Tesi sul tema "Horse racing"

This thesis is the first substantive analysis of unregistered proprietary horse racing (or pony racing, as it was popularly known) in Sydney, an extremely popular form of the sport conducted weekly or more frequently between 1888 and 1942. However, a number of researchers working on its periphery have contributed commentary and judgements to a discourse on it that has existed since the establishment of the Sydney Turf Club (STC) in 1943. Their writings have created an orthodox view of the sport that suggests inter alia it was a cultural expression of a ‘needy and greedy’ element of the working class and that its constituency was excluded from that of the racing of the Establishment, conducted by the Australian Jockey Club (AJC). This orthodoxy also holds unregistered racing was subject to endemic corruption, haphazardly conducted, inexpensive to attend, provided poor money and was in general a burlesque of AJC racing. The thesis engages this discourse and tests the tenets of the orthodoxy through examination or re-examination of relevant primary sources, including parliamentary papers, contemporary newspapers and journals, race books and other documents, administrative records, photographs, and the memoirs and transcripts of oral history provided by human participants.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2004.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Includes bibliography.

Post Time is a non-fiction video program depicting some of the careers found at North American horse race tracks. Through the use of videotaped footage taken at eight race tracks and three training farms, the horse racing industry's trainers, jockeys, owners and grooms are profiled in the world they call the backstretch. The video begins with a brief history of horse racing and the origins of thoroughbred horses followed by closer examinations of the economic and social experiences faced by the owners, trainers, jockeys, and grooms as they attempt to prepare horses for racing every week.

'Betting by the Book' details the steps taken in, and results obtained from, an examination of the processes followed, especially in Australia, of those persons who bet on thoroughbred horseracing. The work briefly describes the evolution of the practice of this form of gambling and details the extent of the activity in the Australian nation. Note is made of the obvious limited amount of attention previously given to the topic by academia. Using illustrations of the extent of the complexity and resulting uncertainty of outcome in selecting winning horses the study finds that the consequential behaviour of almost all those who bet is the adoption of a co-ordinated process of selection commonly referred to as a system. As hypothesised the study found three major categories,viz., logical, naive and superstitious. Sub-types of the three categories, devised as a part of the study, are listed and defined. Unexpectedly the work brought to attention the finding that most bettors, even those following logical systems, will, at times, adopt superstitious practices. Examples are provided of logical, yet simple, selection systems that could be beneficially adopted by those persons who would otherwise follow naive and superstitious systems of selection. Finally the study notes the considerable opportunities that exist for the education of bettors.
Master of Arts (Hons) (Gambling Studies)

Thesis (M.A.Hons.) -- University of Western Sydney, [2002].
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney to fulfil the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Honours) Gambling Studies " Bibliography: leaves 277-290.

