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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Household exposures"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 26 ottobre 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Household exposures"

Xie, Muxing, Chunrong Jia, Yawei Zhang, Beibei Wang, Ning Qin, Suzhen Cao, Liyun Zhao, Dongmei Yu e Xiaoli Duan. "Household Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among Chinese Children: Status, Determinants, and Co-Exposures". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 15 (30 luglio 2020): 5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155524.

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Smoking prevalence stays high among adults in China, which also makes children exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) in their households. This study aimed to investigate the status of SHS exposure among Chinese children, identify the influencing factors, and determine “co-exposure” to tobacco and other smokes in households. A total of 41,439 children aged 6–17 years were recruited from 30 provinces in Mainland China through the first Chinese Environmental Exposure-Related Human Activity Model Survey for Children (CEERHAPS-C). Information regarding children’s demographics, socioeconomic status, and exposures to SHS and solid fuel smoke (SFS) in households was collected using a comprehensive questionnaire. Factors that affected exposures to household smokes were identified using multivariable logistic regressions. The overall prevalence of household SHS exposure was 41.7%, and the average duration was 14.7 ± 14.6 min/day among the exposed participants. Prevalence of household SHS exposure increased among children in older age groups and with parents in lower education levels. Among SHS-exposed children, 34% had co-exposure to SFS, and they had a significantly higher risk of co-exposure than non-SHS exposed children (odds ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.061, 1.162). The prevalence of household SHS exposure remains high among school-age children, suggesting the need to develop and implement smoking-free home programs.

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Friedman, Esther, Vicki Freedman e Sarah Patterson. "FAMILIES AND DEMENTIA: ESTIMATES AND EXPOSURES". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1 dicembre 2023): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0346.

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Abstract Roughly 10 to 20% of older adults in the U.S. have dementia, which could have implications for their families and household members, who are likely to be called upon to provide care. Yet, it is not clear how many families and households include someone with dementia. This study provides national level estimates of families and households with an older adult with possible dementia using the 2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Consistent with prior work, we find that 21.5% of older adults 65+ have possible dementia. Moreover, more than a quarter (26.3%) of households with an adult aged 65+ include an older adult with dementia, and 37.0% of extended family networks (with at least one adult aged 65+) have at least one older adult with dementia. Individual-level stratification of dementia by racial-ethnic group and socioeconomic status translates directly to household- and family-level patterns. For instance, households and families with an older adult who is either Black or Hispanic or does not hold a college degree are more likely to include at least one person with possible dementia. These findings have implications for the extent to which American families and households include someone with dementia, which comes with a risk of serving as a caregiver as well as possible implications for health and well-being. Our findings also establish important baseline estimates that can be measured against future estimates, for instance those post COVID-19.

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Arıcı, MA, D. Ozdemir, NC Oray, M. Buyukdeligoz, Y. Tuncok e S. Kalkan. "Evaluation of caustics and household detergents exposures in an emergency service". Human & Experimental Toxicology 31, n. 6 (10 giugno 2011): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111412803.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the caustic and household detergent exposure cases were admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine at Dokuz Eylul University Hospital (EMDEU) between 1993 and 2008. Methods: Age, sex, reason of exposure, clinical signs, rate of endoscopy in oral exposures, treatment attempts, length of hospital stay and outcome were evaluated. A chi-square test was used to analyse statistical differences. Results: Caustic exposures accounted for 8.5% (1160 cases) and 4.1% (1988 cases) of all poisonings in children and adults, respectively. Female/male ratio of caustic exposure poisonings was 0.8. Most of the exposures were unintentional (158, 86.8%). Intentional exposures were common in cases between 19 and 29 years old (χ2 = 25.685, p < 0.001). The most common caustic substance was alkaline (106, 58.3%) followed by acidic (47, 25.8%) and other household detergents (28, 15.4%). Vomiting (35.7%), nausea (14.8%) and sore throat (13.1%) were the most common clinical signs. The patients who had endoscopy, the most frequent finding was first-degree damage (58.7%). A 48-year-old man died from intentional hydrochloric acid ingestion. Conclusion: Because of the large number of unintentional caustic exposures, parent education is very important to decrease the caustic exposures in children.

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Abe, Makoto. "A Household-Level Television Advertising Exposure Model". Journal of Marketing Research 34, n. 3 (agosto 1997): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379703400308.

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The author proposes a household-level television advertising exposure model for media planning that is based on household exposure records. Consistent with the industry practice, managerial input of advertising for the model is gross rating points (GRP) for each “daypart” and week. Exposures of each household within each daypart during each week follow a Poisson process with a distinct rate, which is inferred from the household's past exposure history after accounting for the advertising intensity. Because exposure pattern is computed at the household-level, the model accounts for audience accumulation of dayparts combination, which has a considerable managerial importance in media planning. The model is shown to fit the observed exposure pattern well at both disaggregate and aggregate levels. Applications illustrate the effect of changing the level of GRP on reach and frequency and advertising efficacy of different day-parts. The author implements reallocation of the current level of GRP among dayparts using the “greedy algorithm” to improve reach.

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Thornton, Stephen L., Lisa Oller, Kathy White, Doyle Coons e Elizabeth Silver. "2020 Annual Report of the Kansas Poison Control Center at The University of Kansas Health System". Kansas Journal of Medicine 15, n. 2 (17 maggio 2022): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol15.16291.

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Introduction. This is the 2020 Annual Report of the Kansas Poison Control Center (KSPCC) at The University of Kansas Health System. The KSPCC receives calls from the public, law enforcement, health care professionals, and public health agencies.Methods. Encounters reported to the KSPCC from 01/01/2020 through 12/31/2020 were analyzed for caller location, demographics, exposure substance, nature of exposure, route of exposure, interventions, medical outcome, and location of care. Encounters were classified as human or animal exposure, confirmed non-exposure, or information call (no exposure).Results. There were 19,780 total encounters, including 18,492 human exposure cases. These cases were primarily female (53.6%, n = 9,911) and pediatric (19 years of age or less). (59.5%, n = 10,995). Acute cases (82.7%, n = 15,294), unintentional exposures (73.8%, n = 13,643) and ingestions (85.9%, n = 15,901) were most common. The most common reported substance was household cleaning products (n = 937) in pediatric (children ≤ 5) and analgesics (n = 1,335) in adults. An increase in exposures to disinfectants and household cleaning products was seen. Moderate (n = 1,812) or major (n=482) clinical outcomes were seen in 12.4% of cases. There were 18 deaths in 2020 reported to the KSPCC.Conclusions. Over 18,400 exposures were managed by the KSPCC in 2020. Pediatric exposures remained the most common encounter. An increase in exposures to disinfectants and other household cleaning products was seen. This report supports the continued value of the KSPCC to both public and acute health care in the state of Kansas.

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Hurd-Kundeti, Glorietta, Anne Berit Petersen, Khamphithoun Somsamouth e Pramil N. Singh. "Air Pollution in a Nationally Representative Sample: Findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey of Lao PDR". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 18 (19 settembre 2019): 3500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183500.

