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Faustino, Ana, e Maria João Lança. "Anatomia e Fisiologia: evoluindo de “mãos dadas”". História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 25 (29 settembre 2022): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2022v25espp209-220.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Resumo A Anatomia e a Fisiologia encontram-se intimamente ligadas e são unidades curriculares fundamentais em inúmeros cursos ligados às ciências da vida. Documentos ancestrais comprovam que a história da Anatomia e da Fisiologia teve início na Grécia e encontra-se associada a Hipócrates (460-370 a.C.), conhecido como o Pai da Medicina, e à sua obra “Corpus Hippocraticus”. O médico grego Claudius Galeno (129-200 d.C.) desenvolveu trabalhos nas áreas da Anatomia e da Fisiologia. Dos resultados das suas experiências em animais surge o conceito de fisiologia experimental. Galeno é considerado o “pai” da fisiologia experimental e a sua obra “Sobre o uso das partes do corpo humano” regeu a Medicina por catorze séculos, após os quais algumas das suas teorias foram contestadas. Os artistas renascentistas, como Leonardo da Vinci e Michelangelo, estudavam os corpos para obter perfeição nas formas artísticas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da Anatomia. Em plena época do Renascimento, surgiu pela primeira vez o significado da palavra Fisiologia de acordo com a definição de Jean Fernel (1497-1558). Este ficou conhecido pela célebre frase: “A Anatomia está para a Fisiologia como a Geografia está para a História: ambas descrevem o teatro de operações”. Jean Fernel é o marco entre a medicina medieval e a medicina da idade moderna. Vesalius (1514-1564) corrigiu erros de outros anatomistas e escreveu a obra “De humani corporis fabrica” que contribuiu para o reconhecimento da Anatomia como ciência básica. Já no século XVII, uma das maiores contribuições para a Fisiologia data de 1628, ano da publicação da obra “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus”, de William Harvey (1578-1657), onde pela primeira vez se descreveu a anatomia e o movimento do coração e a consequente circulação do sangue pelo corpo. O “De Motu Cordis” foi o primeiro tratado da época moderna dedicado a um tema estritamente fisiológico. Em 1876 foi fundada, em Londres, a Sociedade de Fisiologia e em 1887 nos Estados Unidos da América foi fundada a Sociedade de Fisiologia Americana. Ambas se dedicavam à investigação científica, educação e disseminação de conceitos relacionados com a fisiologia. O primeiro Congresso internacional de Anatomia decorreu em 1895, em Basileia. Palavras-chave: Anatomia, Fisiologia, História Abstract Anatomy and Physiology are closely linked and are fundamental curricular units in numerous courses related to the life sciences. Ancestral documents prove that the history of Anatomy and Physiology began in Greece and is associated with Hippocrates (460-370 BC), known as the Father of Medicine, and his work “Corpus Hippocraticus”. The Greek physician Claudius Galenus (129-200 AD) developed works in the areas of Anatomy and Physiology. From the results of his experiments on animals comes the concept of experimental physiology. Galen is considered the “father” of experimental physiology and his work “On the use of parts of the human body” governed medicine for fourteen centuries, after which some of his theories were contested. Renaissance artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, studied bodies to obtain perfection in artistic forms, contributing to the development of Anatomy. At the Renaissance, the meaning of the word Physiology according to the definition of Jean Fernel (1497-1558) arose for the first time. This was known for the famous phrase: “Anatomy is to Physiology as Geography is to History: both describe the theater of operations”. Jean Fernel is the cornerstone between medieval medicine and modern age medicine. Vesalius (1514-1564) corrected mistakes made by other anatomists and wrote the work “De humani corporis fabrica” which contributed to the recognition of anatomy as a basic science. In the 17th century, one of the greatest contributions to Physiology dates to 1628, the year of the publication of the work “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus”, by William Harvey (1578-1657), where anatomy was first described and the movement of the heart and the consequent circulation of blood throughout the body. “De Motu Cordis” was the first treatise of the modern age dedicated to a strictly physiological theme. In 1876 the Society of Physiology was founded in London and in 1887 the Society of American Physiology was founded in the United States of America. Both were dedicated to scientific research, education and dissemination of concepts related to physiology. The first International Congress of Anatomy was held in 1895 in Basel. Keywords: Anatomy, Physiology, History
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Arroisi, Jarman Arroisi, e Tamia Fauziah Latifah. "Neurosycal Theory in The Islamic Intellectual Tradition (Critical Analysis of Historical Dimensions in Psychology)". Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies 19, n. 2 (27 dicembre 2023): 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/afkaruna.v19i2.18499.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Researchers have widely reviewed the study of neuroscience, but the historicity of this science is not widely known. The rapid development of modern neuroscience cannot be separated from the contributions of Muslim scientists in the Middle Ages. This paper aims to explain the history of neuroscience in the Islamic intellectual tradition and its development to influence Western civilization. For this reason, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method with library research. The study results show that Muslim scientists such as Abu Zaid Al-Balkh, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali Az-Zahrawi, and Al-Razi's contribution to modern neuroscience is impressive and cannot be forgotten. As an example of research on the brain's anatomy and its disorders discussed by Vesalius and Golgi, they refer a lot to books by Ibn Sina, Al-Balkhi, and Al-Zahrawi. Rene Descartes, who discovered the theory of brain physiology, has long been discussed by Al-Razi. Even the introduction of the relationship between brain and brain function was only known in the 17th century and has long been discussed by Al-Ghazali. An original and imaginative thought regarding one of the human body’s organs, Muslims are unaware of the extensive research done on neuroscience by traditional Muslim scholars, who were able to bring Islamic culture to its pinnacle in Andalusia and Cordoba. Therefore, it is appropriate to bring the findings back into the study material with full seriousness in the form and fresh face if Muslims want to advance.
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Hansen, Jens Morten. "On the origin of natural history: Steno’s modern, but forgotten philosophy of science." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 57 (1 novembre 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2009-57-01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Nicolaus Steno (Niels Stensen, 1638–86) is considered to be the founder of geology as a discipline of modern science, and is also considered to be founder of scientific conceptions of the human glands, muscles, heart and brain. With respect to his anatomical results the judgment of posterity has always considered Steno to be one of the founders of modern anatomy, whereas Steno’s paternity to the methods known to day of all students of geology was almost forgotten during the 130 yr from 1700 to 1830. Besides geology and anatomy there are still important sides of Steno’s scientific contributions to be rediscovered. Steno’s general philosophy of science is one of the clearest formulated philosophies of modern science as it appeared during the 17th Century. It includes • separation of scientific methods from religious arguments, • a principle of how to seek “demonstrative certainty” by demanding considerations from both reductionist and holist perspectives, • a series of purely structural (semiotic) principles developing a stringent basis for the pragmatic, historic (diachronous) sciences as opposed to the categorical, timeless (achronous) sciences, • “Steno’s ladder of knowledge” by which he formulated the leading principle of modern science i.e., how true knowledge about deeper, hidden causes (“what we are ignorant about”) can be approached by combining analogue experiences with logic reasoning. However, Steno’s ideas and influence on the general principles of modern science are still quite unknown outside Scandinavia, Italy, France and Germany. This unfortunate situation may be explained with the fact that most of his philosophical statements have not been translated to English until recent decades. Several Latin philologists state that Steno’s Latin language is of great beauty and poetic value, and that translations to other languages cannot give justice to Steno’s texts. Thus, translations may have seemed too difficult. Steno’s ideas on the philosophy of science appear in both his many anatomical and in his fewer geological papers, all of which with one exception (in French) were written in Latin. A concentration of his philosophy of science was given by himself in his last scientific lecture “Prooemium” (1673), which was not translated from Latin to English before 1994. Therefore, after the decline of Latin as a scientific language Steno’s philosophy of science and ideas on scientific reasoning remained quite unknown, although his ideas should be considered extremely modern and path finding for the scientific revolution of the bio- and geo-sciences. Moreover, Steno’s philosophy of science is comparable to Immanuel Kant’s 80 yr younger theory on perception, Charles S. Peirce’s 230 yr younger theory on abduction, and—especially—Karl R. Popper’s 300 yr younger theory on scientific discovery by conjecture and refutation.