Dissertation (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to investigate whether environmental and/or genetic factors had an effect on the incidence of epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage among racehorses in Southern Africa. A further aim was to estimate the heritability of liability to epistaxis in the Southern African Thoroughbred population. For the purpose of the environmental study, the data covering the period 1986-2001 and involving a total of778 532-race runs, were analysed. This included the following race start information: date of race (day/month/year), age, sex, breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, weight carried, centre of racing and altitude. The genetic part of the data was two-fold in nature and included firstly the analysis of all horses that suffered epistaxis whilst racing in Southern Africa from 1986 to 2001 and involving 1118 individual bleeders. The second genetic analysis included the same Southern African population plus those Southern African horses exported to Mauritius and then being recorded as bleeders in that country (1252 bleeders in total). Pedigree data covering the period 1960-1986 was used as required to calculate the incidence of bleeding amongst ancestors of the post 1986 era. Only pedigrees of horses that raced were included in this study as it was not possible to predict whether non-runners would have bled had they raced. Consequently all non-runners and also those that raced overseas in countries where bleeding occurrence was not recorded were excluded. Veterinarians employed by the Jockey Club suspended officially recorded horses that showed epistaxis as demonstrated by frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing. Oncourse endoscopy is not employed as a routine on any of the Southern African racetracks. In the environmental study epistaxis was identified in 1 287 race starts (0.165%). Epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage was significantly (p<0.001) associated with altitude, age, race year, month and the day of racing. More horses demonstrated epistaxis at sea level than at altitude, between the months of May - October than the rest of the year, in older horses than in horses less than three-years old, after 1995 than between the years 1986 and 1995, and on Fridays and Sundays than on any other week day. No association could be established between epistaxis and breeder, trainer, distance, jockey, state of going, sex and weight carried. The heritability of liability method as described by Falconer (1989) was used to estimate the relative importance of heredity and environment. For the period investigated, the population incidence for epistaxis in Southern African horses was 2.1%. The estimation of heritability ofliability showed that first-degree relatives had a figure of 55.4%. The heritability of second- and third degree relatives were 41.3% and 30.4% respectively. The data investigated depicts horses that bled almost exclusively on race days as only a small percentage (- 5%) was reported as having bled during exercise. Accordingly, the full extent of epistaxis amongst racing Thoroughbreds in Southern Africa is difficult to gauge. Pedigree and race run data from Thoroughbreds racing in Southern Africa, covering the period 1986-2002 (63 146) horses in pedigree data-set and 778 532 race runs, were further analysed in order to study genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of epistaxis as associated with EIPH (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage). As fixed effects for the model, variables that were tested significantly in a preliminary data analyses, were included. Various combinations of such variables namely age, weight, altitude, sex, month and going were tested. Fixed effects that were included in the fmal model were gender, going and altitude. The heritability estimates from a logit transformed analysis for epistaxis fitting both the animal and sire generalized mixed models were 0.23 and 0.40 respectively, which indicated that epistaxis as associated with EIPH in the Southern African Thoroughbred sires has a strong genetic basis. Genetic trends indicating an increase in epistaxis were also found. It is concluded that the frequency of epistaxis related to pulmonary haemorrhage is associated with altitude, winter and spring months and the horse's age. It is suggested that racing at a lower altitude may increase the probability of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. It is clear that epistaxis in the racing Thoroughbred has a strong genetic basis. It is further suggested that horses showing frank bleeding from the nostrils after racing or exercise, be suspended and not used for breeding purposes. This would result in relatively fast progress being made towards eradicating this costly scourge of the modem Thoroughbred racehorse. Affected stallions and those racing whilst being treated with furosemide, should be barred from breeding and not be considered as future sires. Estimated breeding values for epistaxis should be used as a tool for selecting against it and be considered in breeding programmes to decrease the incidence thereof.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n GENETIESE ANALISE VAN DIE VOORKOMS VAN LONGBLOEDING IN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE RENPERD: Die doel met hierdie studie was om vas te stelof omgewings- of genetiese faktore enige invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd het. 'n Verdere doelstelling was om die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedpopulasie te bepaal. Vir die omgewingstudie is data wat oor die periode 1986-2001 strek en wat 'n totaal van 778 532 wedren-deelnames ingesluit het, statisties ondersoek. Die data het die volgende inligting ingesluit: datum van deelname, ouderdom, geslag, teler, afrigter, afstand van wedren, jokkie, toestand van baanoppervlakte, gewig gedra, sentrum waar deelname plaasgevind het en die hoogte bo seespieël van die sentrum. Die studie van die genetiese aspekte het eerstens 'n analise van al die perde wat longbloeding tydens 'n wedren in Suider-Afrika gedurende die jare 1986-2002 ondervind het (I118 perde), en tweedens dieselfde populasie perde, plus die Suiderlike-Afrikaanse perde wat uitgevoer is na Mauritius en bloeding daar ondervind het, (1252 perde), ingesluit. Ter aanvulling is uitgebreide stamboomdata van voorouers gedurende 1960-1986 gebruik om die voorkoms van longbloeding tydens die post 1986 tydvak te bepaal. Slegs stambome van renperde wat aktief aan renne deelgeneem het, is in die data ingesluit aangesien dit nie moontlik was om te voorspel of 'n perd wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het nie, longbloeding sou ondervind indien dit wel deelgeneem het. Dus is alle renperde wat nooit aan wedrenne deelgeneem het, asook daardie perde wat in die buiteland deelgeneem en waar longbloeding nie aangeteken word nie, uitgesluit. Alle perde wat bloeding van die neus na wedrenne getoon het, is deur veeartse in diens van die Jokkie Klub van Suid-Afrika ondersoek, as 'n bloeier aangeteken en van verdere deelname aan wedrenne geskors. Endoskopie word op geen van die Suid- Afrikaanse renbane as 'n standaard praktyk na wedrenne uitgevoer nie. Longbloeding het in 1 287 perde of gedurende 0.165% van alle wedrenne plaasgevind. Longbloeding soos geassossieer met EIPH, (exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage), is betekenisvol (p<0.001) met hoogte bo seespieël, ouderdom, dag van deelname, maand, en jaar verbind. Meer perde het longbloeding by seevlak in vergelyking met hoër vlakke bo seespieël ondervind, tussen die maande Mei-Oktober as die res van die jaar, in perde ouer as drie-jaar, na 1995 as tussen die jare 1986-1995, op Vrydae en Sondae as enige ander dag van die week. en meer by reuns as by merries of hingste. Geen verwantskap kon tussen bloeding en teler, afrigter, afstand, jokkie, toestand van baan, geslag en gewig gedra, gevind word nie. Die oorerflikheid op die onderliggende verspreiding vir longbloeding soos omskryf deur Falconer (1989), is gebruik om die relatiewe belangrikheid van oorerflikheid en omgewing te bepaal. Vir die periode bestudeer, was die voorkoms van longbloeding in die Suid-Afrikaanse renperd 2.1%. Die oorerflikheid van longbloeding was 55.4% vir eerste-graadse verwantes. By tweede-graadse verwantes was die ooretlikheid 41.3% en by derde-graadse verwantes 30.4%. Die data wat ondersoek is, was bykans uitsluitlik die van perde wat tydens wedrenne gebloei het en slegs 'n baie klein persentasie (~ 5%) was aangeteken as perde wat tydens oefening gebloei het. Dus is die volle omvang van longbloeding in Suider-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde moeilik om akkuraat te bepaal. Die stamboom- en wedrendata van Suid-Afrikaanse Volbloedperde is verder ontleed in 'n poging om die genetiese en omgewingsfaktore se invloed op die voorkoms van longbloeding, soos geassosieer met EIPH te bepaal. As vaste effekte vir die model is veranderlikes wat betekenisvol gevind was, ingesluit. Verskeie kombinasies van hierdie veranderlikes soos ouderdom, gewig, hoogte bo seespieël, geslag, maand en toestand van die baan is ingesluit. Die vaste effekte wat in die finale model ingesluit is, was geslag, toestand van die baan en hoogte bo seespieël. Die beraamde oorerflikheid verkry vanaf 'n "logit" getransformeerde analise vir longbloeding wat beide die diere- en vader- gemengde model gepas het, was onderskeidelik 0.23 en 0.40, wat 'n aanduidending is dat longbloeding, soos geassosieer met ElPH, 'n sterk genetiese grondslag het. Genetiese tendense het ook gedui op 'n toename in die voorkoms van longbloeding, veraloor die laaste vyf jaar van die studie. Samevattend is die bevinding dat die frekwensie van longbloeding 'n betekenisvolle verwantskap toon met hoogte bo seespieël, winter en lente maande en die perd se ouderdom. Dit word voorgestel dat renperde wat deelneem aan wedrenne by laer vlakke van hoogte bo seespieël, meer onderhewig aan longbloeding sal wees. Uit die resultate verkry is dit duidelik dat longbloeding 'n genetiese grondslag het. Dit word voorgestel dat perde wat fisiese simptome van neusbloeding na of gedurende wedrenne toon, geskors word van verdere deelname en ook nie toegelaat word om mee te teel nie. Hierdie maatreëls behoort aanleiding te gee dat relatief vinnige vordering gemaak sal word in die strewe om hierdie ongewenste sindroom in die moderne Volbloed te verminder. Aangetaste hingste, asook die wat aan wedrenne deelgeneem het terwyl hul behandeling ontvang met furosemide, moet nie toegelaat word om te teel en nie as toekomstige teelhingste oorweeg word nie. Die waarde van voorspelde teelwaardes vir longbloeding moet nie onderskat word in seleksie daarteen nie en moet in teelprogamme om die voorkoms daarvan te verminder, oorweeg word.

