market outcomes, stemming from the human capital theory developed in the 1960s. The research is based on the 2006 and 2007 University of Reading graduate cohorts (4,577 observations) using data collected from the University of Reading student database and the Destinations of Leavers in Higher Education survey, with further data collected on 678 graduates through an employment survey. Our analysis incorporates a variety of econometric methods. including discrete choice modelling, and used a broader range of socio-economic background variables, including parents' income and education than previous studies.
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Haynes, Matthew O. "The role of education in the labour market : an empirical analysis". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19405.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is generally accepted that a more educated workforce can provide more economic growth. However, the extent to which personal benefits outweigh the social benefits of higher education has become not only an economic issue, but also a political issue. Voicing screening sympathies, Chancellor Kenneth Clarke asked 'why should bus drivers pay for the education of lawyers?' when cutting student grants in 1993 [The Economist 22/4/95]. The screening theories of the 1970's posited that, in some circumstances, if higher education was only signalling and not improving a person's ability, then society may be better off without higher education. A less extreme view is that some component of education acts solely as a signal and is socially worthless. There has been relatively little attention paid to testing the role of education in the labour market of the United Kingdom and Italy. One reason may be the shortage of suitable data sets available for such tests. This Thesis utilises UK and Italian data sets and aims to redress some of the imbalance in empirical work which tends to centre on data from United States. It is important to test the educational screening hypothesis in the context both of revisions in UK government policy towards the funding of higher education and the aim of convergence of labour market conditions within the European Union. The key objective of this Thesis is to investigate the role of education in the determination of wage rates for full-time work in the UK and Italy. The empirical analysis generally supports the hypothesis that education has both a screening and a productivity augmenting role.
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COTTINI, ELENA. "Human Capital Accumulation and the Labour Market: Applications Using Evaluation Methods". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/112.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Human capital accumulation and its effect on labour market outcomes have been in the focus of economic research for decades. Traditionally the economic literature suggests that there might exist several forms of human capital, where human capital represents the knowledge, skills and health embodied in individuals. Skills and knowledge are largely acquired through education and experience but may also reflect, in part, innate abilities. In addition, some aspects of motivation and behaviour, as well as attributes such as the physical, emotional and mental health of individuals are also considered as human capital. These activities are referred to as human capital because people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills and health, in the way they are separated from their physical and capital assets. Human capital accumulation is an important determinant of individuals' earning capacity and employment prospects, therefore plays an important role in determining the level and distribution of income in society. Moreover, the costs of these investments include direct outlays on market goods and the opportunity cost of the time that must be withdrawn from competing uses. Apart from direct investments in human capital people could also invest in constructing a network of relationships for example to find a job. Until now all these aspects have been studied separately, in this thesis I try to reconcile them.
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Lillrank, Erik, e Fredrik Nilsson. "Job Market Signalling in the European labour market : Exploring the relationship between tertiary education access and participation in secondary level schooling". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435893.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study re-examines a theoretical scenario introduced by Kelly Bedard in which increased university access leads to an increase in high school dropouts due to the decreased wage premium of a high school diploma caused by talent departing to higher education. The goal for this empirical study is to expand upon the theoretical framework introduced by Bedard in order to determine whether job market signalling is present in the European labour market. In line with Bedard, we theorise that if signalling holds true, secondary education graduates will decrease when access to tertiary education increases. To test this we construct 3 linear regression models to analyse a panel data set constructed of data gathered by Eurostat. Our research question is: Does increased enrolment in tertiary education have a negative effect on participation in secondary education? Our results differ from earlier studies as they indicate that increased enrolment in European tertiary education correlates with increased participation in secondary education. Ergo, we do not prove the presence of signalling in the European labour market. Our results support continued policy efforts with the aim of increasing participation at all levels of education as we find no evidence of a trade-off between university access and secondary schooling graduate rates.