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Radkowski, Paweł, Aleksandra Czajka, Justyna Dawidowska-Fidrych e Małgorzata Braczkowska. "Past, present and future of intravenous anesthetics". Farmacja Polska 80, n. 3 (25 luglio 2024): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/191231.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of the most important drugs used in modern anesthesiology are intravenous anesthetics, which history dates back to 17th century. The purpose of this article is to present historical background of the expansion of knowledge about the use of intravenous anesthetics. The history of intravenous anesthetics dates back to the 17th century when science was revolutionized by William Harvey's discovery that put foundation of scientific explanation of blood circulation. The human blood circulation system was described by English physician and anatomist in 1628. Harvey explained the relationship between venous and arterial blood systems and also described regular contractions of the heart what changed previous theories. Thanks to that invention, it was also the time when first blood transfusions and experiments with intravenous injections were conducted and the first syringe was created. Before syringes officially appeared in 19th century, experiments related to that field were still being conducted. At that time, other techniques, such as variolation, were used. Dried smallpox scabs were blown into the nose of a patient who then contracted a mild form of the disease. Besides blood, other substances were administered into human patients’ circulatory system. Johann Sigismund Elsholtz was the first in history to use opium injections into human veins. Further possibility of development of intravenous anesthetics took place in the 19th century, thanks to the invention of the hypodermic syringe. Since 1864, when barbiturates were first synthesized by Adolf von Baeyer, the branch of pharmacology related to intravenous anesthetics has been continuously evolving. Thanks to nearly 400 year old history of intravenous administration of drugs, including anesthetics, it is now possible to safely perform both short diagnostic procedures and complex, life saving surgeries. Throughout the years, the main goal of scientists creating new drugs was to increase their safety and effectiveness by minimizing their side effects. The goal has possibly been achieved- propofol, which is still considered a nearly ideal anesthetic, has widespread recognition ever since it was introduced into clinical practice. Nowadays, new intravenous anesthetics, like remimazolam, are being constantly developed. Other drugs, like ciprofol and phaxan, currently in clinical trials, are described as promising, thanks to their minimized side effects. Jednymi z najważniejszych leków stosowanych we współczesnej anestezjologii są anestetyki dożylne, których historia sięga XVII wieku. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie tła historycznego poszerzania wiedzy na temat stosowania dożylnych środków znieczulających. Historia dożylnych środków znieczulających sięga XVII wieku, kiedy naukę zrewolucjonizowało odkrycie Williama Harveya, które położyło podwaliny pod naukowe wyjaśnienie krążenia krwi. Układ krążenia człowieka został opisany przez angielskiego lekarza i anatoma w 1628 roku. Harvey wyjaśnił związek pomiędzy układem krwi żylnej i tętniczej, a także opisał regularne skurcze serca, co zmieniło dotychczasowe teorie. Dzięki temu wynalazkowi był to także czas pierwszych transfuzji krwi, eksperymentów z zastrzykami dożylnymi i powstania pierwszej strzykawki. Zanim w XIX w. oficjalnie pojawiły się strzykawki, wciąż prowadzono eksperymenty w tej dziedzinie. Stosowano wówczas inne techniki, np. wariolację. Suszone strupy ospy wdmuchiwano do nosa pacjenta, który następnie zaraził się łagodną postacią choroby. Oprócz krwi do układu krążenia pacjentów podawano inne substancje. Johann Sigismund Elsholtz jako pierwszy w historii zastosował zastrzyki z opium do ludzkich żył. Dalszy rozwój anestetyków dożylnych nastąpił w XIX wieku dzięki wynalezieniu strzykawki podskórnej. Od roku 1864, kiedy to Adolf von Baeyer po raz pierwszy zsyntetyzował barbiturany, dziedzina farmakologii związana z dożylnymi środkami znieczulającymi stale się rozwija. Dzięki niemal 400-letniej historii dożylnego podawania leków, w tym środków znieczulających, obecnie możliwe jest bezpieczne wykonywanie zarówno krótkich zabiegów diagnostycznych, jak i skomplikowanych, ratujących życie operacji. Przez lata głównym celem naukowców tworzących nowe leki było zwiększenie ich bezpieczeństwa i skuteczności poprzez minimalizację ich skutków ubocznych. Cel prawdopodobnie został osiągnięty – propofol, który do dziś uważany jest za środek znieczulający niemal idealny, od chwili wprowadzenia go do praktyki klinicznej cieszy się powszechnym uznaniem. Obecnie stale rozwijane są nowe dożylne środki znieczulające, takie jak remimazolam. Inne leki, takie jak ciprofol i phaxan, będące obecnie w fazie badań klinicznych, są określane jako obiecujące ze względu na zminimalizowane skutki uboczne.
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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F. "The history of development of medicine through time: a repeated case". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, n. 2 (20 novembre 2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14921.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At all times, man was interested in the therapy of diseases in any possible way. In the Hellenic world, that is generally regarded as the spiritual predecessor of recent Europe, two distinct traditions existed: the first had a true sacred origin and was practiced from a corporation or guild of healers/priests named zsAsklipiades. Asklipios, son of Apollo, was considered by them as their generic leader. The second, practiced by Vakhes, comes from indigenous populations of Eastern Aegean area approx. at 2000 B.C. During its practice patients went into a sacred mania ie., with dancing, music, or body exertion went into an extended consciousness from which, when they recovered, they showed a peaceful state and a new identity again due to moral comprehension. The first liberation from sacred ceremonies occurs in ancient Greece from Hippocrates and thus the first step towards scientific medicine occurs and it is practiced by cosmic healers. To Hippokrates we owe the meaning of "method" for the observation and development of the disease and its symptoms (there is a distinction between them). He believed in "the self healing capability of nature" that had to be taken into account, because medicine comes from the disruption of the balance between man and environment. After Hippocrates there is a gap of approx. 7 eons (till 3rd century D.C.) during which period important developments occur that will determine later the path of medicine: 1. During the 1st century B.C., Dioscouridis from Alexandria and in the 2ndcentury D.C. Asklipiadis and the great healer and surgeon from Pergamos, Galinos, transplanted the "absolute medical orthodoxy" in Rome where it remained as a dogma until the 16th century D.C. This is similar to Arab and recent European medicine. Hippocrates and Galinos beliefs have a lot in common with the growth of medicine in China and India. 2.Arab philosophers and healers reconnect medicine with politics and their base is the healthy society. 3. In Christianity, in the Middle Ages, the human body is discarded as not * worthy and surgery and anatomy are prohibited. In 1130 D.C. the practice of medicine by monks isprohibited and this is passed on to "cosmic clergy" from where the first schools of medicine and recent Universities originate (Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Montpellier). With Renaissance starts the questioning of the Galino's theory. The main archetype of the healer of this period was undoubtedly Paracelsus. He brings back the correlations of symptoms and moral attitude and his whole comprehension was "ecosystematic" and "psychosomatic". The healing ideas and practices of the Middle Ages and Eastern world are various and come from different origins without being an identical philosophical model, but they have the following similar points changed eventually by the "scientific medicine" born after the Cartesian debate: a) there is a bond between body and psyche, b) there is a bond of interaction between the human body and the environment, c) there is a mutual bond of equality and trust between the patient and the healer. The important developments between the 17th - 18th centuries (discovery of the microscope, growth of laboratories and clinics) will give a tremendous push to this scientific medicine and will allow to discard the patient as a whole person for the favour of the diagnosis and the manipulation of "diseases and syndromes". Another disruption from this course of scientific medicine occurs with the emergence of biology as a distinct science, which brought the uprising of the usual vitalistic beliefs that during in the 18th century did not totally stop to exist (G. Stahl-anima, S. Hahneman- homeopathy). However, due to the positivistic direction that the great physiologist of the 19th century, C. Bernard (who established in medicine the quantification according to the prototype of positive Sciences) and finally L. Pasteur established with the discovery of the bacterial role, strengthened again the self confidence of the classical/ scientific medicine. In 20th century, medicine gains also powers and is connected socially also with the growing pharmaceutical, but still is unable to heal satisfactory the mental / psychological illnesses; meantime, the recent specialization opened up a new horizon of medical applications (molecular biology, neurochemistry, clear understanding of the immunological-nervous-endocrinological mechanism) that are, however, part of the same mechanical model. The malpractice of this model involved attachment of medicine and politics in a programme that experimentally was performed in the Nazis camps. Again, three subsequent currents of developments questioned the medical orthodox theory during most of 20th century: S. Freud and psychoanalysis, the phenomenological medicine of E. Husserl and modern alternative medicines (homeopathy, acupuncture).