'Betting by the Book' details the steps taken in, and results obtained from, an examination of the processes followed, especially in Australia, of those persons who bet on thoroughbred horseracing. The work briefly describes the evolution of the practice of this form of gambling and details the extent of the activity in the Australian nation. Note is made of the obvious limited amount of attention previously given to the topic by academia. Using illustrations of the extent of the complexity and resulting uncertainty of outcome in selecting winning horses the study finds that the consequential behaviour of almost all those who bet is the adoption of a co-ordinated process of selection commonly referred to as a system. As hypothesised the study found three major categories,viz., logical, naive and superstitious. Sub-types of the three categories, devised as a part of the study, are listed and defined. Unexpectedly the work brought to attention the finding that most bettors, even those following logical systems, will, at times, adopt superstitious practices. Examples are provided of logical, yet simple, selection systems that could be beneficially adopted by those persons who would otherwise follow naive and superstitious systems of selection. Finally the study notes the considerable opportunities that exist for the education of bettors.

Gene doping, the misuse of gene therapy for performance enhancement, is predicted to be the next phase of doping faced by horseracing. Since 2003, the World Anti-Doping Agency has included gene doping on the list of banned practices in human sports and has several expert teams developing detection methods. The threat of gene doping to the integrity of horseracing and welfare of horses has been discussed by members of The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and others in the anti-doping community for over ten years. In this thesis, a method is developed for direct detection of transfer DNA (T-DNA) in equine blood samples. The method uses real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to target unique ‘foreign’ sequences in T-DNA. Ten RT-qPCR assays were developed targeting T-DNA for five equine genes predicted to be high priority equine gene doping targets. Based on standard practice in horseracing drug analysis, the gene doping test consists of two stages, screening and confirmation. To increase sample throughput in the screening stage, assays for four gene targets were optimised and validated as a multiplex suite. The assays were optimised and validated using two in vitro systems that mimic positive doping samples. This work develops the entire doping detection test from sample collection to confirmation of a positive sample. The developed method detected as few as 300 copies of T-DNA per millilitre of blood, comparable to tests developed for human gene doping detection. In a world-first for gene doping surveillance, the developed gene doping test was used to screen real samples for Racing NSW as part of out of competition surveillance prior to the Sydney Autumn Racing Carnival 2018. The results showed that gene doping detection is feasible using the method developed in this project. The test developed here will be directly applicable to all breeds of horses involved in both racing and other athletic competition.

This thesis is concerned with equine attachment as a form of interspecies fictive kinship, in relation to the practices, social relations, and motivations of participant groups within the Canterbury thoroughbred racing industry. Exploring the interconnections between intimacy and investment, as both financial and emotional commitments, the different sectors of the industry are analyzed as actor-network assemblages in which boundaries between professional, economic, and social relations are porous. The thesis argues that the parameters of a distinct equine community are delineated through regulated forms of haptic access. Distinctions regarding those who are and are not permitted to touch horses, articulates with a regime of risk regulation, which is more broadly explored in its physical, social, financial, and emotional dimensions. Also integral to the character of this networked community of practitioners is the symbolism of naming and branding thoroughbreds, as well as the secular rituals of the auction and the race-day. Conceived as a naturalcultural phenomenon, the race is analyzed in terms of the cross-species meanings and experiences of jockeys and apprentices, who are understood as representatives of an occupational sub-culture. Finally, this thesis also explores the preponderance of women in South Island racing; charting the path by which they have successfully adopted traditionally male-dominated roles.