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In Southeast Asia, household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a risk which is compounded by exposure to other sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution including secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). The purpose of this study was to measure the individual and combined prevalence of exposure to household and community sources of air pollution in a national sample of adults in Lao PDR. We analyzed data from the 2012 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATSL) of Lao PDR—a multi-stage stratified cluster sample of 9706 subjects from 2822 households located in all 17 provinces. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of exposure to household air pollution from cooking fires (78%) and SHS exposure in the home (74.5%). More than a third (32.8%) reported exposure to both inside the home. Exposure to outdoor sources of smoke from cooking, trash, and crop fires was substantial (30.1% to 56.0%). The aggregation of exposures from multiple sources of household air pollution raises the need for initiatives that establish programmatic linkages in the health, environmental, and agricultural sectors to provide a comprehensive strategy to reduce risk factors for respiratory disease in Lao PDR and the region.

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Chowdhury, Sourangsu, Sagnik Dey, Sarath Guttikunda, Ajay Pillarisetti, Kirk R. Smith e Larry Di Girolamo. "Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n. 22 (15 aprile 2019): 10711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900888116.

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Exposures to ambient and household fine-particulate matter (PM2.5) together are among the largest single causes of premature mortality in India according to the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD). Several recent investigations have estimated that household emissions are the largest contributor to ambient PM2.5 exposure in the country. Using satellite-derived district-level PM2.5 exposure and an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions), we estimate the benefit in terms of population exposure of mitigating household sources––biomass for cooking, space- and water-heating, and kerosene for lighting. Complete mitigation of emissions from only these household sources would reduce India-wide, population-weighted average annual ambient PM2.5 exposure by 17.5, 11.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Using GBD methods, this translates into reductions in Indian premature mortality of 6.6, 5.5, and 0.6%. If PM2.5 emissions from all household sources are completely mitigated, 103 (of 597) additional districts (187 million people) would meet the Indian annual air-quality standard (40 μg m−3) compared with baseline (2015) when 246 districts (398 million people) met the standard. At 38 μg m−3, after complete mitigation of household sources, compared with 55.1 μg m−3 at baseline, the mean annual national population-based concentration would meet the standard, although highly polluted areas, such as Delhi, would remain out of attainment. Our results support expansion of programs designed to promote clean household fuels and rural electrification to achieve improved air quality at regional scales, which also has substantial additional health benefits from directly reducing household air pollution exposures.

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Hosgood, H. Dean, Madelyn Klugman, Keitaro Matsuo, Alexandra J. White, Atsuko Sadakane, Xiao-Ou Shu, Ruy Lopez-Ridaura et al. "The Establishment of the Household Air Pollution Consortium (HAPCO)". Atmosphere 10, n. 7 (23 luglio 2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070422.

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Household air pollution (HAP) is of public health concern, with ~3 billion people worldwide (including >15 million in the US) exposed. HAP from coal use is a human lung carcinogen, yet the epidemiological evidence on carcinogenicity of HAP from biomass use, primarily wood, is not conclusive. To robustly assess biomass’s carcinogenic potential, prospective studies of individuals experiencing a variety of HAP exposures are needed. We have built a global consortium of 13 prospective cohorts (HAPCO: Household Air Pollution Consortium) that have site- and disease-specific mortality and solid fuel use data, for a combined sample size of 587,257 participants and 57,483 deaths. HAPCO provides a novel opportunity to assess the association of HAP with lung cancer death while controlling for important confounders such as tobacco and outdoor air pollution exposures. HAPCO is also uniquely positioned to determine the risks associated with cancers other than lung as well as nonmalignant respiratory and cardiometabolic outcomes, for which prospective epidemiologic research is limited. HAPCO will facilitate research to address public health concerns associated with HAP-attributed exposures by enabling investigators to evaluate sex-specific and smoking status-specific effects under various exposure scenarios.

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Bennett, Breana, Tomomi Workman, Marissa N. Smith, William C. Griffith, Beti Thompson e Elaine M. Faustman. "Characterizing the Neurodevelopmental Pesticide Exposome in a Children’s Agricultural Cohort". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 5 (25 febbraio 2020): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051479.

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The exposome provides a conceptual model for identifying and characterizing lifetime environmental exposures and resultant health effects. In this study, we applied key exposome concepts to look specifically at the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome, which focuses on exposures to pesticides that have the potential to cause an adverse neurodevelopmental impact. Using household dust samples from a children’s agricultural cohort located in the Yakima Valley of Washington state, we identified 87 individual pesticides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 47 of these have evidence of neurotoxicity included in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (re)registration materials. We used a mixed effects model to model trends in pesticide exposure. Over the two study years (2005 and 2011), we demonstrate a significant decrease in the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome across the cohort, but particularly among farmworker households. Additional analysis with a non-parametric binomial analysis that weighted the levels of potentially neurotoxic pesticides detected in household dust by their reference doses revealed that the decrease in potentially neurotoxic pesticides was largely a result of decreases in some of the most potent neurotoxicants. Overall, this study provides evidence that the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome framework is a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions in reducing exposure as well as setting priorities for future targeted actions.

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Dai, Xin, Shyamali C. Dharmage e Caroline J. Lodge. "The relationship of early-life household air pollution with childhood asthma and lung function". European Respiratory Review 31, n. 165 (7 settembre 2022): 220020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0020-2022.

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The increase in childhood asthma over the past few decades has made it an important public health issue. Poor lung function growth associated with some phenotypes of asthma compounds its long-term impact on the individual. Exposure to early-life household risk factors is believed to be linked with respiratory health while infants’ lungs are still developing. This review summarises epidemiological studies and mechanistic evidence focusing on the detrimental effects of early-life household air exposures on the respiratory health of children, in particular effects on asthma and lung function. Many early-life household air exposures, including tobacco smoke, gases from heating and cooking, mould/dampness and cleaning products are associated with childhood asthma development and lung function growth. These exposures may alter structural and mechanical characteristics of infants’ lungs and contribute to deficits in later life. In addition, some risk factors, including tobacco smoke and cleaning products, can transmit effects across generations to increase the risk of asthma in subsequent generations. This review supports the hypothesis that risks of asthma and accelerated lung ageing are established in early life. The timing of exposure may be critical in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, in terms of future risk of asthma and reduced lung function in adults.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Household exposures"

Best, Katherine. "The cumulative effects of victimization, community violence, and household dysfunction on depression and suicide ideation in a cohort of adolescent females". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002594.

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Brown, C. W. "Household dust and respiratory allergy : a study of household dust exposure and respiratory allergy in UK households". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843797/.