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Dinneen, Francis P. "A 17th-century account of Mohawk". Historiographia Linguistica 17, n. 1-2 (1 gennaio 1990): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.1-2.07din.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary Jacques Bruyas (c.l630-c.l701) left a set of notes on Mohawk in the late 1600s which were published in 1862. His account and work done on the language in the 20th century are compared. Where he fails to record all the sound-contrasts that are functional in the language and is unable to cope with allophones, modern workers may still disagree on how best to represent them. His lack of models for the description of a polysynthetic language, with a modest phonemic inventory, but complex morphophonemics, obscures morphemic boundaries. Bruyas had the reputation among contemporaries of being equally fluent in French and Mohawk, yet his notes fail to mention factors that are obviously frequent, complex and demanded for accurate communication. While the vocabulary in his account is perhaps better handled than in modern works, the selection is more guided by human interest than grammatical relevance.
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Parent, André. "Niels Stensen: A 17th Century Scientist with a Modern View of Brain Organization". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, n. 4 (luglio 2013): 482–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014566.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract:In 1665 the Danish scholar Niels Stensen (1638-1686) reached Paris, where he pronounced a discourse on brain anatomy that was to orient neuroscientists for years to come. In his lecture, Stensen rejected ancient speculations about animal spirits and criticized René Descartes and his followers who, despite a poor knowledge of brain anatomy, elaborated complex models to explain the multifaceted function of what he considered the principal organ of the human mind. He advocated the need for studying the brain through a comparative, developmental and pathological convergent approach and called for appropriate dissection methods and accurate illustrations. His own careful anatomical studies permitted him to precisely depict many brain structures. After pioneering works in paleontology and geology, he devoted himself to theology. In 1677 Stensen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism and, while working relentlessly as a bishop and apostolic vicar in Northern Europe, he died in self-imposed poverty at age 48.
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Rotstein, Sarah. "Hamlet and psychiatry intertwined". Australasian Psychiatry 26, n. 6 (31 maggio 2018): 648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856218779142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives: This article considers selected landmarks in the history of psychiatry and their impact on Hamlet productions, including Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholia, Emil Kraepelin’s manic-depression, Freud’s oedipal complex and R.D. Laing’s ‘divided self’. Additionally, this article considers the way Shakespeare’s Hamlet has influenced the course of psychiatry. Conclusion: The linkages between psychiatry and Hamlet have existed since the 17th century, and perhaps Shakespeare’s Hamlet should have a place on every psychiatrist’s shelf.
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Bahşi, İlhan, Murat Çetkin e Mustafa Orhan. "Anatomy of kidney: A comparative historical study". European Journal of Therapeutics 22, n. 2 (16 giugno 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/gmj.32152.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Introduction: The having extremely detailed macroscopic anatomy knowledge of the present medicine literature has been result of the information accumulation throughout the hundreds years. The numerous science hero have contributed for this purpose. The scientists being ahead of his time by their knowledge and scientific perspective have contributed worthy to development process of medicine.
Materials and Methods: The chapters related to the kidney anatomy in El-Kânûn Fi’t-Tıbb was written by İbn-i Sînâ in the 11th century, Kitab-ı Teşrihü’l-Ebdan Min e’t-Tıb is one of the first illustrated anatomy books that was written by Mansur b. Muhammed b. Ahmed in 14th century, Teşrih-ülEbdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan is the first illustrated Turkish anatomy book that was written by Şemseddîn-i İtâkî in 17th century were evaluated.
Results: The informations were compared in three books and were interpreted by the present informations. These books have contributed to development of anatomy although some of the informations in them are faulted.
Conclusion: All three books are valuable in point of showing the development of medicine. The extensive evaluation of books which have important place in history of medicine will give valuable information about development process of medicine.
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Aarsleff, Hans. "Pufendorf and Condillac on Law and Language". Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, n. 3 (2011): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x599835.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This essay argues that Pufendorf conceived the principles of natural law against the rationalism and innatism of the 17th century, and that Condillac similarly formulated a conception of the human origin of language, both of them thus securing open and human foundations for the two primal institutions of law and language, and also making all citizens free agents in the ordering of communal living.
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Wang, Zhiyi. "Leonardo Da Vinci: The Art of Anatomy in The Renaissance". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 28 (1 aprile 2024): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/wmb7hd23.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The contention of a hundred schools of thought during a cultural movement which characterised the Italian and European life from the 14th to the 17th century. During this period, artists represented by Da Vinci also conducted wonderful research in various scientific fields, among which anatomy was the most typical. The subject of this article is the achievements of Renaissance artists in the field of anatomy, exploring the beauty of combining art and science. As one of the "Three Masters of the Renaissance", Leonardo Da Vinci has made great achievements in anatomy, and has disclosed these secrets about the human body to the public with works of great artistic value. This article sorts out the events related to anatomy by making a comparative analysis of his representative works of art and other anatomy-related works of other artists in the same period, so as to fully understand the interdependent relationship between art and anatomy in the Renaissance.
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Belov, Nikita V. "The Battle of Sudbishchi in June 1555 in the appraisals of Russian chroniclers and historians of the 16th–17th centuries". Golden Horde Review 10, n. 3 (29 settembre 2022): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accepted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.
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Halawi, Wissam H. "Écrire et réécrire l’histoire druze des origines". Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 74, n. 1 (18 novembre 2020): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2020-0017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn his work ʿUmdat al-ʿārifīn, Šayḫ al-Ašrafānī, a Druze scholar living in Syria in the 11th/17th century, composed a Druze history of origins for the entire community. This universal history portrays Druzism as an inherent part of human history, like the other monotheistic doctrines. The author thus offers a theological account of the birth of Druzism by tracing a linear discourse of world history from Adam to the Druze daʿwa (preaching) in the 5th/11th century. Al-Ašrafānī also attributes an Islamic character to Druzism by drawing on the Druze sacred text as well as exegetical literature from the late 9th/15th century, while highlighting the Islamic nature of Druzism and its pre-eminence. This rewriting of history in the 11th/17th century contributed to the popularization of Druzism, as attested in other texts from the same period. While al-Ašrafānī did not greatly influence his contemporaries, his work was of considerable importance in the Druze communities of Bilād al-Šām afterwards. Indeed, ʿUmdat al-ʿārifīn had such a substantial impact on Druze historiography that it became a historical source for writing and rewriting the Druze history of origins. Despite being quoted extensively by modern Druze historians, it remains unpublished, being kept secret in the community.