A retrospective investigation of Thoroughbred racehorses euthanazed as result of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) at four racetracks in Gauteng, South Africa during the period of 1998-2004 was performed. Fifty-five cases of CMI from 103 603 starts were evaluated. The incidence of CMI per 1000 starts was 0.53, similar to the incidence reported worldwide. The affected limb of 32 of 55 horses with a CMI was evaluated radiographically, ultrasonographically and dissected. CMI occurred unilaterally and predominantly in the forelimbs, the left forelimb (LF) being most commonly affected. The suspensory apparatus, particularly the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) was predominantly affected, mostly in the LF. Sixty-nine percent of the PSB fractures occurred biaxially, the medial PSB most commonly affected. PSB fractures were often associated with extensive damage to the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Lateral condylar fractures were more common than medial, and the right forelimb predominantly affected. Significant risk factors for CMI in this study were gender, racing interval, and weight carried. Gender relative to the number of starts had the highest statistical significance (intact males P<0.001 and geldings P=0.010). Intact males were 14.8 times more at risk than females and 5.3 times moreso than geldings. Horses carrying more than 59kg were 3.3 times more at risk of breakdown than horses carrying 54-59kg of weight (P=0.006). Horses with a racing interval of less than one week were approximately three times more at risk than those with longer intervals (P=0.025 and P=0.029 respectively). Statistically insignificant risk factors were racing year, going, distance, racetrack, age, size of field and draw. It is of paramount importance that CMI is strictly monitored and risk factors identified to implement preventative measures to circumvent occurrence of CMI, which may have a negative impact on this important spectator sport. This study provides benchmarks for the racing industry to monitor racetrack fatalities in Gauteng and to evaluate intervention strategies. Copyright
Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
unrestricted

Šis reljefas „Arklių lenktynės“ yra skulptoriaus Gedimino Jokūbonio diplominis darbas, sukurtas 1952 m. Dėl netinkamų laikymo sąlygų lauke, gipsinis reljefas buvo blogos būklės. Restauravimo metu darbas nuvalytas, antiseptikuotas, suklijuotas, pagamintas tvirtas metalinis rėmas, atliktas antikorozinis metalo armatūros apdorojimas, atkurtos netektys, sutankintas poringas gipso paviršius.
This relief „Horse race“ is a graduation work by Gediminas Jokūbonis made in 1952. Due to unsuited outside storing conditions the gypsum relief was in bad shape. The artwork was cleaned, antisepted, glued; a strong metal frame added; anti corrosive treatment applied to the metal armature; loses reconstructed; the porous gypsum surface densened.

Strategy is generally considered as one of the most important factors of organizations´ success. However, it can be supposed that this theory is applicable for all sectors. The diploma thesis focused on the perception of strategy, strategic planning cycle and its impact on the particular sports industry. This industry is Thoroughbred horse racing. The field of research was application of management theory in the particular horse racing club, its use and the impact on the clubs´ performance, which could lead to potential implementation of necessary changes. The research was conducted using qualitative approaches. Research was based on two pillar, in-depth interviews and participant observation. This approach increased the validity of the statements thanks the triangulation of sources. The findings discuss that the strategy seems to be unimportant for clubs´ managers, although they significantly work on some parts of the strategic planning cycle. However, this fact do not negatively affect the clubs´ performance. It is therefore desirable but not necessary, to make changes and create the strategy.

Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.

The growth and development of sport in Co. Tipperary, 1840 to 1880, was promoted and supported by the landed elite and military officer classes. In the instances of cricket, rugby union and association football, the military were the principle agency through which these sports were disseminated among the people of Tipperary. Sporting trends which were fashionable in Great Britain also became evident in Ireland, and by extension, Tipperary. The thesis demonstrates the emergence of these sports at a micro-level in Tipperary and the qualitative research is indicative of the trends by which they became apparent. The degree to which horse racing and hunting to hounds became an integral aspect of the social lives of the elite class is reflected countywide. The associational culture among this class became evident in summer time recreations most notably archery, lawn tennis and cricket. Cricket was the one sport which was quickly diffused throughout the sporting community of Tipperary as it became, in the 1870s, the most prolific team sport in the county and played by all classes. Sport took place without borders and to this end patronage was a key element of this support. There were some notable supporters who gave of their time and money to ensure that the best resources were in place to bring this about. In this respect the 3rd Marquis of Waterford was a leading figure. The thesis clearly shows that sporting diversions continued through the traumatic famine period. As everyday life continued, so too did recreational sport. Hurling remained a part of Tipperary life and the research identifies new sources to demonstrate this. The growth and evolution of sport in Co. Tipperary, 1840-1880, is put into context with comparable studies in Ireland and Great Britain as the Victorian penchant for sport manifested itself in this part of rural Ireland.