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This thesis is designed to explore the hypothesis that settled dust in a domestic environment can contain significant levels of allergens and that common cleaning methods employed to remove dust can result in sufficient airborne exposure to potentially trigger an allergic reaction. Qualitative feedback from respondents in studies of furniture dusting habits indicated that household furniture dusting could elicit an allergic response. A consumer questionnaire was fielded to confirm the problem and it's magnitude. This indicated that it affected approximately 20% of allergy sufferers (or approximately 5% of the total UK population). Further work was performed to estimate the level of allergen exposure during dusting. Additional consumer research was fielded to ascertain the surface area being dusted, (approximately 54000cm2 for frequently dusted areas and 10000cm2 for frequently dusted areas). Domestic dusting habits were probed for the relative frequency of dusting method, which split evenly between dry dusting, wet dusting with water and wet dusting with a furniture polish. Surface sampling techniques were adapted to make in-home measurements of the rate of dust settling which was found to be approximately 3.19x10 -7 g.cm-2,day-1. In-home sampling was also undertaken to measure the mean allergen content of surface dust for major allergens, yielding 24667ng.g-1 combined dust mite, 47696ng.g-1 Fel d 1 and approximately 126 8 08ng.g-1 Can f 1. Laboratory-based studies determined the relative amount of dust rendered airborne during dusting of different furniture surface types and comparing different cleaning methods. This was found to be between 2.3- 43.0%. From these experiments, a model "average" home was constructed and used to estimate the exposure towards dust allergens during a typical dusting task. Exposure was estimated to be as much as 16500ng total dust mite, 124000 mug (31000 mU) cat allergen and 275000 ng (IU) dog allergen per dusting method. These results indicated that allergen exposure, under certain circumstances, could exceed the threshold levels that have been proposed for the onset of sensitisation.

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Mao, Aimei. "Exploring children's exposure to household tobacco smoke in rural China". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/6153/.

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Gender differences are marked in China in terms of smoking prevalence, with over half of Chinese adult men smoking while few women smoke. While studies have suggested that the women’s role be taken into account regarding anti-smoking initiatives, few in-depth studies have exclusively explored women’s constructions of their male family members’ smoking, particularly in rural contexts where smoking is rampant. Using a gender lens, the current study explores the role of mothers of young children to protect their children from exposure to SHS (Secondhand smoke). The study applies a micro-sociological approach using ethnography as the primary research methodology. Fieldwork for the study was conducted between November, 2008 and August, 2009 in a rural area of Central Jiangsu, China. Recruitment of the participants was guided by feminist theory about the values and limitations of the women’s experiences in constructing knowledge about their social life. While mothers of young children were the primary target participants, other family members were also recruited to complement the data from the mothers. In total 16 mothers of young children, four fathers, four grandfathers and five grandmothers were invited to participate in the study. In addition to field observations in home and public settings, interviews carried out with the 29 family members constituted a substantial part of the data. The study revealed that, while father’s smoking was a source of SHS exposure for children in their family, grandfathers’ smoking had become a more important source, posing challenges for mothers in their efforts to protect their children from SHS. Despite limited knowledge about the risks of tobacco smoke to their children’s health, mothers were highly motivated to reduce SHS for their children, who were generally the only child in the family as a result of the one-child policy. The initiation and selection of the strategies to reduce children’s SHS exposure were mediated by gender relationships between mothers and smokers. The lower status of women in the wider social structure, along with the broad acceptance of smoking in the social environment, further limited mothers’ agency in dealing with home smoking. This study calls for re-thinking of the development of home smoking control initiatives which rely solely on expectant/mothers’ roles because of their influence on men’s smoking. Interventions involving family members in a stronger position of power within the family, particularly the grandparents of children, can ease the moral pressure on young mothers to regulate men’s smoking and reduce the potential damage to family harmony caused by junior members’ confronting the smoking behaviours of patriarchal authorities in the family. Furthermore, policies are needed to tackle the pro-smoking culture in rural China.

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Heijnen, M. "Shared sanitation facilities versus individual household latrines : use, pathogen exposure and health". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2145998/.

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A large and growing proportion of the world’s population rely on shared sanitation facilities. These have historically been excluded from international sanitation targets due to concerns about acceptability, hygiene and access. With the development of new targets and indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals, it has been proposed to include shared facilities as ‘improved’ sanitation based on the number of users, if the facility is of an ‘improved’ technology and if the users are known to each other. The aim of this research was threefold: i) to provide an overview of the available evidence on shared sanitation and outcomes related to health, access, use, operation and maintenance, gender and cost, ii) to describe the geographic and demographic scope of shared sanitation globally, and iii) to develop and pilot methods exploring factors that may explain any increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with shared sanitation. Results from a systematic literature review on shared sanitation and health showed that households accessing shared sanitation facilities were more likely to suffer from ill-health, specifically diarrhoea. However, the methodological quality of the available studies was limited. The global analysis of household survey data showed that households sharing sanitation facilities were poorer, less educated and more likely to live in urban areas. The majority of households accessing shared sanitation were found in Africa and South-East Asia. The results from the literature review and household survey data led to the development of a cross-sectional study in Orissa, India. This study aimed to assess differences in shared and private sanitation access in 30 slums—both in terms of the users and the actual facilities. Results from this study show that households accessing shared sanitation were poorer, less educated and less likely to have water access in or near their home. In addition, significant differences in terms of cleanliness and presence of water were observed between private and shared facilities. Users of shared sanitation were more likely to continue practicing open defecation and significantly more cases of diarrhoea were reported by individuals living in these households. The underlying reasons for this potential increased risk of disease for users of shared sanitation are not clear, but the type of users, cleanliness of facilities and opportunities to practice good hygiene are all expected to play a role. As such, these factors may also be of importance, in addition to the number of users and sanitation technology, if a shared sanitation facility is expected to be considered ‘improved’ sanitation in future monitoring targets.

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Pacheco, Da Silva Emilie. "Utilisation à domicile de produits de nettoyage et santé respiratoire – évolution de cet usage, en lien avec la pandémie de COVID-19 – dans trois cohortes françaises". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASR015.