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Gustafson, James, e James Speer. "Environmental Crises at the End of Safavid History: The Collapse of Iran's Early Modern Imperial Ecology, 1666–1722". International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2022): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821001082.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe 17th century was a period of transition in world history. It was marked globally by social movements emerging in response to widespread drought, famine, disease, warfare, and dislocation linked to climate change. Historians have yet to situate Safavid Iran (1501–1722) within the “General Crisis.” This article, coauthored by an environmental historian and a climate scientist, revisits primary sources and incorporates tree-ring evidence to argue that an ecological crisis beginning in the late 17th century contributed to the collapse of the imperial ecology of the Safavid Empire. A declining resource base and demographic decline conditioned the unraveling of imperial networks and the empire's eventual fall to a small band of Afghan raiders in 1722. Ultimately, this article makes a case for the connectedness of Iran to broader global environmental trends in this period, with local circumstances and human agency shaping a period of acute environmental crisis in Iran.
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Fudge, Erica. "The Animal Face of Early Modern England". Theory, Culture & Society 30, n. 7-8 (24 settembre 2013): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276413496122.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is both a work of historical reconstruction and a theoretical intervention. It looks at some influential contemporary accounts of human-animal relations and outlines a body of ideas from the 17th century that challenges what is presented as representative of the past in posthumanist thinking. Indeed, this article argues that this alternative past is much more in keeping with the shifts that posthumanist ideas mark in their departure from humanism. Taking a journey through ways of thinking that will, perhaps, be unfamiliar, the revised vision of human-animal relations outlined here emerges not from a history of philosophy but from an archival study of people’s relationships with and understandings of their livestock in early modern England. At stake are conceptions of who we are and who we might have been, and the relation between those two, and the livestock on 17th-century smallholdings are our guides.
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IJpma, F. F. A., e T. M. van Gulik. "Bidloo’s and De Lairesse’s early illustrations of the anatomy of the arm (1690): a successful collaboration between a prominent physician and a talented artist". Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, n. 1 (12 luglio 2012): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412454396.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Govard Bidloo (1649–1713) was trained as a surgeon at the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, and later in his career, he became a professor of anatomy in The Hague and Leiden. At the end of the 17th century, he performed dissections on the corpses of executed criminals to teach and study anatomy. Based on his findings, he published a magnificent anatomical atlas in 1690, entitled Ontleding des Menschelijken Lichaams ( Dissection of the Human Body). The talented painter Gerard De Lairesse, a pupil of Rembrandt, made the drawings of the anatomical dissections for the atlas in close collaboration with the dissector. The drawings of Bidloo and De Lairesse represent, in a unique and artistic way, an early series of anatomical preparations of the arm and hand from more than 300 years ago.
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Gerber, Haim. "“Palestine” and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century". International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, n. 4 (novembre 1998): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800052569.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It is a well-known anachronism of historians to treat areas within the Ottoman Empire (Egypt, Syria) as if they had a meaningful existence of their own in the prenationalist period. There is no question that before the appearance of nationalism in the later part of the 19th century the major political community was Islam, whose actual political manifestation was the Ottoman state. It is assumed that as a consequence, no other form of collective identity could exist at the time. The received wisdom on this issue may be expressed by one study of Arab nationalism which claimed:“None of the [Arab] new states was commensurate with a political community. Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine—these names derived from geography or classical history.” Yet it is possible that the debate over these issues is not yet over. One is entitled, for example, to doubt whether we know enough in social psychology to determine that the human mind is so simple that it cannot accommodate multi-faceted phenomena such as double identity, both in terms of regional Egyptian nationalism, for example, and all-inclusive Arab identity. Dichotomization makes for sharper and more impressive arguments, but sometimes it can be pushed too far and thus rendered misleading. In line with this last consideration, the argument of this paper is that though the all-inclusive identity of Middle Eastern Muslims under the Ottomans was Islamic and Ottoman first, territorial identities existed beneath them and that these territorial communities are commensurate with the modern Middle Eastern states.
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Hüllen, Werner. "Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), a little known opponent of Comenius’ Theory of Language and Language Learning". Historiographia Linguistica 23, n. 1-2 (1 gennaio 1996): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.1-2.04hul.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary Concerning the methods of language teaching, Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), one of the encyclopedic philosophers of the 17th century, stood in opposition to Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), the pedagogue of Europewide influence. He published Methodus didactica (1668) and Novum organon (1672), the latter being a universal nomenclator as they were popular in the 17th century. This nomenclator is organised according to Aristotelian categories which Becher saw expressed in word-classes. It assembles groups of synonyms in Latin and German under headwords which were taken as the simple notions, i.e., the building-blocks, of the human mind. Becher demanded didactic principles to be developed out of these linguistic assumptions. Whereas Comenius shaped his teaching methods according to the situational learning abilities of the individual, Becher regarded them as being dominated by the structures of language seen as structures of the mind, thus foreshadowing Cartesian thinking.
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Lee, Sang Kun. "The History of Neuroscience 3: Where Were the Human Mind and Soul in the 17th Century?" Epilia: Epilepsy and Community 3, n. 1 (31 marzo 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35615/epilia.2021.00171.
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Crignon, Claire. "La découverte de la circulation sanguine: révolution ou refonte?" Gesnerus 68, n. 1 (11 novembre 2011): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-06801001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The discovery of the principle of blood circulation by William Harvey is generally considered as one of the major events of the “scientific revolution” of the 17th century. This paper reconsiders the question by taking in account the way Harvey’s discovery was discussed by some contemporary philosophers and physicians, in particular Fontenelle, who insisted on the necessity of redefining methods and principles of medical knowledge, basing themselves on the revival of anatomy and physiology, and of its consequences on the way it permits to think about the human nature. This return allows us to consider the opportunity of substituting the kuhnian scheme of “structure of scientific revolutions” for the bachelardian concept of “refonte”.
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Longrigg, James. "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." British Journal for the History of Science 21, n. 4 (dicembre 1988): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740002536x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The most striking advances in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology that the world had ever known—or was to know until the seventeenth century A.D.—took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. The city was founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great. After the tatter's death in 323 B.C. and the subsequent dissolution of his empire, it became the capital of one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who established the Ptolemaic dynasty there. The first Ptolemy, subsequently named Soter (the Saviour), and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus (who succeeded him in 285 B.C.), became immensely enriched by their exploitation of Egypt and raised the city to a position of great wealth and magnificence. Anxious to enhance both their own reputation and the prestige of the kingdom, they sought to rival the cultural and scientific achievements not only of other Hellenistic rulers but even of Athens herself. Their patronage of the arts and sciences, coupled with their establishment of the Museum (an institute for literary studies and scientific research as well as a temple of the Muses), together with the Library, made the city the centre of Hellenistic culture. Philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, artists, poets and physicians were all encouraged to come and work there.
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Kiselev, Mikhail A. "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE TERM “POLITICHNYY” IN 18TH CENTURY RUSSIA: TOWARDS THE PREHISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIZATION". Ural Historical Journal 76, n. 3 (2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-84-92.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the prehistory of the emergence in the Russian political language of such an important concept for the European culture of the Modern times as civilization. In view of the historiography, the article focuses on the adjective politichnyy. In the language of Muscovy in the 16th–17th centuries, the notion of barbarians was mainly used to mean “non-Christian peoples” for whom Christians were contrasted. In the second half of the 17th century, ideas according to which barbarism was associated with a lack of knowledge and science, as well as manners, were introduced to Russia and later adopted by the elite. From this position, Russia was seen, above all, as a barbarous country. With the successes of Peter the Great reforms and the advances in the European knowledge, Russia’s status as a politichnyy nation began to be recognized, which was officially proclaimed in 1721. By the first quarter of the 19th century, the adjective politichnyy stopped being used to describe the stage of a nation’s development which opposed to barbarism. Politichnyy was used to mean “courteous”. This was due to the fact that the politichnyy stage, perceived as external assimilation of manners and knowledge, was absorbed by the idea of enlightenment, which implied interiorization of assimilated knowledge and a corresponding change in human behavior.