This thesis is concerned with the use of some optimization methods in harness racing. In the first part of the thesis, both critical path method and critical chain method of the project management are applied to horse racing projects. Then a comparison is made in order to choose a suitable method under various conditions. As a result, we can suggest improvements in horse racing organization. In order to determine optimal number of racing days, races and other aspects within a season, an optimization model is created in the second part of the thesis. Minimization of cost or maximization of number of starts can be chosen as an objective function. Various constraints are considered.

Thirteen Standardbred horses were trained on a treadmill for 31 weeks as part of a larger study into the effects of overtraining. Synovial fluid was collected from the midcarpal joint at the start, and at seven, 15, 21, 26 and 30 weeks of training. Low grade signs of midcarpal joint disease developed in all horses during the last 16 weeks of the program. Synovial fluid leukocyte counts remained unchanged throughout the study, whereas total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with training. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) levels increased initially, but then decreased. Correlations between the clinical signs of joint disease and sulfated GAG levels were weak. Synovial fluid sulfated GAGs were compared with other diagnostic variables for predicting the degree of articular cartilage damage in horses with midcarpal joint disease. Interpretation of radiographs was found to be the most accurate for the prediction of articular damage. Synovial fluid analysis was found to be of little value. There was no correlation between sulfated GAG concentration and articular cartilage damage, and no significant difference between sulfated GAG concentrations from horses with clinical evidence of joint disease and horses with no signs of joint disease trained on a treadmill. Anatomical dissections of the midcarpal joint were performed on ten cadavers. The medial palmar intercarpal ligament (MPICL) was found to consist of four fibre bundles. The predominant orientation of these was proximodorsal to distopalmar. The lateral palmar intercarpal (LPICL) and dorsomedial intercarpal (DMICL) ligaments had a similar orientation but were simpler in structure. The alignment of these ligaments suggested that they resisted transverse forces across the midcarpal joint. Using a dorsal transverse displacement of 1.5 mm of the proximal row of carpal bones relative to the distal row of carpal bones, it was demonstrated that the palmar intercarpal ligaments provided 22.7% of the restraining force while only contributing 9% of the ligamentous cross sectional area. A study of 32 racing horses presented with midcarpal joint disease confirmed the high frequency of MPICL tearing (51%). Enlargement of the DMICL was also common (33%). There was no correlation between the severity of signs of midcarpal joint disease and the severity of MPICL tearing. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between subchondral bone damage within the midcarpal joint, and MPICL tearing (R=-0.55). There was no association between DMICL enlargement and osteochondral damage. A postmortem study of 142 joints of horses with no history of midcarpal joint disease demonstrated that the frequency of MPICL tearing in racing horses was 91%. Severity of tearing of the MPICL increased significantly with age. Histopathological evidence of degeneration (loss of organisation of collagen fibres) was consistently observed in MPICLs of adult horses. These changes were not observed in unborn term foals, but were present from one month of age. Enlarged DMICLs had regular collagen arrangement, but discrete areas of fibrovascular infiltration were consistently observed. The race records of 42 horses undergoing midcarpal joint carpal arthroscopy were examined. Using multiple regression the extent of subchondral bone damage was the best predictor of postoperative performance. The addition of the grade of MPICL tearing significantly improved the prediction of postoperative performance, whereas the inclusion of the extent of articular cartilage damage had no effect.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第12753号
論農博第2782号
新制||農||1015(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4780(農学部図書室)
30566
昭和大学大学院薬学研究科医療薬学専攻
(主査)教授 祝前 博明, 教授 今井 裕, 教授 廣岡 博之
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques
Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities

Orientador: Marcílio Dias Silveira da Mota
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi de estimar os parâmetros genéticos para características de desempenho em corridas de cavalos Quarto de Milha, no Brasil. Os dados fornecidos pelo Jockey Club de Sorocaba, envolveram três hipódromos brasileiros, entre os anos de 1994 a 2003, com 13.914 informações para tempo e 8.968 para o índice de velocidade (IV), distribuídos em 2817 e 2521 páreos, respectivamente. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pelo programa MTGSAM, em modelo animal, a análise considerou como efeitos aleatórios de animal e ambiente permanente, e os efeitos fixos de sexo, idade e páreo. As herdabilidades para o tempo e IV, para as quatro distâncias estudadas (301, 320, 365 e 402 metros) variaram, respectivamente, de 0,15 a 0,41 e 0,14 a 0,19 ao passo que as repetibilidades foram de 0,36 a 0,68 (tempo) e 0,28 a 0,42 (IV), as correlações genéticas de 0,62 a 0,97 (tempo) e 0,33 a 0,73 (IV).
Abstract: The aim of this study was estimate genetic parameters for performance traits of Quarter Horses racing. The data were provide by Jockey Club of Sorocaba, with observations in three Brazilian's racing tracks, at the years ranged from 1994 to 2003, with 13,914 racing information for time and 8,968 for speed index (SI), in 2,817 and 2,521 races, respectively. The variance components were estimated by the program MTGSAM, by animal model, were consider randomly effects animal and permanent environment, as fixed effects sex, age and track. Heritability for time and SI, for all distances (301, 320, 365 and 402 meters) ranged, respectively, from 0.15 to 0.41 and 0.14 to 0.19, for repeatability were found values between, 0.36 to 0.68 (time) and 0.28 to 0.42 (SI). The genetic correlations were from 0.62 a 0.97 (time) and 0.33 to 0.73 (SI).
Mestre