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Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus. "Essays in labour economics : Thailand's labour market adjustment during the structural transformation process". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:73e151f9-f38a-45af-9cda-a4e759162b39.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
I examine the importance of human capital for economic development in Thailand during the period of high economic growth and structural transformation (1985-2000), using labour force survey data. The three main chapters attempt to estimate the effects of education, as a measure of human capital, on three major outcomes in the Thai labour market, namely (i) earnings; (ii) sector of employment; and (iii) earnings inequality. I address the endogeneity problem of education using an education policy shift—the change in the compulsory schooling law—that produces exogenous variation in education. The three main chapters adopt distinct modelling frameworks. The details of each of the main chapters are as follows. The third chapter investigates how education increases earnings and the probability of being in the non-agricultural sector. As the education policy shift influences educational attainment in a discontinuous way, a regression discontinuity (RD) framework is adopted to identify the average returns to education and the effect of education on the sector of employment. It is important to emphasise that the RD technique constrains the effects of education on the two outcomes to be linear and to be applicable only to sub-populations. My results confirm significant effects of education on both earnings and the sectoral sorting process. In addition, there are heterogeneous effects of education by gender. The fourth chapter is an extension of the previous chapter. I allow the returns to education to be heterogeneous across education levels and sectors of employment, while attempting to estimate the returns for the entire population. I use a control function (CF) approach and a double selection correction to estimate the sectoral earnings process, while jointly accounting for the choice of education and the selection into sectors and paid employment. I find that the returns to education are non-linear and higher in the non-agricultural sector especially for medium and highly educated workers. This suggests that human capital plays a crucial role in facilitating a structural transformation towards the non-agricultural sector. In the final chapter, I study how the increased primary education completion rate affects earnings inequality. While there exists a burgeoning literature on the average returns to education, less attention has been devoted to estimating the effects of education on the distribution of earnings. I identify the effects of primary education completion on earnings at different points of the distribution, and thus earnings inequality, using a recently developed approach, called regression discontinuity distributional treatment effects. My results suggest that the increased primary education completion rate reduces earnings inequality as the returns to primary education are larger for the poor than the rich.
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Walters, David Fox John. "The relationship between postsecondary education and labour market outcomes: comparing graduates over a four-cohort period /". *McMaster only, 2002.
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Fridsén, Ellen, e Victoria Sjölander. "The double disadvantage effect for immigrant women : Is there an earnings differential between native women and immigrant women with similar education and human capital in the Swedish labour market?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The migration has increased substantially during the last years and most countries struggle to integrate immigrants into the labour market. Since we also know from previous research that women are discriminated against due to their gender we want to investigate if immigrant women are facing an additional earnings differential because of their ethnicity. We study women with similar human capital and occupation in order to see if the initial earnings differential can be explained by these variables. Results indicate that there is no earnings differential remaining after controlling for human capital and occupation. However, there are differences in the results from the different fields of education and occupations. In some fields part of the earnings gap remain even after controlling for the explanatory variables.
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Dube, Andile Laureth Maletsatsi. "Pathways of out-of-school youth and their re-entrance into the education training and development system or the labour market". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25303.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study is an investigation into the pathways of out-of-school youth and their re-entrance into the Education Training and Development (ETD) system or the labour market. In the study the pathways of youth who dropped out of school between grades 1 and 11 are traced as they seek re-entrance to the ETD system, or entrance into the labour market. Particular attention was given to the factors that determine the choices that dropouts make either in re-entering the ETD system or entering the labour market. An analysis of the experiences of the interviewed sample of dropouts is presented. The study employs a qualitative research methodology using interviews to elicit the experiences of dropouts and school managers. The participants (young people and three school principals) were selected through snowballing from a township south of Durban. Individual and focus group interviews were held. The findings provide evidence of the value of investing in education, as suggested by the youth. This is in line with the human capital theory framework that suggests that there are major benefits to investing in education. The study is concluded by suggesting the need for second chance education in South Africa.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted
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Grootes, Pieter Brian. "The labour market drop-out rate : a new approach to estimating the returns to government investment in higher education : the case for marine science in South Africa". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002684.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The private and social returns to education literature share the same conclusion: that education is beneficial for both the individual and society. However, the theoretical underpinnings are flawed as the literature does not account for the main feature that leads to the acquisition of education: the private demand for education. An understanding of the factors that motivate the individual to invest in education would lead to a deeper insight as to why both private and social returns to education exist, and would provide a clearer framework on which to base the government funding of education. This thesis provides a first attempt at filling this gap by introducing a method of estimating the returns to government investment in education, which is labelled the ‘labour market drop-out rate approach’. The approach focuses on the social return to education, not in terms of graduate earnings, but in terms of the interaction of the graduate with the economy. The approach introduces a measure of expertise utilisation, based on the premise that there is no social return to an individual acquiring education if he or she does not utilise the acquired knowledge base on entering the labour market. The approach is tested using the labour market for marine scientists in South Africa as a case study. In this case the private demand for education is found to be heavily influenced by the provision of student bursaries from the National Research Foundation, with a resulting estimate of the social return to a degree in marine science being a mere 20% to 25%. Owing to this, a new approach to government investment in marine science is introduced, that of graduate contribution schemes. Of broader significance is the ease of application of this approach, it may be adopted to analyse any funding programme in which a government may decide to invest. As such, the labour market drop-out rate provides an extension to the returns to education literature through its theoretical dealings of the private demand for education, as well as a practical tool which government agencies can use to evaluate the efficacy of any government funding of education.