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L'usage à domicile de Produits de Nettoyage et de Désinfection (PND) contenant des irritants et ceux utilisés sous forme de spray est un facteur de risque établi d'asthme. En conséquence, les consommateurs pourraient rechercher des alternatives potentiellement moins nocives et utiliser des lingettes, des produits écologiques ou des produits faits maison. Cependant, aucune étude épidémiologique n'a examiné les effets sur l'asthme associés à l’usage à domicile de ces PND. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'évaluer les associations entre l'usage à domicile de différents PND et l’asthme par des approches transversales et longitudinales. Nos analyses ont porté sur les données de trois cohortes françaises : CONSTANCES, NutriNet-Santé et EGEA, dans lesquelles l'usage à domicile de PND et l'asthme ont été évalués par questionnaires standardisés. Ces travaux de thèse ont confirmé l’augmentation de l’usage de PND pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Nous avons observé qu'un usage hebdomadaire de lingettes et de produits écologiques était associé à l'asthme actuel et à l'asthme non contrôlé (analyses transversales). Cependant, un usage hebdomadaire de produits faits maison n’était pas associé à l’asthme. Un usage hebdomadaire persistant et augmenté d'irritants/sprays ainsi que de produits écologiques était associé à une augmentation du risque de détérioration ou d’incidence de l’asthme (analyses longitudinales). Les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent pour la première fois que l’usage à domicile de lingettes et de produits écologiques est à risque pour l’asthme, alors que l’usage de produits faits maison ne semble pas être délétère pour l’asthme. Pour la prévention primaire et secondaire de l’asthme, d’autres études sont nécessaires afin d’identifier spécifiquement les composés à l’origine de ces effets néfastes sur la santé respiratoire, en particulier ceux contenus dans les produits écologiques
The household use of Disinfectant and Cleaning Products (DCPs) containing irritants, and those used in a spray form is an established asthma risk factor. In consequence, consumers might seek for potentially less harmful alternatives, and turn to wipes, green products or homemade products. However, no epidemiological study investigated the effects on asthma associated with the household use of these DCPs. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the household use of various DCPs and asthma. Our analyses were based on data from three French cohorts: CONSTANCES, NutriNet-Santé, and EGEA, in which household use of DCPs and asthma were assessed using standardized questionnaires. This thesis work confirmed the increased use of DCPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We observed that a weekly use of wipes and green products was associated with current asthma and uncontrolled asthma (cross-sectional analyses). However, a weekly use of homemade products was not associated with current asthma. A persistent and an increased weekly use of both irritants/sprays and green products was associated with a higher risk of deterioration or incidence of asthma (longitudinal analyses). The results of this thesis suggest for the first time that the household use of wipes and green products is at risk for asthma, whereas the use of homemade products did not seem to have an impact on asthma. For asthma primary and secondary prevention, further studies are needed to specifically identify the compounds causing these adverse effects on respiratory health, particularly those contained in green products

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Kasie, Tesfahun Asmamaw. "Household resilience to food insecurity: shock exposure, livelihood strategies & risk response options". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/525850.

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The purpose of this study is to contribute to efforts to measuring and assessing resilience properties of household livelihoods, constructed in the risky environments, explaining why some households are more resilient than others. Based on resilience theory as applied to social-ecological systems with an application of Modern Portfolio Theory, this study adapted and measure the four properties of resilient livelihood systems and tested the expected relationships between system properties. It also examines risk coping behaviors of households and its role in shaping resilience trajectories of livelihoods towards a positive food security outcome. This study suggests that the major source of poor household resilience is both structurally constrained adaptive capacity and high shock exposure. Therefore, resilience programs that are designed in a similar risk prone and chronically food insecure districts of the country, should promote risk reduction measures while implementing programs designed to address structural causes of food insecurity.
El propósito de este estudio es contribuir a los esfuerzos para medir y evaluar las propiedades de resiliencia de los medios de vida de los hogares, construidos en entornos de riesgo, explicando por qué algunos hogares son más resistentes que otros. Basado en la teoría de la resiliencia aplicada a los sistemas socioecológicos con la aplicación de Modern Portfolio Theory, este estudio adapta y mide las cuatro propiedades de los sistemas de medios de vida resilientes y prueba las relaciones esperadas entre las propiedades del sistema.

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Chattopadhyay, Jacqueline. "Representation and Household Risk Exposure: Attention to Access and Quality in Domestic Policy". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10196.

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This project defines a concept, “attention to quality,” and proposes that legislative attention to quality is a dependent variable that political science can use to evaluate the content of representation the political system offers, specifically to trace a means by which politics may influence household exposure to financial risk and possibly income inequality. Upstream of regulation or other formal policy solutions, attention to quality is observable consideration of the possibility that a good poses risk, or fails to shield consumers from risk, due to features of its own design. The project studies congressional attention to quality for three privately-vended, middle-class goods with the capacity to impact household risk exposure: health insurance, home loans, and prescription drugs. It also examines attention to quality in risk-modulating pieces of the welfare-state, taking Medicare as an example. The project explicitly contrasts attention to quality with attention to access for each good. Second, based on original datasets, this project reports robust evidence that legislative attention to access exceeds legislative attention to quality for the privately vended goods, particularly insurance and loans. It finds the reverse true of welfare-state goods. In doing so, the project contributes new quantitative evidence to the emergent body of research in American politics on how political processes, as opposed to strictly the macro-economy, may influence household financial insecurity. Third, the project makes progress in uncovering the underpinnings of quality attention. It finds senator attention to quality linked to partisan considerations—particularly the other political party’s degree of dominance in quality talk—in ways that appear to depress quality attention for privately-vended goods but buoy it for welfare-state goods. Quality’s visibility to the public appears to heighten the degree to which legislators consider the other party’s degree of dominance in quality talk when deciding whether to give quality attention. These patterns occur against a backdrop of what appears to be electorally-minded access attention: incumbents attend to the access facet of privately-vended goods as reelection dates approach, while not exhibiting such behavior around the quality facet. These findings have implications for research on congressional agenda setting and representation.

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Stolfi, Adrienne. "Modeling the Pathways of Manganese (Mn) Exposure from Air, Soil, and Household Dust to Biomarker Levels in 7-9 Year Old Children Residing Near a Mn Refinery". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592133090389903.

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Van, Vliet Eleanne D. S. "Household Air Pollution Exposures and Respiratory Health Among Women in Rural Ghana". Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8P26ZCQ.

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Approximately 3 billion people in developing countries rely on solid fuels for their cooking, heating and lighting needs (Smith 2000). Household air pollution (HAP) from the incomplete combustion of these fuels constitutes the fourth leading risk factor for death and morbidity worldwide, and the number one risk factor for disease burden in some developing nations, including Ghana (Lim et al. 2013; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2016). While research shows biomass fuel combustion presents a significant global health and environmental burden, no regional, national or global policies have been enacted to reduce fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) emissions from cooking with biomass fuels. More data on personal exposures to particulate matter and BC from cooking with biomass are needed across geographic areas to assess whether exposure is mediated by (cultural) cooking customs, practices and behaviors. These data are critical in informing improved cookstove design as well as policies aimed at reducing harmful emissions and exposures from biomass smoke. The overall objective of this proposal is to examine personal exposures to cooking and non-cooking sources of HAP, characterize the elemental composition of the fine particulate matter across two common biomass fuels (charcoal and wood), and assess acute respiratory symptoms in pregnant women cooking with biomass fuels in rural Ghana. Through aerosol monitoring of PM2.5, our goal is to identify and apportion sources of personal exposures borne by cooks in rural Ghana, in order to inform mitigation policies and intervention design to alleviate health burden associated with cooking with biomass fuels. Specifically, in Aim 1 we propose to measure personal exposures and kitchen air concentrations of PM2.5 and BC across cooking locations, (i.e. enclosed, semi-enclosed, outdoor) and assess cooking characteristics (e.g. fuel, kitchen type, ethnicity) as possible determinants of exposure. In Aim 2, we will characterize the elemental composition of personal and kitchen air samples across fuel and kitchen types. These two aims will allow us to assess cooking and non-cooking sources of personal HAP exposure based on air monitoring data, composition of the filters, and survey-based cooking characteristics/demographics. In Aim 3, we propose to characterize the prevalence of adult respiratory symptoms in 1183 pregnant women in the region, and assess associations between personal exposure, measured by personal carbon monoxide (CO), and other cooking and non-cooking determinants of personal exposure, including fuel type, years cooked, kerosene lamp, mosquito coils, and charcoal production.