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Erman, Erwiza. "Remembering and Forgetting: The History of Sheikh Yusuf Struggle for Human Right". Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage 1, n. 1 (25 gennaio 2016): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31291/hn.v1i1.97.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For 300 years,. the name of Sheikh Yusuf, son of Macassar was missing from the government's attention and public intellectual as well. But when Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa,. commemorated 300 years of the arrival of Sheikh Yusuf in Cape Town in 1994, since that time government institution civil society and academics from Indonesia and South Africa have been paying to attention to remember, understand and study him from various perspectives. By using concept of remembering and forgetting, this article shows that the process of remembering by the two countries did not take place in the empty space, but rely on psychological consideration of the individuals, communities and socio-political condition from the two countries. The process of forgetting constructed by the Dutch colonial state in 17th century became inversely proportional to the action of remembering the Sheikh Yusuf by African and Indonesian officials in 20th century. The proces of remembering shows its own dynamics ranging from individuals communities to public memory. When remembering Syekh Yusuf reached state memory or public memory it became a power that can define and plan a socio-political and economic agenda for the future by the countries.
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Mizis, Yury A. "Agricultural activity of palace peasants in the 17th century (on the materials of Verkhotsenskaya volost)". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n. 5 (2023): 1258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-5-1258-1266.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Importance. The establishment of a multinational Russian state is an important goal of scientific historical research. The study of Verkhotsenskaya volost history reflects the role of the Russian and Mordovian people in the exploration of Potsenye territory in the 16th–17th centuries, the formation of the Great Russian nation. Materials and Methods. The main sources of the research is the documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts of the 17th century, scattered in different fonds, mainly of the Order-in-charge prikaz, Pomestniy prikaz, as well as the Cadastres of 1676–78. Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of Russian History. Results and Discussion. The study of agricultural activity of the Verkhotsenskaya volost peasants shows the diversity of the local population’s occupations, in which farming and wild-hive beekeeping became decisive. The region exploration was carried out under the sign of continuity of traditions of Russian farming and Mordovian wild-hive beekeeping. The presence of large stocks of river fish and wild animals on the border territory during almost the whole 17th century allowed to preserve hunting and fishing as an important occupation of the local population. Conclusion. The study of the Verkhotsenskaya volost history allows to visualize the complex process of the Great Russian nationality establishment and the formation of regional traditions. Verkhotsenskaya volost, its human and material losses during the Smolensk war of 1632–1634 became one of the main reasons for the Belgorod line construction, the beginning of which was laid by the fortifications of the Kozlovsky section and the Tambov line. Here combined the interests of the tsar to protect his fiefdom and the interests of the state.
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Baldanmaksarova, Elizaveta E. "Image of the Jungar Galdan-Boshoktu-Khan in the Novel “An Eagle Soaring in the Sky” by Mongolian Writer B. Dogmid". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 15, n. 4 (2023): 660–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2023.403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article, based on the historical novel "An Eagle Soaring in the Sky" (2021) by the modern Mongolian writer Balzhirin Dogmid (1945), examines the life and work of the Oirat-Mongolian Galdan-Boshoktu-khan (1644-1697), a major political figure of the 17th century, the ruler of Dzungar Khanate. The modern need to realize, to better comprehend the scale of the political and international events of the 17th century in Central and East Asia, which are based on the relationship between Dzungaria, Qing China, Tibet and disparate Mongolian principalities, which led to total dependence on the Manchu Qing dynasty, excites many creative minds in Mongolia today . B. Dogmid, referring in his novel to one of the brightest charismatic rulers of Mongolia in the second half of the 17th century, tells about the main directions of the “Mongolian policy” of Galdan Boshoktu Khan, focusing on the personal human qualities of his hero. The desire of Galdan-Boshoktu to unite the Mongols under the auspices of the Oirats was based on the policy of the Oirat aristocrats, pursued by them since the fall of the Yuan Empire (1368) and the formation of the Oirat Union (Durvan Oirat, XV-XVI centuries). Interest in history, which rapidly increased by the nineties of the XX century in Mongolian society, is not weakening even today. Moreover, the nature of this interest is changing, and the genre of the historical novel itself, which tells about one of the difficult periods of Mongolian history, about the life and work of an outstanding personality like Galdan-Boshoktu-Khan in evolutionary formation, in dynamics, in situations, as a rule, confusing and conflict relations with others (with Southern Mongolia, Eastern Turkestan, Qing China, Tibet, Russia) also change accordingly.
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Tropia, Anna. "Early Modern Scotists and Thomists on the Question on the Intellect’s First and Adequate Object (15th-17th Centuries)". Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 26, n. 2 (1 aprile 2020): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v26i2.12653.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper analyses the criticisms put forward by the Scotists of the 17th century to Thomas Aquinas’ commentators on the subject of the intellect’s first object. What the intellect knows first, and what the extension of human cognition is, are questions that Aquinas addressed in several places in Summa theologiae, presenting conclusions which Scotus famously criticised. From the 15th century on, observed the tendency among Aquinas’ commentators to adjust themselves to Scotus’ opinion concerning this matter. The paper includes a collection of the texts they mention and focuses on this ‘shift’ in the history of Aquinas’ readings.
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Wiersma, Lisa. "‘Colouring’ — Material Depiction in Flemish and Dutch Baroque Art Theory". Art and Perception 8, n. 3-4 (28 ottobre 2020): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-bja10005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seventeenth-century painters were masters at painting objects and beings that seem tangible. Most elaborate was painting translucent materials like skins and pulp: human flesh and grapes, for instance, require various surface effects and suggest the presence of mass below the upper layers. Thus, the viewer is more or less convinced that a volume or object is present in an illusionary space. In Dutch, the word ‘stofuitdrukking’ is used: expression or indication of material, perhaps better understood as rendering of material. In English, ‘material depiction’ probably captures this painterly means best: it includes rendering of surface effects, while revealing the underlying substance, and it implies that weight and mass are suggested. Simple strokes of paint add up to materials and things that are convincingly percieved. At first glance, material depiction hardly seems a topic in early-modern art theory, yet 17th-century painters are virtually unequalled as regards this elaborate skill. Therefore, 17th-century written sources were studied to define how these might discuss material depiction, if not distinctly. This study concerns one of many questions regarding the incredible convincingness of 17th-century material depiction: besides wondering why the illusions work (Di Cicco et al., this issue) and how these were achieved (Wiersma, in press), the question should be asked why this convincingness was sought after. Was it mere display of ability and skill? And how was material depiction perceived, valued and enjoyed? First, contemporary terminology is determined: the seemingly generic term ‘colouring’ signified the application of convincing material depiction especially — which is not as self-evident as it sounds. Second, and extensively, the reader will find that convincing or appealing material depiction was considered a reference to religion and natural philosophy.
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Kruger, Lawrence. "An Early Illustrated Comparative Anatomy of the Brain: Samuel Collins’A Systeme of Anatomy(1685) and the Emergence of Comparative Neurology in 17th Century England". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 13, n. 3 (settembre 2004): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647040490509760.
Testo completo
29
Kislov, Denis. "Management and communication ideas in the late 17th – early 19th centuries". History of science and technology 11, n. 1 (26 giugno 2021): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-1-38-53.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists in management and communication issues, but their successful epistolary and encyclopedic communication practice, starting from the third decade of the XVIII century significantly increased the self-awareness of the masses. The influence of their ideas on the possibility of progressive development of social relations, on improving the national states manageability and on how of a new type scientists were able not only to popularize knowledge, but also to practically make it an object of public communication is shown. In this context, the author considers the importance of political and legal communication problems in the vision of Charles Louis Montesquieu and analyzes the republican governance ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau as an outstanding figure of the Enlightenment, who attached great importance to the forms and methods of forming of the state governance structures. At the end of the historical period under consideration, a comparative historical analysis of the most significant statements of such thinkers as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.