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Fernandes, Nídia Gabriela. "O modelo do capital humano na explicação das diferenças salariais : uma aplicação ao mercado de trabalho em Portugal". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18881.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mestrado em Sistemas Sócio-Organizacionais da Actividade EconómicaAs teorias do capital humano ganham expressão a partir do início da década de 6u, com autores como Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer e Gary Becker. A tentativa de explicação das diferenças salariais entre trabalhadores, com base neste quadro teórico, tem-se consubstanciado no desenvolvimento de um volume considerável de trabalhos de investigação em vários países. De acordo com os defensores do capital humano, os indivíduos são detentores de certas características pessoais (umas parcialmente inatas, como as aptidões intelectuais, e outras que vão sendo adquiridas ao longo da vida, tais como a educação formal e a formação profissional), as quais contribuem para o aumento da sua produtividade e, consequentemente, dos salários auferidos em ciclo de vida. Foi esta premissa que estabelece a correlação positiva entre o "stock" de capital humano e o nível salarial que nos propusemos testar para o mercado de trabalho português. Da estimação efectuada a partir de dados "cross-section" relativos a 1761501 trabalhadores, fornecidos pelos Quadros de Pessoal do Departamento de Estatística, do Trabalho, Emprego e Formação Profissional do Ministério do Trabalho e da Solidariedade (DETEFP/MTS), para o ano de 1996, verificámos que as teorias do capital humano explicam apenas parcialmente as diferenças salariais. Essa insuficiência deve-se à existência de outras variáveis influentes que não estão enquadradas no modelo do capital humano como, por exemplo, o sexo, os níveis de qualificação, a dimensão da empresa, o sector de actividade e a localização geográfica.
Human capital theories became popular at sixties with authors like Theodore Schultz, Jacob Mincer and Gary Becker. The attempt to explain the existence of different earnings among workers, based on this approach, has generated a large empirical framework across several countries. According to human capital theorists individuais possess certain personal skills (some partially innate, such as intellectual ability, and some acquired through the years, like formal education and professional training), which contributo to the increase of their work productivity and, consequently, to the growth of earnings in life cycle. This work tests empirically, for the portuguese labour market, the positive relationship between human capital stock and the earnings levei stressed by human capital model. From the estimation we derived, based on cross-section data regarding 1761501 workers drawn from Personnel Records of Ministry of Labour, for the year 1996, we observed that human capital model only explains partially earnings inequality. That insufficiency is related to the existence of other variables considered relevant in wage determination and which are not taken into account by human capital approach, for instance: sex, qualification leveis, firm size, sector of activity and location of employment.
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Libri sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
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Levald, Heino. Haridus, kutsed ja tööturg Eestis: Tunnustatud oskuste ja inimvara väärtuse probleemid Eestis ning nende lahendamise võimalused : ettekanne Eesti Rooma Klubile. Tallinn: Heino Levald & Hepter Grupp OÜ, 2010.
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Dalziel, Paul. Education and Qualifications as Skills. A cura di John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew e Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The chapter begins with an introduction of the basic Mincer, Shultz and Becker human capital model. Section 2 discusses two theories that question the model’s link between education and labour market skills. The first theory argues that the education is a device to signal to potential employers that the individual has high natural abilities that are unobservable to the employer while the second argues that education sorts workers into different labour markets that are segmented by wider socio-economic forces. Section 3 considers two more recent developments. The first involves sequential analysis in which the decision-maker learns more about his or her abilities and opportunities as a result of participating in education or training, while the second uses a ‘skill ecosystem’ metaphor to express how educational institutions, students, employers and policy makers can combine to sustain a high-skills, high-wage equilibrium or reinforce a low-skills, low-wage equilibrium.