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Trapp, Brittany Megan. "The effects of household corrosive substances on restored and non-restored teeth". Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/30885.

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A gap in the literature exists regarding the chemical effects of household acids at different concentrations on restored and non-restored dentition. The present study examines the effects of household corrosive products on human dentition. A total of 105 adult teeth consisting of restorations composed of silver amalgam, porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, and teeth lacking restorative material were used. The household products utilized were hydrochloric acid (Clorox® Bleach Cleaner and The Works® Toilet Bowl Cleaner) and sulfuric acid (Drano® Drain Opener and Watchdog® Battery Acid), along with one control base (Biz® Detergent). Teeth were radiographed before and after exposure to the products and were removed from the solutions after 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 72, 120 and 264 hours. Documentation included weight, mesiodistal and buccolingual crown measurements, ordinal scoring of alterations, and photography. The results indicate 86% of the teeth could be positively identified by radiographs after exposure. Hydrochloric acid had the most destructive effects to teeth without restorations and those with silver amalgam restorations but had a minimal effect on the porcelain-fused-to-metal samples. Sulfuric acid minimally altered the restored teeth and deteriorated some parts of the enamel and dentin of the non-restored samples. Exposure to the detergent resulted in no change. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine if there was statistical relevance in acid type, acid concentration, and the type of restoration of the tooth. Results indicate that acid type, acid concentration and the type of restoration are all statistically relevant for positively identifying an individual through radiographs. The results of this study demonstrate that various household corrosive substances can affect the morphology of teeth, and in some cases, destroy teeth, which could mask the identification of an individual. However, the porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns were minimally affected by corrosive agents and can therefore be used for positive identifications.

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Libri sul tema "Household exposures"

Eleanne D.S. Van Vliet. Household Air Pollution Exposures and Respiratory Health Among Women in Rural Ghana. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2016.

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Wallace, Lance A. Estimating contributions of outdoor fine particles to indoor concentrations and personal exposures: Effects of household characteristics and personal activities. Research Triangle Park, N.C: National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.

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Dadd-Redalia, Debra. Let's stop poisoning our children: How exposure to common household products can make your children sick. Littleton, Colo: RM Barry Publications, 2005.

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Pescatori, Andrea. Incomplete markets and households' exposure to interest rate and inflation risk: Implications for the monetary policy maker. Cleveland, Ohio]: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2007.

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Balakrishnan, Kalpana. Indoor air pollution associated with household fuel use in India: An exposure assessment and modeling exercise in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Washington (D.C.): World Bank, ESMAP, 2004.

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Samet, Jonathan M., e Aaron J. Cohen. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0017.

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A wide variety of manmade and naturally occurring air pollutants are known to cause cancer. Diverse exposures such as tobacco smoke, radionuclides (radon), chemicals (benzene, mustard gas, and volatile organic compounds), fibers (asbestos), and metals and metalloids (chromium, nickel, and arsenic) have long been classified as carcinogenic to humans. Historically, these classifications were based predominantly on high levels of exposure in occupational settings. Over the last thirty to forty years, scientific attention has focused on quantifying the adverse health effects of indoor and outdoor air pollutants at exposure levels several orders of magnitude lower than were studied initially. These include secondhand smoke, household exposure to radon, residential and environmental exposure to asbestos, soot from diesel-powered engines, ambient exposures to small particles (PM2.5), and indoor air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal. This chapter provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies of air pollutants and cancer.

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Weis, Christopher P., e Donald E. Tillitt. Chemical Water Pollution and Human Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0005.

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Human activities associated with environmental degradation are threatening urban and rural water supplies throughout the world. Although water quality in the United States surpasses that in most of the world, increasing challenges from an aging infrastructure, poorly controlled disposal of pharmaceuticals, household chemical products, and biologically active industrial chemicals are causing widespread degradation. Toxicology studies have highlighted the role of chronic, low-level chemical exposures of children in the development of disease later in life and demonstrated the chemicals’ epigenetic effects. Despite billions of dollars spent annually to purify diminishing water resources, most purified water is used for waste disposal a for agricultural and industrial processes that do not necessarily require good-quality water. Chapter 5 addresses some of the current threats to water supplies and proposes approaches to increase awareness and provide solutions for the protection of human and environmental health.

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Maier, Harry O. The Household and Its Members. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190264390.003.0005.

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The chapter describes the Greco-Roman and Jewish household, including its members, customs, domestic rituals, and gender roles, along with their intersections with New Testament and other early Christian writings. It presents nomenclature used to describe what we today call “family” and its differences from modern usage. The architectural forms of ancient households (domus, oikos, insula, taberna) are described. The chapter discusses the respective domestic roles of males and females as husbands, wives, and slaves. Children, the practices of infant exposure and adoption as slaves, domestic obligations, education, household economic contribution, laws of inheritance, and rituals associated with birth and maturity are considered. The discussion also contrasts laws of slavery and manumission in the western and eastern Mediterranean. It considers the economic power of slaves and freedpersons, the typical costs of slaves, and freedperson-master obligations. It presents rituals and beliefs surrounding the deceased. Finally, it treats the role of fictive kinship language and how it patterned relationships of Christians with God and one another.

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Osofsky, Joy D., e Betsy McAlister Groves, a cura di. Violence and Trauma in the Lives of Children. Praeger, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216990949.

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Explains the neurological, emotional, and behavioral impacts of violence and trauma experienced by newborns, infants, children, and teenagers. Traumatic events known as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can affect children physically, mentally, and emotionally, sometimes with long-term health and behavioral effects. Abuse, neglect, exposure to community and domestic violence, and household dysfunction all have the potential to alter brain development and behavior, but few people are able to recognize or respond to trauma in children. Given the prevalence of childhood exposure to violence—with one in four children ages 5 to 15 living in households with only moderate levels of safety and nurturance and infants and children ages 0 to 3 comprising the highest percentage of those maltreated—it is imperative that students and professionals alike be able to identify types and consequences of violence and trauma. This book provides readers with the information they need in order to know how to detect and prevent ACEs and to help children who have lived through them.

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Osofsky, Joy D., e Betsy McAlister Groves, a cura di. Violence and Trauma in the Lives of Children. Praeger, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216990932.

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Welby, Kathryn A. "Educators Share Stories of Student's Household and Environmental Opioid Exposures and Experiences". In Schools as a Lens for Understanding the Opioid Epidemic, 69–84. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003378204-8.

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Wyke, S., e H. Desel. "CHAPTER 9. Review of Risk Management Measures to Mitigate Against Exposures to Household Chemical Consumer Products". In Chemical Health Threats, 152–70. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782623687-00152.