30
Karić, Dženita. "Cultivating Love towards the Prophet in the Early Modern Ottoman Period: Arguments and Practice". Cultural History 12, n. 1 (aprile 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2023.0275.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article looks into one aspect of devotional piety of the early modern Ottoman period. It focuses on a manual on tashwīq, or encouragement of longing and love towards the Prophet, by a 17th century Ottoman Bosnian scholar Ḥasan Imām-zāde. Through the analysis of the components of the manual, some of the mechanisms of producing a Prophet-centred devotional habitus are fleshed out, such as argumentation of love and practices enhancing it such as the taṣliya (evoking blessings on the Prophet). In that context, love emerges as a result of a conscious effort which involves active human effort. In this way, the article points to the necessity of a more nuanced research of the devotional in Islam through the focus on the mechanisms of the cultivation of emotions. Based on the premise that emotions are not fixed and unchangeable throughout time, the textual practice of tashwīq will be set into its early modern Ottoman context, and in particular at the crossroads of Balkan-Arab mobilities of the 17th century.
31
Pożar, Przemysław. "An Unexpected Journey “from the naves to the chops”: “Macbeth”, Animal Trade, and Theatrical Experience". Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 24, n. 39 (15 marzo 2022): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.24.06.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper proposes to appreciate the play’s butcheries as an incision into the unstable character of the category of the human. The vividness of the “strange images of death” is thus analysed with reference to the cultural poetics of Elizabethan theatre including its multifarious proximity to the bear-baiting arenas and execution scaffolds. The cluster of period’s cross-currents is subsequently expanded to incorporate the London shambles and its presumed resonance for the reception of Macbeth. Themes explored in the article magnify the relatedness between human and animals, underscore the porosity of the soon to turn modern paradigms and reflect upon the way Shakespeare might have played on their malleability in order to enhance the theatrical experience of the early 17th century. Finally, the questionable authority of Galenic anatomy in the pre- Cartesian era serves as a supplementary and highly speculative thread meant to suggest further research venues.
32
Totomanova-Paneva, Maria. "Vocabulary for Human Anatomy in the Earliest Slavonic Translation of Books of Samuel and Kings". Palaeobulgarica 48, n. 1 (1 aprile 2024): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59076/2603-2899.2024.1.05.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present study aims at exploring the metaphrastic practices of the early Slavonic scribes when faced with the task of translating texts containing lexemes from the field of human anatomy and the related cultural imagery that was often hard to convey in the still young Old Bulgarian literary language. Primarily based on material from the Slavonic translation of the Books of Samuel and Kings, which occurred around the verge of the 10th century, the study also draws on examples from other relevant Old Bulgarian literary sources of the same period, such as the Old Bulgarian translation of the Erotapokriseis of Pseudo-Caesarius. The examples from the Books of Samuel and Kings are taken from the chronographic redaction of the Old Testament book as presented in the Chronograph of the Archive (Jewish Chronicle or Chronographia Judaica), a large chronographic compilation of Bulgarian origin, surviving in a 15th century Russian copy.
33
Madikova, Lidia V. "Miniature as a Source of Information about Russian Shipbuilding Culture of the 15th—17th Centuries". Observatory of Culture 20, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2023-20-1-98-111.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the study of images of boats in Russian chronicles and hagiographic miniatures of the 15th—17th centuries. Shipbuilding is an important component of Russian culture. Thus, the emergence and evolution of water transport contributed to the development of fishing, trade relations and various cultural and historical processes. Over the centuries-old history of navigation and shipbuilding, the image of a ship has acquired a sacred meaning for human. Ship motifs were at the centre of many outstanding works of fine art, literature and music. Images of ships and boats were widespread in chronicle and hagiographic miniatures. They contain a huge layer of visual information for the study of shipbuilding culture. It is visual information that is the main one for studying shipbuilding, which determines the relevance of the issue.The inclusion of miniatures in the context of the study of shipbuilding makes it possible to obtain information about the methods and technologies used in the manufacture of a water vehicle, an idea of the external appearance of the vessel, what changes it has undergone, what watercrafts were typical for a particular area in a certain period of time, etc.The novelty of the research solution is in the fact that the author, having carried out the detailed analysis of the images of ships and boats presented on Russian miniatures of the 15th—17th centuries, revealed the design features of the depicted vessels and established that the prototypes for the images were real ships that sailed in the 15th—17th centuries.The article examined water vehicles presented in the miniatures of the Koenigsberg (Radziwill) Chronicle of the 15th century, the Illuminated Compiled Chronicle of the 16th century, the Illuminated Collection of the Lives of the Vologda Saints of the 17th century, the Hagiography of Anthony of Siya of the 17th century. Moreover, the last two sources were involved in the study of the shipbuilding tradition of Russia for the first time. The author established that the images of ships in miniatures can be used as sources for studying the technologies of construction of ships of various types that existed in Medieval Russia, as well as for reconstruction of ancient ships.
34
Graffi, Giorgio. "The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists". Historiographia Linguistica 25, n. 3 (1 gennaio 1998): 257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.25.3.04gra.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary This article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that the grammaire générale tradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’s membres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.
35
Kisielienė, Dalia, Ieva Masiulienė, Linas Daugnora, Miglė Stančikaitė, Jonas Mažeika, Giedrė Vaikutienė e Rimantas Petrošius. "History of the Environment and Population of the Old Town of Klaipėda, Western Lithuania: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Last Millennium". Radiocarbon 54, n. 3-4 (2012): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047639.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Progressive stages in the development of the Old Town region of the city of Klaipėda (in German, Memel) were ascertained by analyzing archaeological and historical data combined with an analysis of pollen, diatom, plant macrofossil, and osteological findings as cross-referenced with radiocarbon measurements. The port city of Klaipėda, located on the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, was an important political, economic, and religious center during the last millennium. In addition to its environmental history, the character of human activity and urbanization of the area during the 16th–17th centuries AD were examined. The chronology of these records is based on archaeological, historical, and 14C data. The results obtained indicate the predominance of a wet boggy environment and the presence of a pond in the investigated territory of Klaipėda during the late 15th and early 16th centuries AD. The formation of a new Danė River channel created an island town, resulting in a defensible residual area for the town inhabitants. An ongoing deposition of a cultural layer began in the mid-16th century AD. Rich zooarchaeological data found in this layer provided new details on human diet and exposed a predominance of domestic animals, especially cattle. Due to intensive amelioration of this area, layers of sandy and clayey deposits were formed during the second half of the 16th century AD. A significant presence of cultivars, ruderals, and weeds were recorded, indicating substantial human activity and increasing urbanization of the landscape. According to the paleobotanical, archaeological, and historical data, the culmination of this process took place at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries AD, when residential areas were established.
36
Chang, Yen-Jung, Hsin-Chien Huang e Yuting Hsueh. "ASOMROF: A Transmedia Project of Sci-Fi Content Inspied by the Local Ethnic History for Technology Art Works". AVANCA | CINEMA, n. 14 (5 gennaio 2024): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37390/avancacinema.2023.a547.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This communication depicts the evolution and transmedia of science fiction content inspired by the immigration and land reclamation history of early Hakka people who arrived in Taiwan from China in the 17th century for technology art works, including a dancing performance that combines virtual and real dancers in real-time, as well as an augmented reality exhibition. For early determined cooperation, the project was set to be related to Hakka culture. The Hakka are one of two major ethnic groups of Han Chinese immigrants who arrived in Taiwan around the 17th century, after the Hokkien, the other major ethnic group of Han Chinese. The history of Hakka immigration and reclamation, as well as the conflict between Hakka, Hokkien, and indigenous people in Taiwan, were found to be intriguing enough to be adapted into a science fiction scenario, with the consideration of how similar the situation will be in the future when human interplanetary immigrants arrive on a new distant planet, a metaphor for the Hakka people. The story of conflict and cooperation between new immigrants, previous settlers, and original inhabitants possibly echo the collective memory of ethnic groups in eastern Asia. Furthermore, the sci-fi scenarios are expanded and adapted as a novel and manga in text and graphic form based on scientific knowledge, in keeping with the current transmedia trend in the entertainment industry.