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Jenson, Jane. Developing and Spreading a Social Investment Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0018.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the mid-1990s, the practice of international organizations began to cohere around the social investment perspective, with strategies that were child-centred and advocated human capital investments for economic growth and social development. This chapter examines the World Bank, which endorsed the policy instrument of conditional cash transfers (CCT) to allow very poor families to invest in children’s health and education—a stock-plus-buffer strategy. Then it scans the OECD, which recommended early childhood education to ensure human capital development and the labour-market activation of parents—a stock-plus-flow strategy. Both organizations developed anti-poverty positions with attention to the intergenerational transfer of disadvantage and investments in human capital. This similarity has declined in recent years, as the World Bank incorporated the social investment perspective into its new inclusive growth frame, while the OECD turned its attention to problems of inequality rather than poverty and thereby associated itself less with the social investment perspective.
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Parreira do Amaral, Marcelo, Siyka Kovacheva e Xavier Rambla, a cura di. Lifelong Learning Policies for Young Adults in Europe. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This comprehensive collection discusses topical issues essential to both scholarship and policy making in the realm of Lifelong Learning policies and how far they succeed in supporting young people across their life courses, rather than one-sidedly fostering human capital for the economy. Examining specific regional and local contexts across Europe, all various in context, this book uses original research to evaluate differences in scope, approach, orientation, and objectives. It enquires into the embedding of LLL policies into the regional economy, the labour market, education and training systems and the individual life projects of young people, with focus on those in situations of near social exclusion.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
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Martínez García, José Saturnino, Eriikka Oinonen, Rafael Merino e Graziela Perosa. "Education and Inequality in Finland, Spain and Brazil". In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 105–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractFinland, Spain and Brazil are three very internally complex and heterogeneous realities, with contradictions and permanent reforms to their education systems. In a first quantitative approach each country can be placed in a continuum of the education system that goes from most successful in terms of reaching a high level of education all across the population, in conditions of equity and facilitating youths’ incorporation into the labour market, to least successful, with Finland and Brazil occupying either end of the spectrum respectively and Spain occupying an intermediate situation. Although there are differences, they share certain tensions in their respective education systems. On the one hand, about the conception of education, ranging from more utilitarian, human capital theories, to the more humanist and civic-minded perspective. On the other hand, the challenge of comprehensiveness between an academic and a vocational path. In addition, there is also the challenge of improving the education level of the population while also improving equality. The tensions differ from country to country, since their education traditions and cooperation and conflict strategies between the education agents, with varying levels of resources and different alliances with political actors vary, as does the social consensus.
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Brown, Phillip, Sin Yi Cheung e Hugh Lauder. "Beyond a Human Capital Approach to Education and the Labour Market". In New Perspectives on Industrial Policy for a Modern Britain, 206–24. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198706205.003.0011.
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Salvador, Denise, Zélia Breda e Filipa Brandão. "Gender and Tourism". In Handbook of Research on Human Capital and People Management in the Tourism Industry, 110–27. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4318-4.ch006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An increasing number of women occupy positions in the labour market that were previously restricted to men. This is, however, still limited by the dual roles of working women. This chapter aims to address gender issues in the tourism industry. Specifically, it focuses on female participation in the labour market, highlighting the characteristics of women in leadership positions. A case study approach was used, focusing on female leaders in the hotel sector in Fortaleza, Brazil. An exploratory qualitative study was developed through semi-structured interviews, which aimed to gather data on the career path of female leaders. The collected data allowed understanding how these women reached top-level positions, and their leadership styles. Results indicate that early entry into the labour market, dedication, education, entrepreneurial skills, and dynamic personality are instrumental and work directly affects family relationships, being the cause of some problems in their personal lives.