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Motsholapheko, M. R., e B. N. Ngwenya. "Access to Water Resources and Household Vulnerability to Malaria in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1227–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_165.

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AbstractMalaria is a persistent health risk for most rural communities in tropical wetlands of developing countries, particularly in the advent of climate change. This chapter assesses household access to water resources, livelihood assets, and vulnerability to malaria in the Okavango Delta of north-western Botswana. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 355 households, key informant interviews, PRA-based focus group discussions (FDGs), interviews with experts in various related fields, PRA workshop participant interviews, and literature review. There was high access to natural capital, and most households engaged in nature-based livelihood activities. Access to resources determined type of livelihood activities that households engaged in. However, there was no association between household exposure and/or susceptibility, and type of livelihood activities pursued by households. Household vulnerability to malaria was higher in remote and rural locations than in urban neighborhoods. Malaria prevention and vulnerability aversion programs need to be coupled with improvements in housing and well-being in the Okavango Delta and similar wetlands.

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Shilpa, B. S., e K. S. Lokesh. "Correlation Assessment of Indoor Air Pollutants Emitted by Household Fuels and Its Health Impacts". In Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment, 425–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4_30.

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Li, Jia, Takahiro Ito, Ramila Usoof-Thowfeek e Koji Yamazaki. "The Scars of the Eelam War: Eroded Trust in North-Eastern Sri Lanka". In Countries and Regions, 219–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2835-0_9.

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AbstractThis study explores the legacies of the protracted 1983–2009 Sri Lankan civil conflict using original household survey data. By differentiating individual- and household-level war exposure, voluntary and involuntary military service experience, and loss of family members of soldiers and civilians, we evaluated the influence of a wide array of war-time experiences on the trust level of people in war-torn regions. We found that civil conflict undermined political trust, and heightened inter as well as intra-ethnic divisions among the Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka. Thus, the Sri Lankan government needs to take action not only to restore political trust but also to promote reconciliation between the Sinhala and Tamil communities as well as within the Tamil community in war-torn regions.

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Snedeker, Suzanne M. "Antimony in Food Contact Materials and Household Plastics: Uses, Exposure, and Health Risk Considerations". In Molecular and Integrative Toxicology, 205–30. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6500-2_8.

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Arican, Yagmur Emre. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)". In Food Safety, 223–41. Istanbul: Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358787.16.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic substances that undergo bioaccumulation and can be found in various forms, including coal tar, fossil fuel burning, forest fires, grilling meats over open fires, cigarette smoke, diesel emissions, asphalt surfaces, tar roofs, aluminum and coke plants, and more. PAHs can initiate and promote tumors and may function as complete carcinogens, resulting in a high occurrence of tumors and mortality in laboratory animals. Exposure to PAHs can occur at home, outdoors, or at work, with a mixture of PAHs being more likely. Primary sources of exposure to PAHs include tobacco smoke, wood smoke, inhalation of compounds in ambient air, and consumption of PAHs in foods. PAH exposure is a significant concern due to its potential to cause cancer. PAH metabolites are absorbed into aquatic environments through various pathways, including atmospheric, municipal wastewater discharges, oil spills, and transportation operations. Exposure to PAHs can lead to lung cancer, scrotal cancer, and other health issues. Occupational exposure to PAHs, such as coal gasification, coke production, and aluminum manufacturing, increases the risk of cancer. Environmental exposure, such as household heating, vehicular traffic, and industrial point sources, contributes to the high cancer risk. PAHs are also absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and can be metabolized through various pathways. The Toxicity Mechanism is crucial in understanding the carcinogenic and toxic potential of PAHs, as they can form chemical bonds with DNA, leading to mutations, tumors, and cancer. PAHs have various toxic effects, including hematotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Excessive exposure to PAHs can lead to lung cancer, urological, gastrointestinal, laryngeal, and pharyngeal malignancies, respiratory effects like cough, chronic bronchitis, and hematuria. Carcinogenic PAHs, such as B[a]P found in cigarette smoke, can cause toxicity and carcinogenesis by interacting with nucleophilic regions of cellular macromolecules, leading to DNA damage in both laboratory animals and humans. PAHs, especially carcinogenic PAHs, have a significant impact on the development and progression of cancer. They can cause heritable disruptions in gene expression, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression, receptor-mediated processes, and alteration of cell proliferation through intracellular Ca2+.

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Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Sambandam Sankar, Santu Ghosh, Gurusamy Thangavel, Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay, Padmavathi Ramaswamy, Priscilla Johnson e Vijayalakshmi Thanasekaraan. "Household Air Pollution Related to Solid Cookfuel Use: The Exposure and Health Situation in Developing Countries". In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 125–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2014_260.

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Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, e Gabriela Narcizo de Lima. "Household Air Pollution: Estimations and Low-Cost Technologies for Reducing Its Exposure in Latin-American Countries". In Handbook of Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98067-2_64-1.

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McEwan, Margaret A., Tom A. van Mourik, Mihiretu C. Hundayehu, Frezer Asfaw, Sam Namanda, Issahaq Suleman, Sarah Mayanja, Simon Imoro e Prince M. Etwire. "Securing Sweetpotato Planting Material for Farmers in Dryland Africa: Gender-Responsive Communication Approaches to Scale Triple S". In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 353–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_12.

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AbstractTriple S (Storage in Sand and Sprouting) is a root-based system for conserving and multiplying sweetpotato planting material at the household level. In sub-Saharan Africa, farmers predominantly source planting material by cutting vines from volunteer plants that sprout from roots left in the field from a previous crop. However, it takes 6 to 8 weeks after the rains start to produce enough vines for planting material, and normally these vines are infected by sweetpotato diseases and pests carried over from previous crops. Where rainfall is unpredictable, farmers can use Triple S to take advantage of the whole growing season, planting and harvesting early to obtain food, higher yields, and income. Triple S facilitates household retention and adoption of new sweetpotato varieties, notably the beta-carotene-rich, orange-fleshed varieties. Triple S PLUS is the combined innovation package of core Triple S components and complementary components used to scale the innovation. These included good agricultural practices, different storage containers, local multiplication and sales of planting material, and a multimedia communication strategy for training and extension to encourage the uptake of Triple S. Components were at different levels of scaling readiness. This chapter explores evidence from Ethiopia and Ghana (2018–2019) on the extent to which exposure to different communication channels and their combinations influenced the uptake of Triple S PLUS by male and female farmers, the partnering arrangements that supported this, and the resulting changes in food security. We discuss implications for future scaling initiatives.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Household exposures"

Reh, C., e D. Kang. "402. Mercury Exposures and Urine Mercury Concentrations Among Workers in a Household Battery Recycling Facility". In AIHce 1996 - Health Care Industries Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765083.

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Close, Natasha, Julia Dilley e Janet Baseman. "Poison Center Reports of Cannabis Exposures among Children in Washington State, 2016". In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.20.