37
Pindl, Kathrin. "Grain Policies and Storage in Southern Germany: The Regensburg Hospital (17th-19th Centuries)". Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, n. 2 (27 novembre 2018): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper is concerned with the storage policy of the citizens’ hospital of Regensburg in the Early Modern period (focus: 18th century). The main purpose consists of (1) a source-based micro-study that helps to derive insights into the mechanisms of how experiences and expectations have influenced decisions by a pre-modern institution, (2) an analytical scheme for describing and evaluating the process of decision-making based on narrative evidence, and (3) the suggestion of analytical categories. These should allow a differentiation between time-invariant human behaviour that determines economic decisions, and time-specific factors which can be used to separate possibly “pre-modern” patterns from seemingly modern-day capitalist economic performance.
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Kirti Chaudhary, Amey Dhatrak, Brij Raj Singh e Ujwal Gajbe. "Morphometry of human tricuspid valve: A cadaveric study". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n. 3 (30 luglio 2020): 4487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2675.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The cardiovascular system consists of a pump represented by the heart and blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to all parts of the body. William Harvey, in the 17th century, discovered that blood is pumped away from the heart, but it all returns to the heart after circulating in the body. A right ventricular function can be compromised by pressure or stress, often secondary to the right heart valve or muscle pathology. The valves maintain unidirectional flow and permit increased pressure to develop in the chambers. The tricuspid valve consists of three tissue flaps. It separates the right atria and the right ventricle. To measure morphometric measurements of an individual leaflet of the tricuspid valve of cadaveric human hearts. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin-fixed adult human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Maharashtra. Statistical significant difference was found for the height of anterior and posterior leaflets between male and female hearts. The length of the septal leaflet was also found to be statistically significant between male and female hearts. The study will be helpful for cardiac surgeons in providing data for tricuspid valve complex, leaflets, cords and papillary muscles.
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Osminskaya, Natalia A. "Language of Reality and Reality of Language in Francis Bacon’s Philosophy". Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, n. 3 (2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158348.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The most important of Francis Bacon’s argument against Aristotelian syllogistic logic as a main method of investigation was his doctrine of Idols, closely connected to the contemporary Anglican theological views on imperfect human nature. In his criticism of the first notion of human mind, based on mistaken abstraction, Bacon separated “ars inveniendi”, “ars judicandi” and “ars tradendi” and argued for a new nonverbal form of communication, based on “real characters”. Bacon's conventional concept of the universal language, strongly influenced by Aristotle, was not realized by the philosopher himself, but it was of great popularity in both European rationalism and British empiricism in the middle – second half of the 17th century.
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Mittwoch, Ursula. "Sex determination in mythology and history". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 49, n. 1 (febbraio 2005): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302005000100003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of ideas on how the sexes became divided spans at least three thousand years. The biblical account of the origin of Eve, and the opinions of the philosophers of classical Greece, have unexpected bearings on present-day ideas. The scientific study of sex determination can be said to have begun in the 17th century with the discovery of spermatozoa, but the origin and function of the "spermatic animalcules" eluded investigators until 1841. The mammalian egg was discovered in 1827, and in the last quarter of the century fertilization was observed. The view current at that time, that sex determination was under environmental control, gave way to the idea of chromosomal determination in the first quarter of the 20th century. The study of human and other mammalian chromosomes during the third quarter of the century, and the discovery of sex-chromosome abnormalities, emphasized the importance of the Y chromosome for male sex determination. The last quarter of the century witnessed a hunt for the "testis-determining" gene, thought to be responsible for the differentiation of Sertoli cells, and culminating in the isolation of SRY (Sry in the mouse). However, an increasing number of additional genes and growth factors were found to be required for the establishment of male sex. During the same period evidence emerged that male development was accompanied by enhanced growth, both of gonads and whole embryos. An unexpected finding was the demonstration of temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. With the advent of the 21st century, it was shown that Sry induces cell proliferation in fetal mouse gonads, and it has been suggested that male sex differentiation in mammals requires a higher metabolic rate. These insights could lead to a better understanding and improved treatment of abnormalities of sexual development.
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Pandey, Shashank, Tomas Chmelir e Magdalena Chottova Dvorakova. "Animal Models in Diabetic Research—History, Presence, and Future Perspectives". Biomedicines 11, n. 10 (20 ottobre 2023): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102852.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very serious disease, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The beginning of diabetic research can be traced back to the 17th century. Since then, animals have been experimented on for diabetic research. However, the greatest development of diabetes research occurred in the second half of the last century, along with the development of laboratory techniques. Information obtained by monitoring patients and animal models led to the finding that there are several types of DM that differ significantly from each other in the causes of the onset and course of the disease. Through different types of animal models, researchers have studied the pathophysiology of all types of diabetic conditions and discovered suitable methods for therapy. Interestingly, despite the unquestionable success in understanding DM through animal models, we did not fully succeed in transferring the data obtained from animal models to human clinical research. On the contrary, we have observed that the chances of drug failure in human clinical trials are very high. In this review, we will summarize the history and presence of animal models in the research of DM over the last hundred years. Furthermore, we have summarized the new methodological approaches, such as “organ-on-chip,” that have the potential to screen the newly discovered drugs for human clinical trials and advance the level of knowledge about diabetes, as well as its therapy, towards a personalized approach.
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Malykh, S. E. "CERAMIC PIPES-OTTOMANS FROM GIZA: ON THE HISTORY OF TOBACCO SMOKING IN THE ORIENT". Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n. 3 (13) (2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-77-89.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article analyzes 13 fragmented ceramic smoking pipes found at the eastern edge of the Eastern Field of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. The objects of the late 17th — early 20th centuries were discovered during the exploration of the rock-cut tombs of the second half of the Third millennium B.C. and the adjacent area. They testify to the human activity in the ancient necropolis in the Modern Period and demonstrate the spread of tobacco smoking in Egypt, the first of the Ottoman provinces to encounter tobacco at the end of the 16th century through the mediation of Europeans. Morphologically, the pipes from Giza can be divided into three types in the shape of a cup — lily-shaped, round-cylindrical and daffodil-shaped. The round-cylindrical pipe is attributed as the products of Cairo pottery workshops situated near the Salah ad-Din Citadel in 1730–1780. Other objects demonstrate clay and the method of decorating characteristic of the workshops of Upper Egypt, located in Asyut and Aswan; some of them relate to the early types of the late 17th — early 18th centuries, others — to the late versions of the 19th — early 20th centuries. One fragment belongs to a pipe brought from Istanbul, and refers to the so-called “Tophane style”, which is characterized by bright red clay and gilding or silvering. This elite ware were produced by Istanbul craftsmen since the end of the 18th century until 1929; the pipe found in Giza can be dated to the interval from the 1860s to the 1900s.