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"Skills and education mismatch". In Youth Employment, a cura di Seamus McGuinness, 123–44. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350347.003.0005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This chapter addresses three key aspects of young people's lives: the nature of human capital development in third-level institutions; transitions from education to work; and the relative exposure to employment mismatch and separation in employment. Young people are more likely to become unemployed but are also more likely to move from unemployment to employment. With respect to the individual characteristics that influenced labour market transitions, higher levels of schooling were a key factor affecting the likelihood of exiting unemployment to enter employment. The result suggests that young people's relative exposure to job loss is particularly high during recession. In terms of within-employment mismatch, the evidence indicates that while overeducation rates in Europe are converging upwards over time, the general pattern of overeducation is linked across many countries, suggesting that the phenomenon responds in a similar way to external shocks and, consequently, is likely to also react in similar ways to appropriate policy interventions.
5
Larson, Anne, e Pia Cort. "The marginalisation of popular education: 50 years of Danish adult education policy". In Resisting Neoliberalism in Education, 181–94. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350057.003.0013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Drawing on Biesta’s distinction between three functions of education: qualification, socialisation and subjectification, the chapter traces adult education policy in Denmark from the 1960s to the 2010s. Based on analysis of policy papers, we show how adult education policy during the past 50 years has developed from a combined focus on all three functions of education to a dominant focus on qualification from a human capital perspective, subordinating socialisation and subjectification to the idea of integration into the labour market and being employable. By shedding light on changes in adult education policies, we aim to question today’s language of economic necessity and technocratic inevitability in relation to adult education policy and to evoke a discussion about what adult education should be good for. The historical reading of Danish adult education policy, thus, serves as a resistant act by showing that adult education can be and has been thought otherwise.
6
Silva, Susana, Cândida Silva e Gisela Soares. "Great Expectations". In Handbook of Research on Human Capital and People Management in the Tourism Industry, 92–109. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4318-4.ch005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Skills are understood as key issues in the labour market and conceptualised as individual attributes needed to perform competent work. The distinction between hard and soft skills is one of the most used theoretical conceptualization – hard skills being understood as technical skills, required of professionals, and soft skills being seen as personal traits which are not specifically related to the function. One hundred years after the publication of Mann's A Study of Engineering Education (1918), and as employers expect a new level of readiness from new hires, the focus is on bridging the soft skills gap. However, most of the literature delves into mismatched expectations of both industry and educators, and little documentation can be found regarding the skills that future employees believe their employers will require.
7
Kazepov, Yuri, Ruggero Cefalo e Mirjam Pot. "A social investment perspective on lifelong learning: the role of institutional complementarities in the development of human capital and social participation". In Lifelong Learning Policies for Young Adults in Europe, 43–62. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350361.003.0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The chapter investigates the relationship between social investment (SI) and lifelong learning (LLL). First, we present and describe the SI and LLL perspectives, reviewing their foundations and main principles. Even if lifelong learning policies are considered part of a SI strategy, the origin of LLL perspective dates back to the 1960s. These approaches present significant overlaps, but also differences related to the scope and aims of interventions. Moreover, both the critical debates on SI and LLL stress the relevance of ambiguities that can be traced back to the co-existence of a narrower functionalistic understanding and market-led human capital approach (functionalistic view); vis-a-vis a holistic comprehension of inclusion taking into account issues of social participation and human capabilities. Second, we discuss the critical issue of institutional complementarities as preconditions for the effectiveness of SI policies, to be identified in the complex and time-framed interface among labour market, education system, and welfare state. By doing this, we go beyond the mere consideration of LLL policies as an example of social investment policy. We argue for a strategic role of LLL policies as specifically addressing the time dimension by means of coherent interventions over the life course.
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Schmid, Günther. "Towards an employment strategy of inclusive growth". In Reframing Global Social Policy. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447332497.003.0007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The inclusive growth agenda prioritises a broad based, employment centred pattern of growth as a foundation of social development. Welfare goals cannot be pursued solely through taxes and transfers ‘after the economic event’. The focus must also be upon the predistribution of economic endowments such as human capital, on the distribution of opportunities within the labour market as well as the wages and conditions of the workforce. This means raising the general level of education and training in the workforce, promoting inclusion of marginalized employees, encouraging transitions between various employment relationships over the life course, and ensuring the potential of social mobility.