Thoroughbred horse jump racing is popular in Great Britain (GB). Unfortunately it is associated with inherent risk of injury to the horses involved and it has been shown that the risk is significantly higher in jump than in flat racing. As a result, jump racing has been made a priority in racehorse injury investigation by the racing authorities in GB and is the focus of this thesis. Data about injuries and fatalities collected by veterinary surgeons, from all official race meetings between 2000 and 2009 was made available by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA). Following initial examination of the data, review of the literature and discussion with the BHA, a list of outcomes (injuries and fatality) was defined for further investigation. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was employed to investigate associations between potential risk factors and the outcomes. Model validation techniques were then used for outcomes with the greatest frequencies. In addition, post-mortem (PM) findings from a subset of the available data provided the opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of the information provided. Outcomes selected for further investigation were: fatality, tendon strain, epistaxis, hind limb fracture, pelvic fracture, and proximal forelimb fracture. Multiple risk factors were identified as being significantly associated with each outcome which can be used to guide legislation or further investigation. Risk factors common to many of the outcomes were: season, surface firmness (going), race distance and previous racing history (especially previous flat start history). Notably in some instances the relationships between these common risk factors and the outcomes varied, such that a risk factor might be associated with increased likelihood of one outcome but a decreased likelihood of another. Attempts to validate the models with the most frequent outcomes (fatality, superficial digital flexor tendinopathy and epistaxis) against a novel data set (from the year 2010), demonstrated variable calibration and discrimination and relatively poor predictive ability for all of the models. This was thought to be related to the low outcome frequencies and potentially related to risk factors unaccounted for in the models. Evaluation of the accuracy of the recording system for fatal distal limb fractures using PM findings demonstrated good identification of fracture presence, but relatively poor definition of all affected bones. Frustratingly it was concluded that making policy decisions based on the risk factor models will not be straightforward. Few risk factors had strong associations with all outcomes, not all risk factors are readily modifiable and many potential modifications (such as stopping horses from racing) would have major long term deleterious implications for horses. However, new risk factors for injury were identified providing some additional information about injury aetiology; previously recognised associations (such as firm ground and injury) are supported by the work; and sensible recommendations can be made to the industry, such as: closer monitoring of horses based on their previous racing careers or previous injuries. In addition, further training of racecourse veterinarians and/or provision of diagnostic aids (such as radiography) can be recommended to help with diagnoses made at the racecourses.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O objetivo deste estudo foi de estimar os parâmetros genéticos para características de desempenho em corridas de cavalos Quarto de Milha, no Brasil. Os dados fornecidos pelo Jockey Club de Sorocaba, envolveram três hipódromos brasileiros, entre os anos de 1994 a 2003, com 13.914 informações para tempo e 8.968 para o índice de velocidade (IV), distribuídos em 2817 e 2521 páreos, respectivamente. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pelo programa MTGSAM, em modelo animal, a análise considerou como efeitos aleatórios de animal e ambiente permanente, e os efeitos fixos de sexo, idade e páreo. As herdabilidades para o tempo e IV, para as quatro distâncias estudadas (301, 320, 365 e 402 metros) variaram, respectivamente, de 0,15 a 0,41 e 0,14 a 0,19 ao passo que as repetibilidades foram de 0,36 a 0,68 (tempo) e 0,28 a 0,42 (IV), as correlações genéticas de 0,62 a 0,97 (tempo) e 0,33 a 0,73 (IV).
The aim of this study was estimate genetic parameters for performance traits of Quarter Horses racing. The data were provide by Jockey Club of Sorocaba, with observations in three Brazilian's racing tracks, at the years ranged from 1994 to 2003, with 13,914 racing information for time and 8,968 for speed index (SI), in 2,817 and 2,521 races, respectively. The variance components were estimated by the program MTGSAM, by animal model, were consider randomly effects animal and permanent environment, as fixed effects sex, age and track. Heritability for time and SI, for all distances (301, 320, 365 and 402 meters) ranged, respectively, from 0.15 to 0.41 and 0.14 to 0.19, for repeatability were found values between, 0.36 to 0.68 (time) and 0.28 to 0.42 (SI). The genetic correlations were from 0.62 a 0.97 (time) and 0.33 to 0.73 (SI).