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Kruglova, Elena V. "EXPRESSIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE FUNCTIONS OF ORNAMENTATION IN THE 17TH CENTURY VOCAL MUSIC". Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 19, n. 6 (10 dicembre 2023): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2023-19-6-129-140.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
he demand for Baroque music on the concert stage sets high requirements for singers in terms of the performance style. At present, the issues of reproducing vocal ornamentation in ancient arias are the primary tasks. Given the lack of knowledge and skills of baroque improvisation among Russian singers, the ornamentation used often represents, in fact, only a technical aspect that the soloists are diligently trying to cope with. At the same time, ornaments often sound "empty", not expressive, not corresponding to the main purpose which is to emphasise affect. According to the instructions of the 17th century masters, the main purpose of performing music was to show the passions of the human soul. The singers’ fundamental task was to maximise the impact on the listener’s feelings and to awake affects in them through an intoned word. As a vivid expressive means, ornamentation contributed to the emphasis of certain words in the general context. Moreover, according to the instructions of teachers from the past, singers needed to convey one or another affect with the appropriate intonation of the voice. The artistic function of ornaments came down to increasing the level of performance expressiveness. Various ornamentation (melismas and passages) had to be used purely to enhance the musical statement. The proposed article is aimed at solving actual problems in the field of Baroque performance, problems related to the correct interpretation and performance of vocal ornaments in 17th century works. The historicism principle is the methodological basis of the work. Using the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the cultural and historical method of research, the author managed to recreate the historical significance of the ornament in connection with the opera traditions of the 17th century. The author's position is that for a singer, it is important to understand the figurative and expressive functions of any type of ornamentation (melismas, passages) as one of the main means of expression, contributing to revealing the composition affect, which presents scientific novelty and is the main conclusion of the article. The content and conclusions of the article will be useful to musicians, singers performing 17th century compositions for their stylistically correct interpretation, as well as in training courses on the history of vocal performance and stylistics at Performing Arts departments of music colleges and university faculties.
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Balagué, Laurent. "Pour une étude généalogique de la valeur des droits de l'homme : une opposition à l’historicisme et au racisme". Labyrinth 21, n. 1 (4 ottobre 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v21i1.169.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For a genealogical study of the value of human rights: an opposition to historicism and racism The purpose of this article is to focus on human rights as a value in itself that has to fight against other values. We would like to show that human rights have become an intrinsic value only by following a path in human history that distinguish them from historicism. Because human rights became a value through history, it is important to be able to show the lay out of this history. We will illustrate it by means of diverse philosophical theories. We will begin with Leo Strauss' philosophy of natural rights which considers human rights in their opposition to historicism. Then, with the help of Michel Foucault's genealogy we will show how human rights develop themselves against the racist theory elaborated by a fraction of the French aristocracy in the 17th century. Consequently, a tension emerges inside those rights between their natural value and their historical one, which leads to the fundamental question: what is the essence of humankind involved in human rights?
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Page-Jones, Kimberley. "From Buffon to Coleridge: Sociability and Humanity in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Comparative Anatomy". Literature & History 32, n. 2 (novembre 2023): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973231211441.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article investigates the redefinition of human and animal sociabilities in the light of comparative anatomy. Linnaeus's classification questioned and redrew the frontiers of humanity, raising new debates on what makes a being human, who or what is entitled to humanity, what corrupts humanity, and why some beings degenerate. Enlightenment anthropology, as a new science accommodating itself to philosophical inquiry, became an ideological battleground on which two representations of man's degeneracy were fought out. Was human depravity the consequences of consumption, luxury, and social needs that increasingly characterised European cultures in the eighteenth century, or was it to be understood as a result of physical degeneration, that is, alienation from the civilised world? The natural man, whether as an imaginary state or embodied in ‘wild' creatures, crystallised the anxiety about degeneration and natural forces acting upon bodies and organisms. To ring-fence humanity and distinguish it from the lower orders of nature, typically human attributes were constructed in comparative anatomy discourses. Reason, language and sociality came to characterise human behaviours while animals were deprived of any ‘social’ faculties. Through analogy, the human social group was often compared to insect communities or animal herds, clusters or shoals, yet these animal or insect assemblages were systematically studied from an anthropocentric perspective. The article weaves seemingly disparate discourses - the writings of the Comte de Buffon, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Lord Monboddo, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, William Lawrence and Samuel Taylor Coleridge - into a dialogue and debate that decisively defined the nature of human and animal sociabilities.
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Николаев, Валериан. "Эпидемии натуральной оспы в Северо-Восточной Сибири и первые попытки ее профилактики". Siberian Research 2, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33384/26587270.2019.02.003r.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Smallpox is one of the most dangerous human infectious diseases in the world, which claimed an estimated half a billion lives [1]. Smallpox reached the territory of Northeastern Siberia in the middle of the 17th century. It was spread by people from the European part of the Russian Empire. The devastating epidemics of smallpox led to the verge of extinction of entire tribal communities and small ethnic groups, especially in the Arctic. The article analyzes literary and archival materials on the history of smallpox and folk remedies used for the prevention of smallpox in the territory of Northeastern Siberia, particularly in Yakutia.
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Dobija, Mieczysław, e Jurij Renkas. "Thermodynamic constant of time passage". International Journal of Physical Research 9, n. 2 (19 novembre 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijpr.v9i2.31823.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The study of time has a long history and is still ongoing. The term formulated by Isaac Newton was coined in the 17th century, so naturally it could not relate to thermodynamics. Since the passage of time and aging are inalienable components of human experience, so Newton's concept of time was and is still alive. W.G. Leibniz and I. Kant mainly questioned the absoluteness of time. This paper introduces the definition of time and justifies the thesis that time is a thermodynamic process, flows uniformly, and the rate of passage of time is determined by a suitable natural constant.
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Piolanti, Nicola, Simone Polloni, Enrico Bonicoli, Michele Giuntoli, Michelangelo Scaglione e Pier Indelli. "Giovanni Alfonso Borelli: The Precursor of Medial Pivot Concept in Knee Biomechanics". Joints 06, n. 03 (settembre 2018): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675164.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractA new philosophy of science and medicine had spread throughout the 17th-century Italy: the “Scientific Revolution.” Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) was one of the most charismatic and brilliant scientists of his generation in Europe. He extended to biology the rigorous analytic methods developed by his indirect mentor Galileo in the field of mechanics. In his masterpiece “De Motu Animalium,” Borelli analyzed structure, motion, balance, and forces concerning almost all the principal joints of the human body, in static and dynamic situations. In particular, he accurately studied the anatomy and biomechanics of the knee joint. He sustained that femoral condyles shift backward during flexion, allowing a wider range of movement. Furthermore, he observed that, when the knee flexes, the lateral condyle moves backward more than the medial condyle: this concept is nowadays known as medial pivoting. The aim of this article is to describe the life and work of this important Italian scientist and to present his unrecognized contribution to modern knee biomechanics.
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Witthaus, Jan-Henrik. "Provecho e interés. El pensamiento económico entre las narrativas picarescas y la Ilustración. Aproximación a una historia conceptual continuada desde el Siglo de Oro hasta la Ilustración". Volume 60 · 2019 60, n. 1 (14 novembre 2019): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ljb.60.1.243.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The category of interest has formed part of the economic discourse since the 17th century and in this context adopts a variety of meanings, for instance the interest of credits or the individual advantages of a business or a contract. Conceptual history, however, points out that this concept has a strategic function within the introduction of economic sciences in the Enlightenment: the sublimation of passions which turns them into economic interests and which helps to improve the mutual treatment of human beings in society. The following article provides a short overview showing the evolution of the category of interest from the picaresque literature to the treaties and articles published in the context of the first liberalism in Spain that is to say the second half of the 18th century.
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Korol’kova, Ol’ga A. "The work of Pieter Post in the context of the development of classicism in Dutch painting of the 17th century". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, n. 2 (47) (2021): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2021-2-164-168.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The author studied the pictorial heritage of the Dutch artist and architect of the 17th century Pieter Post. In the scientific works of Russian art critics, the master’s work is mentioned in the context of his collaboration with the famous architect Jacob van Campen, even though Post is no less significant in the history of art. This article proposes to concentrate on the analysis of the artist’s canvases, tracing the evolution of his creative manner, which was formed under the influence of the art of the Italians and landscape painters of Holland, which is especially noticeable in the first paintings of Post. With the development of skill, the artist acquires his own style, characterized by an attempt to symmetrically build a composition, the predominance of line over color, the specificity of the interpretation of the human figure, which is due to the spread of the ideas of classicism in Dutch art. The main part of the artistic heritage of Pieter Post is made up of architectural monuments created in the classicist style, however, based on the study of the master’s painting, one can trace the stages of the formation of classicism in Holland in the 17th century and the formation the individual style of Post.