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Washington State began legal cannabis retail sales in 2014. Legalization of adult use cannabis and retail sales may result in more cannabis products in homes and opportunities for accidental exposures among young children. Consumption of cannabis by young children can result in significant adverse health effects. This study examined details of cannabis exposure events involving children under age 12 that were reported to the Washington State Poison Center (WAPC) during January – December 2016. Redacted charts were obtained from the WAPC “Toxicall” database. 50 eligible events were identified. Structured data were used to describe child age and gender and to obtain information about the involved products, route of administration, exposure setting, and clinical effects. Additional information about the exposure event was available in case notes; qualitative methods were used to develop themes and categorize the cases. Most exposure events (62%) were for children ages 0-2, and 26% were for ages 3-5. None of the exposures were reported as intentional. Of those where the source of the product could be determined (N=29) either a parent (n=20, 69%) or grandparent (n=6, 21%) was the most common source. Nearly all (94%) exposures occurred at the patient’s home and involved a single substance (90%). Of those that noted the type (N=13), 85% indicated that the cannabis was obtained for medical purposes. Most exposures were by ingestion (86%), and edibles were the most often reported form (52% of 41 cases with product specified). Nearly all edibles were brownies, cookies, and candies (96%). Baked goods were reported to be both homemade and purchased. Three cases were exposures to cannabidiol (CBD) among children being treated for seizures by their parents: one was the result of a therapeutic error, one an adverse reaction, and one an unintentional exposure. A single child was reported as exposed through breastmilk. Of those with known medical outcomes (N=33), nearly all caused no or minor clinical effects (78%), and nearly all had symptoms for less than 24 hours, most commonly lethargy and drowsiness (50%), but five children were hospitalized for non-critical care and one child with a history of seizures, who was given CBD oil containing THC, required intensive care and intubation. Risk for accidental exposures to cannabis among young children may be increasing as legal cannabis markets become more common. Although most exposures do not cause long-lasting harms, some children can experience significant harm requiring medical intervention. Caregivers of young children are advised to safely store cannabis products in the home so that they are out of reach of children, and to use caution and consult with a healthcare provider about use of cannabis products for medical treatment of a child or adult use while breastfeeding. Clinicians may play a role by screening for household cannabis use among parents and other caregivers, and advising about safe home practices. Continued regulatory approaches to limit exposure, such as limits on THC potency and single-serving packaging designs, may also be useful.

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Checkley, W., K. Williams, J. L. Kephart, M. Fandino-Del-Rio, K. Steenland, G. Gonzales, L. P. Naeher et al. "Effects of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove and Continuous Fuel Distribution Intervention on Household Air Pollution Exposures and Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in Puno, Peru". In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1810.

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Pollard, Suzanne L., Laura M. Grajeda, Patrick Baron, Yasmira Carpio Toledo, Olimpia Mariela Toledo Quispe, D'Ann Williams, Patrick Breysse, Jaime Miranda, Robert Gilman e William Checkley. "Urban And Rural Household Exposures To Particulate Matter (PM) And Carbon Monoxide (CO) And Acute Respiratory Outcomes In Puno, A High-Altitude Region Of Peru". In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1751.

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Morrison, J. "143. Exposure Assessment of Household Mercury Spills". In AIHce 2005. AIHA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2758493.

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Shkolnikov, Yakov P., e William H. Bailey. "Electromagnetic interference and exposure from household wireless networks". In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering (ISPCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pses.2011.6088244.

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Nicolaou, L., M. Fandiño del Rio, K. Koehler, K. Steenland e W. Checkley. "Assessing Household Air Pollution Exposure Using Lung Deposition Models". In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1809.

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SOUZA, Maria Cristina Almeida de, Renan Lopes FERNANDES e Cristina Fidalgo Affonso PINHEIRO. "POISONING BY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS IN CHILDREN". In SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2021 INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE. DR. D. SCIENTIFIC CONSULTING, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.21scon.36_abstract_fernandes.pdf.

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Children are the main victims of intoxication, considering that, with child development, especially between one and four years of age, they learn to walk and acquire agility, reaching objects and bringing them to the mouth. The objective of this study was to review the literature on exogenous intoxications by chemical products used in households in children in Brazil. Household cleaning products are the second leading cause of poisoning in domestic environments, preceded only by the accidental ingestion of medication. From 2017 to 2021, 128,794 exogenous intoxications resulting from exposure to toxic agents were recorded in the age group from zero to 14 years in Brazil. Among this total of exogenous intoxications, 18,733 reports of poisoning by household products were registered, representing 14.54% of the total of exogenous intoxications. Intoxication records in Brazil increased by up to 23%, from January to April 2021, compared to the same period in 2019. This is because the world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic, in which hygiene products are being commercialized for cleaning and antisepsis of domestic environments, which led to an intensification of accidents caused by these chemical materials. Therefore, it is concluded that the rate of exogenous intoxication by domestic chemical products is high in children, especially in the age group of zero to five years. It is also worth mentioning that with the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a greater consumption of chemical products for domestic use and, consequently, an increase in the number of poisonings by these products in children. Therefore, it is evident the need to adopt actions to avoid these accidents to reduce the poisoning rate by these toxic agents.

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Kudirka, A. A., R. Khansa, G. Sharma, C. Cave e A. Abu Sayf. "A Case of Eosinophilic Pneumonia Following Exposure to Household Chemicals". In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a2092.

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Skelton, Kara, e Sara Benjamin-Neelon. "Cannabis smoking and storage within the home: A cross-sectional survey of families with children". In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.38.

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Introduction: Child cannabis exposure has increased in recent years – a trend that parallels changes to cannabis legality. Yet, little is known about household cannabis practices in the US. To address this gap, this study aims to examine household cannabis practices among a geographically diverse sample of US women of reproductive age. We also examine variations in household cannabis practices across states with varying cannabis policies. Methods: The study sample (N=114) included pregnant women and women with children in their home. In Spring of 2021, participants completed a single cross-sectional online survey that included demographic information and asked about cannabis use, household cannabis practices (e.g., indoor smoking, cannabis storage), and cannabis use risk perceptions. We analyzed data in March 2022 using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 69.23% and 42.98% of participants reported cannabis products were allowed in their home and that smoking cannabis was permitted in one or more rooms of their home, respectively. Although not statistically significant, more women residing in states with recreational cannabis more frequently reported that smoking cannabis was allowed in one or more rooms of their home than women residing in states yet to legalize (47.73% vs. 40.00%, respectively). Conclusions: Amid rapidly shifting cannabis policies, further examination of household cannabis practices is needed. Public heath efforts should focus on reducing in-home cannabis exposure and promote safe storage and smoking practices for families with children in the home.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Household exposures"

García-Villegas, Salomón, e Enric Martorell. Climate transition risk and the role of bank capital requirements. Madrid: Banco de España, marzo 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36292.