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Emmott, Bill. "The Legacy of the Heisei Era, 1989–2019". In Japan's Far More Female Future, 3–31. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865551.003.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During the three decades that have passed since Japan’s huge financial crash in 1990, the country has been politically stable and its geopolitical circumstances have barely changed. But it has seen fundamental economic and social changes which have left it vulnerable: the move from a relatively young population to be the world’s oldest society, with total population shrinking every year since 2010; the move from being an economic growth champion to a relative laggard, with slow annual productivity growth; the transformation of the Bank of Japan from being an economic disciplinarian to being the enabler of a huge public debt and financing public spending by printing money; the emergence of a deeply divided, dual labour market in which two-fifths of the workforce are in lowly paid, precarious jobs with little skill development; a decline in the rate of marriage and of fertility; and yet simultaneously a dramatic narrowing of the gender gap in tertiary education as female entry into four-year university courses grew remarkably during the 1990s and 2000s. This leaves Japan with eroding male human capital, increased insecurity, and under-employed female human capital.
Atti di convegni sul tema "Human capital, screening, education, labour market"
1
Tomás, Inés, Ana Hernández, Marija Davcheva e Vicente González-Romá. "Personal Employability and employment outcomes in a university sample: a study before and after COVID-19". In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13131.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Labour market uncertainty makes difficult to get (and keep) a high-quality job even for graduate students. Moreover, this situation has been worsened due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to test the influence that personal employability has on maintaining (or being able to find a new) high-quality job in a sample of young university graduates that faced the job market crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the four personal employability dimensions of Fugate et al.’s (2004) model: career identity, personal adaptability, human capital, and social capital. Our hypotheses state that the four dimensions of employability are positively related with employment status and with job quality indicators (salary, horizontal fit, job satisfaction). The results obtained in a sample of 136 university graduates show that social capital contributes to being employed after several months of job market uncertainty caused by COVID-19. Moreover, career identity positively predicts horizontal fit and job satisfaction. The study shows the importance of social capital and career identity under uncertain job market situations to foster positive employment outcomes.
2
Küttim, Merle, Jelena Hartšenko e Iivi Riivits-Arkonsuo. "Added value of post-secondary education in Estonia". In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9437.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Education is seen in the human capital literature as one of the determining factors for labour market outcomes (Blázquez et al., 2018), measured through multiple variables. The aim of the current study is to examine the change in the earnings of graduates from Estonian post-secondary education institutions. This is achieved by comparing graduates who had studied from 2013 to 2016 in four fields: engineering, information technology, economics and natural sciences. To assess the change in pre- and post-entry earnings difference-in-differences regression was used. The results indicate there are differences between disciplines in terms of added value. In economics gender differences have the smallest and entrepreneurial activities the largest impact for the change in earnings. The study contributes to our understanding of added value of post-secondary education by combining educational, tax and social data, and analysing the change in graduates’ earnings pre- and post-entry. Keywords: Post-secondary education; earnings; value added; Estonia; labour market success
3
Şerban, Octavian. "From Endogenous Growth Theory to Knowledge Economy Pyramid - Comparative Analysis of Knowledge as an Endogenous Factor of Development". In International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/09.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The transition from the neoclassical model with exogenous input of technological progress perspective toward R&D model with endogenous growth of knowledge perspective is not completed, but the premises of innovation, research, education, and entrepreneurship push the limits of labour-intensive economy to knowledge-intensive economy, where knowledge is a valuable resource for sustainable growth in the long-run and the role of Intellectual Capital is critical for increasing productivity and competitiveness. By introducing Intellectual Capital in the endogenous growth model, instead of Human Capital, we have the possibility to reflect better the difference between the market value of production and physical value. In the technological era, innovation and research are able to increase the market value comparing with the accounting value. In the 4th Industrial Revolution, this model is able to be changed dramatically if we take into account the possibility of machines to create knowledge through Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, new biotechnologies, new materials, and nanotechnology. For this reason, the more important action for the economic processes is to manage knowledge, starting with increased awareness, accurate measurement system, improved taxonomy, dedicated processes, and so on. In such conditions, the equation of growth theory has to be rewritten soon. The purpose of this research is not to provide a silver bullet of measurement Total Factor Productivity (TFP), but to understand better the part of productivity dedicated to the intangible and to validate this approach within the KEP model. Knowledge Economy Pyramid (KEP) is a valuable environment for incubating and accelerate knowledge in the process, as long as KEP model is creating a collaborative environment where the related stakeholders – universities, factories, technology providers, government, administration, local communities, clusters – are working together in order to achieve the objective of increasing productivity and competitiveness.