Cette these est partie integrante d'un programme de recherche-developpement concernant la violette de toulouse, pour permettre la relance de cette production regionale. Trois themes majeurs sont abordes: la connaissance de la plante, les modalites de son transfert en culture hors sol, et le controle de sa floraison. Une description phenologique, morphologique et anatomique est realisee. La violette de toulouse est caracterisee par un dimorphisme floral: elle est exploitee pour ses fleurs chasmogames emises en periode hivernale, les fleurs cleistogames ne presentant aucun interet commercial. La plante semble etre une espece essentiellement hemeroperiodique vis-a-vis de sa floraison chasmogame, la thermoperiode ayant un effet secondaire de type synergique. Les besoins hydriques et mineraux reduits de la violette resultent d'un developpement vegetatif peu eleve. En culture traditionnelle, les exportations sont limitees aux fleurs; l'adaptation de la technique culturale aux particularites du climat toulousain explique la reussite locale de cette production. L'echec du transfert de plants issus de culture traditionnelle en culture hydroponique semble lie a une sensibilite particuliere de ce type de materiel vegetal a l'asphyxie racinaire, qui n'est pas retrouvee sur des plants issus d'in vitro. L'aboutissement du programme pluri-disciplinaire de recherche portant sur la violette de toulouse s'est traduit au cours de l'annee 1992 par le transfert de plants issus d'in vitro en culture en hors sol, en conditions reelles d'exploitation. Le nouveau systeme de production permet un raccourcissement du cycle de culture, ainsi qu'un rendement en fleurs tres superieur a celui obtenu en culture traditionnelle. La production florale est egalement plus homogene, sur une saison plus longue. L'utilisation de regulateurs de croissance a ete experimentee. Les resultats obtenus montrent l'interet de ces substances pour la limitation de la vegetation des plants (reducteurs de croissance) ainsi que pour le controle de leur floraison (acide gibberellique)

La radiculopathie cervicale caudale a été identifiée comme cause de boiterie affectant le membre antérieur chez le cheval. Les affections dégénératives des articulations intervertébrales des processus articulaires entraînent un remodelage périarticulaire pouvant comprimer les racines du nerf spinal ou leur rameau ventral. Les objectifs de l’étude étaient de décrire la réalisation d’injections échoguidées périneurales du rameau ventral des nerfs spinaux cervicaux 7 et 8 (RV7 et RV8), d’évaluer sur des cadavres de chevaux par dissection la diffusion péri-nerveuse d’une solution colorée ainsi que de décrire chez des chevaux sains les signes cliniques associés à une anesthésie périneurale échoguidée du RV7 et RV8 individuellement. Dans l’étude post-mortem, 5 RV7 et 5 RV8 ont été visualisés échographiquement et colorés par une injection de 7 ou 14 ml de solution colorée. Une portion du tronc nerveux a été trouvée coloré pour chaque injection. La coloration était uniforme transversalement sur toute la largeur du nerf et couvrait une longueur supérieure à 2 cm pour 8 RV alors qu’une coloration de la moitié crâniale du RV sur une longueur de moins de 2 cm pour un RV7 et un RV8. L’étude sur cheval sain portait sur 4 chevaux sains sans image radiographique anormale de la colonne cervicale. Six RV7 et 8 RV8 ont été anesthésiés de la Lidocaïne 2% mélangés à du iohexol. Toutes les injections ont entraîné boiterie antérieure ipsilatérale de l’injection. Les boiteries les plus sévères correspondaient à une parésie du nerf suprascapulaire pour RV7 et à une parésie radiale pour RV8. Cette étude a montré qu’il était possible de réaliser une injection périneurale des RV 7 et RV8 chez le cheval et que l’anesthésie tronculaire des deux racines provoque une atteinte motrice essentiellement de la fonction nerveuse. Ces résultats contribuent à mieux comprendre la symptomatologie des compressions nerveuses cervicales chez le cheval
Caudal cervical radiculopathy has been identified as a cause of frontlimb lameness in horses. Degenerative conditions of articular process joint result in periarticular remodeling responsible for compression of spinal nerve roots or their ramus ventralis (RV). The objectives of the study were to describe how to perform perineural RV injection under ultrasonographic guidance, to evaluate on cadaver perineural RV staining after a dye solution injection, as well as describe clinical signs associated with a perineural ultranosonography-guided anesthesia of RV7 and RV8 respectively. In the post-mortem study, the RV of the spinal cervical nerves was visualized in all cadavers. Eight RV had a uniform transversal staining of the nerve trunk that covered longitudinally a distance greater than 2 cm. One C7 and one C8 RV showed incomplete transversal staining with a more concentrated color on its half cranial aspect and a longitudinal coverage of less than 2 cm. The in vivo study included 6 RV7 and 8 RV8 perineural injections of a local anesthetic agent, performed on 4 horses that had no abnormal finding on cervical radiographs. All anesthetic injections (lidocaine 2% and iohexol) resulted in modifications of the locomotion with variable degree of lameness on the ipsilateral frontlimb. Severe lameness was characteristic of a suprascapular paresis for RV7 and a radial paresis for RV8. Mild to moderate lameness on the ipsilateral frontlimb included decreased anterior phase of the stride, intern circumduction of the limb and sometimes stumbling for that same frontlimb. Signs of ataxia on the hindlimbs were encountered for 3 injections. This study showed that it is possible to perform perineural injections of RV7 and RV8 in horses and that perineural anesthesia of RV7 and RV8 results in motor dysfunction. These findings constitute a contribution to understanding clinical signs associated with cervical nerve compression in horses