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How should bank capital requirements be set to deal with climate-related transition risks? We build a general equilibrium macro banking model where production requires fossil and low-carbon energy intermediate inputs, and the banking sector is subject to volatility risk linked to changes in energy prices. Introducing carbon taxes to reduce carbon emissions from fossil energy induces risk spillovers into the banking sector. Sectoral capital requirements can effectively address risks from energy-related exposures, benefiting household welfare and indirectly facilitating capital reallocation. Absent carbon taxes, implementing fossil penalizing capital requirements does not reduce emissions significantly and may threaten financial stability. During the transition, capital requirements can complement carbon tax policies, safeguarding financial stability and trading off long-run welfare gains against lower investment and credit supply in the short run.

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Travis, Amanda, Margaret Harvey e Michelle Rickard. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Urinary Incontinence in Elementary School Aged Children. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, ottobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0012.

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Purpose/Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have an impact on health throughout the lifespan (Filletti et al., 1999; Hughes et al., 2017). These experiences range from physical and mental abuse, substance abuse in the home, parental separation or loss, financial instability, acute illness or injury, witnessing violence in the home or community, and incarceration of family members (Hughes et al., 2017). Understanding and screening for ACEs in children with urinary incontinence can help practitioners identify psychological stress as a potentially modifiable risk factor. Methods: A 5-month chart review was performed identifying English speaking patients ages 6-11 years presenting to the outpatient urology office for an initial visit with a primary diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Charts were reviewed for documentation of individual or family risk factors for ACEs exposure, community risk factors for ACEs exposures, and records where no related documentation was included. Results: For the thirty-nine patients identified, no community risk factors were noted in the charts. Seventy-nine percent of patients had one or more individual or family risk factors documented. Implications for Nursing Practice This chart review indicates that a significant percentage of pediatric, school-aged patients presenting with urinary incontinence have exposure to ACEs. A formal assessment for ACEs at the time of initial presentation would be helpful to identify those at highest risk. References: Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Am J Prev Med. 1998;14:245–258 Hughes, K., Bellis, M.A., Hardcastle, K.A., Sethi, D., Butchart, D., Mikton, C., Jones, L., Dunne, M.P. (2017) The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health, 2(8): e356–e366. Published online 2017 Jul 31.doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4 Lai, H., Gardner, V., Vetter, J., & Andriole, G. L. (2015). Correlation between psychological stress levels and the severity of overactive bladder symptoms. BMC urology, 15, 14. doi:10.1186/s12894-015-0009-6

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Neuberger, J. Worldwide studies of household radon exposure and lung cancer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5616508.

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Hanson, Gordon H. Emigration, Remittances and Labor Force Participation in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, febbraio 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011096.

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This paper, examines emigration, remittances, and labor-force participation in Mexico during the 1990s. It uses two samples of households for the analysis: (a) rural households in Mexico in 2000, which vary according to whether they have sent migrants to the United States or received remittances from the United States, and (b) individuals in Mexico in 1990 and 2000 born in states with either high-exposure or low-exposure to U.S. emigration.

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Pelli, Martino, e Jeanne Tschopp. Storms, Early Education, and Human Capital. Asian Development Bank, ottobre 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240462-2.

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Using wind exposure histories, the paper shows that exposure to an average storm can cause a 2.4 percentage point increase in educational delays, a 2 percentage point drop in post-secondary education attainment, and a 1.6 percentage point decline in regular salaried employment. The study also highlights the role of damaged school infrastructure and declining household income in driving these outcomes.

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Hanna, Rema, Bridget Hoffmann, Paulina Oliva e Jake Schneider. The Power of Perception: Limitations of Information in Reducing Air Pollution Exposure. Inter-American Development Bank, luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003392.

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We conduct a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for SMS air quality alerts and to study the effects of air quality alerts, reminders, and a reusable N95 mask on air pollution information and avoidance behavior. At baseline, we elicit WTP for the alerts service after revealing whether the household will receive an N95 mask and participant compensation, but before revealing whether they will receive alert or reminder services. While we observe no significant impact of mask provision on WTP, higher compensation increases WTP, suggesting a possible cash-on-hand constraint. The perception of high pollution days prior to the survey is positively correlated with WTP, but the presence of actual high pollution days is not correlated with WTP. Follow-up survey data demonstrate that the alerts treatment increases reporting of receiving air pollution information via SMS, a high pollution day in the past week, and staying indoors on the most recent perceived high pollution day. However, we observe no significant effect on the ability to correctly identify which specific days had high pollution. Similarly, households that received an N95 mask are more likely to report utilizing a mask with filter in the past two weeks, but we observe no effect on using a filter mask on the specific days with high particulate matter. Although we nd that air quality alerts increased the salience of air quality and avoidance behavior, these results illustrate the difficulty that information treatments face in overcoming perceptions to effectively reduce exposure to air pollution.

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O'Connell, Martin, Peter Levell e Kate Smith. The exposure of households’ food spending to tariff changes and exchange rate movements. Institute for Fiscal Studies, luglio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2017.bn0213.

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Pelli, Martino, e Jeanne Tschopp. Storms, Early Education and Human Capital. CIRANO, maggio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/houf2464.

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This paper explores how school-age exposure to storms impacts the education and primary activity status of young adults in India. Using a cross-sectional cohort study based on wind exposure histories, we find evidence of a significant deskilling of areas vulnerable to climate change-related risks. Specifically, our results show a 2.4 percentage point increase in the probability of accruing educational delays, a 2 percentage point decline in post-secondary education achievement, and a 1.6 percentage point reduction in obtaining regular salaried jobs. Additionally, our study provides evidence that degraded school infrastructure and declining household income contribute to these findings.

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Aliprantis, Dionissi, e Kristen N. Tauber. Childhood Exposure to Violence and Nurturing Relationships: The Long-Run Effects on Black Men. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, luglio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202316.

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Black men who witnessed a shooting before turning 12 have household earnings as adults 31 percent lower than those who did not. We present evidence that this gap is causal and is most likely the result of toxic stress; it is not mediated by incarceration and is constant across neighborhood socioeconomic status. Turning to mechanisms related to toxic stress, we study exposure to violence and nurturing relationships during adolescence. Item-anchored indexes synthesize variables on these treatments better than summing positive responses, Item Response Theory, or Principal Components, which all perform similarly. Providing adolescents with nurturing relationships is almost as beneficial as preventing their exposure to violence.

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Manacorda, Marco, e Martin Foureaux Koppensteiner. The Effect of Violence on Birth Outcomes: Evidence from Homicides in Rural Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, giugno 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011492.

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This paper uses microdata from Brazilian vital statistics natality and mortality data between 2000 and 2010 to estimate the impact of in-utero exposure to local violence -measured by homicide rates- on birth outcomes. Focusing on small communities, where it is more plausible that local homicide rates reflect actual exposure to violence, the analysis shows that exposure to violence during pregnancy leads to deterioration in birth outcomes: one extra homicide during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the probability of low birthweight by around 6 percent. Results are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence compounds the disadvantage that these children already suffer as a result of their households¿ lower socioeconomic status.

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