Ces travaux visent à évaluer l’impact écologique d'inocula bactériens dans les biofiltres en culture hors-sol de tomate. L’étude porte sur la microflore colonisant i) les biofiltres, ii) les solutions nutritives entrant et sortant des colonnes iii) et la rhizosphère des plants cultivés. Certaines souches de Pseudomonas et Bacillus, sélectionnées in vitro pour leurs propriétés de type suppressif, ont été introduites dans des biofiltres (filtre-P et -B). Leurs écosystèmes microbiens ont été comparés à ceux d’un filtre témoin (filtre-T). Chaque filtre possède un profil fonctionnel (Biolog GN2) et structural (SSCP-PCR) spécifique. Le filtre-T est colonisé à 70% par des Proteobacteria alors que les filtres-P et -B possèdent une microflore riche en Firmicutes. Le comportement trophique des communautés bactériennes au niveau des solutions nutritives évolue dans le temps vers la métabolisation de certains acides aminés et organiques. Comparés au filtre-T, les filtres-P et -B modifient davantage la structure moléculaire des solutions nutritives et réduisent leur diversité phylotypique. Les effluents du filtre-T ont une proportion accrue en Protebacteria ; ceux issus des filtres-P et -B sont enrichis en candidate division. La microflore de la rhizosphère des plants de tomate ne montre pas de grandes variations quantitatives (PCRq) au cours du temps. La rhizosphère des plants reliés au filtre amendé en bactéries ne présente qu’un nombre réduit de phylotypes en commun avec la rhizosphère des plants reliés au filtre témoin ; les phyla majoritaires sont Acrinobacteria et Bacteroidetes. L’installation progressive d’une microflore bactérienne suppressive dans la rhizosphère est suggérée
This work was carried out to investigate the consequences of bacterial inoculation of biofilters in tomato soilless culture. The study carries on microbial populations colonizing i) biofilters, ii) nutrient solutions before and after filtration and iii) rhizosphere of plants. Several strains of Pseudomonas and Bacillus, selected in vitro for several suppressive activities, were inoculated into biofilters (P- and B-filters). Their microbial ecosystems were compared with those of a control filter (C-filter). Each filter has a functional (BiologGN2) and a structural (SSCP-PCR) specific profile. The C-filter contained 70% of Proteobacteria whereas P- and B-filters were significantly colonized by Firmicutes. The metabolism of nutrient-solutions was progressively shifted towards degradation of specific amino acids and carboxylic acids. P- and B- filters change more the molecular structure of nutrient solutions than C-filter and they reduce their phylotypic diversity. When solutions were filtered on C-fllter, the proportion of Proteobacteria increased whereas the uncultured candidate phyla rose in P- and B-filters. The rhizosphere microflora of tomato plants was relatively stable (qPCR) during the whole cultural season. Roots colonizing-bacterial communities had relatively few phyla in common for te 2 cultural conditions (bacteria-amended filter and control filter); mots were mainly colonized by Actinobacteria et Bacteroidetes. The involvement of a suppressive microflora in this process is suggested

This essay explores the hierarchy amongst the characters in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter novels with a theoretical focus on Critical Race Theory. The representation of the house-elves will be examined in relation to racism and slavery, which will be compared to values that have been influential in the past and that still shape society today. The result reveals that racism and slavery is presented throughout the novels and has a distinct connection with the British Empire as well as with Great Britain today. Counter narratives exhibit a new truth that is unveiled through the stories of the house-elves and create better understanding regarding discrimination. A pedagogical analysis has in addition been conducted on the novels to enhance the counter narratives through empathy. The student will with the novels, receive different perspectives that can help them to develop their empathic abilities.

En culture hors-sol de concombre, les pythium sont responsables de pourritures racinaires et conduisent a des baisses de rendement. Afin de proposer une methode de lutte contre pythium a l'aide de pseudomonas fluorescents, il etait necessaire de caracteriser les pythium presents en culture hors-sol et de developper un test sur plantes permettant d'evaluer leur pouvoir pathogene et d'apprecier la protection exercee par les bacteries. La caracterisation des especes de pythium sur les profils de restriction de la region its1 de l'adnr a permis de confirmer la caracterisation morphologique de ces especes et de rattacher certains isolats non caracterisables sur le plan morphologique a des especes connues. Differentes especes de pythium sont responsables de fontes des semis mais seule l'espece p. Aphanidermatum est pathogene en culture hydroponique et sur substrat de laine de roche. Dans ces conditions et parmi les 76 isolats de pseudomonas fluorescents testes, 16 sont capables de reduire le pourcentage de plantes malades dues a p. Aphanidermatum avec une efficacite variable selon les souches. Les souches efficaces contre p. Aphanidermatum presentent des caracteres phenotypiques (galerie api) et genotypiques (profils rflp sur l'adnr 16s) differents. De plus, certaines souches efficaces presentent des genotypes et phenotypes identiques a des souches non efficaces. Ces differents resultats suggerent une diversite des mecanismes responsables de la protection des plantes contre pythium. La cinetique de colonisation racinaire par p. Aphanidermatum en presence et en absence des bacteries a ete quantifiee par utilisation d'anticorps polyclonaux. Deux souches de pseudomonas capables de proteger les plantes contre pythium ont entraine une inhibition des premieres phases de l'infection puis une diminution de la vitesse de croissance du champignon dans les racines. En conditions de production, pythium aphanidermatum entraine une diminution de la consommation de solution nutritive puis une baisse du rendement et une souche de pseudomonas fluorescent efficace contre pythium sur jeunes plantes permet d'obtenir apres 6 semaines de production un rendement en fruits equivalent a celui des plantes saines